Mid-Autumn Festival - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival

Mid-Autumn Festival
The Mid-Autumn Festival (Simplified Chinese: 中秋节;
Traditional Chinese: 中秋�; Vietnamese: Tết Trung Thu; Korean: Mid-Autumn Festival
추석; Japanese: ⽉⾒), also known as Moon Festival or 中�� / 中秋节
Mooncake Festival, is a traditional festival celebrated by
Chinese and other people including in the "Sinosphere." It is the
second-most important Chinese holiday after Chinese New Year
with a history dating back 3,000 years, when China's emperors
worshipped the moon for bountiful harvests.[2] The celebration
is called Chuseok (autumn eve) in Korea and Tsukimi (moon-
viewing) in Japan.

The festival is held on the 15th day of the 8th month of the
Chinese lunisolar calendar with a full moon at night, Mid-Autumn Festival
corresponding to mid-September to early October of the decorations in Beijing
Gregorian calendar.[3] On this day, the Chinese believe that the Official 中�� / 中秋节
moon is at its brightest and fullest size, coinciding with harvest name Chuseok 추석 /
time in the middle of Autumn.[4] 秋⼣ (Korea)
Lanterns of all size and shapes, are carried and displayed – as Tsukimi ⽉⾒
beacons to light our way to prosperity and good luck. (Japan)
Mooncakes, a rich pastry typically filled with sweet-bean or Tết Trung Thu
lotus-seed paste, are traditionally eaten during the festival. [5][6] (Viet Nam)
[7][8][9]
Also called Moon Festival,
Mooncake
Festival
Contents Observed by China, Hong
Kong, Taiwan,
Etymology
Korea, Japan,
Meanings of the festival Malaysia,
Origins and development Singapore,
Moon worship Cambodia, Viet
Nam, Indonesia,
Modern celebration
Thailand
Lanterns
Type Cultural,
Mooncakes
Religious
Other foods and food displays
Significance Celebrates the
Courtship and matchmaking
end of the
Games and activities
autumn harvest
Practices by region and cultures Celebrations lantern lighting,
China mooncake
Xiamen making and
Hong Kong and Macau sharing,
Ethnic minorities in China courtship and
matchmaking,

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fireworks,
Similar traditions in other parts of Asia
family
East Asia
gathering,
Japan
dragon dances,
Korea
family meal,
Taiwan visiting friends
Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka and relatives,
Cambodia gift giving
Laos Observances Consumption of
Myanmar mooncakes
Sri Lanka Consumption of
cassia wine
Vietnam
Date 15th day of the
South Asia
eighlth Chinese
India
calendar month
Outside Asia 2020 date 1 October[1]
United States and Canada
2021 date 21
Dates September[1]
See also Frequency Annual
References Related to Chuseok (in
Korea), Tsukimi
External links
(in Japan),
Uposatha of
Etymology Ashvini/Krittika
(similar festivals
Names for the Mid-Autumn Festival: that generally
occur on the same
Zhōngqiū Jié (Simplified: 中秋节�Traditional: 中秋�), is the day in Cambodia,
official name in Mandarin. Sri Lanka,
Jūng-chāu Jit ((Simplified: 中秋节�Traditional: 中秋�)), Myanmar, Laos,
official name in Cantonese. Thailand)

Mid-Autumn Festival: official name in English

Chuseok (추석/秋⼣; Autumn Eve), Korea festival celebrated
Mid-Autumn Festival
on the same day in the Chinese and other East Asian lunisolar
calendars.
Tsukimi (⽉⾒; Moon-Viewing), Japanese variant of the Mid-
Autumn Festival celebrated on the same day in the Chinese "Mid-Autumn Festival" in
lunisolar calendar.
Traditional (top) and Simplified
Tết Trung Thu (Mid-Autumn Tet), official name in (bottom) Chinese characters
Vietnamese.
Chinese name
Moon Festival or Harvest Moon Festival, because of the
celebration's association with the full moon on this night, as Traditional Chinese 中��
well as the traditions of moon worship and moon viewing. Simplified Chinese 中秋节
Lantern Festival, a term sometimes used in Singapore, Literal meaning "Mid-
Malaysia and Indonesia, which is not to be confused with the Autumn

