Contents

Abbreviations of Drug Prescriptions...................................................................................................................3

Tablets...................................................................................................................................................................4
Name of drug.........................................................................................................................................................7
Route of administration........................................................................................................................................7
Contraceptive........................................................................................................................................................8
Anti helminthic drugs...........................................................................................................................................8
Anti amoebic drug..............................................................................................................................................10
Anti anemia drug................................................................................................................................................10
Cardiovascular....................................................................................................................................................11
Antidepressant....................................................................................................................................................11
Vitamin and mineral...........................................................................................................................................11
Antitussive...........................................................................................................................................................12
Diarrhea drug.....................................................................................................................................................13
Antifungal drug...................................................................................................................................................13
Six group of antibiotic........................................................................................................................................14
Emetic and anti emetic.......................................................................................................................................16
Analgesis..............................................................................................................................................................17
Laxative, cathartics, purgative...........................................................................................................................18
Anti hypertensive (Cardiovascular)..................................................................................................................18
Anti-migraine......................................................................................................................................................20
Antiviral agents...................................................................................................................................................21
Anaesthesia..........................................................................................................................................................21
Diabetes Mellitus.................................................................................................................................................25
Antimalarial drugs..............................................................................................................................................26
Antiplatelet agents..............................................................................................................................................27
Peptic ulcer (PU).................................................................................................................................................27
Antiseptic and disinfection...................................................................................................................................28
Antileprosy agent................................................................................................................................................29
Anti-tuberculosis.................................................................................................................................................30
Corticosteroid drugs...........................................................................................................................................30
Asthma................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Uterine motility...................................................................................................................................................32
Anti histamine and histamine............................................................................................................................32

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Gout.....................................................................................................................................................................33
Muscle relaxation drugs.....................................................................................................................................33
Local anesthesia..................................................................................................................................................34
Antiarrhythmia...................................................................................................................................................35
Hypnotic and sedative........................................................................................................................................36
Anti-angina agent...............................................................................................................................................37
Anticonvulsant....................................................................................................................................................38
Cancer chemotherapy.........................................................................................................................................39
Vitamin and mineral (2).....................................................................................................................................40

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Abbreviations of Drug Prescriptions
tab tablet
cap capsule
syr syrup
fl fluid or liquid
ung ointment
gt (gtt) drops
tsp teaspoon
OTC over the counter drug (can buy free) non prescription only medicine
POM Prescription only medicine(need dr sign) DZ
CD Control drug (Morphine, condeine)

am (or) c.m in the morning

pm in the afternoon
noct in the night time
hs before bed time
ac before meal
pc after meal
an afternoon
on every night
om every morning

od once a day
bid twice a day
tid three times a day
qid four times a day
stat immediately
prn as required
q1h (Qh) or hrly every hour
q2h or 2hrly every 2 hour
q6h or 6hrly every 6 hours
po by mouth (oral)
sl sublingual
ng by nasogastric tube
pr per rectum (rectal)
pv per vagina (vagina)
top to the affected area (topical)
id intradermal
sc subcutaneous injection
im intramuscular injection
deep im deep intramuscular injection
iv intravenous injection
slow iv slow intravenous injection
intranasal intranasal

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 Type of dosage form
A. Tablets
B. Capsule
C. Injection
D. Liquid
E. Cream

Tablets
Tablets is a solid masses by made by the compaction of suitable prepared medication by means of tablets
machine.
Shape of tablets
Tablets have many shape
a) Circle
b) Triangle
c) Rectangle
d) Oval
e) Parallel
Type of the tablets
- Uncoated tablets ( 1. Single layer, 2. Multi layer)
- Coated tablets (it is cover with are or more layer of various substances. (eg. Sugar coated tablets)
- Effervescent tablets (foam up when soluble in water)
- Soluble tablets
- Gastro resistant tablets

Summary
- Tablets
- Caplets
- Lozenges (diamond shape)
- Sub-lingual tablets
- Chewable tablets
- Effervescent tablets
- Pills
- Dusting powder
- Vaginal tablets
1. Capsule
(a) Hard gelation

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(b) Soft gelation
(c) Granulated capsules (tiny ball in capsule eg. Omeprazole capsule)
(d) Suppository
2.injection
(a) Ampule is think wall glass containers contain sterile liquid substance
(b) Vial is think wall glass containers contain several portions of sterile substances.
(C) infusion intra venous.

3.Liquid
(a) syrup
(b) suspension
(c) Nasal spray
(d) eye drop
(e) ear drop
(f) Nasal drop
(g) Elixir (hydro alcohol solution)
(h) Mouth washes
(i) spirit
(j) Enema
(k) rugby (liquid, eg. Rugby acetaminophen)
Topical
(a) Cream
(b) Ointment
(c) Lotion
(d) Gel
(e) Liniment (liquid contain alcohol)
Principle of drug action
(a) Action
(b) Therapeutic of uses and indication
(c) Contraindication
(d) Side effect (adverse event)
(e) Precaution and caution
(f) Dosage and administration
(g) Drug interaction

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Right administration of drug
(a) Right patient
(b) Right drug
(c) Right dose
(d) Right route
(e) Right time

