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PAPUA NEW GUINEAS’ FIRST PRIME MINISTER HONOURABLE SIR MICHAEL THOMAS SOMARE

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3

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THE BEACON OF PAPUA NEW GUINEAS’ INDEPENCE

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3

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HAPPY 44TH PNG INDEPENDENCE

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Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3

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Week 6 Lecture 1

Regulation of Plant Growth

Source: Sadava, Heller, Orians, Purves, Hillis 2009 (8th edn): Life: The Science of Biology
Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 4
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INTRODUCTION

2.0 Regulation of Plant Growth

The growth and developmental of a plant is
regulated in a complex process.
Four factors are involved in regulating plant growth &
development:
1. Environmental Cues
2. Receptors
3. Hormones
4. Genome

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 5

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Regulation of Plant Growth

TOPIC: OUTLINE
1. Introduction: Plant responses, hormones, and
photoreceptors
1.1 How does plant development proceed?
1.2 What do Gibberellins do?
1.3 What does Auxin (IAA) do?
1.4 What do Cytokinins, Ethylene, Absciscic Acid, Florigens,
Phytochromes, and Brassinosteroids do?
1.5 How do Photoreceptors participate in plant growth regulations?

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 6

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INTRODUCTION: Terminology

Key Terminology J. Signal Transduction pathways

(STP)
A. Auxin (IAA)
B. Gibberellins
C. Cytokinins
D. Ethylene
E. Abscisic Acid (ABA)
F. Brassinosteroids (BR)
G. Photoreceptors
H. Arabidopsis thaliana
I. Genome
Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 7
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INTRODUCTION: Arabidopsis
thaliana
Many recent advances in understanding of plant growth and
development have come from the study of Arabidopsis thaliana,
a weed in the mustard family. This plant species is used as a
model organisms for the following:
• Body and seeds are tiny
• High reproductive rate
• Its genome is fully sequenced
• Researchers have full account of genes in the plant
• Genes can be inserted or deleted

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 8

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FACTORS REGULATING PLANT

GROWTH
Several Hormones and Photoreceptors play a major part in the growth of a plant.
1. Hormones are regulatory compounds that act at very low concentrations at
sites often distant from where they are produced.
1.1 Unlike animals which produce hormones at a specific site in the body, plants produce
hormones in many cell types
1.2 Each hormones plays a multiple regulatory role, affecting several different aspects of plant
development
2. Photoreceptors are pigments or molecules in plants that absorb light
associated with protein synthesis.
2.1 Like hormones, photoreceptors are responsible for many developmental processes in plants
2.2 Plant photoreceptors are pigments: Light (environmental cue) acts directly on
photoreceptors, which in turn regulate the process of development in plant.
3. Signal Transduction Pathway (STP). Sequences of biochemical reactions by
which a cell generates responses to a stimulus.
3.1 Protein kinase cascades amplify responses to signals in plants, as they do
in other organisms
Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 9
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SIGNALING TRANSDUCTION
PATHWAYS (STP)
STIMULI

STP STP

RECEPTOR

HORMONE LIGHT

CELLULAR RESPONSE
CELL DIVISION, CELL EXPANSION, CELL
PROTEIN KINASE
DIFFERENTIATION

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 10

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Seed Germination & Radicle

Development
 Seed Germination & Radicle
development (embryonic root) is
regulated by Photoreceptors.

 Seedling to Adult phase in plant

growth is regulated by Hormones.
 Flowering phase in plant is regulated
by
 Age & Size in other species
 Photoreceptors in other species

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 11

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Gibberellins
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 Promote seed germination

 Promote bolting (rapid seed elongation)

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 Promote Stem growth

 Promote fruit development

 Mobilization of nutrient reserves in grass

seeds

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 12

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Auxins (IAA)=Indoleacetic acid

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 Promote cell elongation = increasing plasticity of the cell

wall

 Promote Stem growth

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 Promote fruit development

 Inhibit axillary bud outgrowth

 Inhibit leaf abscission

 Reduction in Auxin causes autumn leaf fall

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 13

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Absicic Acid

 Promote winter dormancy

 Promote seed dormancy

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 Closes stomata

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 14

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Cytokinins

 Promote cell division

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 Promote axillary bud outgrowth

 Promote root growth

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 15

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Ethylene

 Promote fruit ripening

 Promote leaf abscission

 Inhibits stem elongation

 Inhibits gravitropism

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 16

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Brassinosteroids

 Mediate effects of light

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 Promote pollen tube elongation

 Promote vascular tissue differentiation

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 17

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Phytochrome

Phytochrome is a photoreceptor protein.