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Lantern Festival in China that occurs on the 15th day of the Festival"
first month of the Chinese calendar. Transcriptions
Tiong-chhiu-cheh, Peh-goe̍ h-cheh (中秋�,�⽉�), official Standard Mandarin
name in Taiwanese/Hokkien. Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngqiū jié
Reunion Festival, in earlier times, a woman in China took
Wade–Giles Chung1-ch'iu1
this occasion to visit her parents before returning to celebrate
chieh2
with her husband and his parents.[10]
IPA [ʈʂʊ́ ŋ.tɕʰjóu tɕjě]
Children's Festival, in Vietnam, because of the emphasis on
the celebration of children.[11] Wu
Suzhounese Tson-tsheu tsìh

Sampeah Preach Khae (ែសន�ពះែខ), official name in Hakka

Romanization Chung ciu tset
Cambodian meaning Prayers to the moon, the festival is
called Water and Moon Festival or Bon Om Touk. Yue: Cantonese
Yale Jūng-chāu jit

Meanings of the festival Romanization

Jyutping Zung1-cau1 zit3
The festival celebrates three fundamental concepts that are IPA [tsóŋ.tsʰɐ́ u tsīːt̚]
closely connected:
Min Chinese name

Gathering, such as family and friends coming together, or Traditional Chinese �⽉�

harvesting crops for the festival. It is said the moon is the Literal meaning "Festival of
brightest and roundest on this day which means family the Eighth
reunion. Consequently, this is the main reason why the Month"
festival is thought to be important.
Transcriptions
Thanksgiving, to give thanks for the harvest, or for
harmonious unions Southern Min

Praying (asking for conceptual or material satisfaction), such Hokkien POJ Peh-go̍ eh-cheh
as for babies, a spouse, beauty, longevity, or for a good Eastern Min
future Fuzhou BUC Báik-nguŏk-cáik

Traditions and myths surrounding the festival are formed Vietnamese name
around these concepts,[12] although traditions have changed Vietnamese Tết Trung
over time due to changes in technology, science, economy, Thu
culture, and religion.[12] It's about well being together.
Chữ Nôm �中秋

Origins and development

The Chinese have celebrated the harvest during the autumn full moon since the Shang dynasty
(c. 1600–1046 BCE).[12][13] For the Baiyue peoples, the harvest time commemorated the dragon
who brought rain for the crops.[14] The celebration as a festival only started to gain popularity
during the early Tang dynasty (618–907 CE).[3] One legend explains that Emperor Xuanzong of
Tang started to hold formal celebrations in his palace after having explored the Moon-
Palace.[12] The term mid-autumn (中秋) first appeared in Rites of Zhou, a written collection of
rituals of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046–771 BCE).[3] As for the royal court, it was dedicated
to the goddess Taiyinxingjun (��星君 Tàiyīn xīng jūn). And current still in Taoism and Chinese
folk religion[15][16]

Empress Dowager Cixi (late 19th century) enjoyed celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival so much

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that she would spend the period between the thirteenth and seventeenth day of the eighth
month staging elaborate rituals.[17]

Moon worship

An important part of the festival celebration is moon worship. The

ancient Chinese believed in rejuvenation being associated with
the moon and water, and connected this concept to the
menstruation of women, calling it "monthly water".[10] The
Zhuang people, for example, have an ancient fable saying the sun
and moon are a couple and the stars are their children, and when
the moon is pregnant, it becomes round, and then becomes
crescent after giving birth to a child. These beliefs made it
popular among women to worship and give offerings to the moon
on this evening.[10] In some areas of China, there are still customs
in which "men do not worship the moon and the women do not
offer sacrifices to the kitchen gods."[10]

In China, the Mid-Autumn festival symbolizes the family reunion

and on this day, all families will appreciate the moon in the
evening, because it is the 15th day of the eighth month of the
Chinese lunisolar calendar, when the moon is at its fullest. There
is a beautiful myth about the Mid-Autumn festival, that is Chang 'e
flying to the moon.

