Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART ONE
GENERAL
KNOWLEDGE
(GRAMMAR POINTS)
A/ GENERALITY
In english grammar, we put „’s’ at the end of verb in present simple, affirmative form and third
person of singular ( he/ she / it ).
Eg : to eat : Iris eats hamberger.
*VERBS ENDING BY o,s,ch , sh, x ,z
We put es in present simple , affirmative form and third person of singular ( he/ she / it ).
Eg :to do / to clash
Dago does his homework.
Syntich clahses her mother
B/ FORMS OF SENTENCES
B.1. Negative form
To build the present simple negative we need the auxiliary verb do/does and the particle not.
Important to understand!
The auxiliary verb "does" takes the ending -s in the third person singular (he, she, it) from the
main verb. The main verb becomes an infinitive again:
he likes → he doesn’t like
she goes → she doesn't go
In the present, the French language has only one form “ils jouent” whereas in English there is a
fundamental opposition between the present simple “they play” and the present progressive
“they are playing”.
Examples:
– They play tennis very well. (Timeless aspect (aspect atemporel): the action is not precise in
the period/ moment.)
– They play tennis on Saturday afternoons. (Frequentative aspect: the action is repeated.)
– What are they doing now? They are playing tennis (progressive/ imperfective aspect)
The progressive aspect is used to express an action in progress, an action that is not finished yet.
We know it is started but is not finished yet. The present progressive is therefore, the present par
excellence.
For the other tenses (past simple / past progressive; future simple / future progressive etc), the
fundamental opposition between the two forms (they played / they were playing) obeys the same
principles and is used to show differences of aspect.
LESSON 12 : GOING TO
There is no one 'future tense' in English. There are 4 future forms. The one which is used most often
in spoken English is 'going to', not 'will'.
a - We use 'going to' when we want to talk about a plan for the future.
• I'm going to see him later today.
• They're going to launch it next month.
Notice that this plan does not have to be for the near future.
• When I retire I'm going to go back to Barbados to live.
• In ten years time, I'm going to be boss of my own successful company.
c- We use 'going to' when we want to make a prediction based on evidence we can see now.
• Look out! That cup is going to fall off.
• Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain soon.
We can replace 'going to go' by 'going'.
• I'm going out later.
• She's going to the exhibition tomorrow.
LESSON 13 : WILL - FUTURE
Some people have been taught that 'will' is 'the future' in English. This is not correct.
Sometimes when we talk about the future we cannot use 'will'. Sometimes when we use 'will'
we are not talking about the future.
a - We can use 'will' to talk about future events we believe to be certain.
• Next year, I'll be 50.
• That plane will be late. It always is.
Often we add 'perhaps', 'maybe', 'probably', 'possibly' to make the belief less certain.
• I'll probably come back later.
• He'll possibly find out when he sees Jenny.
b - We often use 'will' with 'I think' or 'I hope'.
• I think I'll go to bed now.
• I think she'll do well in the job.
c - We use 'will' at the moment we make a new decision or plan. The thought has just come into
our head.
• Bye. I'll phone you when I get there.
• I'll go to Issia .
ENGLISH FRENCH
To be hungry Avoir faim
To be thirsty Avoir soif
To be right Avoir raison
To be wrong Avoir tort
To be 22 Avoir 22 ans
To be cold Avoir froid
To be hot Avoir chaud
To be ashamed Avoir honte
To be sea sick Avoir mal de mer
To be afraid Avoir peur
To be sleepy Avoir sommeil
To be sick to one’s stomach Avoir mal au ventre
MUST :…………………………………………………………………………..........................
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CAN : ………………………………………………………………………….............................
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HAVE TO :……………………………………………………………………….........................
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SHALL : ………………………………………………………………………...........................
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MAY : ………………………………………………………………………............................
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LESSON 5 : CONDITIONALS
Zero conditional : Condition + result
Second conditional :
If I won the lottery, I would travel a lot
If they sold their house, they would be rich
Third conditional :
If you had studied , you would have passed the exam.
If I hadn’t been sick, I would have gone to your party
EXERCISE
Build two sentences with each conditional:
1……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2.........................................................................................................................................................
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4……….……………………………………………………………………….…………………
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5……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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7.........................................................................................................................................................
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Practice: the following are some conversations. Complete the dialogue with: may
I- could I- can I
Note: The caller is speaker B. Do it individually and discuss your answer with
your partner. The conversation N° 1 is an example done to help you.