Name of drug
(a) Trade Name (biogesis)
Brand name (lensen)
(b) Chemical name (paracetamol)
Generic name (generic name )

Route of administration
1. Systemic effect
2. Local effect
3. Route of administration for systemic effects
4. Oral route
5. Buccal route
6. Rectal route
7. Inhalation route
8. Transdermal route
9. Parenteral route
Oral route
- The most commonly use
- It is convenient for self-administration
- Disadvantages (by passage via the hepatic portal circulation through the liver)
Unsuitable for surgical patients, immediately, pre and operatively.
Patients who are unconscious or vomiting and malabsorption.
Buccal route
- It is useful self-administration, blood flow through the buccal mucosa is high drugs are absorbed into the
systemic rather the hepatic portal circulation.
It is also use in unconscious patients (eg. Sub-lingual route , Nitroglycerin )
Rectal route
- Are absorbed mainly into the systemic circulation. Some drug entry into the hepatic portal circulation
may occur.
- It is use in patient who is unconscious or vomiting (eg. Paracetamol suppo)

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Inhalation route
- The high blood through the lungs. Anaesthetic gases, volatile liquid dispersed in on the aerosol form
absorbed to the systemic circulation.

Transdermal route
- Drugs applied to the skin surface may be absorbed slowly into the systemic circulation.
Eg. Sustained effect (jadelle, )
Parenteral route
- IV, IM, ID, SC,
- Intra ocular route (into the eye)
- Intra articular route (into the joint)
- Intra cisternal (into the spine CSF)
- Intra cerebral (into the brain)

Contraceptive
1. Depo contraception
(medroxyprogestrone)
2. Oral contraceptive
(levonogestrel + ethinylestradiol)

Anti helminthic drugs

Type of worm
1. Thread worms, pin worms
2. Hook worms
3. Whip worms
4. Round worms
5. Tape worms

Drugs used in hleminthic infection

(1) Drugs used for (thread worm, pin worms)
1. Albendazole
2. Invermectin
3. Mebendazole
4. Piperazine
5. Pyrental pamoate
6. Pyvinium pamoate

(2) Drugs use for hook worm

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 1. Albendazole
2. Diethyl carbarmazine
3. Levamisole
4. Mebendazole
5. Pyrental pamoate
6. Thiabendazole

(3) Drugs for tape worm

1. Albendazole
2. Niclosamide
3. Praziquantel

(4) Drugs for round worm

1. Albendazole
2. Invermectin
3. Levamisole
4. Mebendazole
5. Pyrental pamoate

Anti amoebic drug

1. Luminal amoebic ide
- Diloxanide furoate
- Metronidazole
- Tinidazoe

2. Tissue and luminal amoebicides

- Metronidazole
- Nimorazole
- Niridazole
- Tinidazole

Anti anemia drug

1. Folic acid
2. Ferrous sulphate
3. B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
4. Erythropoietin
- Iron (daily need)
Men 13 mcg/kg
Female 21 mcg/kg
Pregnant 30 mcg/kg

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 - Folic acid (daily require)
Men – 400 mcg/day
Female 400-800 mcg/day
Pregnant – 600 mcg/day
- B12 (daily required )
2-3 mg / day

- For treat aplastic anaemia

- B6 (it play role for HB synthesis and can increase haemoglobin concentration.

Cardiovascular
1. On myocardial contractility
Cardiac glycoside (digoxin) (positive inotropic drugs » 1. cardiac glycoside » digoxin 2.
Phosphodiesterase type-3 inhibitors » enoximone, milrinone no evidence of beneficial)
2. Amiodrone (anti arrrythmias » supra ventricular and ventricular arrhythmia »
Amiodrone, disopyramide, flecainide acetate, propafenone hcl)

Antidepressant
1. SSRI
a. Fluoxetine
b. Citalopram
c. Escitalopram

Vitamin and mineral

1. Fat soluble
a. Vitamin A » Retinol
b. Vitamin D » cholecalciferol
c. Vitamin E » alpha tocoferol
d. Vitamin K » Phytomenadione

2. Water soluble
a. Vitamin B
1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
3. Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
4. Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
5. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
6. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
b. Vitamin C
1. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

3.Miscellanous (Folic acid, ferrous sulphate, Erythropoietin)

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Antitussive
1. Wet cough
2. Dry cough

1. Dry cough
a. Opioid antitussive cough
1. Condeine
2. Dextromethophen
3. Levopropoxyphene
4. Noscapine
5. Pholcodine
b. Non opioid antitussive
1. Antihistamine (1st generation, Chlorphenamine, chlorcyclizine),diphenhydramine

Note: 1. sedative antihistamine (chlorphenamine, promethazine, ketotifen, clemastine, alimemazine,) 2. Non

sedative (acrivastine, bilastine, cetirizine, desloratadine, fexofenadine, levocetirizine, loratadine, mizolastine)

2. Wet cough
a. Expectorant
1. Saline expectorant ( ammonium chloride, sodium citrate, potassium citrate)
b. New expectorant ( guaifenesin, guaicolate)
c. Mucolytic (carbocysteine, acetylcysteine, bromhexine)

