UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

WEEK: 2 STATISTIC IN PUBLIC HEALTH

Introduction
Statistics is a discipline that concerns the collection, organization, examination, interpretation and
presentation of data. It starts with a particular statistical population to be studied: the focus of the study
on its other relevant details. It deals with every aspect of the data, including the preparation of data
collections with regard to the design of surveys or experiments.

Globally, the World Health Organization is responsible for presenting the health indicators of
each country and innovations to the world. While we depend on the Department of Health in the
Philippines, they provide us with death and birth rates, demographics, diseases that are prominent in
the country. They are responsible for letting us having access to vital data and analyzes for tracking the
health situation

I. Objective
After completion of this course the student should be able to:
a) be familiar with Different health related organization,
b) acquire fundamental knowledge Health activities, and
c) be familiar with Philippine health data and statistic

II. Health Organization

Health -According to WHO it is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing rather
than the mere absence of disease or infirmity.

Public Health- is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health,
through the organized society. It focuses on how or why it occurs and preventing them to
happening again.

Clinical Health- relating to the observation and treatment of actual patients rather than
theoretical or laboratory studies. For example, someone got to an accident and broke his/her leg
the main focus is immediate health problem which is fixing the fracture bone.

❖ World Health Organization

Was establish by constitution on April 7, 1948. A date we now celebrate every year as
World Health Day. They have 7000 people working from more than 150 countries.

World Health Organization as the international health governing and coordinating

authority within the United Nations system promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the
vulnerable. Their goal is to ensure that a billion more people from health emergencies, and
provide a further billion people with better health and well-being.

For universal health coverage, they:

✓ focus on primary health care to improve access to quality essential services

✓ work towards sustainable financing and financial protection

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✓ improve access to essential medicines and health products

✓ train the health workforce and advise on labor policies
✓ support people's participation in national health policies
✓ improve monitoring, data and information

For health emergencies, they:

✓ prepare for emergencies by identifying, mitigating and managing risks
✓ prevent emergencies and support development of tools necessary during outbreaks
✓ detect and respond to acute health emergencies
✓ support delivery of essential health services in fragile settings.

For health and well-being, they:

✓ address social determinants
✓ promote intersectoral approaches for health
✓ prioritize health in all policies and healthy settings.

Through their work, they address:

✓ human capital across the life-course
✓ noncommunicable diseases prevention
✓ mental health promotion
✓ climate change in small island developing states
✓ antimicrobial resistance
✓ elimination and eradication of high-impact communicable diseases.

❖ Department of Health of the Philippines -is the principal health agency in the Philippines.
It is responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services to all Filipinos through
the provision of quality health care and regulation of providers of health goods and
services.

Vision: Filipinos are among the healthiest people in Southeast Asia by 2022, and Asia by 2040

Mission: To lead the country in the development of a productive, resilient, equitable and people-
centered health system.

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DOH Organizational Chart

❖ Health-Related Organization in the Philippines

• Philippine Red Cross- is a member of the International Red Cross and Red crescent
Movement.
A humanitarian organization that was established in 1947. It was initially only involved in
providing blood and short-term palliatives as well as engaging in disaster-related activities, but
they are now focusing on a wider range of humanitarian services.

Philippine Red Cross provides six major services

1. National Blood Service
2. Disaster Management Services
3. Safety Services
4. Health Services
5. Welfare Services
6. Red Cross Youth

• Philippine Mental Health association, Inc.- Is a private, non-stock organization dedicated

to mental health promotion and mental health prevention. It is a member of World
Mental Health Federation.

Goal:

✓ To raise awareness on mental health and prevent mental disorders through regular
conduct of capacity-building activities such as orientations, seminars, lecture-fora,
trainings and workshops and use of multi-media platforms;

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✓ To provide best practice, responsive and culturally-sensitive interventions for assessment,

treatment and rehabilitation that are multi-disciplinary, family-focused and community-
based; and,
✓ To conduct research in mental health for policy formulation, legislation and program
development.