Offerings are also made to a more well-known lunar deity, Chang'e, the Moon Goddess
Chang'e, known as the Moon Goddess of Immortality. The myths of Immortality
associated with Chang'e explain the origin of moon worship
during this day. One version of the story is as follows, as described
in Lihui Yang's Handbook of Chinese Mythology:[18]

In the ancient past, there was a hero named Hou Yi who

was excellent at archery. His wife was Chang'e. One
year, the ten suns rose in the sky together, causing great
disaster to the people. Yi shot down nine of the suns and
left only one to provide light. An immortal admired Yi
and sent him the elixir of immortality. Yi did not want to
leave Chang'e and be immortal without her, so he let
Chang'e keep the elixir. However, Peng Meng, one of his
apprentices, knew this secret. So, on the fifteenth of
August in the Chinese lunisolar calendar, when Yi went
hunting, Peng Meng broke into Yi's house and forced
Chang'e to give the elixir to him. Chang'e refused to do Houyi helplessly looking at
so. Instead, she swallowed it and flew into the sky. Since his wife Chang'e flying off to
she loved her husband and hoped to live nearby, she the moon after she drank
chose the moon for her residence. When Yi came back the elixir.
and learned what had happened, he felt so sad that he
displayed the fruits and cakes Chang'e liked in the yard
and gave sacrifices to his wife. People soon learned
about these activities, and since they also were
sympathetic to Chang'e they participated in these
sacrifices with Yi.

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“when people learned of this story, they burnt incense on a long altar and prayed to Chang ‘e,
now the goddess of the moon, for luck and safety. The custom of praying to the moon on Mid-
Autumn Day has been handed down for thousands of years since that time." [19]

Handbook of Chinese Mythology also describes an alternate common version of the myth:[18]

After the hero Houyi shot down nine of the ten suns, he was pronounced king by the
thankful people. However, he soon became a conceited and tyrannical ruler. In order
to live long without death, he asked for the elixir from Xiwangmu. But his wife,
Chang'e, stole it on the fifteenth of August because she did not want the cruel king to
live long and hurt more people. She took the magic potion to prevent her husband
from becoming immortal. Houyi was so angry when discovered that Chang'e took the
elixir, he shot at his wife as she flew toward the moon, though he missed. Chang'e
fled to the moon and became the spirit of the moon. Houyi died soon because he was
overcome with great anger. Thereafter, people offer a sacrifice to Chang'e on every
fifteenth day of eighth month to commemorate Chang'e's action.

Modern celebration
The festival was a time to enjoy the successful reaping of rice and wheat with food offerings
made in honor of the moon. Today, it is still an occasion for outdoor reunions among friends
and relatives to eat mooncakes and watch the moon, a symbol of harmony and unity. During a
year of a solar eclipse, it is typical for governmental offices, banks, and schools to close extra
days in order to enjoy the extended celestial celebration an eclipse brings. [20] The festival is
celebrated with many cultural or regional customs, among them:

Burning incense in reverence to deities including Chang'e.

Performance of dragon and lion dances, which is mainly practiced in southern China. [3]

Lanterns

A notable part of celebrating the holiday

is the carrying of brightly lit lanterns,
lighting lanterns on towers, or floating
sky lanterns.[3] Another tradition
involving lanterns is to write riddles on
them and have other people try to guess
the answers (simplified Chinese: 灯 谜 ;
traditional Chinese: ��; pinyin: dēng mí;
lit.: 'lantern riddles').[21] Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns
in Chinatown, Singapore at a shop in Hong Kong
It is difficult to discern the original
purpose of lanterns in connection to the
festival, but it is certain that lanterns were not used in conjunction with moon-worship prior to
the Tang dynasty.[12] Traditionally, the lantern has been used to symbolize fertility, and
functioned mainly as a toy and decoration. But today the lantern has come to symbolize the
festival itself.[12] In the old days, lanterns were made in the image of natural things, myths, and
local cultures.[12] Over time, a greater variety of lanterns could be found as local cultures
became influenced by their neighbors.[12]

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As China gradually evolved from an agrarian society to a mixed agrarian-commercial one,

traditions from other festivals began to be transmitted into the Mid-Autumn Festival, such as
the putting of lanterns on rivers to guide the spirits of the drowned as practiced during the
Ghost Festival, which is observed a month before.[12] Hong Kong fishermen during the Qing
dynasty, for example, would put up lanterns on their boats for the Ghost Festival and keep the
lanterns up until Mid-Autumn Festival.[12]