Bluish pigment found in cytosol

 Stimulate chlorophyll synthesis The image part with relationship ID rId4 was not found in the file.

 Stimulate leaf expansion

 Regulate seedling early growth

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 18

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Light Photoreceptors

 Regulates many aspects of plant

development

 Light affects seed germination

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 Light affects shoot elongation

 Light initiates flowering

 Light affects many other aspects of

plant development

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 19

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Summary

 Plant growth is regulated by interaction

of several hormone

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brassinosteroids interact with auxin

and gibberellins to mediate plant

development

 Photoreceptors = phytochrome
Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 20
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THE BEACON OF PAPUA NEW GUINEAS’ INDEPENCE

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3

 Week 6 Lecture 1

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 22

 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

TOPIC: OUTLINE
2. Introduction: Reproduction in Flowering Plants
2.1 How do Angiosperms reproduce sexually

2.2 What determines the Transition from the Vegetative to

the flowering state?

2.3 How do Angiosperm reproduce asexually?

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 23

 INTRODUCTION
2.0 Reproduction in Flowering Plants
 Reproduction is a process in the Life Cycle of plants
whereby next generation (offsprings) of a species is
produced.
 The next generation or offspring is produced through sexual
or asexual reproduction.
 Sexual reproduction involves meiosis process via which
mating between of different genotypes shuffle genes into
new combinations resulting in diversity of genotypes in each
generation.

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 24

 INTRODUCTION: Terminology
Key Terminology
• A. homosporous
• B. heterosporous
• C. meiosis produces spores in sporangia
• D. heterosporous plants
– Megasporangia produce megaspores
– Microsporangia produce microspores

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 25

 Flower structure
INTRODUCTION: Reproductive structure

Reproductive structure:
• A. modified branch
• B. receptacle
• C. sepals (calyx)
• D. petals (corolla)
• E. stamen (androecium)
• F. (carpels) pistil = gynoecium

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 26

 Reproductive structure: Stamen
Stamen (androecium)
– 1. anther
– 2. microsporangia
– 3. meiosis of microspore mother cells produce pollen

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 27

 Reproductive structure : Stigma
Stigma (=gynoecium)
– 1. Stigma
– 2. Style
– 3. Carpel = pistil = Ovary = meiosis of megaspore mother cells produce ovule

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 28

 Reproductive structure : Ovary
• 1. ovules
• 2. megasporangia
• 3. megaspore mother cells
• 4. site of meiosis
• 5. produces megaspores-
first cell of gametophyte
generation

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 29

 Reproductive structure
I. Ovule (megasporangium) : Ovule

Ovule = megasporangium
• 1. many located inside ovary
• 2. megasporangium
• 3. contains megaspore
mother cell
• 4. site of meiosis

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 30

 Significance of Sexual
I. Ovule (megasporangium)Reproduction

Benefits in Sexual Reproduction

1. Promotes genotype diversity
in every new generation
2. Increases Species fitness
overlap wider landscape
3. Increases Species
adaptability
4. Increases ability to colonize
new sites
5. Enables double fertilization

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3 31

 Fertilization in Plant

1. Double fertilization
2. one sperm fertilizes the egg
to form the zygote
3. second sperm fertilizes the
egg to form the triploid
endosperm tissue
4. endosperm is a nutritive
tissue equivalent to the
yolk in a bird egg
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THE BEACON OF PAPUA NEW GUINEAS’ INDEPENCE

Week 5 Biology 1B: Lecture 3