Note: codeine

1. Potent analgesis drug

2. Potent antitussive drug
3. Anti diarrhoea drug
4. Addictive property

Diarrhea drug
1. Antimotility
a. Codeine phosphate
b. Co phenotrope
c. Loperamide hydrochloride
d. Morphine
e. Diphenoxylate
2. Absorbents and bulk forming drugs
a. Kaolin

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Antifungal drug
- Amphotericin B 1. Triazole (fluconazole, isavuconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole,
- Butoconazole voriconazole)
- Clotrimazole 2. Imidazole (clotrimazole, econazole, tioconazole, miconazole,
- Econazole ketoconazole)
- Flucytosin 3. Polyene (Amphotericin)
- Fluconazole
4. Echinocandin (anidulafungan, caspofungin, micafungin)
- Griseofulvin
- Ketoconazole
5. Other (flucytocine, griseofulvin, terbinafine)
- Itraconazole BNF : reference
- Natamycin
- Nystatine
- Oxiconazole
- Sulconazole
- Terconazole
- Tolnaftate

Antibiotic

A. Gram positive (streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci, helicobacter pylori, clostridium tetani)

B. Gram Negative(hemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitis, salmonella paratyphi, shigella)

Six group of antibiotic

1. Penicillin
2. Cephalosporin
3. Macrolide
4. Aminoglycoside
5. Sulphonamide
6. Fluroquinolone

1. Penicillin
a. Penicillin G = Benzylpenicillin = Procaine penicillin ( coz contain anaesthetic)
b. Benzathine penicillin
c. Phenoxymethyl penicillin (Pen-V)
d. Ampicillin
e. Amoxicillin Penicillin » 1, 2, 3. Carboxypenicillin » sub group » 1.
f. Bacampicillin Carbenicillin 2. Ticarcillin

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 g. Cloxacilline
h. Dicloxacilline
i. flucloxacilline
j. Oxacilline
k. Pivampicillin
l. Talampicillin

2. Cephalosporin
a. First generation ( Cephalexine, Cephazolin)
b. Second generation ( Cefuroxine, Cefoxitine)
c. Third generation ( Cefotaxime, Cefixime, Ceftazidine, Ceftriaxone)
d. Fourth generation (Cefipime)

Cephen »» cephalosporin (particular)

» Cephamycin (plural)

Oxacephen group » Flomoxef

» Ladamoxef =Moxalatam

3. Macrolide
a. Azithromycin
b. Clarithromycin
c. Erythromycin
d. Clindamycin
e. Roxithromycin

4. Aminoglycoside
a. Amikacin
b. Framomycin
c. Kanamycin
d. Gentamycin
e. Neomycin
f. Netilmycin
g. Paramomycin
h. Streptomycin

5. Sulphonamide
a. Sulphodiazine
b. Sulphadimidine = sulphanmethazine
c. Sulphafurazole
d. Sulphacetamide

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 e. Sulphaphenazole
f. Sulphamethoxazole
g. Sulfamethizole

6. Fluroquinolone
a. First generation (Nalidixic acid, Oxolinic acid, cinoxacin(not use in UK,US)
b. Second generation ( ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, lomefloxacin, Levofloxacin,
Sparfloxacin)

Emetic and anti emetic

1. Emetic – drug use induce vomiting, require in food poisoning, 15-30ml of ipecacuahana + 200ml of
water. It produce vomiting 15-20 minutes
a. Apomorphine (*)
b. Ipecacuanha
c. Copper sulphate
d. Levodopa (*)
(* 1. Use for Parkinson disease, 2. Emetic)
2. Antiemetic
a. Phenothizide - chlorpromazine, promethazine, prochlorperazine (antipsychotic –schi)
b. Antihistamine – promethazine,
c. Butyrophenone – (haloperidol, droperidol, benperidol, domperidol)
d. Benzamicle (metochlorpromide)
e. Anticolinergic – hyoscine butybromide, atropine
f. Other – pyridoxine
g. H1 receptor antagonist- dimehydrinate

1. Antihistamine (cinarizine, cyclizine, promethazine hydrochloride, promethazine teoclate)

2. Phenothiazine (chlorpromazine, droperidol, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, Trifluoperazine)
3. Domperidone and metochlorpromide ( droperidone, meto)
4. 5HT3 receptor antagonist (Granisetron, ondansetron, palonosetron)
5. Neurokinin receptor antagonist (apreepitant, fosaprepitant)
6. Cannabinoid (nabilone)
7. Hyoscine (hyoscine hydrobromide)
Analgesis
1. Opioid analgesis
a. Tramadol
a. Morphine
b. Codeine b. Pethidine hydrochloride
c. Tapentadol
c. Thebaine
d. Papaverine d. Oxycodone
e. Meptazinol
e. Methadone
f. Fentanyl f. Dihydrocodeine
g. Buprenorphine
g. Diamorphine hydrochloride
h. Pentazocin
i. Naloxone

