English Mechanics

EDITION
FOURTH
英文寫作指南
ENGLISH
Clyde A. Warden, Ph.D. & Judy F. Chen, Ph.D.

MECHANICS
A Writing Guide
Book
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ENGLISH
MECHANICS
Fourth Edition
Clyde A. Warden, Ph.D.

Judy F. Chen, Ph.D.
By the same authors:
The Handbook of Quick Business Letters

a fast way to write good English business letters
Quick Negotiations in English

for business & personal negotiations
Quick Presentations in English

for business & research presentations
English Signals 1
contemporary readings and exercises for
improving reading and writing skills
QBL Quick Business Letters

(the computer program)
computer software to help write
perfect business letters
QBL Tools Software

(for teachers)
computer software that automatically
corrects students’ English assignments
For more information on any

of these products, contact:
QBook International
Contact through:
Email: qbook@qbook.org
World Wide Web: http://qbook.org
Copyright ©2012 by Clyde A. Warden, Ph.D. & Judy F. Chen, Ph.D.
Book and cover design by Clyde A. Warden, Ph.D.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the authors.
All letters and paragraph samples are in no way meant to resemble or represent actual companies
or persons living or dead.
QBook International
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Visit our Website at http://qbook.org
Fourth Edition
ISBN 978-0-9799042-2-6
CONTENTS (目錄)
MARKINGS (標點符號) ------------------------------------------- 1-46

1 Underline (底線) ---------------------------------------------------- 2
2 Quotation Marks (引號) ------------------------------------------ 7
3 Colon & Dash (冒號&破折號) ------------------------------------ 12
4 Two Commas (雙逗號) ------------------------------------------- 15
5 Single Comma (單逗號)------------------------------------------ 21
6 Semicolon (分號) -------------------------------------------------- 28
7 Writing a List (寫一個清單) --------------------------------------- 31
8 Apostrophe (所有格符號) ---------------------------------------- 33
9 Capitalization (大寫) --------------------------------------------- 34
SENTENCES (句子) ----------------------------------------------- 47-92

10 Parallelism （平行結構) ---------------------------------------- ---47
11 Pronouns （代名詞) ----------------------------------------------- 50
12 Verb-Noun Agreement （動名詞一致性) ---------------------- 55
13 Active/Passive Verb Form （主被動語態） --------------- ---65
14 Verb Tense （動詞時態） ----------------------------------------- 68
15 Sentence Fragments （句子斷片） ---------------------------- 73
16 Comma Splice （逗號連接）------------------------------------- 78
17 Numbers （數字） ------------------------------------------------- 81
COMPOSITIONS (作文) -------------------------------------- 93-120

18 Beginning（開始）------------------------------------------------- 93
19 Paragraph Format（段落格式） -------------------------------- 95
20 General Points（通則） ---------------------------------------- 100
21 References（參考文獻） ---------------------------------------- 105
22 Thesaurus Use（同反義字辭典用法） ------------------------ 110
23 Problem Words（問題字）------------------------------------- 111
LETTERS (信件)--------------------------------------------------- 121-131
24 Letter Formats（信格式） -------------------------------------- 120
25 Salutation Forms（稱呼形式） -------------------------------- 131
APPENDIXES--------------------------------------------------------------- 133-218
CONNECTORS (連接詞)
Coordinating Conjunctions （對等連接詞）----------------------- 134
Subordinating Conjunctions （從屬等連接詞） ------------------ 135
Transitional Words & Phrases （轉折字與片語） ---------------- 136
Correlative Conjunction （相關連接詞） --------------------------- 138
COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISE（綜合練習） ----------- 139-215
INDEX (索引) --------------------------------------------------- 217-218

WARDEN & CHEN 1 UNDERLINE
MARKINGS
There are many different kinds of punctuation marks used in
English. For the Chinese student of English, these markings will
often seem unfamiliar and strange. However, there are some basic
and simple rules you can learn in order to quickly overcome this
problem.
Here are some of the most important markings for you to study.
Many are never used in writing Chinese or are used differently.
1
1 ________________________________ 1
Underline (or italic):
 titles of books
 titles of magazines
 titles of newspapers
 titles of journals
 titles of plays
 titles of art
 titles of radio programs
 titles of television programs
 titles of movies
 names of ships
 names of airplanes
 names of spacecraft
Title
Fatal Attraction Underline
Italic style
Fatal Attraction
When writing English, you must underline titles of publications,

books, magazines, newspapers, professional journals, and plays.
Also, underline titles of works of art, radio, and television
programs, names of ships, airplanes, spacecraft, and movies.
2
Use an underline when writing by hand or using a computer.

Printers (publishers), however, will use what is called italics. This
is when the letters are slanted to the right: they do not stand
straight up as Roman type letters do.
Underline:
I read about your company in The Asian Wall Street Journal.
I read Time every day.
Modern Management gave me the new idea.
Italics:
I sent my paper to Discovery.
That article came from The Free China Review.
MORE EXAMPLES:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich is an excellent book if you
want to learn more about German history. (title of a book)
Yesterday, I read a good article about IBM in Business Week.
(title of a magazine)
Bill has a subscription to The Washington Post. (title of a

newspaper)
Economic Outlook is a journal that is mostly read by economists,

and businessmen. (title of a journal)
3
I have seen Death of a Salesman five times, and I still love it. (title
of a play)
Vangough’s painting Irises was sold for a higher price than any
painting in history. (title of a work of art)
When I was a boy, the whole family used to gather around the
radio to listen to The Shadow. (title of a radio program)
Next Wednesday you should watch I Love My Neighbors on

channel ten at 8:00 P.M. (title of a television program)
Sleeper, Woody Alan’s film, will be released on videotape soon.

(title of a movie)
We will sail to Europe on the Queen Mary II. (name of a ship)
The Voyager was the first airplane to fly around the world without
stopping. (name of an airplane)
The shuttle Columbia will launch next week. (name of a spaceship)
EXERCISE 1:
Rewrite the sentences using the correct form.
1) Did you ever read the book Charlotte’s Web, by E. B.

White?
_______________________________________
2) I want a subscription to The Free China Review magazine.
4
_______________________________________
3) The China Post is the newspaper Bill reads.
_______________________________________
4) Last month, my article was published in the New Economics

journal.
_______________________________________
5) When Dan was in America, he had a chance to see the play Cats.
_______________________________________
6) Mr. Chang has just finished a new painting called Taiwan Fields.
_______________________________________
7) Every night, you can practice your English by listening to Studio

Classroom on the radio.
_______________________________________
8) Did you ever see the television show Get Smart?
_______________________________________
9) I want to name the ship after my mother: Laurabell.
5
_______________________________________
10) The name of the first airplane to fly across the Atlantic Ocean
is The Spirit of Saint Louis.
__________________________________________
11) NASA will send Explorer, their new spacecraft, into space next
year.
__________________________________________
12) Have you seen the classic movie Citizen Kane?
__________________________________________
6
WARDEN & CHEN 2 QUOTATION MARKS
2 ________________________________ 2
Use quotation marks:
 when you copy or quote something that is written or spoke
 around titles of articles
 around titles of book chapters
 around titles of essays
 around titles of song
 around titles of short poems
Punctuation inside
“Where did she go?”
quotation
“Where did she go”? Punctuation outside

quotation
Quotation marks are used when you write words that are copied
from somewhere. They may be from a book, magazine, journal, or
something that someone said. These are called quotations or quotes.
The trouble with using quotation marks is ? knowing how to use

other punctuation marks at the end of a quotation with the
quotation marks. Here are some simple rules to follow:
1) When a period or a comma is at the end of a quotation,

always place the period or comma inside the quotation mark.
Yesterday, Bill told me, “I just cannot study any more.”
2) A colon, dash, or semicolon should always be placed outside

the quotation mark when the colon, dash, or semicolon occurs at
the end of the quotation.
7
Mary said, “I am tired of going to school so much”—Monday,

Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.
He spoke quite loudly, “I cannot go on”; his feet, however, began

moving forward.
3) Question marks can sometimes go inside the right quotation

mark and sometimes outside. When the clause within the
quotation is a question, the question mark is placed inside the right
quotation mark.
John asked me, “Will you come with me?”
Mary quickly asked him, “Do you love me?”
4) When the quotation is not a question, the question mark

must be placed outside the right quotation mark. The rest of the
sentence, outside the quotation, is a question.
Do you believe she said, “I never loved him”?
How could he say, “You can’t stay with me”?
5) If both the quotation and the sentence are questions, the

question mark will be placed inside the right quotation mark.
Do you understand the question, “Which came first, the chicken or

the egg?”
Is it possible that she asked, “When will all of the money be

ready?”
8
6) Quotation marks are also used around the titles of articles,

book chapters, essays, songs, and short poems. These titles are for
things that are part of a larger work. A book title will be
underlined, but a chapter title, from the book, should be placed
inside quotation marks.
Spring Snow contains a chapter called “Love.”
Bobby McFerrin’s song “Don’t Worry Be Happy” is a great song

to listen to if you want to feel happy.
MORE EXAMPLES:
The President said, “We must unite in a common cause.”
His first word was, “Mommy.”
“Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do
for your country” is a famous quote from President Kennedy.
When I first met him, he always liked to say, “I see”; one year later
he liked to say, “I see the light.”
John stated that, “There are many factors influencing the economy
today”: exchange rate, inflation, politics, and the stock market are
a few he mentioned.
When the boss called me into the office he asked, “Do you think
that you can find the time to talk to me?”
9
The most important question is, “How much does it cost?”
What do you mean when you say, “I feel so so”?
Do you understand the statement, “I feel so very bad”?
This month’s Free China Review has a very interesting article

called “Taiwan, 1999.”
“The Meeting” is chapter five of the book.
“Love Is Like a Flower” is a very famous short poem.
EXERCISE 2:
Write the sentences correctly.
1) He asked me, “How much money do you need.
__________________________________________
2) I heard the teacher say, “You are my best student”.
__________________________________________
3) The boss told us, “The list of your mistakes is long:” using the
wrong forms, coming in late, calling the wrong customers.
__________________________________________
10
4) Ben said, “Every Friday I wake up early and play basketball; we

never saw him on the basketball court though.
__________________________________________
5) The President asked the students, “Can you work hard enough
to graduate”?
__________________________________________
6) Someone said, “Tomorrow will be better”, and I believe it.
__________________________________________
7) You once asked me, Do you love me.
__________________________________________
8) Did you ever hear the question, “What came first, the chicken or
the egg.”
__________________________________________
9) I like David Bowie’s song China Girl.
__________________________________________
10) In yesterday’s paper, I saw an interesting article called Tall

People Are Smarter.
__________________________________________
11
WARDEN & CHEN 3 COLON & DASH
3 ________________________________ 3
 Use a colon when you add new information to a clause.
 Use a dash when summarizing, explaining, or reversing what
was stated in the preceding clause.
Lead-in clause
Jane is enrolled in many classes this semester:

English, mathematics and statistics.
Colon
After a colon, new information making Jane seem
like a hard working student. Dash
Jane is enrolled in many classes this semester—she

normally cannot even finish one class.
After the dash, information reverses the lead-in clause,
making Jane seem like a lazy student.
A colon tells the reader that what comes after the colon is going to
add new information to the clause that came before the colon. A
dash tells the reader that the words coming after it are not telling
something new. The words after a dash will, explain, or reverse the
ideas in the clause (before the dash).
At school, you need to do only one thing: study.
At school, you need only study—a job that is not very easy.
In both cases, the clause that comes before the dash or the colon
must be an independent clause—it must have a subject and a
predicate.
12
A dash is formed, on a typewriter, by using two hyphens together.

There should be no space before the dash and no space after the
dash. This use of two hyphens makes the dash long. When writing,
by hand, you form the dash by making a line that is longer than a
hyphen would be. Again, there is no space before or after the dash.
A dash formed by a typewriter:
At school, you need only study--a job that is not very easy.
If the second clause is an independent passage and not dependent

on the first clause, capitalize the first letter of the clause after the
colon.
The mornings we spent studying: The evenings we spent partying.
I was so proud of my son: Happiness was mine for a day.
MORE EXAMPLES:
When you go to work, you need to do many things: dress well,

speak well and do what the boss tells you to do.
I love this car: it’s fast and beautiful.
She was the most beautiful woman I knew—I only knew two
women.
We were in love—she said.
13
EXERCISE 3:
Find the sentences where the dash or colon is used in the wrong
way.
1. Their final offer was given yesterday—we are not satisfied.
__________________________________________
2. Statistics is my favorite class--all my other classes are just too

boring.
__________________________________________
3. I—understand you at least I think I understand.
__________________________________________
4. We should join—the English contest.
__________________________________________
5. I will leave for America next week—if I have money for a ticket.
__________________________________________
4 ________________________________ 4
Use two commas around:
14
WARDEN & CHEN 4 TWO COMMAS
 abbreviations
 professional titles
 nonrestrictive adjective clauses
Abbreviation Nonrestrictive
adjective clause
Alex Smith, Ph.D., has left for Antarctica, where it is now
winter, and is meeting Lori Anderson, Vice President, to discuss
ice cube manufacturing.
Professional title
1) When you write an abbreviation or a professional title in a

sentence, it will need two commas. Abbreviations like: etc., i.e., e.g.,
BA, Ph.D., MBA, will all need a comma before and a comma after
them.
Bill Chen, Ph.D., will give a lecture on Monday.
Books, pencils, erasers, etc., are important to students.
2) Nonrestrictive adjective clauses are clauses that if taken out

of the sentence will not change the meaning of the sentence. A
nonrestrictive adjective clause must have a comma before it and
after it.
Rose’s car, which was older than I, looked very beautiful.
15
The phrase which was older than I is not needed for the reader to
know what Rose’s car is. The phrase only tells some more
information about Rose’s car. When you take the phrase out of the
sentence, you have: Rose’s car looked very beautiful. This sentence
still has the same meaning as the first sentence. Therefore, the
adjective clause is nonrestrictive. Here are some more examples:
Sentences with a nonrestrictive adjective clause:
Last year, which was the Year of the Dragon, I got married.
Mary Smith, who is my friend, will come to class tomorrow.
Sentences without the nonrestrictive adjective clause:
Last year, I got married.
Mary Smith will come to class tomorrow.
A nonrestrictive adjective clause can be used to form a separate

sentence that adds meaning to the first sentence.
Last year, I got married. It was the Year of the Dragon.
Mary Smith will come to class tomorrow. She is my friend.
Do not use commas for restrictive adjective clauses. A restrictive

adjective clause helps to tell the meaning of the sentence and
cannot be removed.
Cars that are red are usually fast.
16
In this sentence, the clause that are red tells the reader which cars
are fast. Without this adjective clause, the sentence would not have
the same meaning.
Cars are usually fast.
This sentence tells us that all cars are fast. That is different from
saying that only red cars are fast. Sentences with restrictive clauses
cannot be made into two sentences as sentences with nonrestrictive
adjective clauses can.
Restrictive sentences:
The one whom I love most left for America.
Managers who promote productivity should be rewarded.
He who studies hard shall pass the examination.
Nonrestrictive sentences:
Janet, whom I love most, left for America.
Productive managers, who make the company more profitable,

should be rewarded.
Robert, who is a studious student, shall pass the examination.
Nonrestrictive sentences can be made into two sentences:
I love Janet most. She left for America.
17
Productive managers should be rewarded. They make the

company more profitable.
Robert is a studious student. He shall pass the examination.
MORE EXAMPLES:
Abbreviations:
We will meet with Mr. Smith, Ph.D., next Tuesday.
Citizens want a safer society, i.e., better law enforcement.
Restrictive adjective clauses:
Students who failed the English examination will need to retake the
course.
Men who are shorter than 140 cm do not need to serve in the
military.
An inspector who is the project manager will inspect the factory

tomorrow.
All facilities that are in the public domain will be maintained by the
government.
Nonrestrictive adjective clauses:
18
Julie, who failed the English class, will need to take the
examination.
My brother, who is shorter than 140 cm, does not have to serve in
the military.
The project manager, who is my friend, will inspect the factory

tomorrow.
The National Palace Museum, which is in the public domain, will

be maintained by the government.
EXERCISE 4:
Write the sentences again and place a pair of commas in the correct
location—if they are needed.
1. This report which is made by Mr. Smith MBA has many

mistakes.
__________________________________________
2. At National Taiwan University which is the best school in

Taiwan you must study hard.
__________________________________________
3. Studying business which is usually hard can be easy if you have a

good teacher.
__________________________________________
19
4. Economic data that was published by the government shows that

the economy is slowing down.
__________________________________________
5. I feel that the trade gap which has become very large is caused
by unfair trade practices.
__________________________________________
6. The computer which was bought from Acer ran fine without the
new program.
__________________________________________
7. Any textbook that is written in English is not easy for me to

understand.
__________________________________________
8. I want to buy a car which belonged to Mr. Chen for about 70,000
dollars.
__________________________________________
9. Many girls, who study in this school, are married.
__________________________________________
10. Students can study Japanese, mathematics---etc. during their

fifth year.
20
__________________________________________
5 ________________________________ 5
Use a single comma before a coordinating conjunction when the
coordinating conjunction is preceded and followed by an
independent clause. Also, use a comma after introductory words,
phrases or clauses.
Recent sales of the computer were very

low, so Alex questioned how much was
being spent on advertising.
Conjunction Independent clause

Introductory phrase
Many years later, Jane was able to

complete her graduate school studies.
1) Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction when the

coordinating conjunction has an independent clause before it and
after it.
Coordinating conjunctions: but, so, yet, for, and, or.
Independent clauses are clauses that can form a sentence by

themselves. An independent clause has its own subject and
predicate.
Students work very hard.
They are always tired.
I want to buy a new dress.
21
WARDEN & CHEN 5 SINGLE COMMA
It is too expensive.
By using a conjunction and a comma, two independent clauses can

be placed together in one sentence.
Students work very hard, and they are always tired.
I want to buy a new dress, but it is too expensive.
2) Introductory words, phrases, or clauses should be followed

by a comma. Introductory words, phrases or clauses come at the
beginning of a sentence and before the main independent clause of
a sentence.
On top, the car was white.
After quickly eating, we decided to leave.
As the students studied, I watched them very carefully.
If the introduction is taken away, the remaining sentence will still

make sense. However, if the introduction is removed, the sentence
does not have the same meaning as when the introduction is
included.
Introduction included:
Afterwards, I cried.
Long before then, I understood his book.
Introduction removed:
22
I cried.
I understood his book.
Sometimes a sentence will have words, phrases, or clauses that are

on a different part of the sentence for their meaning.
I always drive my car fast and my motorcycle faster.
The second part of this sentence has no meaning if you do not read
the first part. The coordinating conjunction and is used here to
join the two parts of the sentence. Because the coordinating
conjunction joins the sentence parts together, no comma is needed.
A comma is for helping the reader see that something needs to be
apart, not together. If a coordinating conjunction is used to bring
two parts of a sentence together, then a comma should not be used
to separate them.
Using a comma to separate the introductory word:
I opened the door. Inside, the trash was everywhere.
Here a comma is needed to separate the introductory word inside.