• Philippine Medical Association - Is the Philippines' primary medical association, covering

medical practitioners and medical component groups from across the country. is a
member of the World Medical Association and is a co-founder of the Confederation of
Medical Associations of Asia and Oceania. It is also the co-founder of Medical Associations
of South East Asian Nations

❖ Other health-related Organization in the Philippines are the following:

A.
Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine
B. Philippine Asian Vascular Society
Philippine Association for the Study of Overweight and Obesity
Philippine Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons
Philippine Cancer Society
Philippine College of Physicians
Philippine College of Surgeons
Philippine Dermatological Society
Philippine Heart Association
III. Health Philippine Medical Association
Activities

The activities of the health departments vary somewhat depending not only on the
government agencies involved but also on the size of the community served and, to some extent,
on the local conditions. In some cities, health departments have retained, by custom, certain
functions which, it is felt, other agencies should undertake. However, health authorities agree
that certain activities should be public health services' responsibilities and these are listed below.

A. Vital Statistic- This includes birth registration, marriages, and deaths. It also includes
tabulation and analysis of the data obtained at monthly intervals. In the Philippines, Philippine
Statistic Authority (PSA) collects tabulated report of births, deaths and causes of death

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❖ Registered Birth in the Philippines

In 2018, a total of 1,668,120 live births were registered, which is equivalent to a crude birth rate (CBR) of 15.8 or 16 births
per thousand population. On the average, there were about 4,570 babies born daily or about 190 babies born per hour or
approximately three babies born per minute.

Birthrates- These are usually expressed as so many per year per 1,000 population. The birthrate
based on the whole population is termed the crude birthrate, which can be found by using the
following formula:
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 1𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1,000 = 𝑥 1,000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

❖ Registered Number of Deaths in the Philippines

Reported deaths reached 590,709 in 2018, an increase of 2.0 per cent from 579,237 deaths in the previous year. This is
equivalent to a crude mortality rate (CDR) of 5.6, or around six (6) per thousand men. Average 1,618 people died daily
in 2018. That means 67 deaths per hour, or one (1) per minute.

Death rate- these are expressed as so many per year per 1,000 of the population. The crude death
rate expressed as the number of deaths in one year occurring per 1,000 of the whole population
and may be found from the following formula:
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ
𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1,000 = 𝑥 1,000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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❖ Registered Number of Marriage

The total number of marriages registered in 2018 stood at 449,169. The percentage change registered in marriages in
2017 and 2018 increased from 3.6 and 3.3, respectively

A. Communicable Disease Control

The division's epidemiological work involves a monitoring system for all ordinary communicable
diseases, including a comprehensive review of each reported case.

Organizational chart for Disease control here in the Philippines

The following is an example of infectious disease:

• Acute Respiratory Infection -is a leading cause of death in children under the age of five in
developing countries. Pneumonia is the most serious of these infections but often can be treated
with affordable antibiotics.

✓ Prevention and control

Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective preventive tools available.

• Influenza A (H1N1) – Can cause highly contagious respiratory disease. Viruses (influenza viruses)
that infect the respiratory tract and result in nasal secretions. Can easily spread from person to
person through coughing or sneezing.

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✓ Prevention and Control

- Observe proper personal hygiene

- Increase your body resistance
- Practice social distance

• Diarrhea- is an increase in the frequency of loose or liquid bowel movement. Cause by a variety
of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. You may get diarrhea from contaminated food and
water indigestion

✓ Prevention and Control:

- Drink water only from safe sources. If unsure, boil the water at least 3 mins or do water
chlorination.
- Eat only foods that are well cooked and properly prepared.
-Avoid eating street-vended food
- Use toilet when defecating
- Wash hands before eating and after using toilet.

a) Leprosy- is a chronic, mildly communicable disease that mainly affect the skin, the peripheral
nerves, the eyes, and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. Cause by Mycobacterium leprae
bacillus. Transmitted via droplets, from the nose and the mouth, during close contacts with
untreated cases.

✓ Prevention and Control: -

- Treat all leprosy cases to prevent spread of infection

- Avoid direct contact with untreated patients
- Practice personal hygiene
- Practice good nutrition
- Keep environment clean

Health Departments is securing adequate community immunizations level for disease such as
smallpox, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, typhoid fever, and poliomyelitis. In the control
program today

Today, emphasis should be placed on reporting to local health authorities of all cases.
Precise legislation should be in place to examine the presumably infected and, where indicated,
their compulsory treatment. One of the processes involved is contact tracing it is the identification
process of persons who may have come into contact with an infected person and the subsequent
collection of additional information on those contacts

B. Maternal and Child Health

This is a very important branch of healthcare work that can be divided into two main
classifications: full maternal care and child health programs

o Maternity care includes:

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• the premarital education and counseling,