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 2. Non steroid ant inflammatory drug (NSAID)
- Three action (1. Analgesis 2.antipyretic 3. Anti inflammatory)
a. Asprin
b. Phenylbutazone
c. Oxyphenbutazone Non opioid analgesis
d. Diclofenac sodium
1. Aspirin
e. Fenclofenac sodium
2. Co-codamol
f. Piroxicam
3. Co-dydramol
g. Tenoxicam
4. Paracetamol
h. Ibuprofen
5. Nefopam hydrochloride
i. Ketoprofen
j. Naproxen
k. Mefenamic acid
l. Tolfenamic acid
m. Nabumetone
n. Melxicam

Laxative, cathartics, purgative

1. Bulk forming - methylcellulose, megnesium hydroxide,
2. Stimulant/ irritant – bisacodyl, castor oil, Phenolphthalein
3. Feceal softeners – liquid paraffin, sulfosuccunate (docusate salt= docusate= dioctyl sulfosuccinate)
4. Drastic purgative – alone
5. Miscellaneous – lactulose

a. Bulk forming – methylcellulose, Ispaghula husk, stercula

b. Stimulant – bisacodyl, dantron, docusate sodium, glycerol, senna, sodium picosulfate
c. Osmotic laxative – lactulose, macrogols, magnesium salt, phosphates (rectal),
sodium citrate
d. Bowel cleaning – macrogols, magnesium citrate, phospates, sodium picosulfate with
magnesium citrate
e. Other constipation drug- linaclotide, lubiprostone, prucaloprine
f. Peripheral opioid receptor antagonist – methylnaltrexone bromide, naloxegol
Anti hypertensive (Cardiovascular)
A. Diuretic
Benzothiadiazide
1. Chlortalidone
2. Hydrochlorothiazide
3. Metolazone
4. Indopamide

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 5. Xipamide
Loop diuretics
1. Bumetanide
2. Ethacrynic acid
3. Furosemide
4. Torasemide

Potassium spare diuretic

1. Eplerenone
2. Amiloride
3. Spironolactone
4. Triamterene

Osmatic diuretic
1. Mannitol (mercurial diuretic – almost never use now coz nephrotoxic
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
1. Acetozolamide
2. Methazolamide
Miscellaneous
1. Mersalyl
1. Thiazide (bendroflumethiazide, chlortalidone, cyclopenthiazide, indapamide, metolazone, xipamide
2. Loop diuretic – bumetanide, furosemide, torasemide
3. Potassium sparing diuretic – amiloride, triamterene ( aldosterone antagonist – spironolactone, eplerenone
4. Osmotic diuretic – mannitol
5. Mercurial diuretic
6. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor – acetazolamide

B. Beta blockers
– antenolol, propranolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, Nebivolol
C. Calcium channel blocker
- Amlodipine
- Bepridil Ccb – amlodipine, diltiazem hydrochloride,
- Diltiazem
Felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine,
- Felodipine
nimodipine, verapamil
- Nicardipine
- Nimodipine
- Nifedipine

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 D. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
- Enalapril
- Lisinopril ACEI – captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, imidapril, lisinopril, moexipril,
- Captopril
perindopril, quinapril, Ramipril, Trandolapril
- Imidapril
- Ramipril
- Quinapril
- Fosinopri

Vasodilator antihypertensive agent

Ambrisentan, bosentan, hydralazine, iloprost, macitentan, minoxidil, riociguat,

sildenafil, sodium nitroprusside, tadalafil

Centeral acting antihypertensive drugs

1. Methyldopa
2. Clonidine
3. Moxonidine

Anti-migraine
1. Ergotamine tartrate
2. Flunarizine
3. Pizotifen
4. Poldan MIG

A. Analgesis – Tolfenamic acid, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Aspirin

B. Antiemetic – Metochlorpromide, Domperidone
C. Ergot alkaloid – Ergotamine Tartrate, Dihydroergotamine
D. 5HT1 receptor antagonist – Amlodipine, eletriptan, Methysergide, frovatriptan, Naratriptan,
Rizatriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan

Antiviral agents
1. Acyclovir (herpes)
- Vidarabine (herpes simplex and zoaster )
- Foscarnet (CMV)
- Ganciclovir (CMV)
- Fascarnet (herpes viridae)
2. Anti influenza
- Amantidine (US FDA approve – both antiviral and anti parkinsonism)
- Rimatidine (Influenza A)

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 3. Anti small pox
- Metisazole
- Okavax (vaccine contain varicella zoaster virus)
4. HIV- virus (AIDS)
- Indinavir
- Zidovudine
- Lamivudine
- Stavudine
- Nevirapine
- Didanosine
- Zalcitabine

Anaesthesia
- A state of CNS depression characterized by unconsciousness which is not arausabled by external stimuli,
- Component of modern GA
a. Unconsciousness
b. Analgesis
c. Muscle relaxation
1. General anaesthesia
2. Local anaesthesia
General anaesthesia classification
1. Inhalation anaesthetic
- Diethyl ether
- Halothane
- Enflurane
- Methoxyflurane
- Nitrous oxide
- Cyclopropane
2. Intravenous anaesthetic
a. Barbiturate
- Theopental sodium
- Methohexytal
b. Non barbiturate
- Diazepam
- Midazolin
- Etomidate
- Propofol
- Ketamine
- Droperidol fentanyl

