Grammar in Context by Hugh Gethin Notes

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Grammar in context by Hugh Gethin - notes
Lingwistyka stosowana (Uniwersytet Warszawski)
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1B EXERCISE 1 p.17,18
There is a choice between aspects. It depends

2. had worked/had been working on whether you wish to portray the event as
4. worked/was working a stretch of time (go with Continuous) or as
a point (use Simple).
The paragraph praises her, but experience does not come

naturally, so we choose ‘had acquired’ (‘Not only had she
3. had acquired worked there, but also had acquired some experience’),
because without ‘had’ it sounds bad, less emphatic.
Entry 13 and 14 present a similar situation.
13. had won

Past Perfect is used here to indicate the contrast –
14. had lost even if they had won several battles before, it
didn’t help them to win the war in the end.
‘would have been’ would be correct but it’s

18. was NON-FACT and here it doesn’t make sense
stylistically. Besides, we are not supposed to use
this form in this exercise.
Both are correct. The only difference is about the emphasis

19. didn’t survive/hadn’t survived that is stronger when you go with Past Perfect. If you
translate it to Polish, you will get ‘’nie zdołał dożyć’’.
If we put ‘was ringing’, there will be emphasis on the

23. rang phone’s ringing itself instead of someone was trying to get in
touch with them.
‘he is/was to blame...’ Coś może mieć strukturę

29. is 30. have missed Reported Speech, ale może nią nie być.
29. was 30. missed ‘was to blame’ – opisowość, nie zgodność czasu
‘What have you done with yourself...’

31. have you been doing (with yourself) DIFFERENT MEANING XD
‘I have been in Stockholm since I last saw you’

It doesn’t mean he was in Stockholm the whole time.
33. have been
last saw have been now
35. were you His stay there is already over, it’s a closed period of time.

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39. am/have been working There is hardly any difference between these two options.
‘lived’ indicates longer periods = STATES

43. lived/was living (when he last) wrote ‘was living’ indicates shorter periods = ACTIVITY
It’s a momentary action, there is a too small time difference

between two events and we have nothing to put emphasize
60. gave on. The following entry ‘before she left’ is not that essential
in the context and can be replaced with, for example, ‘two
hours ago’. There is no chronology disorder.
kick, hit, cough, bite etc. – momentary verbs

beating sb up – process
‘had given’ would sound emphatic, ‘udało się jej dać’
With Past Simple both activities are neutral (nothing to do with ‘before’)
Past Perfect:
- an event that had taken place and finished before an event in Past
Simple
- when we go back further in the past
- emphatic purposes
He ordered us back to work before we had eaten/ate our breakfast.

(zanim zdołaliśmy zjeść’)
We had done our homework before we went to the cinema.

(nasza czynność została zakończona) (nie punkt, który stoi w relacji do wcześniejszej aktywności)
‘to order’ is a momentary verb like ‘to give’.

It’s not a process and not an achievement.
ENG. He had shown him the way before he expired.

PL. Zdołał wskazać mu drogę nim wyzionął ducha.
In this context the most likely interpretation is that she hopes it is

true that they have not lied. There is no point in changing the
68. have told/are telling perspective, putting it in the past, because it touches the present
moment and maybe the future. It is not her concern about the past,
just about how it is in general. So no need to use ‘told’ here.
Present Perfect Tense:
The usual info is misleading (that it simply happened in the past and impacts the present).
It’s about the perspective of a period of time my life, today, this week, this month
a period of time that touches ‘now’ or even includes it
Not Shakespeare’s life because it’s closed in the past.

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NIE WAŻNE, KIEDY I GDZIE. WAŻNE, ŻE
He has done that a lot.
Past Tenses refer to activities that took place within, at some point closed in the past.
last week (something happened between last Sunday and the previous Sunday)
vs
the last week (a period of the last seven days)
Plans are present and about the future.
1B EXERCISE 2 p.18,19
5. will have qualified In English, ‘to qualify’ is seen as a process, not an acquisition or a state.
11. will see/will be seeing/shall be seeing Not ‘I see’, because it’s not a reference to some plan.
I’ll be seeing you! = Na razie!
situation: when we make a prediction that sth is about to happen just now,
the world is organized this way
‘our weekly Japanese class’ is a background, not an arranged meeting.
(‘Pewnie się z nim zobaczę na kursie japońskiego’)
I will see him LEAST LIKELY, SPECULATION

I will be seeing him (I think)
I am seeing him INDIVIDUAL ARRANGEMENT
13. will be We use ‘going to do’ when we see symptoms or someone’s determination
without having arranged things. But here none of these can be indicated.
In explanations, in example p, ‘going to do’ is used
because we refer to general knowledge of people’s reactions.
14. What are you doing/What are you going to/What will you do next?
15. Will you prepare/Are you going to prepare for the higher grade?
We won’t use ‘Are you preparing...?’’ in 15, because it would be too much intrusive.
Questions:
1. genuine interest, sympathy
2. indicating criticism
3. meddlesome, nosy (‘Co, książkę piszesz?’)
18. does/will not give We are not allowed to use Present Simple in 19, because in 18 the context
does not decide for us whether the speaker is referring to the plan or speaking
19. will need about the future. There is ‘’they’’ not ‘’such factories’’. Besides, in the
exercise we need an indicator of a general statement like ‘always’, for
example. But in real life it is up to the speaker, it is based on their experience.
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34. ‘’I don’t think it will be a particularly stylish affair’’

In real life, it is possible to use ‘going to be’ but in exercise it would be good to have some symptoms specified.
‘I don’t think’ is some kind of echo of Gethin’s explanation
(that Future Simple often occurs with think, wonder, expect...).
*Sheila, Ken and Willie have been invited (not a closed period of time because
they’re going)
Marylin was invited too (closed period of time because she’s not going)
It’s a speaker’s decision in which period of time (closed or not) to put each event.
45. will win + 46. will lose/is going to lose
It’s possible to use Present Simple ‘’wins’’ and ‘’loses’’ here if we choose DRAMATIC OVERTONES.
There are special ways of talking for which the keys are not generally designed for and that’s what makes the
textbooks incomplete. The real life is open-ended.
The option ‘is going to lose’ doesn’t go against the stylistic reference. There is no pressure to keep ‘will’.
53. will be
‘’is’’ – general, so we don’t use it, because there is no plural form, so it’s not a
general statement.
‘’the test’’, not ‘’tests’’!
64. ‘So when will you be back in England?’ ‘will you be’ – invitation to speculate
65. ‘I am flying back on the eighth of January.’ ‘am flying’ – no speculation,

but a strong resolution
? ‘I fly’ Simple Present = plans, timetables
It doesn’t mean I am obliged to participate in an activity that is an element of

an arrangement.
It’s up to us whether we want to indicate an element of a plan, a resolution or
a singular arrangement. It may be all 3 at once but in real life we can indicate
only one of them.
1B Exercise 3 p.19,20
8. ‘I will/shall not drive’ It’s a generalizable justification that
is weakened by ‘if’.
‘I am not driving’ – a resolution
12. have invited/are inviting/invited
It is impossible to argue which one is preferable when we have a big choice

like this. They all fit, however, ‘’have invited’’ is preferable than ‘’invited’’ (who
knows for what it is given). ‘are inviting’ means an arrangement.

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WAŻNE, ŻE, A NIE GDZIE I KIEDY
15. ‘Most of our neighbors are also our friends and have already said they
are/will be coming/are going to/will come.
NOT ‘’would come’’ because ‘’have already said’’

NO AGREEMENT IN TENSES
17. have/has declined
NOT ‘’declined’’, because the problem is not solved yet.
35. ‘Why do you say...?’’
‘’why do you say’’ = ‘’why do you think so...?’’, ‘’why is it that you think so...?’’
STATE, OPINION
‘’why are you saying’’ = ‘’why are you saying this to me/now/etc.?’’
THE ACT OF EXPRESSING OPINION
62. ‘’I saw a film of it once.’’
ONCE 1. one time – Present Perfect 2. back then – Past Simple
66. shall I ask
shall – neutral (Do you want him to come with us?)

should – possible to use in real life (Is it appropriate to invite him?)
69. ‘He works too much.’
previous examples: ‘’He will be working, I bet. He is always working.’’
In this case using Present Progressive would emphasize special, irregular,

unusual situation, so it doesn’t suit here.
‘’This summer I am taking dancing classes.’’
70. ‘He will have a nervous breakdown if he’s not careful.’
We don’t use ‘’is going to’’ because of a condition. But in real life it works.
WHAT DID YOU DO? WHAT WERE YOU DOING?

reporting a past occurrence focuses on the duration of the acts
‘’What did you do yesterday?’’ ‘’What were you doing yesterday when I
general and casual, a polite chat, saw you at the place where you shouldn’t
a question to a colleague have been?’’
neutral, factual emotionally loaded, inquisitive
refers to a shorter action or event that refers to a longer ‘background’, action or

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happened in the middle of the longer action situation, further context

or that interrupted it
longer, permanent situations temporary actions or situations
completed acts unfinished acts
WHAT HAPPENED? WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

interested in the problem itself the present or even the future
periods of time closed in the past what’s going on?
(yesterday, a moment ago) ‘Who has let the cat in?! He’s in!’
origins (we see an accident) we don’t know exactly what’s happening
- He died. Could you tell me what has happened?
- Why? What happened? (when we join to watch TV)
That’s a nice picture. Did you paint this?
THE CAT EXAMPLE:

- when they see it – PAST SIMPLE – ‘Who let the cat in?!’
- (the question is about the last time it was let in)
- when they do not see it – PRESENT PERFECT – ‘Who has let the cat in?!’
1C Exercise p.23,24,25
13. ‘has’ is possible ! The key is incomplete!
17. will keep/is keeping/is going to keep
‘’will be keeping an eye’’ doesn’t match with ‘’I am told’’, it’s not obvious.
18. has helped
has helped – not only once ----> she trusts him implicitly
has been helping – emphatic
30. will be doing/will have done
not ‘’will do’’ we don’t know what was that his father wanted
40. will find
not ‘’finds’’
not to find it easy to get up in the morning – ‘generalizable’
not to find it easy to start studying again – not to generalize about
49. tends to run
‘’tends to run’’ INDIRECT (instead of ‘’runs’’)
92. will have passed
NOT ‘’will pass’’ because then it would be as if there was another danger point.