Conversation 1 Conversation 2
A : Hello !
A : Hello !
B: Hello ,..........................talk to Johnson?
B: Hi this is Bob. Could I speak to Kate?
A: She „s not at home right now................
A: Hang on...
like to leave a message?
B: No, thanks. I‟ll call later.
Conversation 3
Conversation 4
A : Hello !
A: Hello!
B: Hello,.........................speak to Maria?
B: Hello. Is Daniel there?
A: She „s not here right now.
A: Yes, he is.
B: Oh............................I leave a message?
B.................................................to him?
A: Certainly. Just a minute. I have to get a pen.
A: A minute, please. I‟ll get him.
C/ CHANGES OF PRONOUNS
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
I He/she/
Me Him/her
My His/her
Mine His/her
myself Himself/ herself
We You/ they
Us You/ them
Our Your/ their
Ours Yours/ theirs
You He/ she/ him/ her/ I/ me/ us
Yours His/ hers/mine
Yourself Himself/ herself/ myself
Yourselves Ourselves
1) You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if
the original statement was about something that is still true.
e.g. „Men cannot count the stars‟ Emma says to
us. Emma says to us that men cannot count the
stars.
Finally, pay attention to whether the speech you are reporting uses a modal verb. Will, can,
and shall change to would, could, and should when reported. Will is used to make
statements
about the future in English. When reporting this kind of statement, will becomes would. Compare
these sentences:
Caty asked, "Can you answer the phone while I'm out?"
-> Caty asked me if I could answer the phone while she was out.
If the modal verb is already in its past form, it does not change when reported.
Number Word
1,121 a/one thousand one hundred and twenty-one
2,356 two thousand three hundred and fifty-six
9,999 nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine
1,000,000 a/one million
1,000,000,000 a/one billion
1.2 Decimals
Use the Cardinal number for decimals:
3.8 Three point Eight
4.25 Four point two five
2 – Roman numbers
Roman numbers are seldom used. They are used for the names of kings and queens. Use the
ordinal number:
You normally split up the year in tens. 1985 is split up in 19 and 85 and you say nineteen eighty-
five.
From 2000 until 2009 the year is normally not split up.
2000: two thousand
2001: two thousand (and) one
The word is often left out. From 2010 onward the year is split up again. 2010 is split up in 20 and
10 and you say twenty ten.
3.2 Writing and saying the date in British
English Rule: day - month - year
You write: 1st January, 2010
You say: the first of January twenty ten
3.3. Writing and saying the date in American English
Rule: month - day - year
You write: January 1st, 2010
3.9.1. If the street number has one or two digits, say it as a normal number (3 = three; 22
= twenty-two).
3.9.2. If the street number has three digits, there are three ways to say
it: Possiblity1: digit - digit - digit: 923 = nine - two - three
Possiblity2: digit - double-digit: 923 = nine - twenty-three
This pattern is not used if the middle digit is 0:
Possiblity3: If the middle digit is 0, say the number as digit - oh - digit: 903 = nine - oh - three
3.9.3. If the street number has four digits, there are four ways to say it:
Possiblity1: digit - digit - digit - digit: 9234 = nine - two - three - four
Possiblity2: double-digit - double-digit: 9234 = ninety-two - thirty-four
This pattern is not used if the third digit is 0:
Possiblity3: If the third digit is 0, one way to say it is digit - digit - oh - digit: 9204 = nine - two -
oh - four
If the third digit is 0, the other way to say it is double-digit - oh - digit: 9204 = ninety-two - oh -
four
Possiblity4: If the street number has more than four digits, say it as digit - digit - digit - digit -
digit (etc.).
If any digit is 0, say it as oh: 14278 = one - four - two - seven - eight
NB: The streets have got odd numbers (e.g 3,5,7) on the left and even numbers (4,6,8) on
the right
5 - Percentages
100% a hundred per cent;
½% half a per cent;
0.5% oh point five per cent,
1.234 one point two three Four
Examples
Symbol Name Arithmetic Literary spelling
+ addition sign, plus sign 1+2=3 One plus two is three
- subtraction sign, minus 2-1=1 Two minus one is one
sign
x or ⋅ multiplication sign 2x3=6 Two times (multiplied by) three is six
÷ or / division sign 6/3=2 Six divided by three is two
= Equals / is 4+4=8 Four and four equals (is equal to) eight
< less than 2<4 Two is less than four
5.1 MEASURES
A measure is a particular system used to determine the dimensions (m), area (m 2), volume (m3),
or weight (g) of something. The international conventional measures are: metre (m), gram (g),
litre (l).