If there was no comma, the reader would make a mistake and read,
inside the trash. After finishing the sentence, (s)he would know that
inside means inside the room and not inside the trash, but the use of
a comma makes the separation clear and the meaning easier to
understand.
Use a coordinating conjunction, not a comma, to bring the two

parts of a sentence together:
23
I looked at the paper and dirt inside the room.
Here the clause dirt inside the room cannot be understood without
the first part of the sentence. By using and, the two parts come
together smoothly and quickly. If a comma was used before and,
the reader would think that the two parts of the sentence each has a
special meaning. That would be a mistake.
Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction, which links two

independent clauses. On the other hand, there is no comma before
a subordinating conjunction, which links a dependent clause with
the main clause. In the first situation, the two clauses can stand
alone; each has its own meaning. The comma helps the reader to
understand that each part of the sentence has its own idea. The
coordinating conjunction and comma are used to link the ideas
together for easy reading. In the second situation, a dependent
clause is linked to the main clause by a subordinating conjunction
only; the different parts of the sentence do not have their own ideas.
They only add to what came before. They must be read together to
be understood, so a comma is not used to break the sentence (see
Page 132).
24
MORE EXAMPLES:
Every night, I never had enough time to finish all my homework.
You can drive the car, or we can take motorcycles.
Kate does not like to drink milk, nor does she like to eat ice cream.
Either Jane goes to college, or she will have to go to work.
We like to go camping, and we all have our own camping

equipment.
Last week, we all went to the beach.
In the front section, the car looks good.
After next year, I will be old enough to drive a car.
EXERCISE 5:
Write the sentences correctly.
1. Linda wants to help you but she does not have enough time.
__________________________________________
2. IBM wants to expand its market in Taiwan and Apple wants to
move into China.
__________________________________________
25
3. We cannot meet the deadline for application yet I think the

school will still accept our application.
__________________________________________
4. I know what your problem is but I cannot help you.
__________________________________________
5. I studied for at least four hours a day so when the exam time
came I was prepared.
__________________________________________
6. Yesterday the business deal was finished.
__________________________________________
7. Tony went out shopping for he did not have anything to eat.
__________________________________________
8. The political development of Taiwan has set an example but

China does not seem likely to follow it.
__________________________________________
9. Students need to study English more so they can communicate

better.
__________________________________________
10. The dogs are running and the kids are playing.
26
__________________________________________
6 ________________________________ 6
Use a semicolon when including two independent clauses in one sentence
without a conjunction.
Independent clause
Recent sales of the computer were very

low; Alex questioned how much was
being spent on advertising.
Semicolon Independent clause
1) A semicolon is like using a comma and a coordinating

conjunction together. When you write two independent clauses in
one sentence and you do not use a conjunction, you need to use a
semicolon.
With a conjunction:
The sky is dark, and it will rain soon.
The sky is dark, so it will rain soon.
Using a semicolon:
The sky is dark; it will rain soon.
The two parts of the sentence can also be written as two sentences.
27
WARDEN & CHEN 6 SEMICOLON
The sky is dark. It will rain soon.
The semicolon is important because it brings two ideas together

very close. When you use two sentences, each idea stands on its
own. The only relationship is that one idea follows the other. Thus,
the reader knows as in the above example that the sky is dark. She
then finds out that it will rain. When a conjunction is used, the
reader finds out that a dark sky and rain go together or happen at
the same time. When a semicolon is used, the two ideas are placed
right next to each other. The sentence is made shorter and more
forceful.
MORE EXAMPLES:
The car is just what we want; the price is just right.
American business is heading for a major recession; Taiwan will

not escape the repercussions.
He pushed down on the pedal; the engine suddenly jumped to life.
The school opens on August 15; classes begin on August 18.
EXERCISE 6:
Correct the following sentences:
1. Students of English must spend more time on their own to

improve their skills they need to use class time as a time to ask hard
questions.
__________________________________________
28
WARDEN & CHEN 6 SEMICOLON
2. The computer was very expensive its graphics were the best in
the industry.
__________________________________________
3. Spring was the time I always fell in love I met her in the Spring.
__________________________________________
4. We think you will find this car has the highest quality, it has the
best safety record in its class.
__________________________________________
5. The new motorcycle was very expensive it looked just like a

racing bike.
__________________________________________
29
WARDEN & CHEN 7 WRITING A LIST
7 ________________________________ 7
When writing a list, use a comma after each word in the list. The
comma between the last two words in a series may be omitted, leaving
only a conjunction to separate the words.
List begins here
The major crops of Taiwan include

sugarcane, rice, bananas, pineapples,
and peanuts.
Last two words
separated by and
You will often need to write a list of words, but you do not want to
write a new sentence for every word. For example, you want to
write the names of all the people who live in your house.
You could write it this way:
My mother lives in my house. My father also lives with me. Lastly,

there is my brother.
A much easier way to write this is to make a list, writing one

word/phrase after another, using a comma after each word/phrase
and a conjunction between the last two words/phrases.
For example:
My mother, father, and brother all live at my house.
I like to eat apples, oranges, pears, and watermelons.
I woke up, ate breakfast, put on my clothes, and went to school.
This use of the comma is called the serial comma.
30
WARDEN & CHEN 7 WRITING A LIST
You can also use this method when making a list of choices.
I do not remember if Bill’s car is red, green, or blue.
EXERCISE 7:
Put the words and phrases into lists by using commas.
1. I like to study, math, English, history.
__________________________________________
2. We ordered 59 computers, 20 hard disks, 15 power cords.
__________________________________________
3. The new fighter plane is fast, agile, durable, cheap.
__________________________________________
4. Almost everyone likes to eat ice-cream, cookies, doughnuts, soda.
__________________________________________
5. The new television has many features like digital tuner, flat
screen, stereo sound, new super color.
__________________________________________
31
WARDEN & CHEN 8 APOSTROPHE
8 ________________________________ 8
Use an apostrophe when you want to tell the reader that something
belongs to the noun.
Apostrophe
These are Antony’s toys.
When you use the singular noun, the possessive is formed by

adding ’s to the end. By using the possessive form, you tell the
reader that something belongs to the noun. The noun can be a
person, a place, a thing or an idea.
You can write:
Jane’s mother will come tomorrow.
I want to read Bill’s book.
Taipei is Taiwan’s capital.
The possessives: his, her, its, their, your and our do not use the
apostrophe; they always have the possessive meaning.
Other pronouns do need the apostrophe:
That is only one’s opinion.
I drove somebody else’s car here.
32
WARDEN & CHEN 8 APOSTROPHE
Be attentive when writing it’s and its. The first one, it’s, is a
contraction of it is. Its is the possessive of it.
It’s a nice day. (It is a nice day.)
I broke its engine.
When he bought the car, all of its wheels were flat.
EXERCISE 8:
Correct the sentences.
1. We also know that your company be rated #2 in it’s products by

Entrepreneur Magazine.
__________________________________________
2. I look forward to receiving he’s answer.
__________________________________________
3. It’s the car didn’t arrive safely, moreover, its very noisy when
drive it.
__________________________________________
9 ________________________________ 9
Use capitalization for:
 the first letter of the first word of a sentence
 the first letter of the first word in every line of poetry
 titles of publications
33
WARDEN & CHEN 9 CAPITALIZATION
 titles of movies
 titles of poems
 titles of television programs
 titles of radio program
 titles of works of art
 names of people
 names of nation
 names of countries
 names of states
 names of cities
 names of town
 names of region
 official title
 degrees
 names of oceans
 names of rivers
 names of lakes
 names of mountain
 names of deserts
 names of parks
 names of organized groups
 names of businesses
 names of schools
 names of artistic and philosophical movement
 names of historical eras
 names of products
 names of the days of the week
 names of months
 names of special times and holidays
34
Capitalize
We are scheduled to have lunch

with the President on Friday.
Capitalize Capitalize
1) The first letter of the first word of a sentence.
They like to write.
Today is a beautiful day.
2) When writing a poem or a song, the first letter of the first

word of every line should be capitalized even though it is not
preceded by a period.
Hickory, dickory, dock,

The mouse ran up the clock.
The clock struck one,
The mouse ran down,
Hickory, dickory, dock.
I love my sunshine
My only sunshine
Makes me happy
When times are blue
3) Titles of publications, movies, poems, television programs, radio

programs, and other works of art must have the first letter of the first
and last word capitalized. Also, all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
and adverbs in the title must begin with a capital letter. In contrast,
leave connectors, prepositions, the, and article a in small capital in the
titles.
35
War and Peace is a famous book.
Last year, I saw Star Wars.
When I was young, I liked to watch the television show All in the
Family.
I just finished reading Julius Caesar.

4) The first letter of a person’s name (first, middle, and last) needs to be
capitalized.
Alice Smith was at the party.
Winston S. Churchill was the leader of England.
You also need to capitalize words used in place of a name and

words that go with a name. Such words represent the actual name
and should be capitalized in the same way as the name.
Ronald Reagan is the Great Communicator.
We call him Big Boy.
Philadelphia is known as the City of Brotherly Love.
I like to watch the New York Yankees play baseball.
5) Names of nations, countries, states, provinces, cities, towns,

villages, regions, and any of their abbreviations must be capitalized.
I want to go to Taiwan.
We will travel to Taichung.
My university is located in Oklahoma, U.S.A. The school is

surrounded by a small town, Norman, in Cleveland County.
Sometimes, I think that the West is more open than the East.
36
South East Asia has a high population density.
6) Capitalize official titles when they come before a name;

capitalize academic degrees when they come after a name.
You have a chance to meet Queen Elizabeth.
Tomorrow, President Lee will arrive.
John Wang, Ph.D., will give a lecture next month.
The research was completed by Judy Wang, MBA.
That book was written by Mary Green, Master of Art.
7) All names of oceans, rivers, lakes, mountains, deserts, and parks

need capitalization.
Our ship will cross the Atlantic Ocean.
We can go to see Sun Moon Lake tomorrow.
8) Capitalize names of organized groups, businesses, industries,

agencies, schools, and artistic and philosophical movements.
Do you belong to the Democratic Party?
I work at the University of Pennsylvania.
He belongs to the Lions Club.
My wife works at Apple Computer.
9) Capitalize names of historical eras and important events.
I was in Israel during the Gulf War.
President Bush was a pilot in World War II.
37
(spacing need to aligned)

The Renaissance is a very important part of Western history.
10) Names of manufactured products should be capitalized but not

the words that are not part of the trade name.
This is a Microsoft program.
I just bought a Ricoh fax machine.
John likes to use the Macintosh computer.
11) Name of days, months, holidays, and special times should be

capitalized.
My son was born in September.
We are going home for Christmas.
MORE EXAMPLES:
1) First word of a sentence
The paint market is growing.
Even though the economy is slow, our company is still making high
profits.
Business administration is my best subject at school.
2) Poem
38
Star light, star bright,

First star I see tonight,
I wish I may, I wish I might,
Have the wish I wish tonight.
3) Titles
English Business Communications is the textbook for my class.
National Review is my favorite magazine.
Lisa likes to see the Rocky movies.
Every week Liz does not miss Wise Guy on television.
Make sure you listen to Studio Classroom tomorrow.
The painting sold yesterday is called The Fish in the Pound .
4) Names
Bill Clinton was elected president in 1992.
I want to see the fight between Greg Blood and The Killer.
I live in Taichung, Taiwan.
First, our plane stops in Japan, then in Korea, and finally in

America.
39
Someday, I would like to travel to Europe.
5) Titles
Next month Dean Smith will come to our school to give a lecture.
I spoke to Professor Williams yesterday.
We need to talk to Senator Clark if we want to get anything done in

this matter.
6) Oceans, rivers, lakes, mountains, deserts, and parks
Our ship will enter the Indian Ocean next week.
The Rhine is an important river for commerce in Germany.
The highest mountain in America is Mount McKinley in Alaska.
7) Groups, businesses, industries, agencies, schools, and

movements
We want to begin a new club called Students for Better English.
The Free China organization is looking for donations.
Her book will be published by Clark & Lewis Publishing.
The government’s new plane will be built by Boeing.
Of all the new electronic products, I think Sony products have the
best quality.
40
The Democratic Progressive Party promises to increase economic

growth and business opportunities in Taiwan.
When you buy a new car, you need to go to the Tag Agency (do we
need to capitalize these?) to get your new tags.
Of all the schools I have seen, this school has the best location.
If we look at history, we can see that the movement of Logic has

always been in conflict with the movement of Emotion.
8) Historical eras and important events
The Neolithic age is marked by tool usage.
The Korean Airline Shoot Down caused strained relations between

Moscow and Washington.
9) Manufactured products
The Big Mac is a hamburger you can buy.
One of the most popular cars in America is the Nissan Sentra.
Sony had a big success with its Walkman cassette player.
10) Days, months, and special times
The busiest day of the week is Friday.
Alice’s birthday is next Wednesday.
41
We should remember Mother’s Day and send a gift to our mother.
The weather usually gets very hot in June and July.
EXERCISE 9:
Write the sentences using the correct capitalization.
1. when we came to school, the gate was not yet opened.
__________________________________________
2. why didn’t he listen to me?
__________________________________________
3. roses are red.

violates are blue.
I love you.
__________________________________________
4. Last week, I saw the movie terminator for the tenth time.
__________________________________________
5. I want to subscribe to fortune magazine.
__________________________________________
6. have you ever read romeo and juliet?
__________________________________________
42
7. Every week I like to watch wise guy on television.
__________________________________________
8. The movie will be titled, Those of us who knew the truth.
__________________________________________
9. The new leader of the american division is jack daniel white.
__________________________________________
10. You never wear the shoes produced by nike.
__________________________________________
11. My family lives outside of taipei, but I live in the peking (check
the spelling first).
__________________________________________
12. We moved from the u.s.a. in 2005 and then lived in the u.k. for
five years.
__________________________________________
13. Although the president preferred building the plant near a

large city, it was decided to build in the small town of sour mash.
__________________________________________
43
14. Our next guest speaker will be president chen.
__________________________________________
15. The sales department is headed by Jim Tough, mba
__________________________________________
16. If our company can succeed on the other side of the pacific
ocean, we will be the leader in the northern hemisphere.
__________________________________________
17. The old manufacturing plant is located near the mississippi
river.
__________________________________________
18. When I was young, I learned about camping from the boy
scouts.
__________________________________________
19. You can study English at the young men’s christian association.
__________________________________________
20. Our school will buy a new computer system from xerox.
__________________________________________
21. The new employee graduated from harvard.
44
__________________________________________
22. Picaso was a major figure in the artistic movement known as
cubism.
__________________________________________
23. The new era of flight was opened by two brothers working in a
bicycle shop.
__________________________________________
24. The new magic marker pen has been marketed in three
countries.
__________________________________________
25. We all want to have a big party on teacher’s day.
__________________________________________
45
WARDEN & CHEN 10 PARALLELISM
SENTENCES
Sentences are a basic element in your English writing. Here are
some rules to help you write better sentences. Remember that the
most important factor, when writing a sentence, is that its meaning
is clear to the reader.
10 ______________________________ 10
When using more than one word to describe something, your
sentence should use the parallel structure. Each describing word
must be the same type of word, all adjectives, all nouns, etc.
Adjective
The space shuttle is sleek, efficient and

powerful.
Adjective Adjective
Students often have problems with parallel structure. When a

sentence has two or more parts, each part must follow the same
structure and word form. Here are examples of breakdown in
parallel structure:
They are easy to prepare, delicious, and help to balance nutrition.
In my impression, my friends are so good and humor.
It is important that you sign the papers, speak to the manager, and
sleek.
46
Parallelism must be used so that a sentence contains words that are

about one idea. If your sentence is about how beautiful something
is, use adjectives in every part of the sentence. Do not mix nouns.
Readers expect one idea to continue to the end of the sentence. If
you have a different idea, use more than one sentence.
Here are some sentences that contain parallel structure:
Tests show that the newer students of our school are smarter and
faster when studying English.
(adjective, adjective)
I do not know him well, but I understand that he is an adult, a

father, and a businessman.
(noun, noun, noun)
His father criticized him for his bad temper and lazy attitude.
(prepositional phrase, prepositional phrase)
I read in a magazine that the company sells high-speed computers

and third generation business software.
(noun clause, noun clause).
MORE EXAMPLES:
He lived in England, America, France, and finally Japan.
47
(noun, noun, noun)
Billy was always smart, wise, and rich.
(adjective, adjective, adjective)
I want to be known as a hard worker, a loyal employee, and a

successful manager.
(adjective phrase, adjective phrase, adjective phrase)
EXERCISE 10:
Write the sentences using the correct parallel structure.
1. The dinner tasted fresh and delicacy.
__________________________________________
2. Lora has a cute face, long legs and is very smart.
__________________________________________
3. You can wear our clothes to join party, goes to school, or at

home.
__________________________________________
4. Our school is attractive and in Taichung.
48
__________________________________________
5. The new car is a large vehicle and also inexpensive.
__________________________________________
11 ______________________________ 11
Pronouns in the same sentence must always agree in number,
person and gender with the noun. Do not overuse pronouns.
Some pronouns
I, we, you, he, she, it, they, one,
some, none, all, everybody.
Singular, masculine noun
Bill scored high on the exam, and he

was accepted to Harvard University.
Singular, masculine pronoun
1) Understand the meaning of each of these pronouns. Next, the

important thing to remember is that a pronoun must agree with its
noun. That agreement means that the number, person, and gender
must be the same for both words.
Mismatched noun—pronoun sentences:
I threw her the shoes, but she did not put it on.
Every family has his share of troubles.
49
WARDEN & CHEN 11 PRONOUNS
Mary Jane broke up with his boyfriend.
Correctly matched noun—pronoun sentences:
I threw her the shoes, but she did not put them on.
Every family has its share of troubles.
Mary Jane broke up with her boyfriend.
2) It is not always easy to see if a pronoun is plural or singular.

Everyone, everybody, anybody, and anyone should take singular
verbs and so should also be used as singular pronouns.
Everybody should bring his or her mother to the party.

Anyone who wants to use the new computer will have to sign
his/her name in the big book.
3) The pronoun each is singular while all, some, and none can
be singular or plural, depending on their use in a sentence. If the
subject is grouped together or appears to be one object, it should be
singular. If the idea is about every individual part or person, the
pronoun should be plural.
Each man knows his duty.
(singular)
All the students should bring their books to class.

(plural)
All the food comes with its own flavoring.
(singular)
Some of the paintings have lost their color.
(plural)
50
Some of the milk tastes like it has gone bad.