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IN FUTURE = FROM NOW ONWARDS

Don’t beat me, I’ll be a good boy in future!
IN THE FUTURE = NOT RIGHT AWAY

Lord, turn me into a decent person in the future.
Gdy w zdaniu nadrzędnym jest odniesienie do przyszłości,

w zdaniu podrzędnym nie ma WILL/WOULD (jeśli jest to samo odniesienie czasowe).
FOR EXCEPTIONS LIKE‘’I will quit if it will make you happy’’

(someone’s being happy happens later)
SEE GETHIN P.23 EXPLANATION ‘’N’’.
Gdy w zdaniu nadrzędnym jest Past Perfect,

w zdaniu podrzędnym go nie będzie, no chyba, że zaszło jeszcze później.
1D Exercise p.29, 30
p.28 explanation D
NY MORNING: Policemen found a body of a politician.
NY NOON: ‘’He would have voted against if he hadn’t been killed’’. NO SPECULATION
7. had wanted
‘’had wanted’’ strong, past reference but person’s willingness is still present
8. would be/would have been 9.would be/would have been
‘’would be’’ – general speculation

‘’would have been’’ – emphatic, definite
(nobody’s going to say ‘’are you sure?’’)
12. are 13. wins
NOT ‘’were’’ and ‘’would win’’ because ‘’I hear’’
25. did
‘’were to’’ stylistically useless
44. lived
‘’were to live’’ NOT LIKELY
This is an imaginary situation so we don’t need it.
If I were to do this... – used to distance yourself from doing something

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46. chewed
‘’chewed’’ – subordinate clause
count 10 – point of time

count to 10 – process
77. could show
‘’would show’’ is unnatural, no longer an auxiliary
82. will be
‘’would be’’ – variation of modality, a little overdone, they accept it so it’s no

point in distancing themselves from it. So that’s why ‘’will be’’ should be used.
PL. – Która jest godzina? - Która mogłaby być teraz godzina?
96. damaged/has damaged
‘damaged’ – they may be standing in front of a photocopier

Past Simple – mówienie, tego co oczywiste
‘’Look, who did this?’’
98. was/were
‘’was’’ – without unreal past ‘’were’’ – contrary to fact

USE THIS ON TESTS
One may wonder whether ‘had been’ could be used there. But we are
not sure about the time reference in this entry. The activity is in the past
(later you see ‘It would not (have) be(en) the first time he had done it’,
but the guilt is in the present (‘I wouldn’t be a bit surprised if Denis
were the guilty one’).
1E Exercise p.33, 34
If only I could get Georgina to sew or read a book! I wish she would/could
learn to enjoy domestic life a bit more and didn’t want to go out every evening.
(chciałbym, żeby nie chciała chcieć)
Not really. If she had I expect I would have given it away.

I would rather any money of mine was/were earned than inherited.
I wish you would/did not criticize Denis behind his back all the time.

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I wish you would stop weighing people like lumps of meat!
I wish I had been born a bird and not a human.

Then I shouldn’t/wouldn’t have had to come in to work this morning.
If you had been born a bird, you would have been dead at your age.
1F Exercise p.36, 37, 38

Today, for instance, I would/should have liked to have driven into the country
to see and hear the spring.
Suppose I had worried like that when my husband was so ill last year.
It wouldn’t have done any good, would it?
I would never get up from the table before others had finished, would you?
Suppose you had hit the other car. You wouldn’t have been sitting here now.
Even if you hadn’t been killed, you would have been badly injured.
(no need to change the perspective,
‘Even if you weren’t dead, you would be badly injured’)
I should be most grateful if you would/could.
Even if I had, I doubt whether you would have taken any notice of what I had
said.
She always looks as if butter would not melt in her mouth.
I wish he spoke English – he doesn’t speak English and that’s a pity

I wish he would speak English – he speaks English but doesn’t want to
‘’I wish it stopped raining’’ implies that it’s not possible for it to stop raining but it’s
always possible that the rain will stop so ‘’I wish it would stop raining’’.
‘’I wish it stopped raining in this city whenever I snapped my fingers.’’
‘’I wish it stopped raining’’

‘’Jaka szkoda, że deszcz w tej okolicy nie ma zwyczaju robić sobie przerw’’.
It makes sense in an area where it rains nearly every day and is used in humorous
way because the past subjunctive implies it is contrary to fact – that it will not stop
raining, ever. It’s not a normal usage but it does make grammatical sense.

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linking
‘I thought it might freeze tonight, so I’ve drained the water out of my car’
‘I’ve drained the water out of my car in case it freezes/it will freeze tonight’ (?)
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The difference may possibly be that:

 in case it freezes tonight - we may find it more likely to happen
 in case it will freeze tonight - we only assume that there is a such possibility
NOT VERIFIED!
THE TEXT COULD NOT BE 100% CORRECT!
TEST IT ON NATIVE SPEAKERS!
6 Linking: cause, purpose, concession

Exercise, entry 13:
My cousin Georgina doesn’t like where she lives

because there’s not enough social life/of the lack of social life.
No need to worry about details whether it’s really the same meaning.
All depends on our individual language policy.
But if we aren’t satisfied with the use of ‘lack’,
we can always add an adjective like ‘satisfactory’ to hit home.

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A recipe to improve your awareness concerning the use of articles

(by professor Wawrzyniak)
First, you prepare yourself some equipment consisting of a dictionary (an Eng-Eng
one, a PL-ENG one, an ENG-PL one, all three preferably), a copybook to take notes
and pieces of stylistically neutral, not very specialized, academic texts (for example,
a historical article on a beginner level).
Then, as you go through each sentence of a chosen text, you pay attention on nouns
and ask yourself why an author used a particular article or not. But do not focus on
an elaborate description but on analogy.
‘In the nineteenth century European linguists thought that…’

just like ‘Yesterday I bought oranges and apples’.
ARTICLES MAKE A DIFFERENCE.
Sherlock Holmes at a crime scene holding a tiny chip of something says to Watson:
‘Look, Watson. A piece of a pencil.’
A classmate nudging their neighbor during a lecture:

‘Yo, dude, got a piece of pencil?’
In the second example a pencil is no longer treated as countable.

It’s an idiomatic phrase related to a Platonic notion of pencilness. XD
What a beautiful piece of leg! (not relating to a cadaver)

I found a piece of a leg in my garden.
The use of articles is creative. We don’t learn it through reading and listening,
because we don’t pay much attention to them.

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RELATIVES
A relative clause is a subordinate clause.
The information may be necessary as well as additional.
Defining with a possessive pronoun and a saxon genitive is absolute.
Clause 1, Clause 2
- We put a comma when we can omit the clause nr 2
... David, who...

– There must be a comma after a proper name,
because further information is additional
(BUT ‘A Mr. Smith’ is non-defining)
That brother of mine who lives...

- No comma
the Blenkinsops’ party, where...

- It is a saxon genitive
- If we change ‘the Blenkinsops’ party’ to a regular noun,
we do not use a comma.
It was also at the Blenkinsops’ party that...

-
It is an emphatic structure
- ‘It’ does not stand for anything
- We are allowed to substitute ‘that’ (for places and things)
only with ‘who’ (for people)
... was nearly all good, which was true.

- In Polish, we call it ‘ ‘co’ komentarzowe’
...who can control their classes without

raising their voices, which is an ability
children appreciate...
- The underlined part is essential to avoid ambiguity,
- because without it we would refer only to ‘voices’
- Polish offers us ‘co’ and ‘które’,
that is why we have trouble with cases like above.
It is better to omit a relative pronoun wherever possible.
‘about which I was telling you’ – nothing wrong when it

comes to writing, but it does not really appear in speech

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Passive Voice
He’s so good at golf nobody can beat him.
 He’s so good at golf he can’t be beaten.
 He had to be operated on by the doctors in order to find out what was wrong.
operate a crane – obsługiwać żurawia

operate on a crane – operować żurawia
Did anybody ever teach you how to behave?

 Were/Weren’t you ever taught how to behave? (emphatic + ever)
‘Rest assured’ instead of ‘You can be assured’
Not until later was it discovered that the picture had been stolen.
Kradzież obrazu nie została odkryta od razu.
(żartobliwie, ale tu to nie żart)
(‘została odkryta z opóźnieniem’)
People no longer say that anyone inhabits the moon any more than Mars.
Wreszcie ludzie uwierzyli, że Księżyc jest równie niezamieszkały co Mars.
(chociaż powinno być odwrotnie: ‘... że Mars jest równie... co Księżyc’)
Fascism is not accepted by the British, anymore than Communism is.

Faszyzm jest przez Brytyjczyków równie nieakceptowany co komunizm.
It was claimed that the drug produced no undesirable side-effects.

The drug was claimed to produce (współwystępowanie czasowe)/to have produced (jedna
aktywność wcześniej) no undesirable side-effects.
The Government are/is believed to have second thoughts on this problem.
An orange cannot be eaten if it hasn’t been peeled.
You needn’t think I was taken in by your joke. (Nie myśl sobie, że dałam się nabrać.)
Let me know if anything should be done by us.
I am told that your uncle has been shot.
I’d love to be loved and taken out to dinner.
He must have been terribly disappointed when/that he was told that he wasn’t wanted by them.
When you have been crossed in love by women as many times as he has been, you can truly
say you have been dogged by bad luck.
Nothing has been moved since you were sent away to be cured.
All these books and papers must be cleared up and put away in the cupboard where they are
usually kept/in the cupboard they are usually kept in.

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Ladies usually go to a tea party more to speak to other people than for to be spoken to by other
people.
The fuss of his lovely young wife was made from the moment she was introduced to the guests.
I have never been taken for an Englishman by anyone before, although I was once spoken to
by someone as if I were an American.
This pen has been used by me once since the day it was mended.
It was alleged that the Prime Minister has misled the House.
The Prime Minister was alleged to have misled the House.
Zarzucono premierowi, że wprowadził Izbę w błąd.
He was brought up by his grandmother, and was educated in Paris.
Omit ‘one’, ‘anybody’ and ‘they’ when constructing passive voice,

use ‘by them’ (generally ambiguous) if you need emphasis.
Do not let others see you.

 Don’t let yourself be seen.
That piece was played beautifully by the orchestra.

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- Excuse me, I am looking for professor Smith. ‘has gone’, because

- If he is not in his office, he has gone/will have gone to the library. he is in the library or
on his way there
- If he was/were/is there, I didn’t notice/haven’t noticed him. I have just now.
come/am just coming from the reading room.
- You wouldn’t have missed him if he had been there; ‘had been’, because
not anyone of his size! apparently he is not
- I would not be flippant about Smith’s looks, not after what I once saw. there anymore.
- You wouldn’t mean that event when Smith humiliated the Iron Arnold
himself, who had collapsed under half of the weight Smith later lifted? ‘would have
thought’ , Past
- Precisely. I was there in the gym. Who would have thought it possible Participle
shortly after that accident in which Smith was/had been so terribly emphasizes the
surprise.
injured? ‘had been’ is
- Well, it was the only time anyone defeated good old Arnold during his preferable, because it
happened earlier.
weight-lifting career.
- I wish they had not retired. It would be/have been great to see a clash of
such giants again. ‘weren’t
- They had no choice. After all they weren’t getting/didn’t get/*wouldn’t getting/didn’t get’,
Past Simple is
get any younger. chosen as it all refers
to past events.
- I say, B., this time tomorrow I will be sitting my grammar exam.

