GRAMMAR

REVISION

Bruno Oliveira Rodrigues

 VERB
TENSES
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
Simple present Simple past Simple future
Present continuous Past continuous Future continuous

PERFECT CONDITIONAL OTHERS

Present perfect Zero Infinitive
Present perfect continuous Type 1 Gerund
Past perfect Type 2 Present participle
Past perfect continuous Type 3
Future perfect Mixed Passive voices
Future perfect continuous
 PRESENT TENSE
When talking about something that is going on now or that is
true now and any time.
 PRESENT
SIMPLE
Express habits and general truths: Give instructions and directions:
I go to school every day. You walk for two hundred metres, then
UFMG is a crowded university. you turn left.

Express repeated actions and unchanging Express fixed arrangements,

situations: present or future:
I study in Belo Horizonte. Your exam starts in one hour.

Express emotions and wishes: To express future time*:

I wish to work at Prefeitura. He'll give it to you when you arrive.
*after, when, before, as soon as, until
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Describe an action that is going on at this Describe a temporary

moment: event or situation:
You are studying English grammar right He usually plays the drums, but he is
now. playing bass guitar tonight.

Describe an action or event in the future, Describe and emphasise a continuing

which has already been planned or series of
prepared: repeated actions*:
Are they visiting you next winter? Harry and Sally are always arguing!
*always, forever, constantly
 PAST TENSE
When talking about things that started and ended in the past or
things that started in the past and continue to the present.
 PAST
SIMPLE
Describe an action that Describe an action that
happened at a definite happened at an indefinite
point at time: point at time:
We saw a really good film last week. People lived in caves a long time ago.

Describe an action that

happened frequently*:
I often brought my lunch to school.
*often, sometimes, always
 PAST
CONTINUOUS
Describe an unfinished action
that was interrupted by another event or
action:
I was having a beautiful dream when the
alarm clock rang. I woke up furiously.
Express a sudden change of mind
or change in the situation that
the story was happening:
I was going to spend the day at the beach
but I've decided to get my homework done
instead.

Make a very polite request*:

I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight.
*wonder means to think deeply, to ponder
 FUTURE TENSE
When talking about things that refer to a time 'later than now',
and when expressing our attitude to the future event.
 OBSERVATION

WILL GOING TO -ING

simple predictions plans and intentions arrangements

There will be snow in many We are going to spend They are meeting Ana
areas tomorrow. the whole summer abroad. next week.

That person will live longer I am not going to study I am playing the drums
than it was believed. Calculus tomorrow. tonight.
 FUTURE
SIMPLE
Predict a future event: Give an invitation:
It will rain tomorrow. Will you come to the dance with me?
I will graduate in 2020. Will you marry me?

Express a spontaneous decision: Make offers and suggestions*:

I'll pay for the tickets by credit card. Shall I open the window?
I won't leave until I see the manager. Shall we go to the theater tonight?

Express (un)willingness: Ask for advice or instructions*:

We will give you a lift to the cinema. What shall I tell the boss about this?
I won't leave until I see the manager. *shall is a modal auxiliary verb.
 FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
Project ourselves and other people into Events that expected to happen in the
the future: future:
This time next week I will be sunbathing I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next
in Bali. week.

Predicting or guessing Ask politely for information

about future events: about the future:
He'll be coming to the meeting, Will you be bringing your friend to put
we expect. tonight?
PERFECT TENSE
When talking about a lot of things. A lot.
 PRESENT PERFECT

Used to indicate a link between the present and the past.

The time of the action is before now (it has already finished), but is not specified,
and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

Action that started in the past
that is complete at the time of speaking:
He has worked in the bank for five years.
Have you played the piano since you
were a child?
Action performed during a period that has not
yet finished:
She has been to the cinema twice this week and
I have not gone this month.

Action when the time Action that was completed

is not important: in the very recent past*:
He has read Lord of the Rings. I have just finished my work.
*expressed by just.
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The
time of the action is still happening at the time of speaking,
and we are often interested in the process as well as the result.

Action that started in the past
and continues in the present:
She has been waiting for you all day.
Have you played the piano since you were a
child?
Action performed during a period that has not
yet finished:
She has been to the cinema twice this week
and I have not been this month.

Action when the time Action that was completed

is not important: in the very recent past*:
He has read Lord of the Rings. I have just finished my work.
*expressed by just.
 PRESENT
PERFECT
Used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is
before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in
the action itself.
Action that started in the past and Action when the time
continues in the present: is not important:
It will rain tomorrow. Will you come to the dance with me?
I will graduate in 2020. Will you marry me?

Action that was completed

in the very recent past*:
I have just finished my work
*expressed by just.
 FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
Project ourselves and other people into Events that expected to happen in the
the future: future:
This time next week I will be sunbathing I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next
in Bali. week.

Predicting or guessing Ask politely for information

about future events: about the future:
He'll be coming to the meeting, Will you be bringing your friend to put
we expect. tonight?
 FUTURE
SIMPLE
Predict a future event: Give an invitation:
It will rain tomorrow. Will you come to the dance with me?
I will graduate in 2020. Will you marry me?

Express a spontaneous decision: Make offers and suggestions*:

I'll pay for the tickets by credit card. Shall I open the window?
I won't leave until I see the manager. Shall we go to the theater tonight?

Express (un)willingness: Ask for advice or instructions*:

We will give you a lift to the cinema. What shall I tell the boss about this?
I won't leave until I see the manager. *shall is a modal auxiliary verb.
 FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
Project ourselves and other people into Events that expected to happen in the
the future: future:
This time next week I will be sunbathing I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next
in Bali. week.

Predicting or guessing Ask politely for information

about future events: about the future:
He'll be coming to the meeting, Will you be bringing your friend to put
we expect. tonight?
 PAST
SIMPLE
Express habits and general truths: Give instructions and directions:
I go to school every day. You walk for two hundred meters, then
UFMG is a crowded university. you turn left.

Express repeated actions and unchanging Express fixed arrangements,

situations: present or future:
I study in Belo Horizonte. Your exam starts in one hour.

Express emotions and wishes: To express future time*:

I wish to work at Prefeitura. He'll give it to you when you arrive.
*after, when, before, as soon as, until
 PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
Describe an action that is going on at this Describe a temporary
moment: event or situation:
You are studying English grammar right He usually plays the drums, but he is
now. playing bass guitar tonight.

Describe an action or event in the future, Describe and emphasise a continuing

which has already been planned or series of
prepared: repeated actions*:
Are they visiting you next winter? Harry and Sally are always arguing!
*always, forever, constantly
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