(singular)
4) Pronouns act as substitutes for nouns. The reader must be

able to see clearly what noun a pronoun is representing. Often,
students begin writing by using the noun and then switch to using
only the pronoun.
Here is an example:
Mr. Miller came to the baseball game. He wanted to see his son
play, but when it was his turn he had fallen asleep.
(Whose turn is it, the father’s or the son’s? He is not clear)
Continual use of pronouns quickly becomes confusing. Every

pronoun should have a clear antecedent.
Mr. Miller came to the baseball game to see his son play, but when
it was his son’s turn, Mr. Miller had fallen asleep.
When writing a pronoun, you should always look at the group of
words that come before the pronoun and see if there is a noun there
that you can use in place of the pronoun. Sometimes, you can look
for a synonym that can be used in place of the pronoun. This
replacing of a pronoun can also help make the subject of the
sentence more concise.
The school wants to hold an English speech contest, but it doesn’t

have enough people.
(The pronoun it is unclear. Is it the school or the contest?)
The school wants to hold an English speech contest, but the

competition doesn’t have enough people.
51
Using the synonym competition not only avoids confusion, it also

clarifies the original noun—contest.
MORE EXAMPLES:
Students all like to carry big books so that they look smart.
Bill sold the car at a high price even though he knew that its engine
was broken.
Even though the college is very big, its campus is not very beautiful.
Each person should do his/her homework.
Some of the books had lost their color.
Some of the employees are complaining about their working

environment.
EXERCISE 11:
Write the sentences using the correct pronoun or replace the
pronoun with a more suitable word.
1. Employees should take his work serious.
__________________________________________
2. The library has many business books, but I am not sure it is what
you need.
__________________________________________
52
3. The company wants to sell his property in Taichung.
__________________________________________
4. Everyone must come to class on Friday and bring their uniforms.
__________________________________________
5. Some of the food tasted like they had been cooked too long.
__________________________________________
6. The computers all need its own program.
__________________________________________
7. Some congressmen will vote for the bill tomorrow even though
she does not want to.
__________________________________________
8. The computer needs to be placed on a desk because of its large

size.
__________________________________________
9. Everyone has their own goal.
__________________________________________
53
10. Mary takes the cat out every morning, but she did not go out
today.
__________________________________________
12 ______________________________ 12
Verbs must agree with their nouns in number. The verb is
singular when:
 two or more nouns are joined by the conjunction and while the
nouns are also referring to only one single ide.
 singular subjects are joined by or, nor, either...or, and
neither...no.
 the noun shows amount, distance, and quantity of time.
The verb is plural when:

 all the nouns are plural.
 a conjunction brings together two nouns that are not referring
to a single idea.
Singular noun
Gloria drives a motorcycle.

Singular verb
Verbs have many different forms and are not easy to use correctly
in English writing. Do not forget that every English sentence must
have a subject (noun) and a verb, in some form. When you see a
verb, you need to look for the noun that matches it (maybe a noun,
pronoun, or a clause). The verb must agree with the noun in
number. If the noun is plural, then the verb must also be plural.
Noun-verb agreement:
54
WARDEN & CHEN 12 VERB-NOUN AGREEMENT
He runs very fast.
They speak English very well.
My American friend writes Chinese very well.
All my Chinese friends write English better than I.
One problem many people have with this rule is that they are not
sure what word is the subject noun or they do not know if the word
is singular or plural. There are a few different situations when
finding the subject and knowing if it is plural or singular becomes
difficult. Here are some rules to assist the writer:
1) When two or more singular nouns are joined by and (a

compound subject), a plural verb is used.
This student and her teacher are very hard workers.
He and I run together every morning.
Joan and Bill like to study Japanese every day.
A motorcycle and a car are important forms of transportation in

Taiwan.
2) However, if both of the nouns are telling something about one

person or are related to a single idea, the verb should be singular.
The efficiency and skill of our work force is a great asset to us.
55
My friend and companion thinks that I should not marry right now.
Your best friend and lover is supposed to be your wife.
3) Singular subjects joined by conjunctions, such as or, nor,

either...or, and neither . . . nor, take a singular verb.
Mary or Jane wants to go to America.
Either Compaq or Wang wins the contract.
Neither my father nor my mother helps me with my homework.
4) When a sentence has two or more subjects and the subjects

are all plural, the verb will be plural.
The Americans and the Japanese are close friends.
Neither fifth year students nor fourth year students speak English
fluently.
5) When one subject is singular and another subject is plural,

the verb can be singular or plural depending on the situation.
When the subjects are connected by or, either . . . or, or neither . . .
nor, the subject that is placed closest to the verb is the one that
determines the verb’s number. If the subject closest to the verb is
singular, the verb should also be singular. If the closest subject is
plural, the verb must be plural.
The president or the employees receive a bonus.
56
Either Bill or his brothers want to come to school.
Neither they nor he is able to understand this book.
6) When conjunctions bring two subjects together, the verb will

always be plural. Conjunctions like both . . . and and not only . . .
but also use this pattern.
Not only the students but also the instructor have to take the
examination.
7) A sentence may have many nouns. The writer must know

which noun is the subject. A verb should agree only with the
subject, not with a different noun. Do not be confused by nouns
placed between the subject and the verb.
The letters from IBM have been thrown away.
(letters is the subject; verb takes plural form)
The speech about Taiwanese companies was well received.
(speech is the subject; verb takes singular form)
My bags of rice were stolen.
(bags is the subject; verb takes plural form)
The chain of keys is very heavy.
(chain is the subject; verb takes singular form)
57
Phrases or clauses coming after the subject are not part of the
subject. The verb, in these sentences, takes the number of the
subject, not the phrase or clause.
The manager, as well as the workers, was making good money.
(manager is the subject; verb takes singular form)
Mr. Miller’s statistic, in addition to many recent reports, reveals a

weakness in the economy.
(statistic is the subject; verb takes singular form)
8) Nouns that show amount, distance, quantity, and time should

be seen as a single unit. The verbs that go with these nouns should
always be singular.
Two thousand dollars is not enough to buy my clothes.
Two years is the time needed to finish a graduate degree.
Two liters of milk is enough.
Fifty pounds of paper was sold to the school.
9) When the subject of a sentence is a noun clause, the verb is

singular.
That people in America buy our products makes me happy.
10) Collective nouns are words that describe a group. It can be

animals, persons or things.
58
A flock of birds.
A beautiful couple.
The committee.
The Senate.
My clothes.
If the noun is used as a single group, the verb is singular. If the

noun is used as individuals who are in the group, the verb is plural.
The committee has approved the motion.

(The committee is one group)
The committee were not united in their decision.

(The subject is every person on the committee.)
The herd has moved ten kilometers in one day.

(The herd is a single group of animals)
The Senate reject this argument.

(The subject is every person in the Senate)
When using a collective noun, the article a is usually used before a

plural form. The article the is mostly used before the singular form.
A group of students have told me about their problems.

(plural)
59
Only a couple are defective.

(plural)
The group of students has spoken to me.

(singular)
The committee is prepared for anything.

(singular)
11) Sometimes the verb will come before the subject. Be careful
to assure the subject still agrees with the verb.
On every road, there is a traffic light.
The newspaper said that there were many people at the speech.
MORE EXAMPLES:
My car and motorcycle are very beautiful. (Rule 1)
Fortune and Business Week are two good business magazines.

(Rule 1)
Milk and honey are a good combination. (Rule 2)
My friend and my boss, Mr. Wang, treats me well. (Rule 2)
Either Sony or Toshiba is the leading electronic marketing

company. (Rule 3)
60
Neither Tony nor Jane wants to go overseas. (Rule 3)
The new computer or the desks are to be purchased first. (Rule 4)
Either the flowers or the vase is a good gift for Laura. (Rule 5)
Both the spoon and the fork are missing. (Rule 6)
Not only next year’s profits but also next year’s dividends are
predicted to rise substantially. (Rule 6)
The students, in addition to the teacher, are expected to arrive this

morning. (Rule 7)
Three cups of coffee is not enough to get me going in the morning.

(Rule 8)
That many recycling programs were developed gives me hope

about the future. (Rule 9)
The legislature approves of this action. (Rule 10)
The book proved there is a common heritage between our two

cultures. (Rule 11)
EXERCISE 12:
Write the sentences using the correct verb number (singular or
plural).
1. I know Donut Inn have the best technique of producing snacks.
61
_______________________________________
2. Bill’s English class and my business class is taught by the same

teacher.
_______________________________________
3. Coffee and tea are very popular in America.
_______________________________________
4. The new phone and expensive phone wiring system are working
fine.
_______________________________________
5. A pen or a pencil are required for the exam.
_______________________________________
6. Either my father or my mother cook dinner.
_______________________________________
7. Students and teachers eat at the cafeteria.
62
_______________________________________
8. The manager or workers loses the bonus when profits are down.
_______________________________________
9. Twenty million N.T. are not enough to buy the new home.
_______________________________________
10. The television news reported that there is 20 car accidents every
day.
_______________________________________
13 ______________________________ 13
When writing, a decision must be made to use active or passive
verb form. In the active form, the subject does (performs) some
action.
In the passive form, the subject receives some action.
Ricky drove my car. Active
Noun phrase 1 Noun phrase 2
My car was driven by Ricky. Passive
63
WARDEN & CHEN 13 ACTIVE/PASSIVE VERB FORM
Active:
The customer gave me the money.
Passive:
The money was given to me by the customer.
The active verb sentence uses this structure:
Noun Phrase1 + Verb + Noun Phrase2
The President signed the papers.
To change the active to the passive form, the structure is:
Noun Phrase2 + be + Verb + by + Noun Phrase1
The papers were signed by the President
Using the passive form is not difficult. You only need to use the
above formula to correctly write a passive verb form.
The active form is usually shorter and easier to understand. The

passive form, on the other hand, places more emphasis on the
second noun phrase. In the above sentence, the papers become
more important than in the active form, where the President
appears more important.
64
Sometimes the writer may not want the reader to know who or
what did the action. In that case, the passive form must be used
and the second noun phrase not included.
The papers were signed.
This sentence tells the reader what happened but not who did it. If
the second noun phrase is not known, this form must be used.
The bicycle was stolen.
The car was driven away.
MORE EXAMPLES:
The money will be borrowed by Fred tomorrow.
(passive)
Fred will borrow the money tomorrow.
(active)
The car was taken to the park by Dad.
(passive)
Dad took the car to the park.
(active)
My love for you is shown by all the attention I give you.
65
(passive)
I show my love to you by giving you so much attention.
(active)
EXERCISE 13:
Change the sentences into active form if they are passive.
1. Last night, in the park, a young man was attacked by a criminal.
_______________________________________
2. The coffee was all drunk by the manager.
_______________________________________
3. The flowers were brought by Ellen.
_______________________________________
4. The new computer can be used by only two employees.
_______________________________________
66
WARDEN & CHEN 14 VERB TENSE
14 ______________________________ 14
Verb tense tells the time of action. The tense of a verb is shown by
the different form of the verb used (run, ran, see, saw) or by the
auxiliary verb form—where a word is placed before the verb (will
run, have seen).
We are freezing the pie now. Present participle
We will freeze the pie tomorrow. Future tense
We froze the pie yesterday. Past tense
We had frozen the pie before Past perfect

he arrived.
1) Present:
The present tense shows that an action happens right now.
This product sells very well.
The television receives channel seven’s signal.
This tense, the present, is also used when you write about things
that do not change. Though they may be very old, they still exist
today and will continue existing in the future.
The Greek Pantheon is one of the most perfect buildings ever built.
Water and oil do not mix.
The English Club meets every Wednesday.
67
2) Past:
The past tense shows action that happened in the past.
I spoke with Bill yesterday.
A group of students visited the U.S.A. last year.
The present perfect tense shows an action that has been finished
before the present time, but the time is not known.
Kirt has used many different computer programs.
Almost everyone has been to Sun Moon Lake.
The students in Room 34 have read the President’s book.
The past perfect tense shows action that was finished in the past in
addition to telling the reader that it happened at a specific moment
in time.
Before I was promoted, the Director had spoken to me.
The book had been written before his sixteenth birthday.
The agent had not paid us for three months.
3) Future:
68
Future tense tells things that will happen in the future. Until
recently, good usage preferred shall, for the first person, to indicate
the future and will for the second and third persons. Today,
however, will is commonly used for all three persons.
How long will I wait for you?
Shall I call you before the meeting?
The graduates of this school will be able to perform in all aspects of

modern business.
4) Remember the principal parts of irregular verbs if you want

to write English well. If you are not sure about what form of the
verb to use, refer to your dictionary. Below is a short list of some
common troublesome verbs:
Present Past Past participle
begin ------------------ began --------------------- begun

break ------------------ broke --------------------- broken
choose ----------------- chose ---------------------- chosen
come ------------------- came ---------------------- come
do ---------------------- did ------------------------- done
drive ------------------- drove --------------------- driven
fall --------------------- fell ------------------------- fallen
fly ---------------------- flew ----------------------- flown
forget ------------------ forgot --------------------- forgotten
freeze ------------------ froze ---------------------- frozen
get --------------------- got ------------------------- got, gotten
go ---------------------- went ----------------------- gone
lose -------------------- lost ------------------------ lost
pay --------------------- paid ----------------------- paid
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prove ------------------ proved -------------------- proved, proven

rise --------------------- rose ----------------------- risen
say --------------------- said ------------------------ said
see --------------------- saw ------------------------ seen
seek -------------------- sought -------------------- sought
show ------------------- showed ------------------- shown, showed
speak ------------------ spoke --------------------- spoken
strive ------------------ strove --------------------- striven
take -------------------- took ----------------------- taken
teach ------------------ taught -------------------- taught
tear -------------------- tore ------------------------ torn
wake ------------------- waked, woke ------------ waked
wear ------------------- wore ---------------------- worn
win--------------------- won ----------------------- won
write ------------------- wrote --------------------- written
EXERCISE 14:
Correct the verb tense errors in these sentences.
1. I hardly study before I took the exam.
__________________________________________
2. Mark has sent out job application last month.
__________________________________________
3. Before I was fired, the president has spoken to me.
__________________________________________
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4. The sweater was shrink seriously.
__________________________________________
5. I knowed that your company had good reputation.
__________________________________________
6. After I drunk the milk, I found it was out of date.
__________________________________________
7. There are rumors that tuition is higher next year.
__________________________________________
8. I must study hard, for I will be punished if I failed.
__________________________________________
15 ______________________________ 15
Avoid sentence fragments—a sentence with no subject and/or
finite-verb predicate or a sentence that is a dependent clause.
71
WARDEN & CHEN 15 SENTENCE FRAGMENTS
Subordinating
conjunction
Although we couldn't speak

his language.
Dependent clause
Independent clause is missing
Avoid the common mistake of sentence fragments. A sentence

fragment is a group of words that begins with a capital letter and
ends with a period, an exclamation mark or a question mark, but
the group of words does not have a subject or a finite-verb
predicate (or lacks both).
Sentence fragments:
The computer company, which is very large.
Liz and Jane.
Very quickly down the street.
Another type of sentence fragment may have both a subject and a

finite-verb predicate, but it is a dependent clause because it begins
with a relative pronoun (who, which, that) or a subordinating
conjunction (although, because, even if, when, etc.).
Although he came on time.
Who came to the party.
All that a teacher says.
72
Even though we studied very hard.
Sentence fragments can be avoided by simply paying attention to

each sentence. Make sure you have a subject and a finite-verb
predicate. If a pronoun or a subordinating conjunction is used, be
careful that the relation to the subject or main clause is clear.
Students often make the mistake of sentence fragments. It is an

easy mistake to miss because you, the writer, know what your idea
is. You know where the main clause is or where the subject is. The
reader does not know your idea, and (s)he cannot find it easily.
When a sentence fragment is encountered, it is very confusing and
makes your writing look amateurish. Be cautious that every idea
you write is clear and easy for the readers to understand.
Sentence fragments corrected:
The computer company, which is very large, will open a branch in

Taipei.
Liz and Jane came to my house yesterday.
Bill ran very quickly down the street.
Although he arrived on time, he was counted as being absent.
Everyone who came to the party had a lot of fun.
All that a teacher says should be taken with a grain of salt.
Although we studied very hard, we failed the examination.
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There are times when sentence fragments can be used. In spoken

English, we often use sentence fragments. However, a complete
sentence is always needed at the beginning of a conversation to
show the main idea of the conversation.
A dialogue using sentence fragments:
What did you do yesterday? (First sentence is complete.)

Woke up. (fragment)
And then? (fragment)
Went to school. (fragment)
Where? (fragment)
In Taichung. (fragment)
How? (fragment)
By bicycle. (fragment)
If you write this type of speech, the use of sentence fragments is

acceptable. Writers may also use sentence fragments to help create
a mood in their writing.
Creating a mood by using sentence fragments:
Taiwan. Hot and humid. The long summer. The mud of the fields,
imprinted by the farmer’s feet. The city. Rush hour. Roads
flooded with vehicles. Clouds of poisonous smoke. These are the
two worlds of the Lee family.
74
Here adjectives and nouns help to describe a scene. A contrast is

made between two locations; however, there is no story yet: no
narrative. The words are simply given to the reader with no more
detail. In this way, the reader understands the coldness or harsh
attitude the writer is trying to convey. For most of us, the essential
part of our writing is not mood setting, but is instead just making
the idea easy to be understood. With this in mind, a good rule to
follow is to avoid using sentence fragments.
MORE EXAMPLES:
Sentence fragments:
That was part of the assignment.
Even though we liked him very much.
Who was the leader of our group.
Corrected sentences:
I wrote the composition that was part of the assignment.
We often skipped Mr. Wang’s class even though we liked him very
much.
Bill, who was the leader of our group, told us about his trip to
America.
EXERCISE 15:
Correct these sentence fragments.
75
1. We thought he said very right.
__________________________________________
2. Suitable everybody to wear.
__________________________________________
3. Usually, the people have spent 5 years or 2 years.
__________________________________________
4. We development and research many kinds of new products.
__________________________________________
5. While we were in class.
__________________________________________
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WARDEN & CHEN 16 COMMA SPLICE
16 ______________________________ 16
Avoid comma splice—putting together two independent clauses by
only using a comma between them.
Independent clause Independent clause
I got in the car, I could not start the engine.
Only a comma is used to

join the two clauses
A comma splice is the result of putting together two independent

clauses and only using a comma between them. The comma is for
separating clauses instead of linking them.
Comma spliced sentences:
I opened the door, my brother was inside.
The teacher gave me a homework assignment, I didn’t want to do it.
I do not like to read, it always gives me a headache.
Bill wants to go to a university next year, his family does not want
to support him.
77
To correct a comma splice you can:  use a coordinating

conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so) after the comma.  use
a semicolon (;) in place of the comma.  use a subordinating
conjunction to make one of the clauses dependent on the other
clause (see Page 132).
 One other option is to simply make two sentences out of the
comma spliced sentence.
Corrections of comma spliced sentences:
I opened the door, and my brother was inside.

(using the coordinating conjunction and)
The teacher gave me homework to do; I didn’t want to do it.

(using a semicolon)
I do not like to read. It always gives me a headache.

(using two sentences)
Although Bill wants to go to a university next year, his family does

not want to support him.
(using a subordinating conjunction to make the first clause
dependent)
These four different methods of correcting a comma splice are not

always equal in value. The important point is not to simply use a
comma every time you think a sentence needs a punctuation mark.
There are many options available, not only the comma.
78
EXERCISE 16:
Correct these comma spliced sentences.
1. The day was hot, I wanted it to rain.
__________________________________________
2. The computer quickly answered our question, my opinion was

proven to be correct.
__________________________________________
3. Linda drove fast, she had an accident.
__________________________________________
4. We worked hard, our wages were very low.
__________________________________________
5. Gina’s car is big, Tom’s car can hold everything we need for the
trip.
__________________________________________
79
WARDEN & CHEN 17 NUMBERS
17 ______________________________ 17
Use Arabic numerals for:
 numerals
 money
 addresses
 decimals
 degrees
 percentage
 measurements
 time (when using A.M. or P.M.)
 dates
 page number
 lists of related numbers
 street numbers larger than 12
Spell out numerals for:

 a number smaller than 11
 a number at the beginning of a sentence
 street numbers smaller than 13
The use of and is optional when spelling large numbers.