- Tomorrow? Not on Thursday?
- It was (going to be)/would have been Thursday, but the teacher has changed his mind.
- Is the date OK with you?
- Not really. I’d much rather he had examined us last week than this week. What about
your exam?
- My examiners haven’t set the date yet. It will probably be Friday. One thing is certain;
they will punish those who try to cheat.
- Have you revised all?
- There are still two or three problems I have to have explained to me. I In this case ‘won’t’ is
allowed in the
am going to ask Frank. subordinate clause –
- Frank? He is not the most cooperative guy I know. it’s idiomatic and
- Well, if he doesn’t/won’t help me, I’ll turn to Mark. And how are you? natural in English.
Anxious?
- A bit. It will be the first time I have taken such an exam. The teacher the first/last time –
expects us to have already revised all the problems down to the smallest PERFECT TENSES
detail. And they never give us enough time to write the examination
paper.
- Right. To do really well, we (would) need twice as much time or brains and hands who
work(ed) twice as fast as ours do.
A conversation between student and teacher taking place when the examination
papers have already been distributed and right before this examination
starts. The student takes a look at the examination sheet and says:
‘wouldn’t have to sit’
refers to a situation
- If only we didn’t have to/*wouldn’t have to sit this silly exam. It looks when a student still
hopes for an exam to
as if it is not/will not be any easier this year. be cancelled.
- I wish you would stop moaning. After all if it weren’t for examinations
students wouldn’t enjoy a sense of achievement. ‘would stop’ = ‘please
- And yet I didn’t grow/wouldn’t have grown (the second one sounds like don’t’ = ‘oby nie’
Past Simple = ‘What
a retort) a nice ulcer but for the entrance exams last year. Well, we’d a shame/pity that
better relax. Did you invent this test yourself? you do it.
- I am not going to/will not answer this question.
‘I am not answering’
sounds like uttered
by a spoiled teenage
girl.
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- At last you’re here. The trip must have been horrible; it’s been snowing since yesterday.
- You’re quite right. And my wife kept repeating: ‘’Look we
mustn’t be late; as far as I know Adam he will be worrying his ‘mustn’t’ provides a sense of
head off about us and the weather.’’ urgency. We do not use ‘shouldn’t’ ,
because it’s obvious that one should
- Well, I can still remember what happened last Christmas. You not be late.
could have been killed.
- Oh, yes. It was a nasty accident. But this time you needn’t have
worried: you know that the ABS helps a lot.
- Well, one should not rely only on all those electronic devices. ‘will/do break down’ provide the same
emphasis of a nasty habit. ‘can break
After all they will/do break down. I understand they work like down’ doesn’t fit that much due to the
computers and we all know that computers can be pretty next entry. ‘might break down’ refers
capricious at times. to the future while the context is
more about general circumstances.
- Come on, enough of that. May Christmas bring us joy and
happiness!
- I can’t understand why Smith should be so bitter about it.

After all, it was a dream holiday: glaciers, beaches, casinos,
night-clubs... ‘could ski, swim, gamble and dance’
is a bit risky version (gives the
- You mean he could ski, swim, gamble and dance/could have impression of ‘was in position to...’).
skied, swum, gambled and danced? ‘could have skied, swum, gambled
and danced’ – goose is cooked, Smith
- Precisely! didn’t use this opportunity.
- The problem is he neither can ski nor swim. And as to
gambling and the night clubs you couldn’t/can’t consider
these the right activities for a member of the AGA, that is Alcoholic ‘You wouldn’t consider(...),
would you?’ sounds ironic.
Gamblers Anonymous, could/can you?
- You could/should/might have warned me! I didn’t realize the guy
was something of a monk in a wheel chair!
- And you could/should/might have known better than send the guy on a package
holiday just because you yourself happen to like what’s in the package!
- You must not think me an incompetent fool. I may/might have screwed it up with this
one guy, but the others have expressed their profound gratitude for the holidays.
- Well, they would have, wouldn’t they? They are just a bunch of degenerate snobs who
took a dip in the morning, skied in the afternoon, lost a small fortune in the evening,
and topped it all with a bit of go-go dancing at night. Disgusting!
‘should do’ because
we expect something
- John’s taking his grammar test tomorrow. As far as I know he went through positive.
all the exercises yesterday, so he should do well.
- He obviously can’t/couldn’t have covered everything, there’s too much of it. ‘couldn’t cover’
sounds too harsh.
He will be sitting in his room now biting his fingernails, as he usually does
before an exam. Shall we call and offer him help?
‘shall not’ – it’s decided.
- We must/shall not do that. In my student days, I had a friend who would ‘must not’ = ‘let’s not’
call me before each exam offering help. I hated that. ‘cannot’ is too desperate.
- One should not judge others by one’s own standards. Actually John
may/might/could need someone just to feel better. If we don’t call him we ‘will be sitting...’ = what
he usually does before
run the risk of hearing this unbearable ‘’You could/might have called me’’ an exam. It’s a general
from him. knowledge without
immediate evidence.
- Can you help someone when there’s so little time left?
- Well, we could/should have done it earlier. But let’s call him anyway. And
once the exam is over and we know the results, we’ll discuss the question: ‘could/might have
called’ – Do not use
‘’Need we have called him?’’ ‘should’ for excuses.
‘should we have called’

looks bad stylistically.

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Jim: Have you seen Dorothy, Jill?

Jill: No. If she is not upstairs, she must have gone out. ‘was’ – they both agreed she is out.
Jim: If she was upstairs, she didn’t answer when I called. ‘is’ – simpler than ‘would be’.
Jill: She would have done if she had been upstairs. ‘has gone’ – no reason to close her
going out in the past, we don’t know
Jim: Where is she if she has gone out, do you think? when exactly it happened
Jill: If she had been going to the shops, she would have
told me before she went out, so unless I am mistaken, ‘had been going’ – contrary to fact
she has gone down to the river.
Jim: If she has gone there, I will see her. I’m passing that
way. If you need anything in Marlow, I will get it for you.
Jill: Thank you. If you had gone this morning, I wouldn’t be
short of flour now. I would have been/would be making ‘would have been making’ - emphatic
a cake at this very moment if I hadn’t forgotten to get
some flour yesterday.
Jim: Well, I can/could certainly get you some if you want(ed). I suppose you
don’t need any laundry soap, do you? I could get you some very cheap if
you wanted it.
Jill: If I hadn’t bought a washing machine last week, I would (have) certainly
accept(ed) your offer, but if you put laundry soap in a washing machine you
always have trouble.
Jim: I will/shall start at half past two, if I have finished my work by then, so if
you think of anything you want, tell me before I go.
Jill: All right, but unless you bought some petrol yesterday, She doesn’t know whether he
you will have to get some before you go. did so or not, so we don’t choose
‘had bought’ because the
Jim: If you used all the petrol in the car on Sunday, you situation is not contrary to fact.
ought to pay for the next lot.
Jill: If I had noticed that there was so little on Sunday, there
wouldn’t (have) be(en) any problem about that now, but I have no money
unless you go to the bank for me before three.
Molly promised to meet Sally at 2.15. It is now 2.20.
Mum: Don’t worry, Sally. If Molly (has) promised to come, ‘has promised’ – if the case is not over
she will certainly come. ‘promised’ – the case ended at 2.15
Sally: But if she was to come/had been coming, she would
have been here by now.
Mum: If she missed the 1.34, she will get here late. Unless I am
mistaken, the next train arrives/will arrive at 3.15. ‘arrives’ – the timetable
‘will arrive’ – speculation about
Sally: If she missed the 1.34, she is probably waiting at the future
Wainborough Station at this moment. If you wait a
minute, I will telephone there. If Bill is on duty at the
ticket office, he will tell me if she’s there. (She goes off to telephone) ... No,
Bill’s off. If only I knew the other ticket man, he would (have) help(ed), but
I don’t even know his name.
Mum: Don’t worry. If there were anything wrong, Molly or her mother
would have already phoned you. ‘were’ – contrary to fact
Sally: Yes, I suppose so.

Mum: If Molly is usually a punctual girl, she must (be) ‘must be feeling’ – progressive colloquial
feel(ing) very ashamed about keeping you waiting.
Sally: Oh yes! If there is one thing she doesn’t like, it is
unpunctuality. If she had been waiting all this time ‘had been waiting ALL THIS TIME’ –
instead of me, she would have been furious! unreal past -> Past Perfect
Mum: Oh, well, if that is so, there must (have) be(en)
some very good reason for her being late this time.

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Sally: I can’t think what it can be, unless she has been ‘has been playing’ + ‘has finished’ – refers
playing hockey and has finished late. If there is to present which is not over yet.
no score by the time the match is due to end, it
goes on for extra time.
‘was playing’ – not contrary to fact
Mum: But if she was/had been playing in a hockey (Mum considers Molly’s playing possible)
match today, wouldn’t she have told you ‘had been playing’ – contrary to fact
yesterday? (Mum assumes Molly wasn’t going to play)
Sally: If they were short of somebody for the team

this morning, they may have asked her, and she may/might not have had
time to warn me.
(The telephone bell rings.)
Mum: If it is Molly, don’t be rude to her!
(Sally goes to the telephone again.)
Sally: It was Molly’s father. She’s in hospital with pneumonia! If I like, I may visit
her on Wednesday.
I shall start at... – Wyruszę o...

I am passing that way. – Będę tamtędy przejedżał.
Po ‘if’ możemy mieć dowolne czasy.
What happened next was just what everyone (had) feared.

(with ‘had’ - perfectly correct in terms of school standards,
but actually without a further context it is hard to tell)
I didn’t see/don’t see/haven’t seen anything.. You were/have been/are just imagining things.
Before we had finished our meal he ordered us back to work.
I wouldn’t have thought – emfaza, nieprawdopodobieństwo
He was coming/going to come/to see you tomorrow but now he has changed his mind.
John’s (been) behaving very strangely these days. What has come over him?
(this is not a question about his origin, but the way he has been recently)
Mary says in this letter that she had met Frank just before she left for London.
I hope she asked him where he worked now. (AGREEMENT OF TENSES)
During Christmas rush, the shops are closing/close an hour earlier than usual.
(Present Continuous – perspektywa wewnętrzna; temporary thing
Present Simple – ogólne rozplanowanie; ‘I live in such a stupid country in which...’)
Whenever it rained, he (would) put on a jacket and (go/) went for a walk. (rains-puts-goes)
He walked very slowly because the bottle he carried held nitroglycerin,
which, as we all know, explodes easily.
When he hit her for the first time she realized that the worst was still to come.
I could have let you use the car yesterday.
(I may have let you use the car yesterday but I won’t do it today.)
Last night you could see that she was having a good time.
You can see that she had/was having a good time last night.
The boss could have seen you later.
When he asked me I could have helped him... (he refused)
I managed/was able to help him... (he helped)
I replied I couldn’t type it right away but I offered to have it done the following morning.
I could believe you have felt terrible the other day.
‘She certainly can’t be...’ – We are sure something is impossible
She certainly won’t be... – It’s a general belief.
I managed to talk to him. – It’s one event.

