MODULE 1 Introduction, Shape Memory Alloys PDF

An Autonomous Institution
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi,

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi,
Recognised by UGC with 2(f) & 12 ( B)
Accredited by NBA & NAAC
17ME745 SMART MATERIALS & MEMS
MODULE 1 – Introduction &Shape Memory Alloys

Prepared by : Dr. Santhosh N & Prof. Vinoth Kumar G
Approved by AICTE |Affiliated to VTU | Recognized by UGC with 2(f) & 12(B) status |Accredited by NBA and NAAC 1
Course Objectives
This course provides a detailed overview to smart materials,
piezoelectric materials structures and its characteristics. The study of Smart
structures and modelling helps in Vibration control using smart materials in
various applications. Helps to understand the principles and concepts of using
MEMS, ER & MR Fluids for various applications.
Module – 1
 Introduction: Closed loop and Open loop Smart Structures. Applications of
Smart structures, Piezoelectric properties. Inchworm Linear motor, Shape
memory alloys, Shape memory effect-Application, Processing and
characteristics.
 Shape Memory Alloys: Introduction, Phenomenology, Influence of stress on

characteristic temperatures, Modelling of shape memory effect. Vibration
control through shape memory alloys. Design considerations, multiplexing
embedded NiTiNOL actuators.
Course outcomes
1. Describe the methods of controlling vibration using smart systems and
fabrication methods of MEMS.
2. Explain the principle concepts of Smart materials, structures, Fibre optics,
ER & MR Fluids, Biomimetics and MEMS with principles of working.
3. Analyze the properties of smart structures, MEMS, with the applications and
select suitable procedure for fabrication.
4. Summarize the methods and uses of Micro fabrications, Biomimetics, types
of polymers used in MEMS, Fibre optics, piezoelectric sensing and actuation.
Text Books
1.―Smart Structures –Analysis and Design‖, A.V.Srinivasan, Cambridge

University Press, New York, 2001, (ISBN:0521650267).
2. ―Smart Materials and Structures‖, M.V.Gandhi and B.S.Thompson
Chapmen & Hall, London, 1992 (ISBN:0412370107)
3. ―Foundation of MEMS, by Chang Liu. Pearson Education.
(ISBN:9788131764756)
Bridge Notes – Basic Prerequisites
Smart Materials
 Smart materials are designed materials that have one or more properties
that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external
stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic
fields.
 Smart or intelligent materials are materials that have the intrinsic and
extrinsic capabilities, first, to respond to stimuli and environmental
changes and, second, to activate their functions according to these
changes. The stimuli could originate internally or externally.
Types of smart materials
Piezoelectric Materials: When subjected to an electric charge or a variation in
voltage, piezoelectric material will undergo some mechanical change, and vice
versa. These events are called the direct and converse effects.
Electrostrictive Materials: This material has the same properties as piezoelectric
material, but the mechanical change is proportional to the square of the electric
field. This characteristic will always produce displacements in the same direction.
Magnetostrictive Materials: When subjected to a magnetic field, and vice versa
(direct and converse effects), this material will undergo an induced mechanical
strain. Consequently, it can be used as sensors and/or actuators. (Example:
Terfenol-D.)
Shape Memory Alloys: When subjected to a thermal field, this material will
undergo phase transformations which will produce shape changes. It deforms to its
‗martensitic‘ condition with low temperature, and regains its original shape in its
‗austenite‘ condition when heated (high temperature). (Example: NitiNOL - TiNi.)
Halochromic Materials: These are commonly used materials that change their
colour as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that
can change colour to indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them.
Optical Fibres: Fibres that use intensity, phase, frequency or polarization of
modulation to measure strain, temperature, electrical/magnetic fields, pressure and
other measurable quantities. They are excellent sensors.
Characteristics of smart materials:
Immediacy – they respond in real‐time.