1.1. Linear measures
The main linear measure is the inch /intʃ/ and mile /mail/
1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm
1 foot (ft) = 12 inches = 30.48 cm
1 mile (mi) = 1760 yards = 1609.344 m/1.609344km
1.2. Measures of Capacity
1.2.1 Capacity
● Liquid measures of capacity: litre/litre (l) (metric) in Britain
1 gill = 0.142 l
1 pint (pt) = 4 gills = 0.568 litres (l)
1 quart (qt) = 2 pints = 1.136 litres
● Apothecaries’ Fluid Measure millilitre/ millilitre (ml) (metric)
Used by pharmacists for measuring medicines
60 minims = 1 fluid dram (GB, US) = 3.552 millilitres (ml)
8 fluid drams = 1 fluid ounce (GB, US) = 2.841 centilitres (cl)
20 fluid ounces = 1 pint (GB, US) = 0.568 litres.
1.2.2 Volume
The base unit of volume in the International system is the cubic meter. There are 1000 liters per
cubic meter, or 1 liter contains the same volume as a cube with sides of length 10cm. A cube
with sides of length of 1 cm or 1 cm3 contains a volume of 1 milliliter. A liter contains the same
volume as 1000 ml or 1000 cm3.
1.4. Temperature
Main measure: Centigrade/Celsius (Celcius, US) (metric) -----------› Fahrenheit (US, UK and
Canada).
FAHRENHEIT CELSIUS
F C
Boiling
212° 100°
point
194° 90°
176° 80°
158° 70°
140° 60°
122° 50°
104° 40°
86° 30°
68° 20°
50° 10°
Freezing
32° 0°
point
14° 10°
0° 17.8°
Absolute
zero 459.67° 273.15°
To convert Fahrenheit temperature into Celsius: subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9 (five ninths)
To convert Celsius temperature into Fahrenheit: multiply by 9/5 (nine fifths) and add 32
1st Qtr
1st Qtr 1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
2nd Qtr 2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
3rd Qtr 3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
4th Qtr 4th Qtr
6.2. Graphs
7. Tables
A table is a set of facts or numbers that are arranged in rows and columns on a page. Example:
Number of students
Classes Total
Girls Boys
1ABTS MSP/C 08 43 51
1ABTS GCV/B 12 45 57
1ABTS FCGE/F 33 25 58
2ABTS RIT/O 30 30 60
2ABTS GTH/C 15 20 35
Commentary: In 1ABTS MSP/C girls are less than boys, in 1ABTS FCGE/F girls are more than
boys and in 2ABTS RIT/O the number of girls is equal to that of boys.
1 - Dizaine
1.1 (= 10) ten
1.2 (= environ 10)
Une dizaine : about ten, ten or so
⇒ Une dizaine de jours : about ten days, ten days or so
Une bonne dizaine : at least ten
⇒ Une bonne dizaine de personnes : at least ten people
Une petite dizaine : just under ten
Par dizaines / des dizaines (Dozens of)
⇒ Des morts par dizaines : dozens of deaths
2 – Douzaine
a dozen eggs: une douzaine d’œufs
I bought two dozen: J’en ai acheté deux douzaines.
3 - Vingtaine
2.1 (= 20) twenty
4 – Centaine
3.1 (= 100) hundred
3.2 (= environ 100)
Une centaine de livres : About one hundred books
Des centaines voitures : hundreds of cars
5 – Millier
4.1 (= 1000) thousand
4.2 (= environ 1000)
Un millier de savons : About one thousand soaps
Des milliers personnes : thousands of people
Generality
Comparative and Superlatives are special forms of adjectives used to compare two or many things.