I wish he would be less impudent. – Mógłby nie być taki bezczelny.

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- Only a great artist can paint such a picture!

- Nonsense, a child of five could’ve painted it.
Simple prediction: There will be Hollows in this place.

Arrangements: I'm meeting Byakuya at the hill.
Plans and intentions: We're going to kill all the Shinigami.
Time-tabled events: The portal opens at 3 a.m.
Prediction based on present evidence: I think he’s going to win!
Willingness: I'll give you a lecture on how to respect those superior to you.
An action in progress in the future:
This time next week I'll be fighting this bastard Zaraki.
An action or event that is a matter of routine:
You'll be seeing Ichigo in the Living World today, won't you?
Obligation: You are to go directly to Soul Society.
An action or event that will take place immediately or very soon:
The Watchdogs are about to come.
Projecting ourselves into the future and looking back at a completed action:
Two months from now she will have brought down all her enemies.
Why should you be so surprised?

(Coś taki zdziwiony?/ No i co się tak dziwisz?/ Dlaczego jesteś tak zaskoczony?)
I’m surprised that so many people should come here.
That she should know about it is obvious.
(To oczywiste, że ona o tym wie.)
Why shouldn’t you spend your holidays reading books?
That he should have spoken to Susan like that is horrible!/ How should he have spoken...
(Jak on w ogóle śmiał/ mógł się tak do niej odezwać?)
Why should you ask this question at all?/
I am surprised that you should have asked this question.
He insisted that we should invite Judy to the meeting. After all, why shouldn’t we?
(On nalegał, żebyśmy zaprosili Judy na spotkanie. W sumie, to czemu nie?)
He insists that she (BrE should) AmE do that.
Why should you think he shouldn’t get promoted?
MUST – knowledge + immediate evidence (whatever it might be)

WILL – general knowledge of the world (it’s good to remember about using it)
SHOULD – wishful thinking (hope for the good to happen)

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11A Exercise p.121, 122

3. It’s possible that mankind may have no future if it can’t mend its ways.
This is a warning, so there’s no sense in weakening its power ( might)
4. What they said may not have been true, but we couldn’t ignore it.
No need to weaken it as well ( might)
6. I couldn’t (possibly) pay you back what I owe you by Saturday.

‘couldn’t’ = ‘have some mercy on me’
 I can’t = ‘now it’s your problem’ (too definite, no initiative, not helpful)
9. Mary and Harry McArthur have at last been able to do what they have
always wanted to do: visit Australia. Unfortunately, Christine couldn’t go
with them.
There is no change in the first one as it is a past ability realized in some actual
achievement.
10. I can’t usually get a seat on the bus in the morning and have to stand,
but I was able to get one this morning.
Same as above. Alternatively, one could say ‘...but I did get one this morning’ to
indicate emphasis.
16. He may not be so bad as you think. When you have been able to form
a considered opinion of him, we can think again.
‘might’ is also possible if one wishes not to sound pushy, it is a weakened persuasion.
18. You can/may ask him to supper just so that I can confirm my low
opinion of him.
19. One couldn’t/was unable to criticize Denis’s behavior on that first

evening with Helen’s father.
General characteristics:
‘one’ – gramatycznie spersonalizowane
‘you’ – sensownie spersonalizowane
‘Człowiek musi się czasem napić/Trzeba się czasem napić.’
... and by the end of the evening he was able to say to himself:
‘I’ve made a hit!’
‘could’ is possible if we opt for a description of potential.

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11B Exercise p. 125, 126
7. Denis and Helen’s father didn’t use/usedn’t to be on speaking terms,

but now they’re as thick as thieves.
Kiedyś Denis i ojciec Helen nie odzywali się do siebie, ale teraz są za pan brat.
8. Yes, Denis would know how to get round the boss!

Tak, Denis to wie, jak przekabacić szefa!
(‘would’ is critical, not positive here)
9. He may be the boss’s future son-in-law,

but I’m damned if I’m going to run about for him!
Może sobie być przyszłym zięciem szefa, ale ani mi się śni mu służyć!
11. Charles, why will you interrupt while I am speaking to your

father? Why won’t you wait till I’ve finished?
13. But like everything else, cats will grow up, won’t they?
Ale wszyscy kiedyś dorastają, koty też, prawda?
19. Robert would go and spoil his chance of getting into the team.
Można się było spodziewać, że Robert zaprzepaści swoją szansę na miejsce w drużynie.
20. I remember when we were children Robert would say with a little
smile that one day he would be famous. He may have said that, but has he
now the will to make it come true?
11C Exercise p.128, 129

1. (They are five hours behind us over there, so just now) she’ll be going
to work. – Pewnie idzie teraz do pracy.
2. (It’s Independence Day in the States, so) they won’t be going to work
today. – Nie idą teraz do pracy.
3. They’ll be enjoying a public holiday. – Tylko cieszą się wolnym dniem.
5. (I wonder if he has brought anything for me) He certainly should

have. (we expect something positive)
6. There should be at least one letter from my daughter.
8. And she’ll be looking forward to seeing me again too.

We don’t use ‘must’ here, because we aren’t presented with immediate evidence.
(So much blood, he must be dead.)

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9. It’s one o’clock, so her plane will/should have taken off already if it’s
on schedule.
‘if’ doesn’t pair up with ‘must’, because it’s too strong and emphatic
( ‘must have take off’).
‘if’ jest ‘osłabiaczem’ warunkowym.
‘should have taken off’ because it is desirable (same below)
12. If she has missed the flight, they will/should know.
21. It’s not eight yet, and so the supermarket down the road will still be
open.
‘it’s not eight yet’ – general knowledge of schedule
25. He won’t know. He looks as lost as we are.
30. If it is, then she must have had some beauty treatment.
‘if’ tu niczego nie osłabia, to nie jest warunek ani zastrzeżenie. Tłumaczymy to jako:
‘Skoro tak, to...’
11D Exercise p. 131, 132
2. You’re lucky! We must/have to lock ours!

‘must’ is better in terms of stylistics
13. I must/have to finish this work by five o’clock or I shall be in

trouble.
‘must finish’ when we want to emphasize the fear of consequences
20. But we had to buy a fishing license which was more than the
price the fish would have been.
‘but we did have to buy’ is also possible.
22. Yes, I know, but I feel one has to/must worry sometimes so that
everything will turn out all right!
It’s up to us which one we choose (the possibility of emphasis).
26. ... so you must let me know at once if anything happens while
you are driving them.
27. Tell Ken he needn’t drive/doesn’t have/need to drive me to the

station; I’ll take a bus.
‘needn’t drive’ – when we take it for granted (like an aunt talking about her
nephew XD)
29/30. You needn’t be frightened! I am not going to you! You really

must try to be a little less timid!

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11E Exercise p. 134, 135

1. I do think Denis and Helen should have apologized for not
turning up yesterday!
We do not need emphasis here, so ‘should have apologized’ is sufficient.
In real life it’s possible to use ‘should/ought to apologize’.
6. At least you might/could have told me this handle was red-hot!
7. You should/ought to have told me first you were going to pick it up,
and then I would have warned you.
 ‘might/could have told’ because there are no signs of reproach.
9/10. No, he was to have retired, but a majority on the board has
persuaded him to stay on. Personally I think he should have made way for
a younger man.
There is an agreement of tenses, we don’t need to change the perspective.
12. Really? You should have got his son Toby to speak instead!
16. I do think it might/could have stopped for Georgina’s

cousin’s wedding.
20/21/22.
– I am to wait for her at the end of the road, where she is to pick
me up in her car.
- I (do) think she should have offered to call at your house instead of asking
you to stand about in the cold.
24. ...the local council should have provided litter baskets.

‘should provide’ – it’s possible in real life, it’s a general statement.

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12A Exercise 1 p. 143, 144
1. killed/kills
‘killed’ – a citation, giving an account of somebody else’ position
‘kills’ – a general fact, contextual, a shared opinion
9. (had) produced
11/12. ‘I suppose that when the research is finished, all the marine
mammals and sea birds will have vanished.’
13. The Mercian insurgents have announced that they have captured
Revod (...).
We don’t use ‘had captured’, because nothing happened before.
14/15. Their leader (has) told journalists that they launched a new
offensive last Friday and took the town early on Sunday morning.
The sentence provides NEWS and ‘(has) told’ is the origin of it.
16/17/18/19/20/21/22.
The government, he said, had boasted that they would never
give up Revod. ‘But,’ he continued in his excellent English,
‘they have. So you can see now, if you failed to do so in the past,
that they make/have made only idle boasts and that their final
defeat is certain.’
25/26. His reply was that if it had received comparative financial

investment it would now be just as competitive.
27/28/29. But, he said, the Government had so far invested in

wind power sums which were quite ludicrous in comparison with
its investments in coal and oil and, above all, in nuclear power,
which had been shown to be the most expensive energy source of
all.
30. He said, too, that research into wave power had not only been
grossly underfunded in the past but actually suppressed.
31/32. ‘Did you know,’ he asked,’ that this country was at one
time at the forefront of research in this field, but that the fruits of
this work has since been reaped by other countries?’
‘Did you know...’ is idiomatic = ‘Do you know...’
33/34/35. ‘And that this has happened because nuclear power

is/has been the altar upon which the Department of Energy
sacrifices/is sacrificing/has sacrificed our future welfare?

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38/39/40. But, he now reminded the Court, Superstore’s legal

counsel had said that the company no longer insisted/was no
longer insisting that there was some truth in its allegations
against Mrs Rudge.
41/42. ‘Counsel makes it quite clear,’ he went on, ‘that

Superstore admits/has admitted that a very serious error was
made.’
12B Examples p.146/147
‘We shall never surrender’

– future time reference only for the first person singular
He said they would never surrender.
‘You shall not pass!’ - SPECIAL MODAL USE
3. ‘He may/might/could have trouble with his car.’

He might/could have trouble with his car.
SPECULATION
4. ‘Ken should/ought to be here in good time.’

Ken should/ought to be there in good time.
EXPECTATION, CONVICTION, WISHFUL THINKING
5. ‘You must have strange ideas.’

She must have strange ideas.
EXPRESSING STRONG CONVICTION
6. ‘You mustn’t think Ken’s always late.’

She mustn’t think Ken was always late.
EMPHATIC ADVICE
7. ‘I must catch that plane.’

She said she had to/must catch the plane.
‘had to’ – speaker is not involved, just reporting
‘must’ – urgent, important
‘It’s absolutely essential for me to catch that plane’ = She said she must
catch that plane.
9. ’You must tell me first.’

She had to/was to tell her first.
10. ‘Helen mustn’t order a taxi without telling me first’.

Helen wasn’t to order a taxi without telling her first.

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11. ‘Helen needn’t worry. Ken won’t be late.’