Adverse effect
1. Laryngospasm
2. Bronchospasm
3. Coughing
4. Sneezing

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 5. Thrombophlebitis
6. Allergy
7. Hypotension
8. Cardia arrhythmia and circulatory failure with over dose
Contra indication
1. Children <4 years
2. Shock
3. Uraemia
4. Myocardial ischemia
5. Dyspnea due to ischemia
6. Status asthmaticus
7. Barbiturate allergy
Ketamine
Therapeutic use
1. Induction of GA especially open heart surgery, delivery surgery
2. GA for short operation (eg. Emergency operation for mass, consultie on site amputation, burn dressing)
3. The provide continuous analgesic

Adverse effect
- Emergence delirium
- Headache
- Confussion
- Dangerous for patient with hypertensive heart failure
Contraindication
- Hypertension
- Eclampsia
- Convulsion
- Psychiatric case
- Maintenance
- Amputation
Diethyl ether
- Volatile liquid
- Pungent odour
- Irritation
- Flammable
- Explore
Side effect
- Nausea
- Vomit

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 - Branchial irritating causing
- Bronchospasm, laryngospasm
- Convulsion
Contraindication
- In patient with diabetes mellitus, liver disease, thyrotoxico
- In patient with high fever in hot climate
- Neuro surgery diathermy

Nitrous oxide
1. Color less
2. Odorless
3. Not flammable
4. Not explosive
Therapeutic use
- Widely use for maintenance of GA (combine with other agent)
- Neurolept analgesia (with fentanyl + droperidol)

Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin (3) types

1. Rapid acting insulin
2. Intermediate acting insulin
3. Long acting insulin

(A) Rapid acting insulin

1. Insulin injection - (regular) (30 minutes to 1 hour start acting and 6-8 hours remain acting in body)
2. Prompt insulin zinc suspension - (30 minutes to 1 hour start acting and 12-16 hours remain acting in
body)

(B) Intermediate action insulin

- Isophone insulin suspension (NPH)
3. Insulin zinc suspension (lente) (30 minutes to 1 hour start acting and 24 hours remain acting in body)

(C ) Long acting insulin

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 - Protamine zinc insulin (PZI) – (4-8 hours start to work and 36 hours and more remain function in body)
- Extended insulin zinc suspension (ultralente)
( 4-8 hours start acting and 36 hours and more remain acting in body)

Clinical type
1. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
2. Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Oral hypoglycaemia agent
1. Sulphonyl-urea
A. First generation
- Tolbutomide
- Tolazamide
- Chlorpropamide
- Acetohaxamide
- Glimepiride
B. Second generation
- Glibenclamide
2. Biguanide
- Phenformin
- Metformin
3. Other Oral anti coagulant
- Acarbose (A) Coumarin and phenidine » antagonist effect vit-K
- Pioglitazone - Warfarin sodium
- Meglitinide - Acenocoumarol
- Nateglinide - Phenidione
(B) Dabiagatran etexilate (direct exhibit thrombin)
- Dabigatran etexilate
Antimalarial drugs (C) Apixaban (direct inhibit factor X thrombin )
1. Quinolone derivative - Apixaban
- Chloroquine (D) Edoxaban (direct inhibit, prolong clotting time, prevention
- Primaquine of conversion prothrombin to thrombin)
- Mefloquines - Edoxaban
- Quinine (E) Rivaroxaban (direct inhibit activate factor X)
- Pyrimethamine - Rivaroxaban
2. Antibiotic
- Doxycycline
- Clindamycin
- Tetracycline
- Minocycline
- Lincomycin
- Erythromycin
3. Other
- Artemethar
- Artesunate
- Mefloquine
- Dapsone
- Trimethoprim

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Antiplatelet agents
1. Aspirin
2. Clopidogrel
3. Warfarin sodium Anti platelet
4. Sulfinpyrazone
- ASA
5. Dipyridamole
- Clopidogrel
6. Epoprostenol
- Dipyridamole
7. Ticlopidine
- Abciximab, Ticagrelor, Tirofiban
- Cangrelor , eptifibatide, prasugrel

Peptic ulcer (PU)

(A) Antacid
- Magnesium compound
- Calcium compound
- Aluminium compound
(B) Muscarinic antagonist
- Atropine
- Hyoscine
- Scopolamine
- Propantheline
- Oxyphencyclimine
(C) H2 receptor antagonist
- Cimetidine
- Ranitidine
- Famoltidine
- Nizatidine
(D) Proton pump inhibitor
- Omeprazole
- Lansoprazole
- Pantoprazole
- Esomeprazole
(E) Drug that enhance mucosal resistance
- Carbenoxolone
- Sucralfate
(F) For H-pylori eradication
- Metronidazole
- Amoxicillin
- Penicillin V
- Tretracycline
- Clarithromycin
- Azithromycin
(G) Other reduce stress

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 - Diazepam
(H) Anti air (gas bubble) (anti flatulent= anti foaming )
- Simethicone

Antiseptic and disinfection

Antiseptic are chemical substances that destroy or inhibit the growth of micro-organism when applied to living
tissues
1. Acid – benzoic acid, acetic acid, salicylates acid
2. Gentian violet, cetrimide, soap
3. Boric acid, zinc oxide, copper sulphate
4. Septadine, betadine, polydine
5. Potassium permagate