Arabic numeral
The quoted price is $54.32 per box.

Numeral
spelled out
Fifty-four dollars and thirty-two

cents is the price per box.
1) In very formal writing, spell out numbers even when they are
very large.
80
At that time, the company had fifteen hundred and thirty-five cars.
2) Less formal writing is mostly used today in publications and

business communications. Unless a special rule applies, use
Arabic numerals.
3) Use Arabic numerals for money, addresses, decimals, degrees,

percentages and measurements (unless a special rule applies).
I gave him $6.78 yesterday.
Bill lives at 584 Willow Street.
It was made of 7.54 units.
Last winter the temperature went all the way down to -10F.
Up to 30 percent of the students failed the examination.
The room was 20ft. by 50ft.
4) When writing a time that includes A.M. or P.M. , use Arabic

numerals. You may write out times that do not include A.M. or
P.M.
We were to meet at 6:40 P.M.
I did not arrive until 10:00 A.M., which was far too late to
participate in the class.
It is now nine o’ clock.
81
We should arrive by nine-thirty.
5) Always use Arabic numerals when writing dates.
It was October 6, 2008 when the market crashed.
I was born on June 20, 1985.
When the month is not included, you may use Arabic numbers or
write the date out.
Today is the second.
Tomorrow will be the 3rd.
6) When you write page numbers, use Arabic numerals.
You should read Page 38 first.
The lead character dies on Page 184.
7) Any number smaller than 11 should be spelled out.
The house was nine years old.
There were 200 students who enrolled in the four-year college in

2007.
This decade has seen four disasters.
82
8) If you need to write a list of numbers that are related to each

other, use the Arabic numerals.
I read 2 books last year, 3 books this year, and expect to read 4
books next year.
The school has won 2 English awards, 7 business awards, and 5

writing awards.
9) A number at the beginning of a sentence should be spelled

out.
One hundred and ten guests came to my party.
Two thousand and thirty-eight students joined the study group.
10) When writing street numbers, spell out all numbers smaller
than 13. This rule is used only for writing an address and when
writing letters. When the number is above twelve, use the Arabic
numerals.
Twelfth Street.
Eighth Street.
13th Street (or Street 13).
51st Street (or Street 51).
When writing a more formal work, you may use the spelling of a
street name from First to Ninety-ninth.
83
Sixty-second Street.
Eighty-first Street.
11) Remember that when you write out a number you need to
use a hyphen after the tens and before the ones.
Sixty-two.
One hundred seventy-five (or one hundred and seventy-five).
The use of and in spelling out numbers is optional.
12) When writing very large numbers, there are a number of

different formats that can be used. Column C is the most common
way of writing.
A B C
$1,000,000. -------- 1 million dollars. -----------$1 million.
$1,500,000. -------- 1.5 million dollars. ---------$1.5 million.
$1,850,000. -------- 1.85 million dollars.--------$1.85 million.
This method of spelling out part of the number saves time and
space. It is easy for the reader to quickly understand.
NUMBERS:
Arabic ordinal ending Roman numerals
1 one first st I
2 two second nd II
3 three third rd III
84
4 four fourth th IV or IIII
5 five fifth th V
6 six sixth th VI
7 seven seventh th VII

8 eight eighth th VIII
9 nine ninth th IX
10 ten tenth th X
11 eleven eleventh th XI
12 twelve twelfth th XII
13 thirteen 13 th th XIII
14 fourteen 14th th XIV
15 fifteen 15th th XV
16 sixteen 16th th XVI
17 seventeen 17th th XVII
18 eighteen 18th th XVIII
19 nineteen 19th th XIX
20 twenty 20th th XX
30 thirty 30th th XXX

40 forty 40th th XL
50 fifty 50th th L
60 sixty 60th th LX
70 seventy 70th th LXX
85
80 eighty 80th th LXXX
90 ninety 90th th XC
100 one hundred 100th th C
MORE EXAMPLES:
Money
Bill put $200 in the bank.
Lunch will cost $10.85 for every person.
The pay is $5.70 per hour.
Addresses
We have to go to 1032 Loon Road.
My home is at 303 Timber Street.
We do not live very far apart. You are at 35 Fair Road, and I am
at 40 Fair Road.
Decimals
You need to drive 5.2 more kilometers before you can see the
building.
The mixture requires 0.3 liters of water and 0.001 grams of powder.
86
(When a number is smaller than 1, always use a zero before the

decimal point.)
Our homes are 32.4 miles apart.
Percentages
Last year’s sales rose 39 percent.
My score has gone down one-half percent.

(When a percentage is smaller than 1, you may write it out or use
Arabic numbers.)
A 0.5 percent rise in taxes would hurt the economy.
Measurements
The new car model is 2 meters tall and 5 meters long.
We require a freezer with at least 5 square meters of storage space.
Tina is 150 centimeter tall.
Time
The meeting will begin at 3:15 P.M.
I made the appointment for two o’clock this afternoon.
Bill came home at eleven-twenty last night.
87
Dates
School will end on June 20.
Vacation begins on the twenty-first, yet I will not go home until the
twenty-eighth.
The letter is dated May 5, 2009.
Page numbers
The important chapter begins on Page 10.
My essay starts on Page 5 and ends on Page 34.
Stock prices are always printed on Page 18 of the business paper.
Smaller or larger than 11:
I have published three books.
Jone’s family has 16 members, but only nine of her relatives live in
New York.
Related numbers:
Out of our 10 employees, 2 are partners, 2 are managers, and 5 are

temporary employees.
88
We ordered 12 flowers, 10 wreaths, and 3 hanging plants for the

occasion.
You should pack 2 shirts, 2 pairs of pants, 6 pairs of socks, and 2

pairs of shoes for the trip.
Beginning of a sentence:
Ten million dollars were lost last quarter.
Twenty students are enrolled in this department.
One thousand and fifty-two people came to the meeting.
Street numbers:
Grace lives on Third Street.
Ken has moved to 54 West 34th street.
The train station is between Street 81and Street 82.
Use of the hyphen:
Fifty-seven.
Two hundred sixty-eight (or two hundred and sixty-eight).
Three thousand two hundred forty-two (or three thousand two

hundred and forty-two).
89
EXERCISE 17:
Write the numbers in the correct format.
1) Bill spent ten dollars and twenty cents at the store.
__________________________________________
2) I just moved to Fifty-fifth Street. (not formal)
__________________________________________
3) Oak and 12 Street.
__________________________________________
4) The bottle contains one and two-fifths liters of water.
__________________________________________
5) The normal summer temperature in New York is eighty-nine

degrees.
__________________________________________
6) Out of all my students, only twenty-five percent failed.
__________________________________________
7) The refrigerator is six meters by two meters by three meters.
90
__________________________________________
8) The meeting will begin at ten A.M. and end at one P.M.
__________________________________________
9) Tomorrow, we will begin class at 9 and end at 12.
__________________________________________
10) The holiday will be on January fourteen of this year.
__________________________________________
11) The war began on September third, 1939, after the Germans
invaded Poland.
__________________________________________
12) Chapter two begins on page third.
__________________________________________
13) The chart on page thirty-one is very interesting.
__________________________________________
14) When I got to class, only 6 people had shown up.
__________________________________________
91
15) My class has fifty-two students in it.
__________________________________________
16) 43 cars can be parked in the store’s parking lot.
__________________________________________
17) I have 3 brothers.
__________________________________________
18) The check was written for the amount of forty five dollars.
__________________________________________
COMPOSITIONS
One of the most frightening things for a student of English is to
have to write a composition in English. Many students have been
misled about the use of special rules when writing English. The
fact is there are no special rules that can help you easily write a
composition.
Writing a good composition takes a lot of time and energy. It is

hard for Chinese students; it is also hard for most American
students. The most important factors are that you overcome your
fear and just begin writing and that you always use a sufficient
amount of time for correcting errors and re-writing your paper
(editing).
92
WARDEN & CHEN 18 BEGINNING
18 ______________________________ 18
To begin an English composition:
 Write any way that makes you comfortable.
 Do not worry about rules for paragraph or sentence length.
 Do not start writing from the beginning of your composition.
 Remember to go back and edit your work (add to and cut things
from your composition.
 Use the most effective style for the audience who will read your
paper.
Write any way that makes you comfortable. One common problem
is that many students just cannot get started. Sometimes, once they
have started, they can not get beyond the first paragraph. This
problem is not unique to any specific students. It is a problem for
anyone who does not write often. There are some easy steps you
can take to get around being stuck.
1) It is important to understand that there are no rules for

writing an English composition. There is no law that says every
paragraph must have six sentences or that you should have four
paragraphs in a paper. If you have something to say, you can say it
anyway you want to. The key is that the reader must be able to
understand your idea. If the reader can understand you, there is
no problem with the way you write. If the reader cannot
understand you, you have a problem communicating. Write the
way that you think fits the subject you want to communicate.
2) It is not necessary to start writing a composition at the

beginning. Many students think that they must start at the
beginning and move towards the end. However, written English is
not spoken English. Why start at the beginning and end with the
ending when you do not have to? The reader cannot tell if you
wrote the end first or the beginning first.
93
WARDEN & CHEN 18 BEGINNING
If the beginning of an English composition is giving you trouble,

simply go and write the end or the middle. This is not only a good
way to overcome the problem of beginning a composition, but it is
also a method for writing better English papers. When you write
from the beginning to the end, you may feel that once something is
written down on paper you should not change it. However, this
kind of attitude is not constructive. Some ideas you may not think
of until after you have written the end of the composition, and no
one can write perfectly on the first try. Adding to and editing a
composition is what makes good papers and bad papers different.
By writing your ideas when you have them, not in some kind of
prearranged order, you will already be taking the first step
towards making your English paper one of the good ones.
19 ______________________________ 19
When writing paragraphs:
 Remember there is no rule for how to write a good paragraph.
 A paragraph is one topic that helps the reader understand the
subject of your composition.
 Use transition sentences to move from one paragraph to
another.
 use introductory sentences at the beginning of a paragraph.
 Use an introductory paragraph at the beginning of your
composition.
 Use a summary or concluding paragraph at the end of your
composition.
1) Paragraphs:
Students always wonder if there is a rule for the number of
sentences in an English paragraph. A paragraph may be only one
sentence long or one hundred sentences long. The important point,
as far as length is concerned, is that the paragraph holds together
as one part of a larger idea.
94
WARDEN & CHEN 19 PARAGRAPH FORMAT
When writing a composition you need to break your subject into

many topics. Each paragraph is one topic that helps the reader
understand the subject of your writing. If your subject is simple or
it is just a single idea, it may be written in only one paragraph.
When you write only one paragraph, for a paper, you should look
at it and make sure that it cannot be divided into two or more
topics.
2) Dialogue:
When people are talking to one another, it is called a dialogue.

Usually when dialogues are written, each time a person speaks will
be a new paragraph. It is still one paragraph even if the speech is
only one word long.
Example of a dialogue:
‘You will have to go,’ the policeman said.
‘But how can I,’ responded Doris.
The man said, ‘Here is your passport and plane ticket.’
‘You mean right away?’
‘Yes.’
3) Transitions:
In a composition, you will usually need to use more than just one
paragraph. At that time, your paragraphs should have some type
of structure. Because paragraphs are used to help the reader
understand a large concept, by breaking it into smaller and easier
to understand parts, the paragraphs should all be linked together.
The reader should be able to move from one paragraph to the next
smoothly and see there is some relationship between the two.
95
To accomplish the transition from one paragraph to another

paragraph, begin with an introductory sentence. This sentence
tells the reader what topic will be covered in the following
paragraph. It may also show some relationship to the last
paragraph.
The next day began with a terrible thunderstorm.
The reader can see that the last paragraph was the day before and
that the next paragraph will tell about a day that began with a
storm.
Drunk with the success of their recent victories, the soldiers moved
onto their next conquest.
This sentence introduces a paragraph that will tell about the

soldiers after their victories, which were covered in previous
paragraphs.
Although the teacher had just scolded her class, she was about to
lead them on a new and great adventure.
The new paragraph will show a new adventure while the last
paragraph described the scolding.
These transition sentences show how the new paragraph relates to

the last paragraph. The new topic is introduced smoothly.
Transition sentences, however, are not always easy to write. Not
every paragraph is linked strongly to the one before it, and if the
writer writes a big introductory sentence for every paragraph,
(s)he wastes space and time. Save such sentences for only the
strong relationships between two paragraphs. Generally,
introductory sentences should simply give the reader an idea of
what will come after it.
96
I opened the door and entered the room.
The new paragraph will describe something or some action inside

the room.
The new factory will come on line in December.
The new paragraph will describe the situation in December.
4) Paragraph size:
The use of paragraphs is important, but there are no easy rules

that can tell how to break the writing into paragraphs. A page that
is full of words and has no breaks looks unfriendly to the reader.
Using paragraphs helps the writing look friendlier and more
accessible. The use of too many paragraphs can make the writing
seem unimportant. Many short paragraphs can become tiresome
and annoying. Finding a balance is really dependent on the writer
and his/her writing style. The safest thing to do is to stay between
the two extremes. Use wordings and contexts that the readers can
understand. If many paragraphs help you to do so, use many
paragraphs. If very long paragraphs help the reader to understand
your point, use long paragraphs.
5) Composition structure:
Compositions also have structure. The essay will be made up of

paragraphs, just as a paragraph is made up of sentences.
97
The first paragraph of a composition should introduce what the

paper is about and what the main thrust of the paper is. To write a
good first introductory paragraph, first write the composition.
This way you will know what you have written about and you can
write an introductory paragraph that covers the general ideas
presented in the body of the writing. This is a great help to the
reader—who may not have any idea what the writing is about. By
giving him a good introductory paragraph, you supply him with a
type of map. He knows the general direction and topic of your
writing; therefore, he will not be surprised or easily lost.
Furthermore, when the reader reads a good introductory
paragraph (s)he feels that you, the writer, must have planned your
paper very carefully. Good introductory paragraphs make your
writing look superior even if you make some mistakes within the
composition.
The first paragraph may ask a question that the writing will
answer. It may simply make a statement that the writing will
support. Either way, organize the paragraphs so that they build up
from basic to more complex ideas. Do not answer the main
question or make the most important point until near the last
paragraph. In many ways, the last paragraph will be similar to the
first paragraph. It should make a summary of what you have
written and make any final statement. Again, do not write this
paragraph until the rest of the paper is finished. This way you can
make a very clean ending, not leaving anything out or unanswered.
20 ______________________________ 20
General points to remember include:
 Do not use contractions.
 Use the active verb voice.
 Be specific and positive in your writing.
 Avoid negative sentences.
98
WARDEN & CHEN 20 GENERAL POINTS
 Avoid too many words in a sentence.
1) Do not use contractions:
When writing, you should not use contractions of words. Words

like: don’t, won’t, can’t, and couldn’t should be written out in full.
Although these contractions are commonly used in spoken English,
it is clearer to simply write them out in a composition. Besides, the
reader will need the same amount of time to read the contraction as
(s)he would need to read two words.
2) Use the active verb voice:
The active voice of a verb makes a sentence easier to understand.

There is less chance that the reader will make a mistake when
reading an active sentence. In addition, when you write an active
sentence, there is less chance that you will make a mistake. A
passive sentence has more words and is more complex. You could
make a mistake in a passive sentence and never realize it. A
mistake made in an active sentence is easy to spot and correct.
3) Be specific and positive:
Know what you want to say before you finish your writing. It
would be nice to know what you want to say before you even begin
to write, but sometimes that may not be the case. Before you finish,
edit your writing and make every part of it contribute to presenting
one point. That means being specific.
For an extended period of time, my co-worker’s temperament was

unfavorable.
(not specific)
99
My co-worker was angry for two weeks.
(specific)
When your writing is not specific, the reader will lose interest.
Good writing always uses the fewest words needed. That means
you must choose the words that most directly express your meaning.
One common mistake is the use of redundant words. When you
read your sentence, make sure that you do not use words that have
the same meanings.
Sentences with redundant words:
I made the decision yesterday and concluded that we should

purchase the new equipment.
We were extremely very much in love.
The computer consumed electricity, using it at a high rate.
Corrected sentences:
I decided yesterday to purchase the new equipment.
We were in love.
The computer used a lot of electricity.
100
These sentences not only have some words with the same meaning,
but they also are too wordy. They use too many words to express
simple ideas. In the corrected sentences, only the needed words are
included. This makes the sentences shorter and easier to
understand. By using words you are familiar with, and not words
that you are unsure of, you can write sentences that are shorter and
more direct. This makes reading easier and more enjoyable.
4) Avoid negative sentences:
Negative sentences are usually weaker than positive sentences.
Negative sentences:
What he says is not true.
I cannot remember what she said.
That company is not capable of performing to our satisfaction.
These sentences all use the word not. They say that something is
not true. When sentences are written in this way, they lack a
strong statement. A better way to write such sentences would be to
use an English word that states the idea but does not need a
negative word before it.
Sentences avoiding the use of negative words:
What he says is untrue.
I forgot what she said.
101
That company is incapable of performing to our satisfaction.
When written in a positive form, sentences are shorter and easier to

be understood. They say only one thing and, therefore, have a
much stronger effect.
5) Avoid too many words in a sentence:
Writing should not have any unnecessary words. Every word and
every sentence should tell the reader something important about
the idea you are trying to convey. Too many words lead to what is
called wordiness.
American history shows us that there are a great number of

patriots willing to sacrifice many things for the promise of freedom.
(22 words)
This sentence is wordy. It uses similar words to express the same

idea. First, decide what the main thought of your sentence is; then
write the least amount of words to state it.
American history shows a great number of patriots making

sacrifices for the promise of freedom.
(15 words)
Here are some wordy phrases that can be reduced:
Wordy Concise
am going to ---------------------------- will
at the present time-------------------- now
before long ----------------------------- soon
102
by means of ---------------------------- by
at the time ------------------------------ when
due to the fact that ------------------- because, since
during that time ---------------------- while
in lieu of -------------------------------- instead of
in order to ------------------------------ to
in regard to ---------------------------- about
insofar as ------------------------------- because
in the year 2009 ----------------------- in 2009
in view of ------------------------------ since
on the condition that ----------------- if
The best time to cure any problem with wordiness is when you
finish writing. Any word or sentence that does not seem important
to your central thought should be cut. Thus, proofreading can help
you find spelling, punctuation, and other errors; it can also give
you a chance to cut the fat out of your writing. You want the
leanest writing possible.
103
WARDEN & CHEN 21 REFERENCES
21 ______________________________ 21
Whenever you use some words or ideas that are not your own, you
will need to write a reference that tells where they came from.
Many new students do not fully understand the concept of

references, also called citations. Because the Internet has so much
information that is so easy to find, students think they can just copy
from many different sources and then turn them in as their own.
This is not acceptable, and if you do so, you take a very real risk of
being expelled from school. Never underestimate a professor’s
ability to spot writing that is copied from some other sources (just
doing a Google search can find copied material). Every serious
university has a very stringent punishment for students found to
plagiarize, most schools simply fail the student in the class (s)he is
taking or have her/him removed from the school. The ironic part
of this is there is no rule against copying. No one is so smart that
(s)he can come up with all new ideas. In fact, everyone knows that
most reports are just restatements of old ideas. All you need to do
is to remember to cite your sources and tell the reader where you
took the ideas from. Specific ideas and even quotes in your report
use references.
Here are some guidelines for what should be referenced and how to
use references:
Any direct quotation will have to be referenced. The direct

quotation will also need to have quotation marks around it.
104
 Information that is not exactly the same, but still very close to
the original, is called paraphrasing. For example, if you have a
book that states In 2007 IXT, Inc. paid government officials so that
the company would be rewarded a contract. You use this idea in
your report by writing: IXT, Inc., has been known to pay
government officials. It is not exactly the same, and therefore, will
not need quotation marks, but it does copy the idea and should be
referenced. Other paraphrased material may state information
that is commonly known, like: IXT, Inc., is a very successful
company. This type of information, even if you may find it written
in a publication, does not need to be referenced.
When you use a direct quotation, make sure that you introduce the
quotation. This can be done with sentences like, Mr. Smith said
“The profit margin is too low.” or “The profit margin is too low,”
said Mr. Smith. Material that is not a direct quotation does not
need this type of introduction.
Citation formats:
Inside the report, you insert citations where the information you
are citing is located. This is called an in-text citation. Include the
author’s name and the date of the publication. If a quotation is
used, include the page number using p for page and pp for pages.
Single author:
Localization of product offerings is the key to KFC’s success in