In Vietnam, children participate in parades in the dark under the full moon with lanterns of
various forms, shapes, and colors. Traditionally, lanterns signified the wish for the sun's light
and warmth to return after winter.[22] In addition to carrying lanterns, the children also don
masks. Elaborate masks were made of papier-mâché, though it is more common to find masks
made of plastic nowadays.[14] Handcrafted shadow lanterns were an important part of Mid-
Autumn displays since the 12th-century Lý dynasty, often of historical figures from Vietnamese
history.[14] Handcrafted lantern-making declined in modern times due to the availability of
mass-produced plastic lanterns, which often depict internationally recognized characters such
as Pokémon's Pikachu, Disney characters, SpongeBob SquarePants, and Hello Kitty.[14]

Mooncakes

“The round moon cakes are symbols of the great family reunion just like the round.” (Lemei)
Moon cakes are becoming more and more popular, and the variety of flavors has turned them
into gifts for friends and relatives.

Making and sharing mooncakes is one of

the hallmark traditions of this festival. In
Chinese culture, a round shape
symbolizes completeness and reunion.
Thus, the sharing and eating of round
mooncakes among family members
during the week of the festival signifies
the completeness and unity of
families.[23] In some areas of China,
Typical lotus bean-filled Animal-shaped mooncakes in
there is a tradition of making mooncakes
mooncakes eaten during the Viet Nam
during the night of the Mid-Autumn
festival
Festival.[24] The senior person in that
household would cut the mooncakes into
pieces and distribute them to each family
member, signifying family reunion.[24] In modern times, however, making mooncakes at home
has given way to the more popular custom of giving mooncakes to family members, although
the meaning of maintaining familial unity remains.

Although typical mooncakes can be around a few centimetres in diameter, imperial chefs have
made some as large as 8 meters in diameter, with its surface pressed with designs of Chang'e,
cassia trees, or the Moon-Palace.[20] One tradition is to pile 13 mooncakes on top of each other
to mimic a pagoda, the number 13 being chosen to represent the 13 months in a full Chinese
lunisolar year.[20] The spectacle of making very large mooncakes continues in modern
China.[25]

According to Chinese folklore, a Turpan businessman offered cakes to Emperor Taizong of Tang
in his victory against the Xiongnu on the fifteenth day of the eighth Chinese lunisolar month.
Taizong took the round cakes and pointed to the moon with a smile, saying, "I'd like to invite
the toad to enjoy the hú (胡) cake." After sharing the cakes with his ministers, the custom of
eating these hú cakes spread throughout the country.[26] Eventually these became known as

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mooncakes. Although the legend explains the beginnings of mooncake-giving, its popularity
and ties to the festival began during the Song dynasty (906–1279 CE).[12]

Another popular legend concerns the Han Chinese's uprising against the ruling Mongols at the
end of the Yuan dynasty (1280–1368 CE), in which the Han Chinese used traditional mooncakes
to conceal the message that they were to rebel on Mid-Autumn Day. [21] Because of strict
controls upon Han Chinese families imposed by the Mongols in which only 1 out of every 10
households was allowed to own a knife guarded by a Mongolian guard, this coordinated
message was important to gather as many available weapons as possible.

Other foods and food displays

Imperial dishes served on this occasion

included nine-jointed lotus roots which
symbolize peace, and watermelons cut in
the shape of lotus petals which symbolize
reunion.[20] Teacups were placed on stone
tables in the garden, where the family
would pour tea and chat, waiting for the
moment when the full moon's reflection
appeared in the center of their cups.[20]
Owing to the timing of the plant's
blossoms, cassia wine is the traditional Cassia wine is the Vietnamese rice figurines, known as
choice for the "reunion wine" drunk on the traditional choice tò he
occasion. Also, people will celebrate by for "reunion wine"
drunk during Mid-
eating cassia cakes and candy. In some
Autumn Festival
places, people will celebrate by drinking
osmanthus wine and eating osmanthus
mooncakes.[27][28][29]

Food offerings made to deities are placed on an altar set up in the courtyard, including apples,
pears, peaches, grapes, pomegranates, melons, oranges, and pomelos.[30] One of the first
decorations purchased for the celebration table is a clay statue of the Jade Rabbit. In Chinese
folklore, the Jade Rabbit was an animal that lived on the moon and accompanied Chang'e.
Offerings of soy beans and cockscomb flowers were made to the Jade Rabbit. [20]

Nowadays, in southern China, people will also eat some seasonal fruit that may differ in
different district but carrying the same meaning of blessing.