Transiency – they respond to more than one environmental state.
Self‐actuation – intelligence is internal to rather than external to the ‗material‘.
Selectivity – their response is discrete and predictable.
Directness – the response is local to the ‗activating‘ event.
Reversibility / directionality
Size / location
Property change
– undergo a change in a property or properties
– chemical, thermal, mechanical, magnetic, optical or electrical – in response to a
change in the conditions of the environment of the material
– thermochromics, electrochromics, photochromics.
Energy change
– change an input energy into another form to produce output energy in
accordance with the First Law of Thermodynamics
– piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics, photovoltaics.
Property change
– undergo a change in a property or properties
– chemical, thermal, mechanical, magnetic, optical or electrical – in response to a
change in the conditions of the environment of the material
– thermochromics, electrochromics, photochromics.
Energy change
– change an input energy into another form to produce output energy in
accordance with the First Law of Thermodynamics
– piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics, photovoltaics.
Topic - 1
1. Closed and Open Loop Smart Structures
 There are essentially two types of smartness in structures that can be
distinguished: closed-loop and open-loop.
 A closed-loop smart structure senses the changes to diagnose the nature
of the problem, takes action to mitigate the problem, and also stores the
data of the episode for future reference.
 Open-loop smartness means that the design is such that structural
integrity is enhanced only when needed, and the structure relapses to its
normal state when there is no need for enhanced integrity.
1.1 Open Loop Smart Structures
• An open-loop smart structure is often used in simple processes because
of its simplicity and low cost, especially in systems where feedback is
not critical.
• An open-loop smart structure, also called a non-feedback smart structure,
is a type of structure that computes its input into a system and responds
to the stimuli using only the current state and its model of the system.
Figure 1.1 Schematic block diagram of the Open Loop Smart Structure
1.1.1 Examples of Open Loop Smart Structures
Some Irrigation Sprinklers are programmed to turn on/off at set times. It does
not measure soil moisture as a form of feedback. Even if rain is pouring
down on the lawn, the sprinkler system would activate on schedule, wasting
water.
Figure 1.2 A Typical Open Loop Smart System
1.2 Closed Loop Smart Structures
• A closed-loop system uses feedback to control states or outputs of a
dynamical system. Its name comes from the information path in the
system.
• Process inputs have an effect on the process outputs, which is measured
with sensors and processed by the controller; the result (the control
signal) is used as input to the process, closing the loop.
Figure 1.3 Schematic block diagram of the Closed Loop Smart Structure
1.2.1 Examples of Closed Loop Smart Systems
Automatic Electric Iron
Consider an example of automatic electric iron which acts as a closed-loop
system. The figure below represents the block diagram with major
components:
Figure 1.4 A Typical Closed Loop Smart System

The basic working performed by an automatic electric iron is such that
when the temperature of the sole-plate attains a predefined value then the
heating action gets stopped automatically. And when the temperature falls
below a certain specified value then again heating starts inside it.
1.3 Open Loop vs. Closed Loop Smart Structures
A closed-loop smart structure perceives the changes, diagnoses the type of
the problem, mitigates the problem and stores the relevant information for
future use.
In open-loop smartness, the integrity is improved based on a necessity.
Once the need for integrity improvement subsides, the system relapses to
normal condition.
Contd…
Figure 1.5 Schematic block diagram of the Open Loop vs. Closed Loop Smart System
Feedback Questions
1. Smart Materials don't change their properties based on the external stimuli.
(True/False)
2. A closed loop smart structure perceives the changes and responds to the
external stimuli.
(True/False)
3. Can you name some of the examples of the open loop and closed systems in
real life circumstances.
Enter the examples in chat………..
Topic - 2
2. Applications of Smart Structures
• Aerospace
— Damage detection
— Vibration control
— Shape control
— Adaptive structures
• Defence
— Firing accuracy of weapons
— Vibration and noise reduction in submarines
— Adaptive wings for aircraft and missiles
Contd…
• Automotive
— Passenger comfort (noise control in cabin)
— Vibration control (active engine mounts)
— Health monitoring (smart sensors)
• Industrial
— manufacturing (machine tool chatter control)
— Air conditioning and ventilation (noise control)
— Mining machinery (vibration control)
Contd…
• Medical
— Smart sensors (tele-medicine) • Find some of the
— Micro robotics emerging
— Surgical tools
applications of
smart structures
• Civil
and articulate
— Bridges them.
— Earthquake protection
• Emerging Applications
Activity for
— Active Vibration Control (AVC) the day
— Active Noise Control (ANC)
— Active Shape Control (ASC)
— Active Health Monitoring (AHM)
Topic - 3
3. Piezoelectric Properties
Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid
materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as
bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress.
The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and
latent heat.
The piezoelectric effect results from the linear electromechanical interaction
between the mechanical and electrical states in crystalline materials.
Contd…
1. The electromechanical coupling factor k
k2 = (Stored mechanical energy / Input electrical energy) or
k2 = (Stored electrical energy / Input mechanical energy)
2. Piezoelectric strain constant d