China (Liu, 2008).
Liu (2008) showed the importance of localization to KFC in China.
105
Liu (2008, p. 135) states, “KFC is a foreign brand with local

flavor.”
Multiple authors:
Culture plays an important role in business (Trompenaars &

Hampden-Turner, 1998).
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1998) pointed out the

important role culture plays in business.
Reference formats:
Complete references are placed on pages at the back of your report,

before the bibliography page. The first line of each reference uses
a hanging indent, with the first line on the left margin and the
second line indented. A single reference should be single spaced,
and double spaces should be used between different references.
The author’s name will come first followed by the date of
publication and then the book title or article title. In addition, you
will need to write the publishing company and the city it is in, the
date of publication and page where you took the material from.
Most of this information can be found in the front few pages of the
book you are using as a source.
Here are different references for different situations. Refer to this

when you prepare your own references. The positions of commas,
periods, italics, and parentheses are all important and change
according to the type of reference.
Book by one author:
106
Nielsen, J. (2000). Designing Web Usability: The Practice of

Simplicity. Thousand Oaks, CA: New Riders.
Book by multiple authors:
Trompenaars, A. & Hampden-Turner, C. (1998). Riding The Waves

Of Culture: Understanding Culture Diversity in Global Business,
NY: McGraw Hill.
A book edited by an editor (ed. means edited by):
Goldman, R., & Papson, S. (2000). Advertising In the Age of

Accelerated Meaning. In J. B. Schhor & D. B. Holt (Eds.), The
Consumer Society Reader (pp. 81-98). CA: New Press.
Radway, J. A. (2000). The Act of Reading The Romance: Escapism

and Instruction. In J. B. Schhor & D. B. Holt (Eds.), The
Consumer Society Reader (pp. 169-184). CA: New Press.
A book that is a translation (trans means translated by):
Homer (1937). The Odyssey (W. H. D. Rouse, Trans.). NY: NAL

Penguin.
An article from an encyclopedia includes the name of any editor:
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (2008). Encyclopedia Britannica (15th ed. Vols. 1-12).

London: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Wikipedia is commonly used in place of encyclopedias (n.d. = no

date):
Psychology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 14, 2009, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology
107
An article from a journal (in citing journals you must use the
journal’s volume number and include the pages for the article):
Smith, R. D. (2006). Responding to global infectious disease

outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception,
communication and management. Social Science & Medicine,
63(12), 3113-3123.
Wu, J. & Tian, Z. (2009). The impact of selected store image

dimensions on retailer equity: Evidence from 10 Chinese
hypermarkets. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,
16(6), 486-494.
Article from a magazine:
Smith, B. (2009, April 10). Learning from China. Time, 51-53.
Tate, A. (2008, November 22). Futures and Bonds Post-Crisis.

Fortune, 26-27.
Online sources can be used in research even if they are not reports
or articles; just remember to include the URL and the date the
information was retrieved:
World Health Organization (2003). Summary of probable SARS

cases Retrieved May 20, 2004, from
http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/
Barack Obama. (2009, October 9). Humbled.

http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/obamafora
merica/gGM45m [Facebook update]. Retrieved from
http://www.facebook.com/posted.php?id=6815841748&share_i
d=154954250775&comments=1#s154954250775
108
WARDEN & CHEN 22 THESAURUS USE
22 ______________________________ 22
Good vocabulary is very important when writing English:
 Always use a dictionary when you write.
 Learn to use a thesaurus and keep it with you when you write.
Words are the most basic part of any language. They are put
together to form sentences and can even be used alone. Knowing
many words is important in any language. However, the number
of words you know is not as important as many people think it is.
To speak English, you do not need to know thousands of words. In
fact, with only a few hundred words, you will be able to carry on a
conversation.
Spoken English is very informal and relaxed. Grammar is not

strictly followed, and many mistakes are acceptable. When you
cannot think of a word that you want to say, it can be very
embarrassing, but you can usually get help from the person you are
talking to and use body language to make your point. Written
English is not so easy. When a person reads what you have written,
(s)he cannot help you think of the word you want to say nor can
(s)he see you and try to understand your body language. Written
English must be made to stand alone without outside help.
109
WARDEN & CHEN 22 THESAURUS USE
The better words you use, the better your writing will be. You do
not need to know all the words you write before you begin writing.
That is what a dictionary is for. Whenever you write, keep your
dictionary/translator with you. It can help you not only with
spelling and usage but also with meaning. A dictionary/translator
has only one problem: it is only useful if you know what word you
are looking for. If you need a word, but you do not know what it is,
you can use a Chinese to English dictionary. That may give you
some words that express your idea, but it may not have the word
you want.
A thesaurus is the book that can help your vocabulary while you
are writing. This book is similar to a dictionary. It has a list of
words, from A to Z, but instead of vocabulary definitions, there is a
list of synonyms (words with similar meanings). By finding the
synonyms of a word, you can avoid using the same word over and
over in your writing.
Synonyms for speak:
report, spoken word, discourse, conversation, talk, address, ready

speech, delivery, pronunciation, remark, comment, oration.
Synonyms for study:
do, inquire, cram, read, be studious.
23 ______________________________ 23
There are many English words that sound the same but do not
have the same meaning—called homophones. Moreover, there
are a few words that may seem to have the same meaning but
110
WARDEN & CHEN 23 PROBLEM WORDS
really are very different. To write more effective English, you

should know the differences between these words.
Here is a short list of such words. Many people confuse these
words when they write simply because they have not written these
words often. You can avoid such mistakes by taking the time to
look over this list and understand the differences between these
similar words.
1. accede, exceed:
Accede means to accept something or to move into an official position.
Exceed means to do better than or surpass, something or someone.
I will accede to your wishes. Mr. Wang acceded to the office of

president.
My English skills exceed those of my teacher.
2. accept, except:
Accept means to receive something and not refuse it. It can also be used with
ideas.
Except means something that was not included with the group.
I accepted the gift.
I accepted his opinion about the elections.

Everyone wanted to go to America except I.
My mother loves all of her children except me.

2. advance, advanced:
The verb form of advance means to move forward. As an adjective, the word
describes a position that is far in front. Advance may also refer to a time
before an event.
Advanced, an adjective, means: at a late time, ahead of the normal amount or

level of progress, at a high level.
111
The army will advance 10 miles.
Sergeant Smith was stationed at the advance post, very close to the enemy.
Please give me advance notice, so I can prepare.
His English skill is very advanced.
She is in an advanced stage of illness.

3. affect, effect:
Affect is a verb that means influence something.
Effect, the verb, means to cause something or accomplish an action while the
noun means the result of an action.
Her beauty affected me greatly.
The new baby will effect major changes in our lives.
What was the effect when you told him the news?
4. allude, elude:
Allude means to refer to; to mention informally.
Elude means to escape from; not to be caught.
Greg alluded to his ex-wife.
She eluded the police for three months
5. among, between:
Among is used to show the position of something when more than two objects
are involved.
Between is used when there is only two objects.
I stood among the students.
I was caught in between my husband and my mother-in-law.

6. anticipate, expect:
Anticipate means that you hope an event will take place, but you are not sure
that it will, in fact, happen.
Expect means that the event will probably happen or that someone orders it to
happen.
112
I anticipated that you would call me.
The president told me that he expected all of this paperwork to be finished by

tomorrow.
7. assure, insure:
Assure means to convince someone of something or to comfort them.
Insure means to make sure that there is no loss.
I can assure you I will be a good employee.
I need to insure this package when it is mailed to the U.S.

8. brochure, leaflet, pamphlet:
The purpose of all three of these is to distribute printed information, for
example, advertisements or instructions.
A brochure is less than 25 pages long. It is covered by paper and held together
by staples or other means.
A leaflet is a single sheet of paper that may or may not be folded.
A pamphlet is usually less than 100 pages; it is a complete work but not yet
published.
One sheet is a leaflet, larger works are brochures, and works of length are
pamphlets.
At the test center, cram school workers were handing out leaflets.
This brochure explains all the product’s features.
Our school has a pamphlet that explains all the rules and regulations.
9. can, may, might:
Can means that you are physically able to do something.
May means that you could do it if you had permission or someone asked you to
or if you decided to.
Might is the same as may. Nevertheless, might is only used in the past tense
and may is used in the present tense.
I can talk.
I may speak if he asks me to.
113
I may give you the money if I trust you.
I might have given you the money, but I did not trust you.
10. cheap, inexpensive:
Both words mean low cost.
Cheap may also mean low quality. Cheap may also refer to a person who does
not like to spend money—it has a negative meaning.
In contrast, inexpensive does not have such a meaning.
This car is so cheap that the paint is coming off.
The Benz is inexpensive right now because it is on sale.
She is so cheap that she will not even buy new underwear.
11. common, ordinary:
Common means that a number of things share a characteristic. It can also
mean united.
Ordinary means not special.
We all had a common goal.
He bought an ordinary computer.

12. consistently, constantly:
Consistently is an adverb which means not changing.
Constantly means not stopping.

Joan consistently forgets to bring her homework to school.
The engine ran constantly for two days.

13. defective, deficient:
Defective means some kind of damage.
Deficient means not enough.
This merchandise is defective.
The money in my bank account is deficient if I want to buy a new car.

14. desert, dessert:
114
Desert is a place with very little water and a lot of sand. In the verb form, it
means to run away from.
Dessert is the final part of a meal, usually sweet: pudding, cake, candy, etc.
When I was in the desert, I was thirsty.
All my friends deserted me when I lost my fortune.
Do you want to eat a dessert ?

15. emigrant, immigrant:
A person (noun) who is moving from one country to another is called an
emigrant. Emigrate (verb) means from a place.
A person who has already moved to another country is called an immigrant,

and immigrate (verb) means to a place.
Val is an emigrant from Sweden.
Sam immigrated to the U.S. ten years ago.

16. exceptionable, exceptional:
Exceptionable means something that is objectionable or not acceptable.
Exceptional means out of the ordinary or uncommon, usually in a positive way.
I punished her because her behavior was exceptionable.
That woman’s beauty is exceptional.

17. explicit, implicit:
Explicit means specific, clear, and defined. If something is explicit, it is easy to
understand.
Implicit is something that is not as easy to understand. An implicit idea may

not be directly spoken; it must be understood by other methods.
My orders were very explicit; how could you not understand?
Although he did not say he loved you, it was implicit in the letter he sent you.
18. flammable, inflammable:
These words have the same meaning but are sometimes misunderstood. They
both are adjectives describing the ability of something to burn (fire).
115
Gasoline is extremely inflammable.
Flammable stocks should be stored away cautiously.

19. human, humane:
Human refers to a person or the emotions and attitudes that make one human.
Humane is the ability to be kind, to show mercy and compassion.
We all make mistakes because we are only human.
We should all be humane to animals.

20. inability, disability:
Inability means the lack of ability, not able to do something.
Disability also means not able to do something, but it is because of some flaw or
weakness.
She has an inability to read Chinese.

21. inflict, afflict:
Inflict means to impose on. It always has a negative connotation.
Afflict means to cause trouble or distress and is not as negative as inflict.
Chairman Mao inflicted great suffering on the citizens of China.
My teacher inflicts me with homework every day.
I was afflicted with pain.

22. inter-, intra-:
These are prefixes that can be used before many words. Inter means between
or among. Interstate—between states.
Intra means within, inside of. Intrastate—inside of states.

I often use the Internet to get information for my class reports.
Our company has an intranet for our employees to share data.

23. lay, lie:
Lay means to place something.
Lie means to recline, to rest.
116
Lay the book on the desk.
I want to lie in bed for a while.

24. Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms:
Mr. is the abbreviation for the title Mister.
Mrs. and Miss are abbreviations of madam.
Mrs. is used for the married woman, and the Miss for the unmarried woman.
Ms. is becoming more popular for use with both the married and the
unmarried woman because it is neutral regarding marriage—the same as Mr.
Ms. Smith will meet with Mr. Chen this afternoon.
I sent the letter to Ms. Wang.

25. near, nearly:
Near is an adverb that means close to. Near can be used as a verb meaning
coming close to.
Nearly means almost, close but not complete.
My home is very near.
The airplane is nearing the airport.
I nearly received 100 on my examination.

26. persecute, prosecute:
Persecute means to harass, treat badly or oppress.
Prosecute means to go to a court of law and try to settle a disagreement.
Communist governments persecute their citizens for speaking about freedom.
If you commit a crime and you are caught, you will be prosecuted.
27. personal, personnel:
Personal has to do with aspects of a single person as an individual.
Personnel has to do with groups of people.
I don’t want to talk about it; it is a very personal situation.
The personnel department informed the employees about the vacation policy.
28. perspective, prospective:
117
Perspective has to do with the angle at which something is viewed. It can also
mean the way you see a problem or idea.
Prospective means something that is expected in the future.
He has a very good perspective on the problem.
What is the prospective result of this plan?

29. principal, principle:
Principal means the top man in charge. An important object or goal is another
meaning of principal. It also means an amount of money used to begin some
economic activity.
Principle means an important rule or concept that is considered to be truthful

or correct.
Mr. Glen is the principal of our school.
His principal goal in life is to achieve success.
To start our business, we need a large amount of principal.
The principle of gravity is central to all modern physics.

30. racket, racquet:
Racket means a very loud noise, maybe made by many people. In slang, racket
can mean any dishonest or illegal activity that is organized.
Racquet is a tool used in sports. It has a handle attached to a loop that is

covered with a net. Sports like tennis and badminton use racquets. The
spelling racquet has almost totally been replaced with racket at this time. This
means that these two words can actually be spelled the same but still have
different meanings.
The traffic in Taipei makes a very loud racket.
That business is a real racket.

31. rational, rationale:
Rational means the ability to think logically or reasonably, not emotionally.
Rationale is the method or basis of a person’s thinking.
His explanation was very rational.
118
I simply cannot understand his rationale for the decision.

32. stationary, stationery:
Stationary means to be still, not moving.
Stationery is paper for writing on and the envelopes for mailing letters.
The car must be broken; it is stationary.
Could you stop at the bookstore and buy some stationery for me?
33. unilateral, bilateral:
Unilateral means affecting only one side of a situation that involves two or
more sides.
Bilateral means that all sides do the same action or actions of equal value.
The decision to reduce weapons, by the U.S., was unilateral.
Arms were to be reduced by both countries— a bilateral agreement.
EXERCISE 23:
Correct these sentences.
1) Please call and contract me after six pm.
__________________________________________
2) I hope you can change the computer for me.
__________________________________________
3) She must ate the medication; namely she was sick.
__________________________________________
119
WARDEN & CHEN 24 LETTER FORMATS
LETTERS
24 ______________________________ 24
Letters to friends have no standard format; in business, however,
specific formats must be used, such as:
 Block style
 Semi-block style
 Modified semi-block style, etc.
 Letters must use the correct form of address to a person and
must use the correct mailing address style.
Letters to friends generally have no standard format; it is, however,

always good to follow some basic rules. A personal letter can be
written on lined or unlined paper but usually is written on note-size
stationery. You may use handwriting and write on both sides of
the paper. Your address can be written in the top right hand
corner of the first page. Begin your letter with a greeting like: Dear
Mom, Dear Julia, etc.
The paragraphs of your letter can be indented, if you wish, and the
lines may be double or single spaced. The closing can contain any
intimate words you like, such as: Sincerely, Affectionately, Love, etc.
After the closing, the signature is written—usually the writer’s first
name only. This type of letter is really only for people you know
well; it is not for business use.
120
Pat Miller
399 Lakeside Drive
Dallas, TX 37820
January 3, 2009
Dear Mom,
I was glad you called me last week, things have changed a little bit since then.
On Monday I enrolled in classes, with no problems, but when I checked the
total cost I was very surprised. The amount of tuition I owe is much higher
than I told you. I’ve been so busy studying that I didn’t know there was
another tuition rate hike. It looks like I will be a little short of money this
semester.
If it is at all possible, could you please send a bit extra. I know I told you there
would be no problem, but now things look different. Don’t worry though; I
will conserve the money you sent last month. I just have to cut down on the
pizzas.
I hope everything is all right with you. I hope I can get a chance to come home
and visit during spring break. I miss everyone very much. What I miss most
of all is your cooking!
Love
Pat
P.S.
Don’t forget the extra money, or else I’ll be coming home sooner than planned.
A personal letter
Business Letters:
121
The letters sent to organizations, strangers or superiors are usually

called business letters. These kinds of letters must follow specific
formats. When writing to a business, you may not be excused for
the lack of perfect grammar or the best vocabulary. As a non-
native speaker of English, you may make many mistakes simply
resulting from lack of practice. If you do not use the correct
business letter format, your letter will look unprofessional. Every
day, business people communicate using standard formats.
If your letter does not fit into what the reader is used to, then it is
likely that your letter could be misunderstood or even ignored.
With the right format, you can make a good impression. The
following rules apply when you write a business letter.
Block style:
1) Business letters are written on unlined (blank) paper or on

paper with a printed letterhead (the sign of the company and its
address printed at the top of the paper).
2) Business letters must be typewritten, usually single spaced,

on one side of the paper only.
3) There are three basic formats for business letters, i.e., the
block, the semi-block, and the modified semi-block. In the block
format, everything (date, address, greeting, text, salutation, etc.)
begins at the left margin.
122
4) The date line is typed two to six lines below the last letterhead
line on the left margin. The date must be written with the month
first, the day second, followed by a comma, and then the year. The
month must be written out in full, never abbreviated. Account or
policy numbers, if needed, are single-spaced and can be placed
either above or below the date line.
5) If letterhead paper is used, your address will not need to be

added. If blank paper is used, your address must be placed in the
top center of the paper. The receiver’s address will be written 4-10
lines below the date line. In the address, first use the company’s
name. In the second line, you may use a specific department’s
name. The next line is the street address; lastly comes the city,
state, and zip code.
6) If you need an attention line, it is typed two lines below the

last inside address line.
7) The salutation is typed two lines below the attention line or

two to four lines below the last inside address line (the address on
the left side of the paper). The salutation should be Gentlemen if
the letter is addressed to an organization even if there is an
attention line to an individual. If the letter is addressed to a person,
not a company, the salutation is Dear Mr. (or Ms., Mrs., Miss) +
surname or Dear + first name depending on your relationship with
the reader.
8) A subject line, all in capitals, may be typed two lines below

the salutation. A subject line helps to let the reader know the
purpose of the letter. The subject line should be short yet contain
the main subject of the letter. This line is not required, but it is
highly recommended.
123
9) The first message line is typed two lines below the salutation
or two lines below the subject line, if there is one. All text should
be on the left margin with no indentation. The body of the letter is
single spaced and double spaced between paragraphs. If a second
page is used, at least two message lines must be written on the new
page. The closing and signature lines should never be alone on the
last page.
10) The page heading used on the pages after the first page is
typed seven lines from the top edge of the page in the left corner.
On the first line, use the first line of the inside address on the first
page (usually the company’s name). On the next line, write page
and then the page number. On the third line, write the date.
Account or policy numbers must be included if they were used on
the first page. The message begins four lines below the last line of
the heading.
Apple Computer Company

page 2
March 25, 2009
An alternative method is to write the same information on one line

that is spread across the top of the page.
Apple Computer Company page 2 March 25, 2009
124
11) The signature block typed two lines below the last message
line. The complimentary closing is followed by at least four blank
lines for the written signature. The usual complimentary closing
for business letters are: Sincerely yours, Yours truly, Very truly
yours. The closing is followed by a comma. Beneath the signature
is the writer’s typed name. The writer’s business title and/or name
of his/her department may be included next to, or under the typed
name.
12) If the letter was dictated to and typed by a secretary, it

should be indicated in the notation line that is typed against the left
margin and below the writer’s signature (the writer’s initials are
given in capital letters, the secretary’s in lowercase: WLT/cs or
WLT:cs).
13) The enclosure notation, telling if any other material was

included with the letter, is typed one line below the identification
line. The carbon copy (cc) notation is placed one or two lines below
any other notations. This tells how many copies of the letter were
made and to whom they were sent.
Semi-block style:
Semi-block style follows all the same rules as block style, except the
date is placed in the middle of the page rather than on the left side.
The signature block is also moved to the middle, aligned with the
address.
Modified semi-block style:
For the modified semi-block style, the rules are the same as for a
semi-block. The only difference is that the first line of every
paragraph is indented five to six spaces.
125
Logo
E= MC^ 2 Hobby St or es
452 North Elm Road
12 to 18 lines San Antonio, TX 78205
Phone: (210) 224-1010
E-Mail: LinMusic@aol.com
June 28, 2008