Helen didn’t have to/need to worry, as Ken wouldn’t be late.
COMPARE WITH 12 BELOW
12.‘You needn’t worry if Ken’s late, because I can take you to the airport.’
She wouldn’t have to/need to worry if Ken was late because I
could take her to the airport.
COMPARE WITH 11 ABOVE
DIFFERENT TIME PERSPECTIVE
13. ‘I didn’t need to go back to my office after lunch (...).’

I hadn’t needed to go back to my office after lunch.
14. ‘I needn’t have worried after all’

She needn’t have worried after all.
15. ‘I couldn’t tell you before.’

I told her I hadn’t been able to tell her before.
16. ‘You see, I didn’t know whether I could take you or not.’
I told her I hadn’t known whether I could take her or not.
‘could take’ – nie uzgadniamy po raz drugi
13A Exercise p. 159, 160
2. Denis says he has been offered a job in Singapore by his firm,

but that he won’t take it because he has been promised a
much better job in Japan by someone else.
‘by his firm’ + ‘by someone else’ – ważne, bo Denis zmienia firmę
5. Last year I was overtaxed and am now owed quite a lot of money. I think
that until I have it refunded to me I should be paid interest on it, don’t
you?
‘I have them owed me a lot of money.’ = to ja ich wmanewrowałam
13B Exercise 1 p.161, 162

8. It appears they didn’t detain him.
 He doesn’t appear to have been detained.
15. Can you trust such people?

 Are such people to be trusted?

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Verbs used with two objects (sb+sth) 17E

subject – verb – object B – object A
1. either object can become a subject in a corresponding passive:
award sb a prize
I awarded Kuroko the first prize.
The first prize was awarded to Kuroko.
Kuroko was awarded the first prize.
bring sb sth
I brought him a milkshake.
A milkshake was brought to/for him.
He was brought a milkshake.
deal sb a card
I dealt the captain a card.
A card was dealt to the captain.
The captain was dealt a card.
deny sb sth
Father has denied Akashi a careless childhood.
A careless childhood has been denied to Akashi.
Akashi was denied a careless childhood.
do sb good/harm
(This way) he did him a lot of harm.
A lot of harm was done to him.
He was done a lot of harm.
find sb a job/accommodation/role
The captain found him an extraordinary role in the team.
An extraordinary role in the team was found for him.
He was found an extraordinary role in the team.
forbid sb alcohol/use of a car

I forbade him milkshakes.
Milkshakes were forbidden him.
He was forbidden milkshakes.
forgive sb their bad behavior/cruel tricks

He has forgiven Hanamiya his cruel tricks.
His cruel tricks have been forgiven.
Hanamiya has been forgiven his cruel tricks.
give sb sth
Aomine gave Kuroko a brofist.
A brofist was given to Kuroko.
Kuroko was given a brofist.
grant sb permission
Nijimura granted them permission to play.
A permission to play was granted (to) them.
They were granted a permission to play.

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hand sb sth
I handed them new uniforms.
New uniforms were handed to them.
They were handed new uniforms.
leave sb money (in a will)

Parents left me a crimson bow and an arrow, hidden in the basement.
A crimson bow and arrow were left to me in the basement.
I was left a crimson bow and arrow in the basement.
lend sb sth
I lent him my rolly pencil.
My rolly pencil was lent to him.
He was lent my rolly pencil.
offer sb sth
I offered Levi a position in Survey Corps.
A position in Survey Corps was offered (to) Levi.
Levi was offered a position in Survey Corps.
owe sb money
Hanji owes him some money.
Some money is owed to him.
He is owed some money.
pay sb money
He paid me money to kill the Titans.
Money was paid to me.
I was paid money.
play sb a trick/ play a trick on sb

Hanamiya played a dirty trick on his enemy.
A dirty trick was played on his enemy.
His enemy was played a dirty trick on.
promise sb sth
Kuroko promised Momoi a victory.
A victory was promised to Momoi.
Momoi was promised a victory.
quote sb a share price

The manager quoted my husband a share price.
A share price was quoted to my husband.
My husband was quoted a share price.
recommend sb a hotel
I recommended them an effective training camp.
An effective training camp was recommended to them.
They were recommended an effective training camp.
refuse sb a request
Kuroko refused Kise a request.
A request was refused to Kise.
Kise was refused a request.
repay sb money
Hanji hasn’t repaid Levi money yet.
Money hasn’t been repaid to Levi yet.
Levi hasn’t been repaid money yet.

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send sb sth
She sent him a kiss.
A kiss was sent to him.
He was sent a kiss.
set sb an example/task/goal/challenge
She set them a goal.
A goal was set to/for them.
They were set a goal.
teach sb sth
I taught him the Phantom Shot.
The Phantom Shot was taught to him.
He was taught the Phantom Shot.
tell sb sth
I told the haters a retort.
A retort was told to the haters.
The haters were told a retort.
2. similar to the above but requiring in the passive the prepositions given:
build sb sth FOR

I build them three huge walls.
Three huge walls were built for them.
They were built three huge walls.
buy sb sth FOR

I bought them all milkshakes.
Milkshakes were bought for all of them.
They were all bought milkshakes.
cook sb sth FOR

Riko cooked them a poison.
A poison was cooked for them.
They were cooked a poison.
cut sb a piece FOR

I cut her a piece of an okonomiyaki.
A piece of an okonomiyaki was cut for her.
She was cut a piece of an okonomiyaki.
do sb a favor FOR
I did them a small favor.
A small favor was done for them.
They were done a small favor.
draw sb a plan FOR

I drew Eren a plan on how to reach the basement.
A plan was drawn for Eren.
Eren was drawn a plan.
feed sth sth TO,INTO

He fed a puppy some kibble.
Some kibble was fed to a puppy.
A puppy was fed to some kibble.

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order sb sth FOR

I ordered him a ramen.
A ramen was ordered for him.
He was ordered a ramen.
paint/draw sb sth FOR

I painted her an unsightly doodle.
An unsightly doodle was painted for her.
She was painted an unsightly doodle.
pass sb the butter, a note, a ball TO

Kuroko passed Aomine the ball.
The ball was passed to Aomine.
Aomine was passed the ball.
read sb a poem TO
I read my little sister a manga.
A manga was read to my little sister.
My little sister was read a manga.
sell sb sth TO
Jack Sparrow sold me a jar of dirt.
A jar of dirt was sold to me.
I was sold a jar of dirt.
show sb sth TO
He showed me his true abilities.
His true abilities was shown to me.
I was shown his true abilities.
take sb sth TO/FOR

I took my boyfriend a puppy from a shelter.
A puppy was taken to/for my boyfriend.
My boyfriend was taken a puppy.
throw sb a lifeline TO
My closest friend threw me a lifeline.
A lifeline was thrown to me.
I was thrown a lifeline.
write sb a letter TO
I wrote my parents a long letter.
A long letter was written to my parents.
My parents were written a long letter.
3. verbs where one or both objects cannot become subjects in corresponding

passives:
earn sb money, a reputation FOR ONLY A SUBJECT

This title earned them a reputation.
A reputation was earned for them.
get sb sth FOR ONLY A SUBJECT

I got my boyfriend a new pair of basketball shoes.
A new pair of basketball shoes was gotten for my boyfriend.

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keep sb a seat FOR ONLY A SUBJECT

I kept my friends seats in the first row.
Seats were kept for my friends.
leave sb a key, a message FOR ONLY A SUBJECT

I left my followers the last message.
The last message was left for my followers.
make sb sth FOR ONLY A SUBJECT

Momoi made them a horrible lunch box.
A horrible lunch box was made for them.
win sb support FOR ONLY A SUBJECT

I won our team support.
Support was won for our team.
allow sb privileges ONLY B SUBJECT

The coach allowed Kuroko certain privileges.
Kuroko was allowed certain privileges.
ask sb a question ONLY B SUBJECT

An aspiring shinigami asked his sensei a question.
His sensei was asked a question.
make sb an offer ONLY B SUBJECT

Kise made Kuroko an offer.
Kuroko was made an offer.
save sb the expense, trouble ONLY B SUBJECT

They saved me the trouble.
I was saved the trouble.
(BUT ‘A lot of trouble would be saved by adopting a positive attitude’)
stand sb a drink ONLY B SUBJECT

I stood my girlfriend a drink.
My girlfriend was stood a drink.
strike sb a blow ONLY B SUBJECT

Their cheering struck him a blow.
He was struck a blow.
bear sb a grudge NEITHER OBJECT

Kuroko no longer bears a grudge towards his former teammates.
cost sb 300$, their life NEITHER OBJECT

They decided to win, even if it cost them their lives.
envy sb sth NEITHER OBJECT

He has always envied them their power.
spare sb a moment, a pencil NEITHER OBJECT

I spared her my lucky pencil.
wish sb luck, a happy birthday NEITHER OBJECT

I wished him a happy birthday.
(BUT ‘We were wished a pleasant journey’)

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Dependent on adjectives and nouns:
 All I felt was a great admiration for their overwhelming power.

 This is a final advance on/upon our team.
 I see a lot of advantages in living as a lone-wolf.
 He gained an advantage over me thanks to his grand word-hoard.
 There are many advantages to solar energy that include helping the
environment and helping you save money.
 We quickly got an aid for our injured fellows.
 Every morning she gets angry about her hair.
 I am just angry at your making light of me.
 Satsuki got extremely angry with her childhood friend for not listening
to her.
 It is an appeal to the lance corporal.
 Time to start the attack on titans!
 What you did was a futile attempt at ruining my life.
 I have already experienced three attempts on my life so there is no way
I can feel safe anywhere.
 Your attitude towards your studies is disgraceful.
 Tell me something I don’t know. I became aware of what may befall
upon me a long time ago.
 It was of a great benefit to me.
 The chance of us getting there is like one in a million.
 It was a sudden change from a forest to a desert.
 There was a small change in the contract.
 I am simply concerned about this exam.
 No evidence was found that he was concerned/involved in the
assassination.
 I am concerned with the development of this idea.
 I have learnt not to have confidence in anyone but myself.
 It is a wonderful feeling to be confident in one’s abilities.
 I don’t want a job that makes me confined to doing only one thing.
 I am conscious of the possible impact this decision may have on me.
 Contrary to what people think, I am actually not that much of a shut-in.
 We are all convinced of the importance of language acquisition.
 I am strongly critical of the physical education course at school.
 At this time of the year, beaches are crowded with those hot for a nice,
holiday tan.
 My reason for travelling is just being curious about other takes on life
aesthetics.
 He’s afraid of suffering damage to his popularity.
 We are in danger of being beaten black and blue.
 Just shut up, this gibberish of yours is a danger to our good vibes.

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 He works as a dealer in antique stuff.