Describes the relation of magnitude of induced strain x to the electric field E as
x = d.E.
3. Piezoelectric voltage constant g
defines the relation between the external stress X and induced electric field E as
E = g.X.
Using the relation P = d.X. we can state g = d/ε0 .ε.
where ε = permittivity.
4. Mechanical quality factor QM
This parameter characterizes the sharpness of the electromechanical resonance
system.
QM= ω0/2 ω.
5. Acoustic Impedance Z
This parameter evaluates the acoustic energy transfer between two
materials. This is defined as
Z2 = (pressure/volume velocity).
In solid materials Z = √ρ.√ϲ where ρ is the density and ϲ is the elastic
stiffness of the material.
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Contd…
Figure 3.1 Schematic of different Piezoelectric Materials
Topic - 4
4. Inchworm Linear Motor
The inchworm motor is a device that uses piezoelectric actuators to move a
shaft with nanometer precision.
In its simplest form, the inchworm motor uses three piezo-actuators (2 and 3,
refer the animation in the slide) mounted inside a tube (1) and electrified
in sequence to grip a shaft (4) which is then moved in a linear direction.
Motion of the shaft is due to the extension of the lateral piezo (2) pushing on
two clutching piezos (3).
Contd…
The actuation process of the inchworm motor is a six step cyclical process after
the initial relaxation and initialization phase. Initially, all three piezos are relaxed
and unextended. To initialize the inchworm motor the clutching piezo closest to
the direction of desired motion (which then becomes the forward clutch piezo) is
electrified first then the six step cycle begins as follows (refer the figure 4.1)
Step 1. Extension of the lateral piezo.
Step 2. Extension of the aft clutch piezo.
Step 3. Relaxation of the forward clutch piezo.
Step 4. Relaxation of the lateral piezo.
Step 5. Extension of the forward clutch piezo.
Step 6. Relaxation of the aft clutch piezo.
Figure 4.1 Actuation Process of the Inchworm Motor

4.1 Applications of Inchworm Motor
 Scanning Tunneling Microscope
The inchworm motor is commonly used in scanning tunneling
microscopes (STMs). An STM requires nanometer scale control of its scanning
tip near the material it is observing. This control can be accomplished by
connecting the scanning tip to the shaft of the inchworm motor.
 Patch Clamping
The inchworm motor can be used in the patch clamping of biological cells. The
inchworm motor is particularly ideal in patch clamping because it provides the
operator with virtually an instantaneous, precise, smooth and predictable motion
without drift.
Topic - 5
5.1 Shape memory Alloy (SMA)
The Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are specific class of alloys which deform upon
the application of external load or temperature and recover a predefined or
‗memorized‘ shape upon the reversal of the loading conditions or the temperature
effects.
The predefined of memorized shape is the shape that is given to the element upon
fabrication at high temperatures, or the application of specific load conditions.
Figure 5.1 Shape Memory Effect