1 empty line
4 to 10 lines CONFIDENTIAL
All lines General Electric Company

single spaced Sales Department
3135 Easton Turnpike
Fairfield, CT 06431
1 empty line
ATTENTION: FRED CLARK, MANAGER
1 empty line
Dear Mr. Clark: Colon
1 empty line
SUBJECT: DISTRIBUTION OF X154 IC BOARD
1 empty line
Extra space
between
paragraphs
1 empty line
Sincerely, Comma
Typed name
J ohn Chen
and title John Chen, Ph.D.
Vice-President
Position
JC:JS
Enclosure Enclosure line

Reference initials
Line spacing for business letter
126
Letterhead
Logo
452 North Elm Road
San Antonio, TX 78205
Phone: (210) 224-1010
Date line June 28, 2007

Special
notation CONFIDENTIAL
General Electric Company

Inside Sales Department
address 3135 Easton Turnpike
Fairfield, CT 06431
Attention line ATTENTION: FRED CLARK, MANAGER
Salutation Dear Mr. Clark

Subject line SUBJECT: DISTRIBUTION OF X154 IC BOARD
Body
Complimentary
closing
Sincerely
Signature
Typed name
J ohn Chen Signature block
and title John Chen, Ph.D.
Vice-President
Position
JC:JS
Reference initials
Block style (displaying the different parts)
127
452 North Elm Road
Phone: (210) 224-1010
June 28, 2007

CONFIDENTIAL

Sales Department
Fairfield, CT 06431
Dear Mr. Clark:

Fred Clark, Manager Page 2 June

28, 2007 7 lines
from top
Second
page
Sincerely,
J ohn Chen
John Chen, Ph.D.
Vice-President
Modified block
128
452 North Elm Road
Phone: (210) 224-1010
June 28, 2007

CONFIDENTIAL

Sales Department
Fairfield, CT 06431
Dear Mr. Clark:

Indentation
Sincerely,
J ohn Chen
John Chen, Ph.D.
Vice-President
JC:JS
Modified semi-block style
129
WARDEN & CHEN 25 SALUTATION FORMS
25 ______________________________ 25
When you write a letter, you are often required to use an official
title for addressing the person you are writing to. Here is a list of
greetings you can use in a letter.
Position of person In the salutation

being written to: as:
COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY
Dean ------------------------------ Dear Dean Smith:
President ------------------------ Dear President Smith:
------------------------------------ Dear Dr. Smith:
Professor (Ph.D.) -------------- Dear Professor Smith:
------------------------------------ Dear Dr. Smith:
GOVERNMENT
Ambassador -------------------- Sir:
------------------------------------ Dear Mr. Ambassador:
Consul --------------------------- Dear Sir:
Secretary-General ------------- Excellency:
------------------------------------ Dear Mr. Secretary-General:
------------------------------------ Dear Mr. Smith:
Supreme Court ---------------- Dear Mr. Justice:
Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court ---------------- Dear Mr. Chief Justice:
Governor ------------------------ Dear Governor Smith:

Federal Judge ------------------ Dear Judge Smith:
State or Local Judge ---------- Dear Judge Smith:
130
WARDEN & CHEN 25 SALUTATION FORMS
Mayor ---------------------------- Dear Mayor Smith:

President ------------------------ Dear Mr. President:
Representative ----------------- Dear Mr. Smith:
Senator -------------------------- Dear Senator Smith:
Speaker of U.S. House
of Representatives ------------- Dear Mr. Speaker:
Vice President ------------------ Dear Mr. Vice President:
RELIGIOUS
Bishop, Catholic --------------- Your Excellency:
------------------------------------ Dear Bishop Smith:
Clergyman, Protestant ------ Dear Sir:
------------------------------------ Dear Mr. Smith:
Priest ----------------------------- Dear Father Smith:
------------------------------------ Dear Father:
Rabbi ---------------------------- Dear Rabbi Smith:
------------------------------------ Dear Dr. Smith:
Member of
Sisterhood ----------------------- Dear Sister Mary Angelica:
------------------------------------ Dear Sister:
Superior of Sisterhood ------- Reverend Mother:
------------------------------------ Dear Reverend Mother:
131
WARDEN & CHEN APPENDIX: CONNECTORS
Appendixes
CONNECTORS:
While writing a composition, the uses of connectors will make the

context smoother; moreover, the readers will be able to
comprehend the message better. Connectors can be used to link
words, clauses, sentences or paragraphs.
Word
Phrase
Connectors Clause
Sentence
Paragraph
There are four types of connectors: coordinating conjunctions,

subordinating conjunctions, transitional words/phrases, and
correlative conjunctions. Although they are used to link words,
clauses, sentences or paragraphs, these four types of connectors
have different ways of punctuating sentences.
Coordinating Conjunction
Subordinating Conjunction
Use
Connectors Transitional Word & Phrase
to Connect
Correlative Conjunction
132
COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
《對等連接詞》
Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases and

clauses. When connecting two words or two phrases, no comma is
needed to put in front of the coordinating conjunction. A comma
needs to be put in front of the coordinating conjunction when
connecting two independent clauses.
對等連接詞可連接字、片語及子句。當連接字或片語時，對等連接詞前不須加逗
點﹔而當連接子句時，在對等連接詞前須加逗點。
對等連接詞之類別
Types of coordinating conjunctions

添資訊顯示對比；因顯示結果顯示原因給予選擇顯示條件
果關係相反
and but so for or or
yet
連接子句時的句子結構 (Sentence Structure)
獨立子句逗對等連獨立子句

點接詞
   
We studied English well, yet our scores were low.
EXAMPLES﹕
The sky is dark, and it will rain soon.
Mary was sick, so she did not go to school.
133
I have to study hard, for I will be punished if I fail.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
《從屬連接詞》
Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect independent

clauses.
從屬連接詞可連接兩獨立子句。
Types of subordinating conjunctions:

顯示對比；因果關係顯示原因顯示時間顯示條件顯示地方
相反；退讓順序或關
係
while because after If where
whereas since before even if wherever
although when unless
even though until when
though whenever whenever
despite the fact that as soon as
as long as
while
連接子句時的句子結構 (Sentence Structure)
從屬連接詞獨立逗點獨立子句
子句
   
As soon as I arrived home, it began to rain.
獨立子句從屬連接獨立子句

詞
  
It began to rain as soon as I arrived home.
134
例﹕
I never met him before I came to Taiwan.
Since it is cloudy, you better carry a raincoat.
I do not mind even if she does not have a job.
TRANSITIONAL WORD & PHRASE

《轉折字＆片語》
轉折字＆片語可被用來連接子句、句子及段落，也可被放在句中
來增添文章的通順性。
Transitional words/phrases can be used to connect clauses,

sentences and paragraphs. Furthermore, a transitional
word/phrase can be put inside a sentence to make the sentence
smoother.
轉折字＆片語之類別
Types of transitional words and phrases;
相似顯示結果顯示時間順序或解釋; 強調

關係
likewise accordingly first in fact
similarly as a result second namely
in the same way consequently afterward that is
therefore finally actually
in conclusion in other words
meanwhile
previously
next
135
添資訊舉例顯示對比；因果關係相
反；退讓
also for example however
besides for instance in contrast
moreover conversely
furthermore on the contrary
in addition on the other hand
otherwise
even so
nevertheless
句子結構 (Sentence Structure)
獨立子句分轉折字逗獨立子句

號＆片語點
    
Tony is noisy; otherwise, he is a good kid.
轉折字＆片逗獨立子句
語點
  
As a result, Julie went to the party.
逗點轉折逗點
字＆
片語
  
Julie, however, went to the party anyway.
EXAMPLES﹕
He studied hard; in conclusion, he passed the course.
They are popular toys. Besides, the toys are inexpensive.
Tony is not stupid; on the contrary, he is very intelligent.
The railroad connects two cities, namely, Taipei and Taichung.
136
She, in fact, has humor and wisdom.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
《相關連接詞》
相關連接詞可連接字、片語及子句
Correlative conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases and

clauses.
Types of correlative conjunctions (相關連接詞之類別):
添資訊顯示條件給予選擇

not only…but also whether…or either…or
both…and
Sentence Structure﹝句子結構﹞:
Ａ）A comma is needed when connecting two clauses (連接兩子句

時，在第二個相關連接詞前，須加逗點)
第一個相關連獨立子逗點第二個相獨立子句

接詞句關連接詞
    
Tommy is not only an outstanding student, but he is also a good cook.
Ｂ）No comma is needed when connecting words or phrases (連接

字或片語時，在第二個相關連接詞前，不須加逗點).
第一個相關連字或第二個相字或片語

接詞片語關連接詞
   
Rose is not only smart but also beautiful.
137
EXAMPLES﹕
Both Joan and Robert are students.
Either you go on studying, or you should try to get a job.
COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISE
A. WRITE THE SENTENCES CORRECTLY
1. I have had worked in the business company.
______________________________________
2. It can touch our interest.
______________________________________
3. The color isn’t dazzlingly.
___________________________________________
4. The cover of a publication attract us.
___________________________________________
5. It’s boring a little.
138
WARDEN & CHEN APPENDIX: COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISE
___________________________________________
6. Actually, we have not shop desire a little.
___________________________________________
7. It’s good effect.
___________________________________________
8. We can consider to buy it.
___________________________________________
9. Too much pictures, and don’t know where is the point.
___________________________________________
10. The contents is less.
___________________________________________
11. The color of words are not enough dark.
___________________________________________
12. Using the order form are hardly.
___________________________________________
139
13. All of your contents is monotone.
___________________________________________
14. We don’t know where is the point.
___________________________________________
15. The contents and the formal is different.
___________________________________________
16. I am sorry that I can’t agree all your terms.
___________________________________________
17. We had tried to meet your firms hardly.
___________________________________________
18. It spent much money, besides, lower the cost is not easy.
___________________________________________
19. The special designs will spend more time to make it.
___________________________________________
20. Because your order is too many.
140
___________________________________________
21. In your advertisement, I read that your inn offer all kinds of
foods in sixteen country. Also featuring gourmet coffees, espresso
and cappuccino.
___________________________________________
22. I know Donut Inn have the best technique of producing foods.
So I have the highest willing to join you.
___________________________________________
23. Money is famous and pretty good magazine in Taiwan, so I

really interest in your service.
___________________________________________
24. I read some information about how to subscribe magazine on

November.
___________________________________________
25. It make me to have a good expression in school.
___________________________________________
26. Our firm want to do some things for instance Building and
Manufacturing.
___________________________________________
141
27. Thanks for you spend much time read the letter.
___________________________________________
28. At college, where I am a student, and major in international

trade.
___________________________________________
29. I believed the Money magazine is a well journal, moreover,

this journal are beneficial to reader.
___________________________________________
30. Please answer me what hotline services do you have.
___________________________________________
31. There was much report about this.
___________________________________________
32. I must gain much about economic. So I think that Money can
help me to understand about economic.
___________________________________________
33. I am very interesting in the condition.
___________________________________________
142
34. It has much features, for example, it is light and very fashion.
___________________________________________
35. There are many color of our new products that can let you to
choose.
___________________________________________
36. How many students in your school?
___________________________________________
37. I am interested in many American movies; for instance “City

of Angles”, “Lost in Space”, etc.
___________________________________________
38. I went to see the movie Lost In Space last night.
___________________________________________
39. Some of the classes can to be chosen by yourself, for example,

Advertising, japanese, and….etc.
___________________________________________
40. Even though our company have done the best we can, but it
still was happened.
143
___________________________________________
41. Our next guest speaker will be vice president Wang.
___________________________________________
42. Because the government has said, “The economy will not be
prosperous in the coming year.” So we would like to use a different
pricing strategy.
___________________________________________
43. You can sale your products in Asia.
___________________________________________
44. We are noted for its fine service.
___________________________________________
45. Each person should do their homework.
___________________________________________
46. Students like to carry big books so that he looks smart.
___________________________________________
47. All the teachers should bring their book to class.
144
___________________________________________
48. After we received your order, we will have the goods shipped
next month.
___________________________________________
49. I speak with Bill yesterday.
___________________________________________
50. The new computer or the desks is to be purchased first.
___________________________________________
51. This student and teacher is very hard workers.
___________________________________________
52. Before I was hired, the president has spoken to me.
___________________________________________
53. 53.Because a car is expensive, so I have not bought one.
___________________________________________
54. Since I have been a college student, I made many new friends.
___________________________________________
145
55. Neither my sister nor my brother want to help me with my

homework.
___________________________________________
56. Two years ago, I see Fred in England.
___________________________________________
57. Are you a nice parents?
___________________________________________
58. Our company have a anniversary.
___________________________________________
59. If you have children, you must to buy one of our specific
English-Chinese dictionary.
___________________________________________
60. Our dictionary is a very good product, many teacher use it

and the response are very well.
___________________________________________
61. We publish much books.
___________________________________________
146
62. If you have interested in our product, you can call me.
___________________________________________
63. When you need it, you don’t feel boring.
___________________________________________
64. Our company has a person who answer your questions night
and day.
___________________________________________
65. The english-chinese dictionary doesn’t like others which is big

and the words is small.
___________________________________________
66. Bill is a kind people, yet sometimes he still has bad temper.
___________________________________________
67. I have been here as soon as the train started.
___________________________________________
68. Lucky is a dog, every time it barks, as soon as I come back.
___________________________________________
147
69. Her sister is very beautiful; in addition, she is very gently.
___________________________________________
70. I was study hard, yet I unfinished my homework.
___________________________________________
71. Mr. Wang is a very kindly man.
___________________________________________
72. Now I am majoring in Accounting, therefore, I want to find a

job which connected with this.
___________________________________________
73. He studys hard. Therefore, he can pass in the examination.
___________________________________________
74. I have many good idea to sale the product.
___________________________________________
75. As everybody know, your company is the market leader.
___________________________________________
148
76. I will graduate from “National Chung Hsing University” on

July.
___________________________________________
77. I am presently student at Peking University.
___________________________________________
78. Thanks for you spending your valuable time to read.
___________________________________________
79. In Accounting, Investment, Finance, Auditing, and etc., I

consistently scored above eighty.
___________________________________________
80. Thank you for taking the time to look my application.
___________________________________________
81. My experience over the past two years has been a professor
assistant.
___________________________________________
82. It is my pleasure to be vice-president of my class for the last

one year.
149
___________________________________________
83. It can make my job more efficiently.
___________________________________________
84. It hasn’t more specialized.
___________________________________________
85. I am a good typer.
___________________________________________
86. I can type fast, because I’ve worked as a typewriter in my

school’s library.
___________________________________________
87. It is very fit to me.
___________________________________________
88. Although accounting was not my major, but I am very

interested in it very much.
___________________________________________
89. Beside I studied at night so I can working at day.
150
___________________________________________
90. I believe this job that it is fit to me.
___________________________________________
91. The position advertised is just what I am sure my skills are

well suited, for example, bookkeeping and closing the store etc.
___________________________________________
92. I will complete my college degree at June, 2008.
___________________________________________
93. I was major in Applied Foreign Languages.
___________________________________________
94. I can type 50 words one minute.
___________________________________________
95. I major in Financial Accounting, Cost Accounting, Economics,

finacial manage----and so on.
___________________________________________
96. I study many financial course.
151
___________________________________________
97. I know your company that it has fast and efficient digital
technology around the globe.
___________________________________________
98. Can you answer some of my question?
___________________________________________
99. I had looked your advertised in The Asian Wall Street