Antiseptic and disinfection

1. Phenol derivatives – phenol, cresol (methyl phenol), hexylresorcinol, hexachlorophene,
chlorohexylenol (dettol)
2. Halogens – Iodine, iodophores, chlorine, chlorophore
3. Alcohol – ethano, isopropanol, methylate
4. Aldehydes – formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde
5. Biguanide – chlorhexidine
6. Soap
7. Metallic salts – silver nitrate, silver sulfadiazine, mild silver protein, zinc sulfate, calamine, zinc
oxide
8. Acids – boric acid, acetic acid (salicylic acid, benzoic acid)
9. Gases – ethylene oxide
10. Oxidizing agent – Kmno4, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide
11. Dyes – gentian violet, Methylene blue, brilliant green, acriflavin, proflavin
12. Miscellaneous – Nitrofurazone (ectoparasiticides – permethrin, lindane, benzyl benzoate, ivermectin,
crotamiton, sulfur)
13. Quaternary ammonium – cetrimide
14.

Antileprosy agent
Type of leprosy (six classification base on severity )
1. Interminate – a few flat lesions that sometimes heal by themselves and can progress to a more severe
type.

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 2. Tuberculoid – a few flat lesion, some large and numb, some nerve involvement, can heal on its own,
persist, or may progress to a more severe form
3. Borderline – lesion similar to tuberculoid but smaller and more numbness, less nerve enlargement, may
persist, revert to tuberculoid, or advance to another form
- mid borderline – reddish plaques, moderate numbness, swollen lymp glands, may regress, persist or
progress to other form
- Borderline lepromatous – flat lesion, raised bumps, plaques, nodule, sometime numb; may persist,
regress or progrss

4. Lepromatous (many lesion, hair loss, nerve involment:limb weakness)

Treatment
- Sulfone , dapsone, phenzinc, clofazimine
- Thiosemicarbazone, rifambicin, thioacetazone/thiacetazone(amithiozone), thiourea compound,
thiambutosine
- Ehionamide, prothionamide, thalidomide
- Quinolone – Ofloxacin

Anti-tuberculosis
1. Isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, thiacetozone,
2. Ethionamide, streptomycin, rifampicin

Corticosteroid drugs
Three types of hormone are secreted from adrenal cortex. Anti inflammatory, immune suppress, carbonhydrate
metabolism, salt water retension, electrolyte balance
Use – allergy, eye ds, asthma, nephrotic symdrome, arthritis, skin ds, rheumatic carditis, bowel inflammation,
cerebral oedema, replacement therapy, anti cancer
1. Glucocorticoids – act mainly carbohydrate metabolism, anti-inflammatory
- Natural – hydrocortisone
- Synthetic – prednisolone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone,
betamethasone, flucinolone
2. Mineralocorticoids – mainly act salt water retension, electrolyte balance
- Natural – aldosterone
- Synthetic – fludrocortisone
3. Sex hormone
- Male – androgen
- Female – estrogen and progesterone

Topical preparation
- Dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, betamethasone, flucinolone, flumethasone
Danger of corticosteroid
- Especially in prolong high dose therapy
A. Impaired healing of wound
B. Formationof peptic ulceration

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 C. Prone to appearing infection
Toxicity
- Hyperglycaemia
- Abnormal deposit of fat
- Muscle wasting
- Osteoporosis
- Moon face , brain excitability

Asthma
Bronchial asthma – airway obstruction not due to any other disease
Pathogenesis – 1. Narrowing of due to bronchial muscle spasm, 2. Mucosal oedema and inflammation, 3.
Tenacious mucus production
Type of asthma
1. Extrinsic asthma (triggered by allergy)
2. Instrinsic asthma (not related by allergy)
3. Exercise induced
4. Asthma associated with (COAD)
Classification
1. Bronchodilator – relieve bronchospasm by relaxing bronchiolar muscle
- Adrenaline, isoprenaline, ephedrine, terbutaline
- Salbutamol, theophylline, aminophylline, bambuterol, enprofylline, slmeterol, montellukast

Bronchodilator – xanthines » theophylline, aminophylline, enprofylline

Anti inflammatory agent
- Relieve mucosa oedema and inflammation
- Glucocorticord – beclomethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone
- Cromolyn like drug (cromolyn sodium, nedochronmil sodium)
- Ketotifen fumarate (ketasma, asthafen, tritofen, bentrol erliten)
Mucolytic agents
- Relieve tenatus mucus production
- Bromhexine
- Acetylcysteine, carbocysteine
Treatment of acute asthma
It is needed to be rapid relief of bronchoconstriction
(1) Mild to moderate
- Salbutamol
- Terbutaline
- Mucolytic
(2) Severe

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 - Oxygen 40-60 %
- Salbutamol, terbutaline, aminophylline, hydrocortisone
(3) Very severe (life threatening)
- Hydro IV, oxygen, salbu, terbu

Cromolyn sodium = sodium cromoglicate = cromoglycate = cromoglicate = cromoglicic acid