 I’ve heard it through the grapevine that you have some dealings with
the lieutenant.
 A death from stoning/lapidating must be painful.
 There was a delay of five hours.
 We deeply apologize for the delay in the delivery of your purchase.
 I feel sorry for those deprived of a normal home life.
 We cannot allow deterioration in quality of our swords.
 Have you heard of the latest developments in language teaching?
 I am totally devoted to my passion.
 We came across several difficulties in finding his whereabouts.
 I am very disappointed with/in your behavior.
 We expressed how much we were disappointed at the delay.
 Your father seems well-disposed towards your new boyfriend.
 There have always been doubts about the God’s existence.
 Players on a trial period are not eligible for participation in
tournaments.
 There’s no point in denying that I am envious/jealous of your skills.
 It’s essential/important for all of us to search high and low for
opportunities for a constant improvement.
 It’s essential/important to keep your life organized.
 What you see here is a quintessential exception to the rule.
 We were all fighting with each other, with the exception of Lily.
 As to basketball, he is an expert in/on extraordinary techniques.
 I will always have faith in you.
 Are you familiar with this case?
 This boy is famous for his imaginativeness.
 I am honestly fed up with those ungrateful whelps.
 The figures for September should arrive soon.
 The business English is quite foreign to me.
 It’s high time we broke free from this tradition.
 This product is free of charge.
 He is said to be free with money.
 No need to worry, my dog is quite friendly towards strangers.
 She turned out to be surprisingly good at drawing.
 A decent amount of sleep is good for your health, so don’t
underestimate it.
 My little son is greedy for sweets.
 The accused was found guilty of murder.
 This habit of staying late at night is hard to overcome.
 Be truthful and honest in all your dealings.
 I don’t care whether you lie to others, I am the one you have to be
absolutely honest with!
 I express hope for an end to this stupid war.
 Sakura carries hope of becoming the strongest samurai.
 I’ve always been ignorant of what it takes to master a language.

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 You see, if it hadn’t been for me, you would still be blissfully ignorant
about all these issues.
 I was ill with a cold, nothing to be crazy about, Mom.
 He left a deep impression on me when we first met.
 We have noticed a huge improvement in your performance.
 This sword is a clear improvement on its previous model.
 People like her are incapable of understanding human emotions.
 There was a considerable increase in crime rate.
 I am strong and independent of anyone.
 I am absolutely indifferent to this problem.
 They were indignant at the way they had been treated.
 How you bring up a child has influence on how they perceive the world.
 The Internet exerts a powerful influence over our lives.
 I used my influence with the enemy.???????????
 Your whole existence is an insult to my intelligence.
 I have no intention of making excuses.
 My wife is interested in martial arts.
 I am quite keen on surfing.
 Originality is the key to success.
 But I am struggling with a lack in confidence.
 I get this feeling that the likelihood/possibility of getting into trouble
increases with every decision you make.
 In case you don’t know, there’s a limit to the number of dirty jokes you
are allowed to tell during family meetings.
 Two books are missing from the pile.
 Oh, this is news to me.
 This death god is noted for his extraordinary abilities.
 Fear of change is an obstacle to progress.
 Recently I’ve been occupied with some ridiculous cases.
 What’s your opinion on/about this situation?
 I have a high opinion of Mikasa.
 But it’s a golden opportunity for you, isn’t it?!
 You just cannot miss such an opportunity of working abroad!
 I am opposed to such treatment of animals.
 Beware, she’s particular about boys, not the type to be satisfied easily.
 I can’t understand how you can be so patient with these brats!
 Being a low-key kind of person is peculiar to my sister.
 He finds pleasure in watching anime.
 I don’t see any point in keeping a small talk just because it ill befits to
stay quiet.
 This area is poor/rich in diamonds.
 How come this puny hairstyle made you so popular with girls?
 Being alone is preferable to being with wrong people.
 My parents take pride in my achievements.
 Don’t you think that my charm and great shape make me perfectly
qualified for a cheerleader?
 Now what remains is the question of our trust towards him.

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 The relationship between these two is, let’s say, idiosyncratic.

 My relationship with Cercei is none of your business.
 A solitary journey to the woods was a relief from all this clamor.
 She wouldn’t have agreed to go on a date with him had she been aware
of his reputation for creepy behavior.
 Yeah, reputation for being creepy is definitely not desired when it
comes to a boyfriend material.
 From now on you are responsible for
this district.
responsibility to somebody
 I shall never forget about my a duty to help someone because of your job or social
position (zobowiązania/odpowiedzialność wobec kogoś)
responsibility to you, Master.
 Eligibility for custom-designed death
scythes is restricted to seasoned death gods.
 There is a tight restriction on access to information.
 There must be a restriction to intercity trade.
 Vorpal Swords took revenge for insults at their country.
 She vowed revenge on her oppressor.
 Calm down. Here in my arms, you are safe from all the harm.
 I was told they are satisfied with how it all turned out.
 You could say she is self-sufficient in motivation.
 The older I get, the less sensitive to criticism I become.
 Being strict about precision is more of a virtue than a vice.
 I always aim high, that’s why I am strict with myself.
 My life has been a constant struggle against/with domestic violence.
 The struggles among citizens only make matters worse.
 Life was never meant to be a struggle for survival.
 I am a substitute for Rukia, who is temporarily unable to fight.
 Create your success with zeal.
 Superior to me? You wish.
 To put it mildly, I was a bit surprised at the sight of my corridor, which
after your last visit was left corpse-strewn.
 No wonder why they are suspicious of you.
 I am sympathetic towards those who have no idea what they want to do.
 I am currently developing a taste only for the best.
 Why is he so inquiring about my taste in clothes?
 It’s a threat of an onslaught.
 Just the fact that you’re in the same room as me is a threat to my level-
headedness.
 He does not give up easily. That is true of the rest of the team as well.
 All my life I stay true/faithful to my principles.
 Such behavior is typical of my son, you’ll get used to it when you start
living together.
 Their victory over an American team sent my spirits soaring.
 What is your view on my idea?

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Dependent on verbs:
 They accused the stray god of stealing the regalia.

 There’s no way we will be able to agree on everything.
 Do you think it’s possible that she agreed to his proposal?
 Have you ever seen me agreeing/concurring with your mommy?
 It’s better to allow for the possibility there may be some trick questions.
 His collection of basketball shoes amounts to one hundred seventeen.
 We have appealed to the oracle for advice.
 She is going to apply for a visa to Japan.
 Theory doesn’t apply to this guy’s play style.
 Hell freezes over before I will approve of my precious girl’s marriage
with that featherbrained skirt-chaser.
 This time I did not oversleep – I just had some business to attend to.
 I am gonna find an epic way to avenge myself on that bastard.
 I would have never bargained for her being such a genius.
 She’s literally rolling in money now, but bargaining with traders remains
her favorite activity.
 I am in sympathy with Survey Corps’ issues.
 Don’t you ever forget that I have already lost count of the number of
times I beat you at chess.
 Whether good or bad, find a way to benefit from every situation.
 How dare you blame me for your mistakes?
 You can only blame your failure on your negligence.
 I would lie if I told you I don’t feel somehow inclined to boast about/of
the fact it was all my doing.
 Rest assure, the injured soldiers are well cared for.
 I can’t help but hope it will all change for the better.
 Believe it or not, he changed into a huge wolf before my own eyes!
 The situation inside the walls has been changing with time.
 They charged us only 3$ for these delicious donuts!
 But they charged us more for delivery.
 I will never allow these brats to cheat me out of my fortune.
 But why does he always want to compete against/with Skylar even in the
most trivial things and for nothing in particular?
 Who doesn’t like being complimented on their skills?
 Just leave me alone and let me concentrate on my job, will you?
 In case you disobey me, you will be condemned to death.
 He confessed to being a contract killer.
 You’re the first person I met to actually confide in me.
 If you fail this exam, I will confine you to the cupboard under the stairs.
 You want to conform to these rules – that’s your choice. But do not
expect the same from me.
 They all congratulated me on my success.
 My father eventually consented to my marriage with Dean.

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 Apart from contributing to(wards) my own progress, I want to contribute

to the world, in one way or another.
 You can’t convince me of your beliefs.
 We may never be able to cure everyone of everything.
 I wish I could be so good at dealing with kids just like she was back then.
 If you were to decide between losing all your talents and being forgotten
by everyone who have ever met you, which would you choose?
 Have they decided on/upon a date of the Last Judgement yet?
 It’s as if fandoms have declared war on each other.
 You had better not depend on that method.
 Even my closest friends can’t deprive me of hope.
 I admire people who devote themselves full-time to their passions.
 Principled people are ready to die for their beliefs.
 She died from a serious head injury sustained during the war.
 Judging by how many cigarettes he smokes a day, I can bet he will die of
lung cancer.
 I find it hard to believe that Mia and Musa are siblings, they differ from
each other in every aspect you can think of.
 All she ever did was disapproving of my ideas.
 He discouraged Kuroko from quitting basketball.
 Mark my words, it’s gonna end in tears and rolling heads, as things often
do when Mathew is involved.
 How about we all end it with a little bit of blast?
 You are allowed to enter into a contract with them, over my dead body.
 Having finished the course, each soldier from Training Corps was
equipped with a 3D Maneuver Gear.
 Please excuse me for my rudeness back then.
 Can I be excused from socializing today? I have some movies to watch.
 Once they feed you on mere bread and water, you start to appreciate
every edible thing you are given.
 Could you stop fishing for problems that don’t exist?
 Death gods need to be fitted with glasses, for their eyesight is poor.
 Can’t you see they have fooled you into a false sense of security?
 They forced me into participating in this puny contest.
 This method of obtaining information has recently gained in popularity.
 Maaan, you’re so slow! They’re gonna gain on us because of you!
 One grows in strength with every hardship they overcome.
 I remembered Soren as an obese, spoilt loudmouth... What could
possibly happen to make him grow into such an independent, cool-
headed and handsome warrior?
 He doesn’t care about his own safety anymore; to guard his beloved girl
against another attack is all he has on mind.
 God have mercy on this poor, unfortunate soul...
 It’s impossible to listen to his speech without having pity on him.
 Don’t you have any sympathy for these cute, defenseless puppies?

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 It’s as plain as day that Willy had been helping himself to the money she
was socking away.
 Just look at his face... What may he be hinting at?
 Oh, come on, you’ve both grown up already, maybe it’s high time you
stopped holding that against her?
 He impressed me with, like... everything? He’s ultimate!
 Please inform us of/about any change in your appointments.
 He insisted on going to the beach like a kid.
 My master used to tell me to insure myself against being fooled into
dangerous business.
 It is not a servant’s job to interfere in their master’s affairs.
 Once and for all I will not let stress and diffidence interfere with my
performance during any exam.
 Make a promise to yourself to invest in your abilities.
 Do not involve me in your simulated folksiness.
 Get it through your thick skull that I keep my doings to myself ONLY.
 Do you know of any place to chill out and have some fun?
 They’re leading her into a hoodlum life.
 Stay here, keep quiet and listen for any steps.
 Ghouls live by eating people.
 Baby, looks like you forgot I live for you and for you only.
 You know nothing about poverty, it is me for whom living on 1$ a day
was once nothing unusual.
 Perfectionists frequently find it hard to live up to their own expectations.
 This round looks to be a challenge on an intellectual level.
 What she did there made her into a living legend overnight.
 Have you made up your mind about which country you will be visiting?
 What do you mean by that?
 I will never forgive you mistaking me for this lobotomized tart.
 My mum will certainly object to it... All the more reason to do it, then.
 Parting with my dog is something I still cannot get over.
 How about we plant this island with willow trees?
 Leah pled guilty to murdering her accomplice.
 I feel like school has only succeeded in prejudicing me against all this
educational system.
 These walls will prevent Titans from entering the town.
 Read this book and you will find a plenty of lessons to profit from.
 You keep protesting to our ideas, but have nothing to suggest in return.
 Providing for your people is a great responsibility.
 We’re going to provide/supply you with our best products.
 I’ve been puzzling over this poem for the last three hours.
 We have to find somebody to reason with Ella on this option.
 Because of the last advance from Titans, the number of soldiers in
Survey Corps was reduced by two third.
 The price of this uniform was reduced to 10$.
 At the worst we will have to resort to non-verbal arguments.