Journal on March 22.
___________________________________________
100. I have five branch companys in Taiwan.
___________________________________________
101. Our president wanted to offered additional services to our

customers.
___________________________________________
102. We can know all the things in the world soonly.
___________________________________________
103. Let your chlidren more like wear helmet.
152
___________________________________________
104. You can contact with me by mail.
___________________________________________
105. We have a well knowledge of Taiwan market.
___________________________________________
106. We look forward for your reply.
___________________________________________
107. I always know that how the important is in the international

trade.
___________________________________________
108. I am so interested about the franchising that I write to you.
___________________________________________
109. During this two weeks, the salesperson so had call me.
___________________________________________
110. The machine is very loudly.
___________________________________________
153
111. I am sorry to let you receive this letter, but this letter can’t
express my angry.
___________________________________________
112. After washed, I find out a lot of problems.
___________________________________________
113. I am very admire the products of your company.
___________________________________________
114. Because I have been bought your products all the time.
___________________________________________
115. It’s such noble that everyone likes it very much.
___________________________________________
116. Please give me detailed explanation.
___________________________________________
117. After I told to the manager what the event happened.
___________________________________________
118. My classmate was pay attention to clean very much.
154
___________________________________________
119. The color is not bright enough as what we think it will be.
___________________________________________
120. When we tried them on, we can not wear two of these clothes.
___________________________________________
121. I hope you can gave me an answer.
___________________________________________
122. I bought your company’s products to myself at April 24 of

this year.
___________________________________________
123. The clerk told me it need to be repaired.
___________________________________________
124. I told to the manager about problem of my new car.
___________________________________________
125. I cannot contact with my customer on time.
___________________________________________
155
126. I am not hope it cost my money anymore.
___________________________________________
127. I haven’t saw the attitude of a salesman like him, and he make
me felt that I was not respected.
___________________________________________
128. I’ve not get anything so far.
___________________________________________
129. Jason are very surprise and sorry to see this situation.
___________________________________________
130. Although Jason has apologize, I still feel that it is a very

serious to me.
___________________________________________
131. The most biggest and worst problem is I can’t work.
___________________________________________
132. I will work by car everyday.
___________________________________________
156
133. Because I do not like the engine noise of my car very loud, I
hope to your company can fix my car very quickly.
___________________________________________
134. We know that use your company’s car is very comfortable.
___________________________________________
135. I hope you can give me a satisfaction answer.
___________________________________________
136. After I have waited you one month, I take back the radio.
___________________________________________
137. There was only a saler, and he could not make any decision.
___________________________________________
138. You are a trustworthy company and have good credit in the
past.
___________________________________________
139. I took the coffee to a store where I bought it.
___________________________________________
157
140. The watch’s band is so strong that it doesn’t easy to be cut-off.
___________________________________________
141. Maybe you have been heard of our company.
___________________________________________
142. How much money I must pay a month?
___________________________________________
143. You, with 26 years of experience is building a global digital

networks.
___________________________________________
144. My computer just bought one month; therefore, I request you

to fix the computer and don’t pay the maintenance charges.
___________________________________________
145. I drank your milk, I feel not good.
___________________________________________
146. After this explanation, I wish you gave me a few money as

indemnify.
___________________________________________
158
147. This wrong doesn’t the first time to happen.
___________________________________________
148. The bank should pay attention and cares to deal with
transaction of credit card.
___________________________________________
149. I’ll glad to get the mail from you if you mail it before May 7.
___________________________________________
150. Your solution make me satisfy.
___________________________________________
151. I go to shopping at Sogo department store.
___________________________________________
152. I spent five hundred dollars buy it.
___________________________________________
153. I did got my fish after more three minutes.
___________________________________________
154. I think that he find out the product can not ready right now.
159
___________________________________________
155. I discovered that the question was took place again.
___________________________________________
156. At present, I took a similar button to patch the shirt, but the
shirt lose it’s special style.
___________________________________________
157. When I get up every morning, I always fell very sad for my
hair.
___________________________________________
158. During the following week, I found the machine has many
fault. For example, the problem of water leakage, electric leakage,
and noise etc.
___________________________________________
159. I request they repair it, I would have to pay for the repairs.
___________________________________________
160. I look forward to get your response.
___________________________________________
160
161. After the repairs were finished, I drived it yesterday, the same
problem occurred.
___________________________________________
162. I wish your business go well.
___________________________________________
163. I can not able to put it on.
___________________________________________
164. I am sick about her manner and my loss is very serious.
___________________________________________
165. I brought the bicycle to fix.
___________________________________________
166. I did not want to give up it.
___________________________________________
167. If I insisted to fix, I would spent a lot of money on it.
___________________________________________
168. After I had drunk half the milk, I felt so sickness.
161
___________________________________________
169. I have been to buy as well, but it still have a lots of problem.
___________________________________________
170. You should do those solutions so that prevent this situation

will happen again.
___________________________________________
171. I hope you can teach the salesman how to getting politeness.
___________________________________________
172. After three days, the salesman told me that I must paid $800
for watch.
___________________________________________
173. In my opinion, there are three place must to be promote.
___________________________________________
174. Taiwan’s economy is set to grow by over five percent this year.
___________________________________________
175. If the decision that the government make is correct, the

Taiwan economy is optimistic in the future.
162
___________________________________________
176. Taiwan did well in “Asia Economic Crisis”, but the “GNP” of
Taiwan is lowing.
___________________________________________
177. They think that those bad companys should be fired in

obtaining illegal information.
___________________________________________
178. The technic of manufacturing industries depend on the Japan

become serious.
___________________________________________
179. President Lee said “If the government can establish sound
economic structure ， the economy in Taiwan has greater
potentiality”.
___________________________________________
180. I hope to invite you to go to a party, for our boss of our

company want to held a birthday party.
___________________________________________
181. I want you send some information about learning English for
me.
163
___________________________________________
182. When I read English books, I always feel boring.
___________________________________________
183. I want to know how to buy?
___________________________________________
184. The application letter that was written for three weeks ago.
___________________________________________
185. I have not saw you for a long time. Please remember to
contract me.
___________________________________________
186. If we can develop this market successful, it will take our

company a lot of profits.
___________________________________________
187. Please list the table which include related cost, expense, and
profitability and so on.
___________________________________________
188. We can dance and drink beer very crazy.
164
___________________________________________
189. For this reason, we want to have a memorable trip before we

separated.
___________________________________________
190. In order to keep touch and know everyone’s plans in the

future, we will have a meet, and we’ll plan to hold a barbecue and
camping activities in Ta-Tu mountain.
___________________________________________
191. If you join the party, you must take your necessaries.
___________________________________________
192. We expect that we’ll meet everyone at 10 th October, 1999.
___________________________________________
193. Because of the business and family, everyone call have no time
to get together.
___________________________________________
194. The party is end at PM 10:00.
___________________________________________
165
195. At the same time, there has a specialty rock group which
provide wonderful music, and let you sing and dance happily.
___________________________________________
196. We have gotten along together since1994 to 1999.
___________________________________________
197. We want to account the numbers of people, so we hope that

each classmate could response this message quickly.
___________________________________________
198. We hope everybody to the party.
___________________________________________
199. In order to improve our friendship so we hope everybody can

join this activity.
___________________________________________
200. For celebrating us graduate from college, I hold a trip.
___________________________________________
201. Although this charge is a little expensive, it is very value.
___________________________________________
166
202. Although these proposals look like expensive. But this activity
just cost $3,500.
___________________________________________
203. Since we meet 5 years ago, we have studied together for a long
time.
___________________________________________
204. Since we graduated, we don’t see each other a long time.
___________________________________________
205. Because it can let us to get together again, and remaining the
best recollection.
___________________________________________
206. We divide the class to seven groups; each group should get
ready a program for this party.
___________________________________________
207. We make a decision to holding a party in FORMOSA

restaurant.
___________________________________________
208. We are sincere inviting every schoolmate to attend the party.
167
___________________________________________
209. Every people dress in and come to the party.
___________________________________________
210. If you have a dog or a cat, please don’t bring them with you.
___________________________________________
211. If you drive a car to join the party, you can park your car in
their parking spaces of the hotel.
___________________________________________
212. Every graduation student will has a ticket and a ticket cost
$700.
___________________________________________
213. The party is to hold at May 31, 1999 in the Grand Formosa
Hotel.
___________________________________________
214. As we having dinner, suddenly we found a dead cockroach in

a bowl of soup.
___________________________________________
168
215. Every people come to the party and dress.
___________________________________________
216. Do you want to make your lips more sexy?
___________________________________________
217. When you put on one, you will notice, you can show your
shoulders that increase sexibility and mature.
___________________________________________
218. This new product is design in a purpose for convenience.
___________________________________________
219. Did you find your abdomen or ass were bigger and bigger?
___________________________________________
220. It is so a good product that you can believe its efficacity.
___________________________________________
221. Is your eyes more spirit and charming?
___________________________________________
169
222. Our new product, which is made of some revolutionary

materials can keep you from cold.
___________________________________________
223. ACME is a company to manufacture various sorts of clothes.
___________________________________________
224. Have you ever perplex for bringing a big leather handbag to
go shopping? Now, you don’t worring about this problem because
our company decline a new style handbag.
___________________________________________
225. The New style handbag not only small but also useful.
___________________________________________
226. I am so glad to hear that our air conditioning system work

very well in your large buildings.
___________________________________________
227. I am interested about your program.
___________________________________________
228. There are things more exciting than driving trucks.
170
___________________________________________
229. Both of eight people will look for a work when we graduated.
___________________________________________
230. I can not able to put it on.
___________________________________________
231. In my impression, you are one of the most famous star.
___________________________________________
232. My work includes promoting products, communicating.
___________________________________________
233. So my sales experience is well.
___________________________________________
234. As long as you give me an opportunity, I will do it best.
___________________________________________
235. I am thinking about that whether I will subscription your

magazine for a long time.
___________________________________________
171
236. It is spent thirty-five hours in the classroom.
___________________________________________
237. You can get many knowledge.
___________________________________________
238. Our every teacher is conscientious, friendly, and they all have
responsiblities.
___________________________________________
239. My school will be a college soon, so you can join us in future.
___________________________________________
240. I hope my answer is helpful for you.
___________________________________________
241. Thank you for interesting to our school.
___________________________________________
242. If you are failed some courses, you have to study them again
until you pass it.
___________________________________________
172
243. I know you can make a best choose, because you are a smart
people.
___________________________________________
244. I hope you can satisfy with my answers.
___________________________________________
245. I believe that all of they will impress you.
___________________________________________
246. He is a talent, yet he doesn’t like study.
___________________________________________
247. I want to listen to music, yet I don’t have radio.
___________________________________________
248. I haven’t see the movie “Scream” yet.
___________________________________________
249. His wife being there, so I said nothing about it.
___________________________________________
250. The teacher talked to his student, for he insulted him.
173
___________________________________________
251. Bob wanted to see his daughter’s game, yet he hasn’t free time.
___________________________________________
252. As a farmer, we had the opportunity to see magazine.
___________________________________________
253. People always use makeup remover to instead lip color

cleansing.
___________________________________________
254. It’s time to go the party, yet I didn’t dress up.
___________________________________________
255. My brother can’t go to school, for his feet was hurt.
___________________________________________
256. You can’t talk in class and after going home, you can’t watch
TV.
___________________________________________
257. Tom wants to go to Japan, yet he hasn’t save many money.
174
___________________________________________
258. I’ll not go to the party unless you invited me.
___________________________________________
259. The walkman is too expensive.
___________________________________________
260. He looks like a teacher. In fact he just a student.
___________________________________________
261. You must study hardly, otherwise you will get bad grades.
___________________________________________
262. Jacky is satisfied of himself. On the other hand, he is

confident of victory.
___________________________________________
263. A food containing extracts from wheat and soybean oil rich in
vitamin E..
___________________________________________
264. I got up in six; afterward, I ate breakfast.
175
___________________________________________
265. I have to look for a job after I graduate.
___________________________________________
266. It’s so crowd in the classroom until the teacher comes.
___________________________________________
267. It was rain when I went to school today.
___________________________________________
268. Reading books is a good habit; moreover, it can get more

knowledge.
___________________________________________
269. He told us such a funny stories that we all laughed.
___________________________________________
270. She will go aboard after she finished the college.
___________________________________________
271. While I go to school, my motorcycle was broken.
___________________________________________
176
272. I like going fishing.
___________________________________________
273. As long as it rains, I’ll not to go touring.
___________________________________________
274. You although get a good job even if you work not hard you
will be fired.
___________________________________________
275. Although he is so bright; nevertheless, I dislike him.
___________________________________________
276. Steven isn’t American; in fact, he is English.
___________________________________________
277. Since I’ve no driver’s license, I can’t drive a car.
___________________________________________
278. Unless there is an emergency, please don’t wake up me.
___________________________________________
177
279. Every little girls very like Barbie; nevertheless, have more
girls like Holly Kitty.
___________________________________________
280. You are really humor, even so, I hate you.
___________________________________________
281. Mrs. Lee is a patient woman; therefore, everyone all like to

talk to her.
___________________________________________
282. My Mother buys much vegetables.
___________________________________________
283. There was a big earthquake in Taiwan in September 21.
___________________________________________
284. My English grade is awful; in contrast, My Math grade is

perfect.
___________________________________________
285. He is do smart more than other classmates.
___________________________________________
178
286. The park is beautiful more than anywhere, for instance, the
flowers are big and beautiful in it.
___________________________________________
287. He paid no attention to my warning until he has an accident.
___________________________________________
288. When I went shopping last Saturday, I saw a man drive his
car our sidewalk.
___________________________________________
289. There are not promotional purposes.
___________________________________________
290. There are many information about cars.
___________________________________________
291. The promotion letter designs very well.
___________________________________________
292. There are no any price on promotion letter.
___________________________________________
179
293. If customer buy a car, they will get free magazines an year.
___________________________________________
294. The styles of the cars are fashion.
___________________________________________
295. It makes me interesting.
___________________________________________
296. We always shipped by sea freight, and it will spend six to eight
weeks in shipment.
___________________________________________
297. Because time is hard, so we can provide our best prices and
terms with you.
___________________________________________
298. Because the time pressure, please contact as possible as you

can.
___________________________________________
299. The information is not surely
___________________________________________
180
300. I speak as though I’m afraid eveything.
___________________________________________
301. It seems not very difficult that get along with other people
while I must suit a new environment.
___________________________________________
302. I’m polite more than my brother.
___________________________________________
303. Known as “Certified Organic Cotton”, it is grown in field

which have been free of pesticides and pesticides.
___________________________________________
304. Let we talk about the feelings of people.
___________________________________________
305. We must to confront the problem.
___________________________________________
306. Let us studying knowledge very much.
___________________________________________
181
307. We will graduate in the June, we will missing you.
___________________________________________
308. Those methods can make our society to lower lots of guilts.
___________________________________________
309. I would like to wait your order.
___________________________________________
310. You just pay $300 per month, you will save $50 than buy
other magazines.
___________________________________________
311. We can finish whole products before July 1, and shipped

before July 5.
___________________________________________
312. We appreciate your quickly response.
___________________________________________
313. We would sent the special designs to you as possible as

quickly.
___________________________________________
182
314. The special designs were our new products, so we still have
not many units can offer you in a few time.
___________________________________________
315. We must have to ship two times.
___________________________________________
316. It is our wrong.
___________________________________________
317. We can not accept because there are many companys order
our product.
___________________________________________
318. We have a lot of orders to do.
___________________________________________
319. One of my skills is typing computer.
___________________________________________
320. My salary is too less money.
___________________________________________
183
321. The products are not suit for me.
___________________________________________
322. The order list is easy to lost.
___________________________________________
323. You can contact us at AM: 9:00—PM: 6:00.
___________________________________________
324. It looks not clear and refined.
___________________________________________
325. The products are variety.
___________________________________________
326. The price is to high.
___________________________________________
327. The discount and a gift is attractive.
___________________________________________
328. The styles of lipsticks is various.
184
___________________________________________
329. It introduce very detailed of products.
___________________________________________
330. Some of the grammers is wrong.
___________________________________________
331. Nowadays when people shopping in the department, they

always spend a large money to buy a lot of things a year.
___________________________________________
332. This price will make us to sale your products easier.
___________________________________________
333. The address is not obviously.
___________________________________________
334. The first impression not bad.
___________________________________________
335. The word is arranged not delicate.
___________________________________________
185
336. You will gain 20 percent discount and a mystic present.
___________________________________________
337. The cover of a book is so beauty.
___________________________________________
338. It can’t build our interesting.
___________________________________________
339. It has a sample and very special.
___________________________________________
340. Our product is direct sell, therefore we have lower price.
___________________________________________
341. It has not way to purchase.
___________________________________________
342. Let the reader wants to open it.
___________________________________________
343. We produce a wide range of high quality furniture. Rockers,

dining sets, oval cocktail, daybeds, and much more….
186
___________________________________________
344. The products are very attract me.
___________________________________________
345. It is catch my heart.
___________________________________________
346. The products are colors and beautiful.
___________________________________________
347. We think that we don’t to buy.
___________________________________________
348. They don’t have a order form.
___________________________________________
349. I am interesting to see.
___________________________________________
350. It not have company’s address.
___________________________________________
187
351. It has not free postage.
___________________________________________
352. We don’t needs this product.
___________________________________________
353. The products’ introduction are detailed.
___________________________________________
354. It doesn’t to prevent skin ageing.
___________________________________________
355. The compositions don’t be introduced very clearly.
___________________________________________
356. There are no trial product.
___________________________________________
357. You can free and comfortable enjoy eating a delicious cake.
___________________________________________
358. The price is clear and cheap.
188
___________________________________________
359. If we want to buy, we will action.
___________________________________________
360. The effection of products looks very well.
___________________________________________
361. It tell us how to buy it.
___________________________________________
362. Welcome order and ask for catalog. We have free of try to eat.
___________________________________________
363. The word is very confused.
___________________________________________
364. The pictures are not printed good.
___________________________________________
365. The above order table mean that total amount are $336,000.
___________________________________________
189
366. Because you order over 1500 units, we offer 30% discount. So
that you just pay $235,200.
___________________________________________
367. If you have any other questions, please contact with us.
___________________________________________
368. It has high quality, light and hardy, and saving energy etc.
___________________________________________
369. It will become very useful tools to you.
___________________________________________
370. If your company order more than 10,000 unit, we can give
twenty-five percent discount.
___________________________________________
371. All price of the computer is in this catalog.
___________________________________________
372. We are pleased to have this opportunity to show you some of

our company’s newest notebook computer.
___________________________________________
190
373. We will go to Sun Moon Lake to enjoy ourself.
___________________________________________
374. We must to confront the problem.
___________________________________________
375. Our workers are carelessly to make this product unperfect.
___________________________________________
376. After received your complaint letter, our engineer have check
out the problem.
___________________________________________
377. There was a young girl which was kidnapped.
___________________________________________
378. It has good laws, polices, government to protect us.
___________________________________________
379. Yesterday, I readed a article about ransom in the United

Newspaper.
___________________________________________
191
380. We got some accomplishment in Economic.
___________________________________________
381. People are not farsightedness.
___________________________________________
382. Now the public security of our society becomes more and
more bad.
___________________________________________
383. Many people disregard the feeling of sorrowful.
___________________________________________
384. The matter is sad, indignant.
___________________________________________
385. We can as soon as delivery your goods.
___________________________________________
386. It is as possible as we can do.
___________________________________________
387. We will happy to response it.
192
___________________________________________
388. Our company can accept two request but the other request I
am sorry that we can’t accept.
___________________________________________
389. We will spend many money.
___________________________________________
390. The order write the TV type, price and quantity.
___________________________________________
391. Because the shipments’ job is too much in June, they cannot
find out the time to ship our products.
___________________________________________
392. The special designs must spend many times to produce.
___________________________________________
393. Our products are made the best materials because we hope
everybody wearing our clothes are comfortable.
___________________________________________
394. The prices are very cheaper than other company.
193
___________________________________________
395. We would like to help you as much as I can.
___________________________________________
396. However, mistakes made by using uncarefully.
___________________________________________
397. Our company is selling the highest quality products for thirty
years.
___________________________________________
398. I have verified that the camera were delivered.
___________________________________________
399. Let me tell you, the mistake did not take place within our
company.
___________________________________________
400. We have not any case that allow to return money before.
___________________________________________
401. The manager and salesman of the store informed me that the
camera look like has been hit.
194
___________________________________________
402. We think that these colors will be interested by reader.
___________________________________________
403. Last week, my friend lent me a Money.
___________________________________________
404. I major in Business Administration. So that I need to enrich

extra knowledge from books, magazines, news….
___________________________________________
405. It could help me to get lots of knowledge and learn English,

etc.
___________________________________________
406. I have a few question about money.
___________________________________________
407. If I want to order it, I can get how much discount.
___________________________________________
408. Fortune provide the students to read and the teachers read.
195
___________________________________________
409. Some question I hope you can solve for me.
___________________________________________
410. It will must be popular by most readers.
___________________________________________
411. I am a student now, and I became your reader for my friend

told me last year.
___________________________________________
412. If you have any new informations, please notify me.
___________________________________________
413. It could help me to get lots of knowledge and learn English,

etc.
___________________________________________
414. I punish everyone who makes mistakes even if they are my

relatives.
___________________________________________
196
415. Our company have found the mistake did not take place
within our company.
___________________________________________
416. The good was damaged in transit beyond our control.
___________________________________________
417. Our company have many products.
___________________________________________
418. The customers have never been happened this problem.