Uterine motility
A. Drug that stimulate the uterine motility
Ergotamine = ergonovine
Ergometrine
Methylergonovine, dihydroergotamine, bromocriptine,
Oxytocin , syntocinon
B. Drugs which inhibit uterine motility
Eg. Salbutamol, terbutaline, ethanol,

Anti histamine and histamine

1. sedative antihistamine (chlorphenamine, promethazine, ketotifen, clemastine, alimemazine,)

2. Non sedative (acrivastine, bilastine, cetirizine, desloratadine, fexofenadine, levocetirizine, loratadine,

mizolastine)

Dimehydrinate = is a combine of two drug diphenhydramine + 8 chlorotheophylline

Histamine

Histamine

1. histamine H1receptor – produce pruritus, vasodilator, hypotension, flushing, headache, bradycardia,

bronchoconstriction
2. histamine H2 receptor – of parietal cell in stomach produce acid, meal stimulated secretion of acid,
gastrin and acetylcholine reduce too.

A. H1 receptor antagonist – antihistamine see above.

B. H2 receptor antagonist – cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine.

Gout
High serum level of uric acid, urine acid deposit in joint and cartilage
Treatment of gout
Acute gout
- Colchicine (inhibit migration of inflammatory cell)
- Canakinumab
- NSAID
- Corticosteroid

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Prevention of chronic gout
- (a) inhibit uric acid synthesis
- Allopurinol
- Alloxanthine
- (b) promoting urinary excretion of uric acid
- Uricosouric agents – probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, benzbromarone

Muscle relaxation drugs

1. Short term symptomative relieve of muscle spasm
- Methocorbomal
- Baclofen
- Tizanidine
- Eperisone

Local anesthesia
Drugs that block nerve conduction reversibly when applied locally to nerve
1. Amides
- Lidocaine
- Prilocaine
- Dibucaine
- Mepivacaine
- Bupivacaine
- Etidocaine
2. Esters (amino ester)
- Cocaine , piperocaine
- Proparacaine
- Benzocaine
- Procaine
- Tetracaine

Benzocaine
- Non irritant surface anaesthesia with toxicity
- Compound benzocaine lozenges use for the taking dental impression to prevent nausea and vomiting ,
passing bronchoscope and oesophagoscope in the conscious patient
Prilocaine
- Similar to lignocaine with longez action
- Can be given in high concentration or large amount
- Used for injection in to vascular area (perineum face and for dental practice)
Amethocaine
- Good topical agent
- Suitable for minor surgery in eye
- Should not be used for inflamed vascualar
- Contra indication = in cystoscopy and bronchoscopy

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Chloroprocaine
- Use in obstetric
Etidocaine
- Long duration of action
- Cardiac toxicity
Mepivacaine
- Dentistry
Techniques of local anaesthesia
1. Surface anaesthesia or topical anaesthesia
2. Infiltration anaesthesia
3. Nerve block
4. Spinal anaesthesia
5. Caudal anaesthesia
6. Epidural anaesthesia
7. Intravenous regional

Antiarrhythmia

1. Amiodrone (anti arrrythmias » supra ventricular and ventricular arrhythmia »

Amiodrone, disopyramide, flecainide acetate, propafenone hcl)
2. Digoxin
3. Calcium channel blockers (verapamil, amlo, nefedipine, dialtiazen)
4. Beta blocker ( propranolol, atenolol, acebutolol, oxyprenolol, paractolol,)
5. Misc – quinidine

Hypnotic and sedative

1. Benzodiazepine
- Alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, chlorazepate
- Diazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam
- Nitrazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, temazepam, triazolam
1. Barbiturate
- Long acting (8-16 hours)
- Barbital
- Phenobarbitone
- Primidone

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 - Mephobarbital
- Metharbital
2. Short intermidate acting (4-8 hour)
- Amobarbital (amylobarbitone)
- Thiobarbital
- Cyclobarbitone
- Pentobarbitone
- Butobarbitone
3. Ultra short acting (1/2 to 1 hour)
- Thiopental sodium (use for GA too)
- Thiamylal
- Methohexital (methohexitone)
- Hexobarbital (hexobarbitone)
4. Misc
- Buspirone
- Chloralhydrate
- Clomethiazole
- Ethchlorvynol
- Methyprylon
- Zopiclone, zolpidem (non benzodiazepine hypnotic sedative )

Benzodiazepines
- First choice of hypnotic, alter sleep pattern
- Are safer than other drugs in over dose
- Decrease anxiety
- Muscle relaxant
- Anticonvulsant activity
- Loss of memory
Therapeutic use
- Insomnia night mare somnambulism(sleep walking) in child
- To reduce sedation in premedication
- Acute alcohol withdrawal
- Anxiety
- Muscle spasm
- Convulsion, febrile fit, status epilepticus
- Anaesthesia

Adverse effects
- Drowsiness, muscle incoordination, memory impair, dysarthria
- Dysphoria
- Tolerance with chronic use
- Dependence
- Abrupt withdrawal may produce rebound insomnia
- Toxic psychosis, confusion, allergic reaction