• pre conceptive advice and instruction
• parental care
• Delivery care
• Postnatal care

Consideration is given not only to the physical factors involved in the planning of these services
but also to the mental, emotional and economic situations.

o Health program for children- it must take into consideration the physical, mental, social, and
economic factor aspect in child’s life. this program can be subdivided into the care of the newborn,
or neonatal care (age less than 28days); infant care (0-12 months old); care of the preschool child
(age 3-5 years old) and health program for the school age child (age 6-12 years old)

A comprehensive program varies according to the age level and include health appraisal like;

• Counseling
• Mental; health
• Health education
• Communicable disease control
• Nutrition instructions
• Dental health
• Health education
• Etc.
C. Chronic Disease – as define by Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as condition
that last one year and require ongoing medical attention or limit activities of daily living or both.
The treatment of chronic disease is a function of private physician. however, with the help of the
authorities and also a community effort an early detection of disease can be stimulated, early
treatment started, disease arrested, and the burden the burden of aftercare of indigent patients
reduced.
Below are the leading death and disability in the Philippines.

a) Coronary heart disease- has been labeled the "silent epidemic" by some in the medical field and
is responsible for a total of 87,881 deaths annually in the Philippines, almost 17 percent of all
deaths.

b) Hypertension- More than 14 million Filipinos suffer from hypertension according to recent WHO
research. The Philippines arrives at number 11 in terms of the highest number of fatalities
resulting from hypertension, providing the Filipinos with a severe need to make active lifestyle
changes to reduce their risk of death due to hypertension.
c) Stroke - Stroke is the second largest cause of death for Filipinos. According to recent WHO data,
strokes in the Philippines account for 63,261 deaths, or 12.14% of deaths each year. Strokes are
sometimes referred to as “brain attacks,” and occur when the flow of blood to the brain is cut off.
When a stroke occurs, brain cells are deprived of oxygen and begin to die.
d) Pneumonia/ Influenza- World Health Rankings provides that annual deaths from influenza and
pneumonia in the Philippines account for almost 10 per cent of deaths in the Philippines. The
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same is not true of influenza and pneumonia. Influenza is a very contagious virus that causes flu-
like symptoms, whilst pneumonia is an infection that causes fluid and puss to fill your lungs. If left
untreated, both can be deadly.
e) breast cancer- Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among Filipino women and unknown
to many is the fact that the Philippines has the highest number of incidents of breast cancer
among the world's 197 countries. Moreover, over a 30-year period, the Philippines saw a 589 per
cent increase in breast cancer.

D. Environmental Health- According to WOH Clean air, stable climate, adequate water, sanitation
and hygiene, safe use of chemicals, radiation protection, healthy and safe workplaces, sound
farming practices, health-supportive towns and built environments and a preserved nature are all
prerequisites for good health.

• 24% of all global death are linked to the environment which roughly 13.7 million deaths
per year
• 3.8 million deaths every year as a result of exposure to indoor smoke from cooking fuels.
• 4.2 million deaths ever year as a result of exposure to fine particulate matter.

In general, only those activities which are directly concerned with health are placed in
the city health department. Refuse collection and disposal, for instance, are often excluded and
are handled by some other department. In cities the care of small water supplies, from the
standpoint of safety, is invariably conducted by the health department inspector of cities.

Good administration indicates that safety and sanitation features are incorporated in the
design, construction, and maintenance of streets, utilities, public buildings, industrial plants,
recreation areas, and housing projects, as well as in general urban and regional planning. Good
communication is highly desirable with most governmental and certain private agencies

E. Laboratory

The laboratory of a health department makes:

b) chemical and bacteriological examination of milk, water from public and private supplies, bottled
waters, and possibly sewage or sewage polluted water
c) chemical, bacteriological, and microscopical examinations of food and drugs;
d) bacteriological and microscopical examination for diagnosis and release in diphtheria,
tuberculosis, typhoid fever, malaria, and other intestinal parasitic diseases.

E. Public Health Education - Healthy education not only teaches children about healthy living but
also teaches them about the principles of community hygiene. It is therefore valuable in that it
helps individuals directly and also recognizes the value of public health work, leading to a better
partnership between the citizen and the health department
The recognized method of health education as accomplished by health department as follows:

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• Publishing and distribution of weekly or monthly bulletins to physician, nurses, teachers,

social workers, and prominent persons so that may be informed about current health
problems.
• Operating lecture service for various organization
• Simulation of health instruction in the schools by arousing the interest of the school
authorities and teachers.
• Holding exhibits illustrating and demonstrating health work.