Contd…
5.1.1 Shape Memory Effect (SME)
The term Shape Memory Effect (SME) refers to the ability of SMA elements to
annihilate a deformation and to recover a predefined or ‗memorized‘ shape due to
the temperature induced or stress induced phase transformations (Pseduoelasticity).
The predefined of memorized shape is the shape that is given to the element upon
fabrication at high temperatures or at high induced stress levels.
Figure 5.1 Shape Memory Effect

Figure 5.2 Shape Memory Transformation
One-Way Effect
The One way shape-memory effect is the effect that the material remembers
its pre-deformed shape and retains its original shape upon the reversal of
loading conditions (i.e., either temperature or stress).
Figure 5.3 One Way Shape Memory Effect

Utilized for fastening and clamping devices, such as couplings, fasteners.
Two-Way Effect
The two-way shape-memory effect is the effect that the material remembers
two different shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the high temperature.
Figure 5.4 Two Way Shape Memory Effect

Used as thermally activated actuators, with two way transformation of the
shape memory effect.
5.2 Shape Memory Alloys
The major types of shape memory alloys in the purview of the present
study are as follows.
1. Nickel-Titanium-Naval-Ordnance-Laboratories (NiTiNOL)
2. Nickel-Titanium-Copper (NiTiCu)
3. Copper-Zinc-Aluminum-Nickel
5.3 Applications of Shape Memory Effect
 Self-expandable cardiovascular stent (a small support that is put in the side
of a blood vessel tube)
 Blood clot filters
 Engines
 Actuators for smart systems
 Flaps that change direction of airflow depending upon temperature (for
air conditioners)
 Couplings, Springs, Fire Alarms
5.4 NitiNOL (Nickel Titanium Naval Ordinance Laboratory)
Nickel titanium, also known as Nitinol, is a metal alloy of nickel and titanium,
where the two elements are present in roughly equal atomic percentages.
Different alloys are named according to the weight percentage of Nickel, e.g.
Nitinol 55 and Nitinol 60. It exhibits the shape memory effect and
superelasticity at different temperatures.
Nitinol alloys exhibit two closely related and unique properties: the shape
memory effect and superelasticity (also called pseudoelasticity). Shape memory
is the ability of nitinol to undergo deformation at one temperature, stay in its
deformed shape when the external force is removed, then recover its original,
undeformed shape upon heating above its "transformation temperature".
Superelasticity is the ability for the metal to undergo large deformations and
immediately return to its undeformed shape upon removal of the external load.
5.5 Properties of Nitinol
The key properties of NiTiNOL include
• Large forces that can be generated due to the shape memory effect.
• Excellent damping properties below the transition temperature
• Excellent corrosion resistance
• Nonmagnetic
• High fatigue strength
• Moderate impact resistance
• Moderate heat resistance
• Biocompatible
5.6 Applications of NiTiNOL
The applications of NiTiNOL are
 Aerospace and naval applications - coupling have are being used in military
aircraft and naval craft.
 Medical Applications - Tweezers for removing foreign objects via small
incisions, anchors for tendon fixation and stents for cardiovascular applications.
 Dentistry - Orthodontic wires, which do not need to be retightened and adjusted
 Safety devices - Safety valves/actuators to control water temperature and fire
sprinklers
 Fasteners, seals, connectors and clamps
 Safety devices – Safety valves/actuators to control water temperature and fire
sprinklers.
5.7 Vibration control through shape memory alloy
Figure 5.5 (a) Vibration control through the application of weight
Steel beam is added by .25 kg of weight