In Vietnam, cakes and fruits are not only consumed, but elaborately prepared as food displays.
For example, glutinous rice flour and rice paste are molded into familiar animals. Pomelo
sections can be fashioned into unicorns, rabbits, or dogs.[14] Villagers of Xuân La, just north of
Hanoi, produce tò he, figurines made from rice paste and colored with natural food dyes.[14]
Into the early decades of the twentieth century of Vietnam, daughters of wealthy families
would prepare elaborate center pieces filled with treats for their younger siblings. Well-dressed
visitors could visit to observe the daughter's handiwork as an indication of her capabilities as a
wife in the future. Eventually the practice of arranging centerpieces became a tradition not just
limited to wealthy families.[14]

Courtship and matchmaking

The Mid-Autumn moon has traditionally been a choice occasion to celebrate marriages. Girls

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would pray to moon deity Chang'e to help fulfill their romantic wishes.[17]

In some parts of China, dances are held for young men and women to find partners. For
example, young women are encouraged to throw their handkerchiefs to the crowd, and the
young man who catches and returns the handkerchief has a chance at romance.[3] In Daguang,
in southwest Guizhou Province, young men and women of the Dong people would make an
appointment at a certain place. The young women would arrive early to overhear remarks
made about them by the young men. The young men would praise their lovers in front of their
fellows, in which finally the listening women would walk out of the thicket. Pairs of lovers
would go off to a quiet place to open their hearts to each other. [10]

Into the early decades of the twentieth century Vietnam, young men and women used the
festival as a chance to meet future life companions. Groups would assemble in a courtyard and
exchange verses of song while gazing at the moon. Those who performed poorly were sidelined
until one young man and one young woman remained, after which they would win prizes as
well as entertain matrimonial prospects.[14]

Games and activities

During the 1920s and 1930s, ethnographer Chao Wei-pang conducted research on traditional
games among men, women and children on or around the Mid-Autumn day in the Guangdong
Province. These games relate to flights of the soul, spirit possession, or fortunetelling. [20]

One type of activity, "Ascent to Heaven" (Chinese: 上�堂 shàng tiāntáng) involves a young
lady selected from a circle of women to "ascend" into the celestial realm. While being
enveloped in the smoke of burning incense, she describes the beautiful sights and sounds
she encounters.[20]
Another activity, "Descent into the Garden" (Chinese: 落�园 luò huāyuán), played among
younger girls, detailed each girl's visit to the heavenly gardens. According to legend, a flower
tree represented her, and the number and color of the flowers indicated the sex and number
of children she would have in her lifetime.[20]
Men played a game called "Descent of the Eight Immortals" (jiangbaxian), where one of the
Eight Immortals took possession of a player, who would then assume the role of a scholar or
warrior.[20]
Children would play a game called "Encircling the Toad" ( guanxiamo), where the group would
form a circle around a child chosen to be a Toad King and chanted a song that transformed
the child into a toad. He would jump around like a toad until water was sprinkled on his head,
in which he would then stop.[20]

Practices by region and cultures

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Mid-Autumn Festival Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival parade, Mid-Autumn Festival Mid-Autumn Festival
at the Botanical Belfast City Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland at Chinatown, celebrations in
Garden, Montreal Singapore Victoria Park, Hong
Kong

China

Xiamen

A unique tradition is celebrated quite exclusively in the island city of Xiamen. On the festival,
families and friends gather to play Bo Bing, a gambling sort of game involving 6 dice. People
take turns in rolling the dice in a ceramic bowl with the results determining what they win. The
number 4 is mainly what determines how big the prize is.[31]