Therefore, this problem hardly possible happened.
___________________________________________
419. There are many possiblity of this problem.
___________________________________________
420. Are not you careful read our directions?
___________________________________________
421. So when you bought this camera, you must check it yet.
___________________________________________
197
422. If you did not fell satisfy.
___________________________________________
423. We know the trouble to cause you much inconvenient.
___________________________________________
424. You can fix the camera without money.
___________________________________________
425. The Minita XL-80 camera, you purchased from our store is
the latest product and many people like it.
___________________________________________
426. Our company will pay the fix expense.
___________________________________________
427. The cause could be you not use fit film.
___________________________________________
428. I believe you will be satisfied at those cameras.
___________________________________________
429. We will do our best to solute your problems.
198
___________________________________________
430. Because there are no problems on the camera, so we cannot

return the price for you.
___________________________________________
431. I hope you understand my hard.
___________________________________________
432. We cannot agree to all of your request at all.
___________________________________________
433. We will send the products to you as possible as soon.
___________________________________________
434. Our price will be arise ten percent because the labor cost will
be arise.
___________________________________________
435. Although we can understand that Christmas season will

arrive after one month, but we cannot change our sell policy.
___________________________________________
199
436. You can compare with the other company, our prices are
more lower.
___________________________________________
437. Follow your require, we will be shipped all products in

November.
___________________________________________
438. Because it is the new designs, that we don’t have enough

goods on hands.
___________________________________________
439. We are look forward your message.
___________________________________________
440. Your new price list and samples, which we received on March
20.
___________________________________________
441. When we wear Dream pajamas feel comfortable, and

relaxation.
___________________________________________
442. Our company that you can flexible in your pricing policy.
200
___________________________________________
443. If you want to order, please right now.
___________________________________________
444. We will ship immediately, let you can sale at the first time.
___________________________________________
445. When you drive to work, shuttling the kids back and forth
even meet a friend for lunch, this is the things to do every day.
___________________________________________
446. We are confident that you will success with your own
company.
___________________________________________
447. We will discount the price fifteen percent.
___________________________________________
448. I ever taken English stage play and got first-rate grade.
___________________________________________
449. It has been my pleasure to a English teacher of my class.
201
___________________________________________
450. I have learned how to use typing machine when I was a

student.
___________________________________________
451. I have joined the tests of Chinese typing two years ago.
___________________________________________
452. My salary expected is 30,000.
___________________________________________
453. I am a honest, polite, dignify and responsible person.
___________________________________________
454. I feel confident that my English abilities are sufficient suited

for this position.
___________________________________________
455. Money magazine give me much information, and let me know

much thing about money.
___________________________________________
202
456. I would like to be one of people who makes your company

excel in the electronic parts market.
___________________________________________
457. I have a great of patience and my skills is well with others.
___________________________________________
458. Besides, I passed the English test, which is holded by

government, and got licence.
___________________________________________
459. When I am a student, I attend various tests that included

accounting test, English typing and Chinese typing.
___________________________________________
460. The working of secretary involved good communication,

patient and good computer skill.
___________________________________________
461. I will quit my job when I graduate from my school on June.
___________________________________________
462. We thank our teachers that teach us so hard.
203
___________________________________________
463. Our class will have a party for educators at six o’clock pm on
May 27th.
___________________________________________
464. Your skill has some problem.
___________________________________________
465. The shape attracts to me.
___________________________________________
466. Your company in Taiwan is a way big one, so, every young
people like to wear your clothes.
___________________________________________
467. Would you mind give me a pair of new basketball shoes?
___________________________________________
468. I punish someone who make mistakes.
___________________________________________
469. He can speak many jokes and he can speak it on the right time.
204
___________________________________________
470. I am very humorous so everyone like me very much.
___________________________________________
471. Even though I was so sad, I still gived her a cheery greeting.
___________________________________________
472. Although I’m cheery but sometimes very shy when I talk to a
strange.
___________________________________________
473. You have to take exercise, or you’ll get fat.
___________________________________________
474. He must study English, or he will not find a good work.
___________________________________________
475. John is very tall, yet he plays bad basketball.
___________________________________________
476. I was so dull that I had to study the math hardly.
___________________________________________
205
477. Smith was made his homework first; afterward, he plays

baseketball.
___________________________________________
478. Sue got a good grades, for she studied hard.
___________________________________________
479. Tom’s behaves sometimes like a idiot.
___________________________________________
480. Today is not good day. Ann’s dog has lost; furthermore, her
money also gets lost.
___________________________________________
481. This is a square where people usually give a open-air concert.
___________________________________________
482. The Boss has given me a rise recently, for I works until 12
o’clock a.m. every day.
___________________________________________
483. Although I am not a good man, but my humor let me have

many girl friends.
206
___________________________________________
484. At college, where I am a student, and major in international

trade.
___________________________________________
485. If you have any idea about this question, please give me your
think.
___________________________________________
486. Please take my apology.
___________________________________________
487. In contrast, other countries of Asia: Japan and South Korea,

Taiwan is affected fewer than other countries.
___________________________________________
488. The position of accounting assistant is interested in me.
___________________________________________
489. English class and English conversation class have studied five
years.
___________________________________________
207
490. I sales a lot of computer.
___________________________________________
491. My job is handled documents and answering phones.
___________________________________________
492. I’m full of energetic. As a result, I was admitted.
___________________________________________
493. I’m patient for other people; consequently, they call me

“Angle”.
___________________________________________
494. There was much news report about this.
___________________________________________
495. Let’s go to the theater; afterward, we go to shopping.
___________________________________________
496. The company has gone broke; in other words, the company
was over.
___________________________________________
208
497. Your arguments are very convincing; nevertheless, I do not

think that he was once a murder.
___________________________________________
498. I had took your airplane from Taipei to Tokyo on February 4.
___________________________________________
499. I hope to see the obviously improve when I take your airline
next time.
___________________________________________
500. We hope that the future will not happen like this anymore.
___________________________________________
501. I hope you can answer me, thank you.
___________________________________________
502. Even though our trip had much fun, there were still lacks.
___________________________________________
503. The customers can use it more convenient.
___________________________________________
209
504. We will take more careful on making products.
___________________________________________
505. In addition to, we don’t have produced the camera, you might
buy an imitation.
___________________________________________
506. If you don’t satisfied to salesman and manager’s service

attitude, you can mail camera to head office to fix it.
___________________________________________
507. I am interested of the position.
___________________________________________
508. I studied English language for two years.
___________________________________________
509. I learned English for eight years, so I can talk to an american

very natural.
___________________________________________
510. The credit card is very delicate, and color is very conspicuous.
___________________________________________
210
511. Tom is lazy; otherwise, he is good boy.
___________________________________________
512. I took the coffee to a store where I bought it.
___________________________________________
513. The Hotel Ha Lai is an excellent place to relax, conduct

business, or to enjoy a banquet.
___________________________________________
514. You will surprize to find we have one hundred and sixty kinds
produces.
___________________________________________
515. This lipstick make by the nature raw material, never use any
chemical.
___________________________________________
516. Are your childs want a surprise?
___________________________________________
B. USE CONNECTORS TO CONNECT

SENTENCES
As written in the U.S. Constitution, the Federal Government is divided into three
branches: the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Each branch has a
211
different function. The three together possess the total power of the U.S.
Government. The executive branch gives the country a single identifiable leader.
The President is commander in chief of the armed forces. The President is
responsible for all foreign relations. The executive branch holds little power
domestically. Most of the responsibility for domestic issues belongs to the other two
branches of government.
The legislative branch creates the nation’s laws. It is responsible for raising
government revenue through taxation. Congress itself has two parts: The House of
Representatives and The Senate. The House of Representatives is made up of 435
representatives (in 1992). The population size of each state determines the number
of representatives sent to Washington D.C. The larger the state, the more
representatives it will have. The size of the House of Representatives can fluctuate.
Each representative is elected from the town he or she lives. The representative’s
job is to stand for the interests of normal citizens. The term for a representative is
two years. The Senate has two senators from each state. Its size is always 100
senators. Once elected, in a statewide election, a senator serves six years. The
Senate represents state and national interests.
C. USE CONNECTORS TO CONNECT

SENTENCES.
Today’s processed fast foods have not taken into consideration the complexities of
the human diet. Modern farming methods have produced more foods. Many
argue that the food has become less healthy. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides
have ensured abundant harvests. The same chemicals that help to grow more food
can build up in the food itself. These chemicals enter the body when we eat. The
food may look good. Many people doubt its nutritional value.
Such health concerns have encouraged numerous companies to manufacture and

market vitamin supplements. Supplements are intended to improve the nutrient
content of our diets. Many consumers are persuaded to buy supplements. Few
doctors presently encourage the taking of supplements. Many doctors assert that
the dangers of our modern diet are overstated. They say that we get all the
vitamins and minerals we need in our normal diets.
D. EDITING FOR PROBLEMS:

Money can bring many good thing into a person’s life, however, there are numerous
things in any one’s life that money cannot buy. It are easy to become so involved
with making, manipulate and spent money that a person can forgets the other
aspects of life.
212
E. EDITING FOR PROBLEMS:

Our interests change as we grew older. What makes a person most happy depend
on his age. Play are of central importance to children. Love comes first for young
people. Understanding is what characterizes old age. Old people; however, should
not be content with the understanding they have. In their later years, people should
learn something every day. This learning need not be at a quick and excited pace,
but at a slow and relaxed speed. In this way, the older person can grow his
understanding into true wise. Just as young people spend great amounts of energy
finding and experiencing beauty. Mature people should expend energy finding pure
knowledge.
F. EDITING FOR PROBLEMS:
Martin luther king, Jr. (1929-1968) was a black american

clergyman and civil rights leader, he receive the 1964 noble peace
prize for his work towards racial equality in the U.S. King lead the
civil rights movement in the late 1950s and 1960s. A strong believer
in non-violent tactics, king organized some of the most succesful
protest, like the washington march, 1963. In that demonstration,
250,000 people marched to washington, D.C., from around the
country to force the government to pass the civil rights act and
voting rights act.
Martin luther king, Jr. look forward to a time in the future when
every person would be judged by hir or her character rather then
appearance. In king’s view of the world, whether a person has
black or white skin do not matter at all.
213
G. EDITING FOR PROBLEMS:
If you want your perception and opinion to be believed, you must

express your viewpoint in composed, level-head, and unemotion
manner. All passion, emotion and fanaticism comes from the will.
It is know as the seat of our emotions. Knowledge, on the other
hand, is natural detached, impartial and neutral. We want our
intelligence to be credited as the source of our viewpoint, we must
present our views as bare facts.
H. EDITING FOR PROBLEMS:
Is the American dream equally attainable by all? Many would like

to believe so. If we listen to the message coming form American’s
pop culture of folk and rap music, we are confronted with the black
voice crying out about America’s racial inequality, for example, in
Tracy Chapman’s song Across the lines, we can hear about the
physical boundaries designating where african-Americans and
caucasian-Americans are allowed to live. Chapman, a black singer,
sings of crossing over that boundary into the riots of the black
territory. The all too frequent riots create fear on the white side of
the boundary, while the inequality and segregation of african-
Americans contribute to the riots on the black side. Tracy sins,
“The back streets of America—they kill the dream of America”.
The reality of America is that the American dream is beyond the
grasp of most American minority. This true is not new, it has been
part of American history for the past four hundred year.
214
I. EDITING FOR PROBLEMS:
Thanks to modern medicine, human beings around world are living

more long than ever. Most of us can expect to live into our
seventies and some of us will even live beyond seventies. It is ironic,
however, that longevity bring some challenges that may makes our
old age nothing more than a time of clouded confusion and physical
incapacity. Researchers is hard at work to find answers to
questions about the effects aging has on the human brain.
As many as eighty percent of the elderly will suffer some loss of

their mental faculties. In some cases, the results is tragic.
Degenerative diseases of the brain such as Alzheimer’s disease and
Parkinson’s disease impact the central nervous system and the
brain. A victims of Alzheimer’s disease may forget his/her family
and friends, where (s)he lives and even who (s)he is. Alzheimer’s
disease primarily affects the brain, on other hand, Parkinson’s
disease mainly impact the central nervous system. This system
conducted signals to the nerves throughout the body. When these
types of disease strike, the results are catastrophic. The individual
and his family suffers as the control of the body and mind is slowly
lost. In an attempt to prevent the suffering. dotors have been
working hard to find the causes and cures for these brain
inflictions.
215
WARDEN & CHEN APPENDIX: INDEX
INDEX
apostrophe, 33 heading, 126
business letters, 124 independent clause
capitalization and a colon, 13
names of days, 39 with a dash, 12
of official titles, 38 with a semicolon, 28
of poem, 36 independent clauses
of product names, 39 joined by semicolon, 79
of publications, 37 use of comma with, 22
collective nouns introductions
and verb number, 59 comma use with, 22
colon, 12–13 introductory paragraphs, 99
with quotation mark, 7 irregular verbs, 70
coma italics, 3
with conjunctions, 23 lists, 2–3
comma, 20–24 noun
abbreviations, 15 pronoun agreement, 50
conjunctions, 21 noun clause
independent clauses, 21 and verb number, 59
nonrestrictive clauses, 15 paragraph
professional title, 15 structure, 95–99
restrictive adjective clauses, 16 topics, 96
comma splice, 78 transition, 97
composition period
begining to write, 94 with quotation mark, 7
first paragraph, 99 possessive, 33
last paragraph, 99 pronoun
compositions, 28–29 noun agreement, 50
conjunction proofreading, 104
with comma, 23 question mark
coordinating conjunction with quotation mark, 8
with a semicolon, 28 quotation mark
copying with titles, 9
and quotation marks, 7 relative pronoun, 73
dash, 12–13 report
how to form one, 13 reference, 105
date line, 125 salutation, 124
dependent semicolon, 28–29
phrases & clauses with quotation mark, 7
with comma, 23 sentence fragments, 74
dialogue, 96 sentences
dictionary, 111 comma splice, 78
direct quotation, 105 negative form, 102
enclosure notation, 127 wordy, 103–4
216
WARDEN & CHEN APPENDIX: INDEX
shall, 70 titles of office, 132

subordinating conjunction, 73 underline, 2–3
summarize verb
using a dash, 12 subject agreement, 58
synonyms, 111 verbs
thesaurus, 111 tense, 68
titles will, 70
with quotation marks, 9 wordy, 103
217
. Period 句點 English is an important
language.
, Comma 逗點 Many years later, Jane

found her son.
: Colon 冒號 At school you need to do

only one thing: study.
’ Apostrophe 所有格符
號；省略號
These are Antony’s toys.
? Mark 問號
Question How much did it cost?
! Mark 感嘆號
Exclamation 驚嘆號； I love my job!
__ Dash 破折號 We were in love--he said.
- Hyphen 連字號 I had to learn the pronun-

ciation of many words.
; Semicolon 分號 The sky is dark; it will rain

soon.
Quotation
“” Marks 引號
Bill said, “I cannot go on
any longer.”
ISBN 978-0-9799042-2-6
Book
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EDITION

Clyde A. Warden, Ph.D. & Judy F. Chen, Ph.D.

Clyde A. Warden, Ph.D.

The Handbook of Quick Business Letters

Quick Negotiations in English

Quick Presentations in English

QBL Quick Business Letters

QBL Tools Software

For more information on any

Book and cover design by Clyde A. Warden, Ph.D.

MARKINGS (標點符號) ------------------------------------------- 1-46

SENTENCES (句子) ----------------------------------------------- 47-92

COMPOSITIONS (作文) -------------------------------------- 93-120

COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISE（綜合練習） ----------- 139-215

INDEX (索引) --------------------------------------------------- 217-218

 titles of radio programs

 titles of television programs

Fatal Attraction Underline

When writing English, you must underline titles of publications,

Use an underline when writing by hand or using a computer.

I read about your company in The Asian Wall Street Journal.

I read Time every day.

Modern Management gave me the new idea.

I sent my paper to Discovery.

That article came from The Free China Review.

Bill has a subscription to The Washington Post. (title of a

Economic Outlook is a journal that is mostly read by economists,

Next Wednesday you should watch I Love My Neighbors on

Sleeper, Woody Alan’s film, will be released on videotape soon.

We will sail to Europe on the Queen Mary II. (name of a ship)

The shuttle Columbia will launch next week. (name of a spaceship)

1) Did you ever read the book Charlotte’s Web, by E. B.

2) I want a subscription to The Free China Review magazine.

3) The China Post is the newspaper Bill reads.

4) Last month, my article was published in the New Economics

7) Every night, you can practice your English by listening to Studio

8) Did you ever see the television show Get Smart?

9) I want to name the ship after my mother: Laurabell.

12) Have you seen the classic movie Citizen Kane?

“Where did she go”? Punctuation outside

The trouble with using quotation marks is ? knowing how to use

1) When a period or a comma is at the end of a quotation,

Yesterday, Bill told me, “I just cannot study any more.”

2) A colon, dash, or semicolon should always be placed outside

Mary said, “I am tired of going to school so much”—Monday,

He spoke quite loudly, “I cannot go on”; his feet, however, began

3) Question marks can sometimes go inside the right quotation

John asked me, “Will you come with me?”

Mary quickly asked him, “Do you love me?”

4) When the quotation is not a question, the question mark

Do you believe she said, “I never loved him”?

How could he say, “You can’t stay with me”?

5) If both the quotation and the sentence are questions, the

Do you understand the question, “Which came first, the chicken or

Is it possible that she asked, “When will all of the money be

6) Quotation marks are also used around the titles of articles,

Spring Snow contains a chapter called “Love.”

Bobby McFerrin’s song “Don’t Worry Be Happy” is a great song

The President said, “We must unite in a common cause.”

His first word was, “Mommy.”

The most important question is, “How much does it cost?”

What do you mean when you say, “I feel so so”?

Do you understand the statement, “I feel so very bad”?