IV. Philippine Health Data and Statistic

Statistics- refers to both quantitative data as well as classifying such data according to probability
theory and applying methods such as hypothesis testing to them. Health statistics include both
empirical data and health-related estimates, such as mortality, morbidity, risk factors, coverage
of the health services, and health systems.

A. Morality V.S Morbidity

Morality Morbidity
The term used for the number of people Refers to the state of being diseased or
who died within a population. unhealthy within a population.
The mortality rate can be distinguished
into crude death rate; perinatal mortality
rate; the maternal mortality rate; infant Data is collected according to the disease
mortality rate; child mortality rate; type, gender age, area.
standardized mortality rate; and age-
specific mortality rate.

All data are from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) an independent global
health research center at the University of Washington. Has a goal of providing an impartial, evidence-
based picture of global health trends to inform the work of policymakers, researchers, and funders.
Their main supporters are the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation and the State of Washington.

In year 2017 the population of the Philippines reach 103.5 million with fertility rate of 3.7%.

• Health problem that caused the most disability

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• Lower back pain (20.4% change of rate from 2007 to 2017) followed by headache disorder are
the prime health problem causing disability to do job or work normally.

• Top 10 causes of death in Philippines at year 2017:

• For ten consecutive years, Ischemic Heart Disease (38% rate of change from 2007-2017) is the
deadliest disease in the Philippines followed by Stroke (27.8% rate of change) and Lower
Respiratory infect (24.1% rate of change).

• Top 10 Risk factors

Risk Factor - A risk factor is any modifiable behavior or condition that increases a person's
likelihood of going through a negative health event. That event could be getting a disease, having
an accident that causes injury or death, or prematurely dying or for any other reason. If people
engage in less risky behavior over time, or if fewer people live in risky conditions, then the
incidence of health issues associated with that risk factor should be reduced.
The following data are the risk factors that cause most death and disability in the Philippines

• Dietary risk (rate of change 27.1 % from 2007 to 2017) jump from rank three to rank one as the
most reason of death and disability.
• In 2007 malnutrition (-21.9% rate of change from 2007 to 2017) is the number one source of death
and disability though in year 2017 it ranked as number three.
• Alcohol use (11.8% rate of change from year 2007 to 2017) rank number ten as the most cause of
death and disability.

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• Health access and quality

The Healthcare Access and Quality Index (HAQ) provides a summary measure of the access and
quality of healthcare for a given location. This measure is based on risk-standardized mortality
rates or causal mortality-to-incidence ratios that should not result in death in the presence of
quality healthcare-also known as amenable mortality.

• In terms of the Filipino's quality and access to health, the average rate of change per
year increases by 1.1 percent from 2000 to 2016.

V. Summary
As the international health governing and coordinating authority within the United
Nations system, the World Health Organization promotes health, helps to protect the world and
serves the vulnerable. Their aim is to provide a billion more people with health emergencies and
a further billion people with better health and wellbeing.

Here in the Philippines department of Health a government agency that is responsible for
ensuring access to basic healthcare to all Filipinos. The Philippine Red Cross is a health-related
organization that offer wide range of humanitarian services such as, related blood services,
welfare services, safety services, and etc. another health-related organization is the Philippine
Mental Health Association, Inc. that dedicated to mental health promotion and prevention.

The health departments activities vary slightly depending not only on the government agencies
involved, but also on the size of the community to be served and, to some extent, on the local
condition. However, health authorities agree on some certain activities that should be
responsibility of public health services such as: collection of vital statistic such as birth, death and
marriage registration, monitoring communicable disease, providing maternal and child health
care, identifying the leading chronic diseases, providing laboratory for examination and
experimentation, and providing public health education.

Health statistic include both empirical data and estimates related to health services such as
mortality, morbidity, risk factor, health services coverage and health system. Institute for Health
Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), provide impartial data and evidence-based picture of global health
trends. According to IHME, in the Philippines that the primary health that caused disability to
perform the job normally is the lower back pain and head ache. Ischemic heart disease on the
other hand is the leading cause of death in the country. the Health Access and Quality Index is
based on risk-standardized mortality rates or casual mortality- to- incident rates. From year 2000
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to 2016 the average rate of change per year increased by 1.1% in terms to quality and access to
health of the Filipino.

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