Alternating heating and cooling imposed the oscillating force on beam.
3 resonance was observed with highest frequency at 168 Hz
Figure 5.5 Vibration control through NITINOL wire
Beam is fiberglass reinforced resin
Only one excitation was observed at 10 Hz.
This indicates cantilever beam can be excited to resonance by using SMA
Further, the frequency of vibration reduced with the used of NITINOL wire
Figure 5.5 Vibration control through Piezo Electric Crystal
Piezo electric crystal was mounted on each side of beam
When excited by SMA, only first mode frequency was 35 Hz
For PZT, it was 32 Hz
So amplitude of vibration is reduced
5.8 Multiplexing of Nitinol SMA
Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into one signal, over a
shared medium. In case of Shape Memory Alloys, it refers to the process of
combining the responses from each of the SMA‘s considered over the time period
of the observation of shape memory effect.
In case of Nitinol SMA, the responses of the shape memory effect of each of the
Nitinol wires are multiplexed to obtain the end effect of the SME for domain
specific applications.
22/12/2015 Approved by AICTE |Affiliated to VTU | Recognized by UGC with 2(f) & 12(B) status |Accredited by NBA and NAAC 45 45
MODULE 1
Introduction & Shape Memory Alloys
V.T.U. Questions
1. What are smart materials? Explain its applications in various fields.

(RBT Level 1)
2. Explain Open loop and Closed loop smart structures. Give the
classification of smart materials. (RBT Level 2)
3. Explain Piezo electric effect. Describe the working of Inch worm
linear motor with neat sketch. (RBT Level 2)
4. Explain with neat sketches, the one-way and two-way shape memory
effect. (RBT Level 2)
5. Discuss the vibration control through shape memory alloys.
(RBT Level 2)
MODULE 1
Review Questions with improved RBT level
1. Explain Smart Materials and illustrate the practical applications of smart

materials. (RBT Level 2)
2. Elucidate Open loop and Closed loop smart structures along with suitable
applications. (RBT Level 3)
3. Elucidate the application of inch worm linear motor in real time engineering.
(RBT Level 3)
4. Identify the practical applications of one way and two way shape memory
effect and elucidate in detail. (RBT Level 3)
5. How can Shape Memory Alloys be utilized in vibration control? Elucidate the
application. (RBT Level 3)
MODULE 1
Innovative Content Ideas

Biomedical applications of Shape Memory Alloys
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jm/2011/501483/#:~:text=SMA%20Applications%2
0in%20the%20Neurosurgical,dilations%20of%20the%20intracranial%20arteries.
MODULE 1
NPTEL Smart Materials and Intelligent System Design
Video on Introduction to Smart Materials (37.28 min)

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/104/112104251/
Dr. Santhosh N &
Prof. Vinoth Kumar G
Assistant Professor, ME Dept
MVJ College of Engineering
Thank You
Near ITPB, Whitefield
Bangalore-560 067

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An Autonomous Institution

Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi,

17ME745 SMART MATERIALS & MEMS

MODULE 1 – Introduction &Shape Memory Alloys

 Shape Memory Alloys: Introduction, Phenomenology, Influence of stress on

1.―Smart Structures –Analysis and Design‖, A.V.Srinivasan, Cambridge

Immediacy – they respond in real‐time.

Figure 1.2 A Typical Open Loop Smart System

Figure 1.4 A Typical Closed Loop Smart System

2. Piezoelectric strain constant d

Figure 3.1 Schematic of different Piezoelectric Materials

Figure 4.1 Actuation Process of the Inchworm Motor

Figure 5.1 Shape Memory Effect

Figure 5.1 Shape Memory Effect

Figure 5.3 One Way Shape Memory Effect

Figure 5.4 Two Way Shape Memory Effect

Figure 5.5 (a) Vibration control through the application of weight

Steel beam is added by .25 kg of weight

Introduction & Shape Memory Alloys

1. What are smart materials? Explain its applications in various fields.

1. Explain Smart Materials and illustrate the practical applications of smart

Introduction & Shape Memory Alloys

Innovative Content Ideas

Introduction & Shape Memory Alloys

NPTEL Smart Materials and Intelligent System Design

Video on Introduction to Smart Materials (37.28 min)

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