Hong Kong and Macau

In Hong Kong and Macau, the day after the Mid-Autumn

Festival is a public holiday rather than the festival date itself
(unless that date falls on a Sunday, then Monday is also a
holiday), because many celebration events are held at night.
There are a number of festive activities such as lighting
lanterns, but mooncakes are the most important feature there.
However, people don't usually buy mooncakes for themselves,
but to give their relatives as presents. People start to exchange
Lantern in Senado Square,
these presents well in advance of the festival. Hence,
Macau
mooncakes are sold in elegant boxes for presentation purpose.
Also, the price for these boxes are not considered cheap—a
four-mooncake box of the lotus seeds paste with egg yolks
variety, can generally cost US$40 or more.[32] However, as environmental protection has
become a concern of the public in recent years, many mooncake manufacturers in Hong Kong
have adopted practices to reduce packaging materials to practical limits.[33] The mooncake
manufacturers also explore in the creation of new types of mooncakes, such as ice-cream
mooncake and snow skin mooncake.

There are also other traditions related to the Mid-Autumn Festival in Hong Kong.
Neighbourhoods across Hong Kong set impressive lantern exhibitions with traditional stage
shows, game stalls, palm readings, and many other festive activities. The grandest celebrations
take place in Victoria Park (Hong Kong).[34] One of the brightest rituals is the Fire Dragon
Dance dating back to the 19th century and recognised as a part of China's intangible cultural
heritage.[35][36] The 200 foot-long fire dragon requires more than 300 people to operate, taking

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turns. The leader of the fire dragon dance would pray for peace, good fortune through
blessings in Hakka. After the ritual ceremony, fire-dragon was thrown into the sea with
lanterns and paper cards, which means the dragon would return to sea and take the
misfortunes away.[36]

Before 1941, There were also some celebration of Mid-Autumn Festival held in small villages in
Hong Kong. Sha Po would celebrate Mid Autumn Festival in every 15th day of the 8th Chinese
lunisolar month.[37] People called Mid Autumn Festival as Kwong Sin Festival, they hold Pok
San Ngau Tsai at Datong Pond in Sha Po. Pok San Ngau Tsai was a celebration event of Kwong
Sin Festival, people would gather around to watch it. During the event, someone would play the
percussions, Some villagers would then acted as possessed and called themselves as "Maoshan
Masters". They burnt themselves with incense sticks and fought with real blades and spears.

Ethnic minorities in China

Korean minorities living in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture have a custom of

welcoming the moon, where they put up a large conical house frame made of dry pine
branches and call it a "moon house". The moonlight would shine inside for gazers to
appreciate.[10]
The Bouyei people call the occasion "Worshiping Moon Festival", where after praying to
ancestors and dining together, they bring rice cakes to the doorway to worship the Moon
Grandmother.[10]
The Tu people practice a ceremony called "Beating the Moon", where they place a basin of
clear water in the courtyard to reflect an image of the moon, and then beat the water surface
with branches.[10]
The Maonan people tie a bamboo near the table, on which a grapefruit is hung, with three lit
incense sticks on it. This is called "Shooting the Moon". [10]

Similar traditions in other parts of Asia

Similar traditions are found in other parts of Asia and also revolve around the full moon. These
festivals tend to occur on the same day or around the Mid-Autumn Festival.

East Asia

Japan

The Japanese moon viewing festival, o-tsukimi (お⽉⾒, "Moon viewing"), is also held at this
time. People picnic and drink sake under the full moon to celebrate the harvest.

Korea

Chuseok (추석; 秋⼣; [tɕʰu.sʌk̚]), literally "Autumn eve", once known as hangawi (한가위;
[han.ɡa.ɥi]; from archaic Korean for "the great middle (of autumn)"), is a major harvest festival
and a three-day holiday in North Korea and South Korea celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th
month of the Chinese lunisolar calendar on the full moon. It was celebrated as far back as
during the Three Kingdoms period in Silla. As a celebration of the good harvest, Koreans visit
their ancestral hometowns, honor their ancestors in a family ceremony (차례), and share a feast
of Korean traditional food such as songpyeon (송편), tohrangook (토란국), and rice wines such as

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sindoju and dongdongju.