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 Restricting group sizes to 10 may push social integration.

 Shutting herself off results from Isis being the lone-wolf.
 Forcing students to participate in sports usually results in them being
dispirited, humiliated and prejudiced against physical exercises.
 Don’t lose your energy with pessimists; it will rob you of your happiness.
 I am ready to sacrifice my social life to pass this exam.
 What do I see in him? Everything that you don’t.
 I have never seen Mikasa being so furious before; she was seething with
anger, to the extent it gave me the creeps.
 Will you share this burden with me?
 I show no mercy to(wards) my enemies, whoever they are.
 His skills spoke of blood, sweat, and tears put into training.
 This player specializes in dribbling.
 I happen to spend time (in) doodling.
 This incessant struggling against/with bashfulness drives me crazy.
 In my opinion, the ultimate life goal is to succeed in the pursuit
of/achieving happiness.
 Me? Going to hell? Well, fine by me, somebody has to succeed the
Devil to the throne.
 Suffering for one’s beliefs is better than faking agreement.
 Young generations suffer from social anxiety.
 Pigs will fly before I surrender to the scum like you.
 We suspect you of being the one who breached the Wall Maria.
 That day was more than perfect; the sky as blue as blue can be, gentle
breeze skimming my skin, the stream swarming with colorful fish...
 Life is about taking advantage of every situation to learn and improve.
 I know you have trust issues. That’s why I promise I will never let you
down if you take me into your confidence.
 I can’t think of any better way to do it.
 Threatening your enemies with violence will get you nowhere.
 I would trust you with my life, so don’t drop the ball.
 Turn your flaws into weapons.
 He warned me against entering the Underworld.
 I did warn him of the dangers lurking there, but to no avail.
 I am waiting on the admission results.
 Watch for original people; they are going places.
 They managed to win by a close shave.
 Work at improving yourself and your future self will be grateful to the
present you.
 How about we all worked on her?

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INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE EXPLANATION

abide abided/abode abided to live; to tolerate; to obey
alight alighted/alit alighted/alit to land
bear bore borne to bring; to carry; to deliver
beseech beseeched/besought beseeched/besought to beg
bet bet bet to wager; to gamble
bid bid/bade bid/bidden to offer; to utter
bide bided/bade bided to wait; to watch for
bleed bled bled to cause blood to flow
breed bred bred to raise; to nurture
browbeat browbeat browbeaten to intimidate; to bully
bust bust(ed) bust(ed) to break; to crash
cast cast cast to throw
chide chid(ed) chid(ed)/chidden to scold
clap clapped clapped to applause; to slap
cleave cleaved/cleft/clove cleaved/cleft/cloven to divide; to split
cling clung clung to attach to; to stick to
clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad to dress
creep crept crept to crawl; to sneak
deal dealt dealt to handle; to distribute
dight dight(ed) dight(ed) to decorate; to dress; to adorn
dive dived/dove dived to descent underwater
dwell dwelled/dwelt dwelled/dwelt to reside
fit fit(ted) fit(ted) to tally; to adapt
flee fled fled to escape
fling flung flung to throw violently; to dump
forbear forbore forborne to abstain; to restrain
forsake forsook forsaken to abandon; to leave
gild gilded/gilt gilded/gilt to cover/decorate with gold
grind ground ground to crash; to crumble
hagride hagrode hagridden to torment with worry
hang hung hung to dangle; to float
hang hanged hanged to kill; to execute
heave heaved/hove heaved/hove to throw; to lift; to hoist
hew hewed hewed/hewn to cut down with an axe
kneel kneeled/knelt kneeled/knelt to get on one’s knees
knit knit(ed) knit(ed) to sew; to weave
lade laded laded/laden to charge; to load
lay laid laid to put; to place
lie lay lain to rest; to be flat
lie lied lied to fake; to deceive
lead led led to direct; to guard
lean leaned/leant leaned/leant to slant; to tilt
leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt to jump; to increase
mow mowed mowed/mown to trim; to scythe

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plead pleaded/pled pleaded/pled to beg; to defend

quit quitted/quit quitted/quit to stop
reave reaved/reft reaved/reft to seize and carry off forcibly
reeve reeved/rove reeved/roven to pass a rope through a hole
relay relayed relayed to pass along by
relay relaid relaid to supply with relays
rend rent rent to tear; to split apart
retrofit retrofit(ted) retrofit(ted) to modernize
rid rid rid to eradicate; to eliminate
rive rove riven to cleave; to break; to crack
saw sawed sawed/sawn to cut with a saw
seek sought sought to look for; to explore
sew sewed sewed/sewn to stitch; to tailor
shave shaved shaved/shaven to crop; to trim; to cut
shear sheared sheared/shorn to trim; to shave; to deprive
shed shed shed to drop; to give; to emit
shine shone shone to gleam; to shimmer
shit shit/shat shit/shat to defecate
shoe shod shod to furnish with a shoe
shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk to shrivel; to shorten
shrive shrived/shrove shrived/shriven to purge; to forgive
shut shut shut to close
sink sank sunk to drown
slay slayed/slew slayed/slain to kill; to amuse
slide slid slid to glide
sling slung slung to throw; to fling
slink slunk slunk to sneak; to creep
slit slit slit to cut open; to tear
smell smelled/smelt smelled/smelt to inhale; to sniff
smite smote smitten to destroy; to defeat
sneak sneaked/snuck sneaked/snuck to crawl; to creep
sow sowed sowed/sown to plant; to grow
speed speeded/sped speeded/sped to rush; to fly; to boost
spell spelled/spelt spelled/spelt to denote; to express
spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt to pour; to slop; to drop
spin spun spun to rotate; to twist
spit spat spat to eject saliva
split split split to divide; to tear
spoil spoiled/spoilt spoiled/spoilt to harm; to ruin
spread spread spread to extend; to expand
spring sprang/sprung sprung to jump; to emerge
stave staved/stove staved/stove to crush or smash inward
sting stung stung to bite; to prick
stink stank stunk to reek; to funk
strew strewed strewed/strewn to scatter; to sprinkle

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stride strode stridden to walk boldly

strike struck struck to hit; to crash; to collide
string strung strung to fit with a string
strive strove striven to aim; to endeavor
swear swore sworn to vow; to testify
sweep swept swept to brush off; to clean
swell swelled swollen to bulge; to grow
swing swung swung to sway
tear tore torn to rip
thrive thrived/throve thrived/thriven to bloom; to flourish
thrust thrust thrust to push; to jam
tread trod trodden to step on
upset upset upset to bother; to trouble
waylay waylaid waylaid to lurk
weave wove woven to sew; to entwine
wed wed(ded) wed(ded) to marry
weep wept wept to sob
wet wet(ted) wet(ted) to moist; to bathe
wind wound wound to wrap; to twist; to curl
wring wrung wrung to coerce; to extort; to force
BITE: backbite – to badmouth; to dish

frostbite – to injure by freezing
BREAK: halter break - to get (an animal) used to wearing a halter
BREED: crossbreed – to mix; to mingle
BUILD: jerry-build – to build poorly and cheaply
CAST: broadcast – to transmit
DO: fordo – to kill; to destroy; to bring to ruin
FALL: befall – to happen to
GET: beget – to procreate; to bear (especially by men)
GO: forgo – to give up
forego – to precede
HOLD: behold – to look
uphold – to support; to maintain
withhold – to abstain; to refuse
KNOW: foreknow – to predict; to foresee; to foretell
LAY: inlay – to decorate; to parquet; to interlay
mislay – to misplace; to lose
outlay – to spend or disburse money
PROVE: disprove – to invalidate
READ: proofread – to analyze; to check; to copyedit
REAVE: bereave – to deprive (by death)
RISE: arise – to appear
RUN: forerun – to run before; to precede; to announce; to foreshadow
SAY: gainsay – to contradict; to deny; to disagree
SEE: oversee – to supervise; to watch over

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SET: beset – to harass; to attack

offset – to compensate; to counterbalance
SHOW: foreshow – to declare; to indicate; to show in advance
SLIDE: backslide – to revert to bad habits; to retrogress; to degenerate
landslide – to come down; to win by an overwhelming majority
STAND: withstand – to endure; to bear; to resist
STREW: bestrew – to scatter; to sprinkle; to toss
STRING: hamstring – to cripple; to paralyze; to disable
SWEAR: forswear – to abandon, to disavow under oath
TAKE: betake oneself – to go; to move
undertake – to tackle; to engage in
partake – to eat; to consume; to devour; to engage; to participate
TREAD: retread – to fit with a new tire; to do over again
THINK: bethink – to recollect
WEAR: outwear – to use up; to exhaust
WEAVE: interweave – to fuse; to intertwine
WIND: enwind – to wind around or about
rewind – to back up; to wind back
WRITE: underwrite – to secure; to guarantee
 What is the worst that may befall?

 What befell you? It befell that I killed him unintentionally.
 Violence begets violence.
 I beheld a figure in the distance.

 Lo and behold. – Patrz i podziwiaj.
 It’s a sight to behold. – It’s an amazing view.
 Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. – Prettiness of a thing depends on
who is looking at it.
 War bereft us of our home.

 Illness bereft Akashi of his mother.
 The foe beset us.

 A village beset by dense forest.
 A gold bracelet beset with jewels.
 There is no way I can abide such behavior.

 He would never abide by these rules.
 Abide with me, sweetheart. – Zostań ze mną.
 Two men alit from the vehicle.

 A thrush alit on a branch of the pine tree.
 A swarm of birds flew across the road and alit in a pecan tree.
 He alit from a horse-drawn carriage.

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 The frying bacon whetted my appetite.
 The crowd bestrewed the streets with confetti.

 Books and papers bestrewed the desk.
 The meadow was strewn with flowers.
 One of my little dream is to have a fridge strewn (packed solid) with
tasty food.
 I am betaking myself home.