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Anti-angina agent

- Angina pectoris – sudden severe pressing substernal pain radiation to left shoulder.
- Pathogenesis – temporary and relative , myocardial ischemia, decrease blood flow to effected area.
- Cause – decrease oxygen supply and blood flow. Cause artherosclerosis especially in coronary artery
Drug treatment of angina
1. Use in acute attack of angina
- Organic nitrate and nitrite
- Glyceryl trinitrate, isosarbide monotrate, isosarbide dinitrate
- Amylnitrate
2. Calcium channel blocker
- Verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipine
3. Beta-blocker
- Propranolol, aceutolol, atenolol
4. Potassium channel blocker
- Nicorandil
5. Other (anti angina) 1. Control use
- Ivabradine (A) . Focal seizure with or without secondary generalization
- Branolazine - Carbamazepine, lamotrigine (1st line)
- Oxcarbazepine, sodium valproate, levetiracetam
(B) . generalize seizure
- Sodium valproate, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine
Anticonvulsant - Tonic-clonic seizure (sodium valproate, lamotrigine, carba, oxa)
- Absence seizure – ethosuximide, sodium valproate, lamotrigine
- Myoclonic – sodium valproate, levetiracetam, topiramide,
- Atonic – sodium valproate, lamotrigine
(C) . Benzodiazepine – clobazam , clonazepam
2. Status epilepticus
- Diazepam
- Fosphenytoin sodium
- Lorazepam
- Midazolam
- Phenobarbital sodium
- Phenytoin sodium
3. Magnesium sulphate (eclampsia)

Cancer chemotherapy
- Cancer – uncontrolled growth and proliferation of cell
- Cause of cancer – carcinogen food change from health DNA to damage
- Carcinogen – oflotoxin, prolong use cooking oil, alcohol, dye, barbecue (baking, roasting), preservative
(to maintain meat, to maintain, prevent any food from damage such as salt )
Therapeutic modalities

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 1. Surgery
2. Radiation
3. Chemotherapy
4. Immunotherapy
5. Hormone and hormone antagonist

Classification

Anti cancer

A. Alkylating agent (cytotoxic drugs)

1. Chlorambucil
2. Carmustine
3. Estramustine
4. Cyclophosphamide
5. Ifosfamide
6. Streptozotocin

B. Anti-metabolites

1. Cytarabine
2. Flurouracil
3. Methotrexate
4. Mercaptopurine
5. Tioguanine

C.Natural product

1. Asparagisnase
2. Bleomycin
3. Dactinomycin
4. Doxorubin
5. Daunorubicin
6. Etoposide
7. Vinblastine
8. Vincristine
E,V,V (vinca alkaloids)
D.Miscellaneous

1. Cisplatin (chemo therapy)

2. Hydroxycarbamide
3. Procarbazine
4. Radioisotope

E.Hormone and antagonist

- Prednisolone, dexamethasone
- Medroxyprogestrone, ethinylestradiol
- Testosterone
- fluoxymesterone

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Vitamin and mineral (2)
Vitamin are organic substance which the body is requires in small amount. Vitamin are classified according to
their solubility.

No. Vitamin Function Deficiency Source

1 Vitamin A (retinol)
For vision, accelerates skin cell
turn over, antioxidant
Night blindness, corneal -All yellow pigment fruit
dryness, exophthalmia, - mango, papaya, sweet potato,
(drowsiness,headache, pumpkin, carrot,
vomit if excess) Liver, oil beef, egg yolk,
Green leave

2 Vitamin E Prevention of skin clammy of Muscular dystrophy Vegetable oil, in wheat, sun
(Alpha Tocoferol) UV ray. flower seed, cotton seed
3 Vitamin K Blood clotting Hemorrhage Dark green leafy vegetable,
(phytomenadione) Cabbage, tomatoes, peas, egg
yolk, liver

4 Vitamin B1 muscle Beri beri , peripheral Liver, kidney, pork

(Thiamine) neuropathy.
5 Vitamin C Skin , immune Scurvy, Guava, lemon, tomatoes
(Ascorbic Acid)
6 Vitamin B2 Angular cheilitis, Egg yolk, liver, kidney, young
(Riboflavin) Angular stomatitis, plant
glositis
7 Vitamin B3 Pellagra Yeast, fish, bean, liver, green
(Niacin) leafy vegetable
8 Vitamin B5
(pantothenic acid)

VITAMINS AND MINERALS CHART

Different types of vitamins and minerals enable healthy body function, such as cell and tissue repair,
production of cells, and healthy brain function. Your body doesn’t produce these vitamins and minerals
on its own, and while youncan get most of these from a supplement, your body reacts better when these
vitamins and minerals come from food. According to Health.gov, Americans do not consume sufficient
amounts of potassium, dietary fiber, choline, magnesium, calcium, and vitamins A, D, E, and C. Iron is
also under-consumed by adolescent girls and women ages 19
to 50 years of age. The charts below list the important vitamins and minerals required for your overall
well-being and describe their functions, their sources, what can happen when you don’t get enough
The Vitamin Chart
Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K) can be stored in the body and need not be consumed daily. While it is difficult to “overdose”
on them from ordinary sources, consuming mega doses of fat soluble vitamins, especially A and D, can lead to a dangerous
build up in the body.
Water Soluble Vitamins (B and C) are not stored in the body and should therefore be consumed daily

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