Taiwan

In Taiwan, the Mid-Autumn Festival is a public holiday. Outdoor barbecues have become a
popular affair for friends and family to gather and enjoy each other's company. [38] As of 2016,
Taipei City designated 15 riverside parks to accommodate outdoor barbecues for the public. [39]

Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka

Many festivals revolving around a full moon are also celebrated in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar
and Sri Lanka. Like the Mid-Autumn Festival, these festivals have Buddhist origins and revolve
around the full moon however unlike their East Asian counterparts they occur several times a
year to correspond with each full moon as opposed to one day each year. The festivals that
occur in the lunar months of Ashvini and Kṛttikā generally occur during the Mid-Autumn
Festival.[40][41]

Cambodia

In Cambodia, it is more commonly called "The Water and Moon Festival" Bon Om Touk.[42] The
Water and Moon festival is celebrated in November of every year. It is a three-day celebration,
starting with the boat race that last the first two days of the festival. The boat races are
colorfully painted with bright colors and is in various designs being most popular the neak,
Cambodian sea dragon. Hundreds of Cambodian males take part in rowing the boats and
racing them at the Tonle Sap River. When night falls the streets are filled with people buying
food and attending various concerts.[43] In the evening is the Sampeas Preah Khe: the
salutation to the moon or prayers to the moon.[44] The Cambodian people set an array of
offerings that are popular with rabbits, such and various fruits and a traditional dish called Ak
Ambok in front of their homes with lit incenses to make wishes to the moon. [45] Cambodians
believe the legend Cheadok, where a rabbit lives in the moon and watches over the Cambodian
people. At midnight everyone goes up to the temple to pray and make wishes and enjoy their
Ak Ambok together. Cambodians would also make homemade lanterns that are usually made
into the shape of the lotus flowers or other more modern designs. Incense and candles light up
the lanterns and Cambodians make prayers and then send if off into the river for their wishes
and prayers to be heard and granted.[46][47][48][49]

Laos

In Laos, many festivals are held on the day of the full moon. The most popular festival known as
That Luang Festival is associated with Buddhist legend and is held at Pha That Luang temple in
Vientiane. The festival often lasts for three to seven days. A procession occurs and many people
visit the temple.[50]

Myanmar

In Myanmar, numerous festivals are held on the day of the full moon however Thadingyut
Festival is the most popular one and occurs in the month of Thadingyut. It also occurs around
the time of the Mid-Autumn Festival, depending on the lunar calendar. It is one of the biggest
festivals in Myanmar after the New Year festival, Thingyan. It is a Buddhist festival and many
people go to the temple to pay respect to the monks and offer food. [51] It is also a time for

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thanksgiving and paying homage to Buddhist monks, teachers, parents and elders. [52]

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, a full moon day is known as Poya and each full moon day is a public holiday.
Shops and businesses are closed on these days as people prepare for the full moon. [53]
Exteriors of buildings are adorned with lanterns and people often make food and go to the
temple to listen to sermons.[54] The Binara Full Moon Poya Day and Vap Full Moon Poya Day
occur around the time of the Mid-Autumn Festival and like other Buddhist Asian countries, the
festivals celebrate the ascendance and culmination of the Buddha's visit to heaven and for the
latter, the acknowledgement of the cultivation season known as "Maha". [55][56][57]

Vietnam

The Mid-Autumn festival is named "Tết Trung Thu" in

Vietnamese. It is also known as Children's Festival because of
the event's emphasis on children.[11] In olden times, the
Vietnamese believed that children, being innocent and pure,
had the closest connection to the sacred and natural world.
Being close to children was seen as a way to connect with
animist spirits and deities.[22]

In its most ancient form, the evening commemorated the dragon

Vietnamese children
who brought rain for the crops.[14] Celebrants would observe
celebrating the Mid-Autumn
the moon to divine the future of the people and harvests.
Festival with traditional
Eventually the celebration came to symbolize a reverence for
5-pointed star-shaped lantern
fertility, with prayers given for bountiful harvests, increase in
livestock, and human babies. Over time, the prayers for children
evolved into a celebration of children.[14] Confucian scholars
continued the tradition of gazing at the moon, but to sip wine and improvise poetry and
song.[14] By the early twentieth century in Hanoi, the festival had begun to assume its identity
as a children's festival.[14]