 You may betake yourself off.
 He is infamous for backbiting people.
 Keep these things in mind to order to prevent you from backsliding.
 Go, brother, I bid the goodnight.

 I bid you farewell.
 My heart bled for her tragic situation.
 The children were clothed in warm fleece.

 ‘People clothe the act of vengeance in all sorts of justifications’ James
Carroll
 I crept all the way downstairs.
 I dug my way out of the snow.
 We dived/dove down to check the author.
 The nurse wound the bandage around my arm.

 Wind my clock once per week.
 The motorway winds along the seaside.
 I flung the dish against the wall.
 Please forbear from making a comment.

 He saw that she was preoccupied, and forbore to question her.
 These two will fordo me someday.
 I am always unwilling to forgo dessert.

 I forwent a purchase. – Odstąpiłam od zakupu.
 He was forced to take an oath forswearing heretical views.
 You painted/gilt the lily. – Przedobrzyłeś.

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 A man hagridden by the future – haunted by visions of an imminent

heaven or hell upon earth.
 Hew a path through the underbrush.
to stave something in – łamać coś; wybijać w czymś dziurę

to bejewel – to decorate with jewels
to swarm – tłoczyć /mrowić/roić się (to be swarming with sth)
to whet – to sharpen; to hone; to stimulate; to increase
to strike out on your own – to start doing something or living independently
to put out (the cat) to the garden – wystawić kota do ogrodu
be in disgrace – mieć przerąbane
in Tokyo – long period of time

to Tokyo – short visit/short period of time (but it’s optional)
‘GOING TO’:
 Don’t be scared. I am not going to hurt you. (determination, attitude)

 He’s not going to hurt her?
 It is going to rain. (the speaker is seeing symptoms, motivation, reaction to
symptoms)
 is too strong for being put after ‘if’
That was not the first time I have seen it. (so far in my life)
‘Why are you saying (this to me)?’

NO CONTEXT, BUT THE ACT OF SAYING
‘Why do you say...?’
CONTEXT
Mikasa had gone to the shops when I returned. (she was out of house)
Mikasa had been to the shops when I returned. (the shopping was done and
Mikasa was likely back home)

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No matter how kind you are, German children are always kinder.
conspicuous – widoczny, rzucający się w oczy, niezwykły, wyjątkowy

‘It’s conspicuous by its absence.’
simpering – minoderyjny, mizdrzący się

mustn’t grumble – nie można narzekać
in a helter-skelter way – na łeb, na szyję
The proof of the pudding is in the eating/ The proof is in the pudding.
– Okaże się w praktyce.
tattletale/telltale – skarżypyta, donosiciel
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
– Lepszy wróbel w garści niż gołąb na dachu.
as fit as a fiddle – zdrów jak ryba
The early bird catches the worm.
– Kto rano wstaje, temu Pan Bóg daje.
Waste not, want not. – Nie marnuj, a nie będziesz w potrzebie.
An idle brain is the devil’s workshop.
– Bezczynny umysł siedliskiem złego.
You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.
– Przyzwyczajenie jest drugą naturą człowieka.
Little wit in the head makes much work for the feet.
– Jak głowa głupia, to i nogom źle.
Every cloud has a silver lining.
– Nie ma tego złego co by na dobre nie wyszło.
sine qua non – warunek konieczny
Gutta cavat lapidem. – Kropla drąży skałę.
When in fear, God is near. – Jak trwoga, to do Boga.
All that glitters is not gold. – Nie wszystko złoto, co się świeci.

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SO THAT explains the purpose of something.

‘I learn languages so that I can see things from different views than mine’
SO explains the effect of something.
‘It was a long day so I will rest a bit’
The police are said...
So laid-back that almost horizontal.
God forbid – Co nie daj Boże
1. Don’t tell me the Earth is flat! Copernicus said it is spherical

– general truth and relevant to the present.
2. When Copernicus wrote that Earth was spherical, Kepler said...
– a work on astronomy, irrelevant to how it is now
She tells you to be careful because the streets are icy.
be dogged by bad luck – być prześladowanym przez pech

not to be on speaking terms – nie rozmawiać ze sobą
to dawn on sb – zaświtać komuś w głowie
genial – łagodny, miły, życzliwy
lead story – temat dnia
to be on the mend – powracać do zdrowia
make do and mend – zadowalać się tym, co się ma
least said, soonest mended – im mniej się o tym mówi, tym lepiej
to blow a raspberry AmE – prychnąć, parsknąć drwiąco
He will have done this by now. (relates to presence and future)

Zapytaj w okienku, będzie wiedział/będą wiedzieli. (teraz, a nie kiedyś)
He is believed to be a good boy. (present)

He is remembered to have been rather silly. (past, he’s gone)
can – pytanie o istnienie przyzwolenia

may – kojarzy się z prośbą o przyzwolenie (silne przy prośbach)
‘May I use your phone, please?’
‘Yes, of course, you can/may do.’
‘can’t’ – desperacki sprzeciw
Wishes:
It’s a pity that... (bardziej zrezygnowane niż ‘would’)

I wish you would stop moaning (‘would’ wywiera wpływ)
I wish you couldn’t = please, do/don’t (znacznie bardziej bezpośrednie)
I wish she didn’t do that (bardzo zrezygnowane poddanie się)

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I wish you stopped... (nie można przestawać wielokrotnie, ‘Szkoda, że nie
przestajesz...’)
I would want to... (‘would’ + ‘want’ się nie koordynuje)
must – more emphatic

will – less emphatic
have to – neutral
You must be very proud. – życzenia dla rodziców państwa młodych

You must be very excited about that... – sarkazm
must – imposing obligation

needn’t – lifting obligation
Have to/need to are equal in power.
needn’t have done – niepotrzebnie zostało zrobione
You might/could have... (‘mogłeś...’, perspektywa partnerstwa)

You should have... (‘powinieneś...’, perspektywa osoby wiedzącej lepiej,
prowokacyjne)
- You should have asked.

- And who the hell are you to tell me this?!
‘Out stockbroker recommends that we (should) buy

as many Worthright shares as we can afford.’
AmE Subjunctive – względnie codzienne sformułowania
BrE Subjunctive – oficjalne, formalne dokumenty
Should it rain tomorrow, we shall not go for a walk.

(Jeśli przypadkiem/gdyby się tak złożyło...)
Modals – nonfactual (Agreement of tenses not needed)
‘I shall/will never go there again’

He said he would never go there again.
‘You needn’t do it when she comes’

He said you wouldn’t have to do it when she came.
December: ‘I am not sure if I love her or not...’

January: At that time I was not sure whether I loved her or not.
He explained that he hadn’t been sure whether he loved her.
(drugi raz się nie uzgadnia czasów)
Gdy relacjonujemy coś z ‘must’, czyjeś wydawanie rozkazów, wtedy uzgadniamy.

‘He told her she had to...’

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Ale gdy ta sama osoba co rozkazuje opowiada, wtedy nie musi się uzgadniać.
‘So I told her she must...’
Ramzes reminded Cercei that she didn’t need/have to do anything.

(w domyśle on zawsze robi, a ona nic nie musi)
I am hoping... – less certain, less definite, used to prevent bringing bad luck
I am so proud of my son. He’s always reading. (no irritation)
‘I’ve been wondering...’ – nie w opisach zastanawiania się, tylko gdy chcemy zadać
pytanie bądź coś zasugerować, w innych sytuacjach raczej się nie używa
He gave that book to me  The book was given to me.  I was given the book.
He explained that theory to me.  That theory was explained to me.
I had my room painted. (moja aktywność)
ONCE – FULL FINISH OF ONE SITUATION

‘Once she learnt how to open the door, she felt safe.’
WHEN – TWO SITUATIONS ARE VERY CLOSE TO EACH OTHER

‘When she opened the door, she saw a dog.’
‘Can/can’t’ indicate frustration at times.

- You can’t do this to me!
- Watch me, I can!
cutting-edge – przewaga; coś nowatorskiego; odkrywczy

ludic – rozrywkowy
bandwidth – przepustowość łącza
bandwagon – wóz dla orkiestry
brain dump – przelewanie myśli na papier/do komputera
proliferation – rozpowszechnianie
the wherewithal to do sth – środki potrzebne do zrobienia czegoś
eye-catching effects
the apple of your eye
stay the course
To whom much is given much is expected.
Linguistics is a blessing in disguise.

Grammar in Context by Hugh Gethin Notes

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Grammar in context by Hugh Gethin - notes

Lingwistyka stosowana (Uniwersytet Warszawski)

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There is a choice between aspects. It depends

The paragraph praises her, but experience does not come

13. had won

‘would have been’ would be correct but it’s

Both are correct. The only difference is about the emphasis

If we put ‘was ringing’, there will be emphasis on the

‘he is/was to blame...’ Coś może mieć strukturę

‘What have you done with yourself...’

‘I have been in Stockholm since I last saw you’

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‘lived’ indicates longer periods = STATES

It’s a momentary action, there is a too small time difference

kick, hit, cough, bite etc. – momentary verbs

He ordered us back to work before we had eaten/ate our breakfast.

We had done our homework before we went to the cinema.

‘to order’ is a momentary verb like ‘to give’.

ENG. He had shown him the way before he expired.

In this context the most likely interpretation is that she hopes it is

Present Perfect Tense:

Not Shakespeare’s life because it’s closed in the past.

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NIE WAŻNE, KIEDY I GDZIE. WAŻNE, ŻE

He has done that a lot.

Plans are present and about the future.

I’ll be seeing you! = Na razie!

I will see him LEAST LIKELY, SPECULATION

34. ‘’I don’t think it will be a particularly stylish affair’’

45. will win + 46. will lose/is going to lose

65. ‘I am flying back on the eighth of January.’ ‘am flying’ – no speculation,

It doesn’t mean I am obliged to participate in an activity that is an element of

It is impossible to argue which one is preferable when we have a big choice

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WAŻNE, ŻE, A NIE GDZIE I KIEDY

NOT ‘’would come’’ because ‘’have already said’’

17. have/has declined

NOT ‘’declined’’, because the problem is not solved yet.

35. ‘Why do you say...?’’

62. ‘’I saw a film of it once.’’

ONCE 1. one time – Present Perfect 2. back then – Past Simple

66. shall I ask

shall – neutral (Do you want him to come with us?)

69. ‘He works too much.’

previous examples: ‘’He will be working, I bet. He is always working.’’

In this case using Present Progressive would emphasize special, irregular,

‘’This summer I am taking dancing classes.’’

70. ‘He will have a nervous breakdown if he’s not careful.’

WHAT DID YOU DO? WHAT WERE YOU DOING?

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happened in the middle of the longer action situation, further context

WHAT HAPPENED? WHAT HAS HAPPENED?

THE CAT EXAMPLE:

17. will keep/is keeping/is going to keep

18. has helped

30. will be doing/will have done

40. will find

49. tends to run

‘’tends to run’’ INDIRECT (instead of ‘’runs’’)

92. will have passed