Aside from the story of Chang'e (Vietnamese: Hằng Nga), there are two other popular folktales
associated with the festival. The first describes the legend of Cuội, whose wife accidentally
urinated on a sacred banyan tree. The tree began to float towards the moon, and Cuội, trying to
pull it back down to earth, floated to the moon with it, leaving him stranded there. Every year,
during the Mid-Autumn Festival, children light lanterns and participate in a procession to show
Cuội the way back to Earth.[58] The other tale involves a carp who wanted to become a dragon,
and as a result, worked hard throughout the year until he was able to transform himself into a
dragon.[11]

One important event before and during the festival are lion dances. Dances are performed by
both non-professional children's groups and trained professional groups. Lion dance groups
perform on the streets, going to houses asking for permission to perform for them. If the host
consents, the "lion" will come in and start dancing as a blessing of luck and fortune for the
home. In return, the host gives lucky money to show their gratitude.

South Asia

India

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Onam is an annual Harvest festival in the state of Kerala in India. It falls on the 22nd nakshatra
Thiruvonam in the Malayalam calendar month of Chingam, which in Gregorian calendar
overlaps with August–September. According to legends, the festival is celebrated to
commemorate King Mahabali, whose spirit is said to visit Kerala at the time of Onam.

Onam is a major annual event for Malayali people in and outside Kerala. It is a harvest festival,
one of three major annual Hindu celebrations along with Vishu and Thiruvathira, and it is
observed with numerous festivities. Onam celebrations include Vallam Kali (boat races),
Pulikali (tiger dances), Pookkalam (flower Rangoli), Onathappan (worship), Onam Kali, Tug of
War, Thumbi Thullal (women's dance), Kummattikali (mask dance), Onathallu (martial arts),
Onavillu (music), Kazhchakkula (plantain offerings), Onapottan (costumes), Atthachamayam
(folk songs and dance), and other celebrations.

Onam is the official state festival of Kerala with public holidays that start four days from
Uthradom (Onam eve). Major festivities take place across 30 venues in Thiruvananthapuram,
capital of Kerala. It is also celebrated by Malayali diaspora around the world. Though a Hindu
festival, non-Hindu communities of Kerala participate in Onam celebrations considering it as a
cultural festival.

Sharad Purnima is a harvest festival celebrated on the full moon day of the Hindu lunar month
of Ashvin (September–October), marking the end of the monsoon season.

Outside Asia

United States and Canada

As late as 2014, the Mid-Autumn Festival generally went

unnoticed outside of Asian supermarkets and food stores,[59]
but it has gained popularity since then in areas with significant
ethnic Chinese overseas populations, such as New York,
Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.[60] Unlike traditions
in China, celebrations in the United States are usually limited to
daylight hours, and generally conclude by early evening.[61]
Autumn Moon Festival in San
Francisco Chinatown, 2007

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Mid-Autumn Festivals in America

City District Since Ref.

Boston Chinatown [62]

Chicago Chinatown 2005 [63]

Los Angeles Chinatown 1938 [64]

New York City Mott Street, Flushing, and Sunset Park 2019 [60][65]

Philadelphia Chinatown 1995 [66]

San Francisco Chinatown 1991 [67]

Toronto Cadillac Fairview shopping areas [68][69]

Vancouver Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden [70]

Dates
The Mid-Autumn Festival is held on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Han calendar
—essentially the night of a full moon—which falls near the Autumnal Equinox (on a day
between September 8 and October 7 in the Gregorian calendar). In 2018, it fell on September
24. It will occur on these days in coming years:[71]

2020: October 1 (Thursday)

2021: September 21 (Tuesday)
2022: September 10 (Saturday)

See also
Agriculture in China
Agriculture in Vietnam
Chinese holidays
List of harvest festivals
Vietnamese holidays

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External links
Zhongqiu Jie (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/116948) at the Encyclopædia
Britannica
San Francisco Chinatown Autumn Moon Festival (http://www.moonfestival.org)
Moon Viewing Festival (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X371xoBUdA) on YouTube at
Sumiyoshi-taisha, Osaka, Japan
Brief video about the history and traditions of Mid-Autumn Festival (https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=tFK3WPtj46c) on YouTube

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