They are:
1 - Comparative
1.1 Comparative of inferiority: less + adj + than (moins +adj+que), ou not so + adj. + as (pas si +
adj. + que)
1.2 Comparative of equality: as + adj. +as (aussi +adj. + que)
1.3 Comparative of superiority: more + adj. + than, ou Adj. –er + than (plus + adj. que)
2 - Superlative
2.1 Superlative of inferiority: the least + adj. + in/of (le moins + adj. + dans/parmi/de)
- Superlative of superiority: the most + adj. + in/of, ou the adj.-est + in/of (le plus + adj. +
dans/parmi/de)
LESSON 9: MAKE vs DO
PART TWO
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
I- TYPES DE TRADUCTION
Il existe deux types de traductions : le thème et la version. Dans le cadre de notre
étude de la langue anglaise, la version consiste à traduire une phrase ou un texte de
l’Anglais au Français et le thème du Français à l’Anglais. Le thème et la version
sont donc deux types de traduction inverses.
Traduction
Langue source Langue cible
A Traduire B
(Equivalents sémantique, stylistique et culturels)
Thème : Français Anglais
(Langue source) (Langue cible)
Il existe plusieurs procédés de traduction. Ceux qui ont été retenus dans le cadre de
notre étude en constituent l’essentiel. Ils s’imposent comme un gage de réussite dans
cette épreuve pour le moins capricieuse ; car la traduction mot à mot, appelée
„calque‟ quoi que faisant parti des procédés, ne donne toujours pas le résultat idéal.
Si certains s’assimilent vite, d’autres en revanche requièrent davantage de pratique et
de savoir- faire pour en maitriser l’utilisation.
Comme l’emprunt, et pour les mêmes raisons, le calque n’est pas considéré par certains auteurs
comme un véritable procédé de traduction.
La traduction littérale ( literal translation )
La traduction littérale désigne une traduction mot -à- mot aboutissant à un texte à la
fois correct et idiomatique :
What time is it? Quelle heure est-il?
Facts are stubborn ‘ Les faits sont têtus’
Elle n’est acceptable que si la langue cible garde la même syntaxe, le même sens et le
même style que la langue source :
He had always dreamed of going to Irland. ‘Il avait toujours rêvé d’aller en
Irland’.
Substantif verbe
The assumption is that: „”On suppose que...”
Verbe préposition
Adjectif Substantif
The speculative property boom: La flambée de speculation immobilières
Adjectif adverbe
They have generated sufficient interest : „Ils ont suscité suffisamment d’intérêt
Adverbe Verbe
He nearly got arrested: „Il faillit se faire arrêter.
Préposition Relative
The people around him: „Les gens qui l’entourent’.
b-Cas particuliers
Cas particulier 1 : Chassé-croisé
Il consiste à permuter des mots de vocabulaire et à changer leurs catégories. Le chassé – croisé
concerne essentiellement deux domaines d’expression de déplacement et structures
résultatives. Exemples : He swam accross the river
Cas particulier 2:
a- L’étoffement (expansion)
Il consiste à ajouter les éléments sous-entendus. Il peut s’agir d’un verbe ou de certains termes de
liaisons plus fréquents en français qu’en anglais.
Exemples : According to a report in „European policy..
Selon un rapport publié dans le„European policy...
The big overseas economies … : Les grandes puissances étrangères
To exits : „accès aux sorties
b-La modulation
Elle consiste à changer le point de vue pour contourner une difficulté de traduction ou pour faire
apparaitre une façon de voir les choses, propre aux locuteurs de langue d’arrivée :
Exemple : War is wrenching effects on ordinary lives: Les effets dévastateurs de la guerre sur le
commun des mortels.
John Mayor has promised there will be „no hiding place from the challenge of competion: John
Mayor aassuré que le défi de la compétionfrapperapartout.
Who knows? You may be right: Qui sait? Tu n’as peut-être pas
d-l’équivalence
L’équivalence est un procédé par lequel on rend compte de la même situation que dans
l‟original, en ayant recours à une rédaction entièrement différente :
-Ouch : Aie ! (Ou encore „Ouille‟)
Un proverbe anglais est rendu par le proverbe correspondant en français.
- Birds of feather flock together: Qui se ressemble s’assemble
- Too many cooks spoil the broth: Deux patrons font chavirer la barque
Une expression toute faite (ou idiotisme) en anglais est rendue par l’expression toute faite
équivalente en français.
To court disaster (litt. Courtiser la catastrophe) Jouer avec le feu
Idem pour une institution : Hannah goes to grammar school now : Hannah va au lycée
maintenant.
The Blue Berets: Les casques bleus.
e-L’adaptation
L‟adaptation tient compte de la différence entre les réalités de chaque société pour exprimer le
même effet.
Blend 1 tsp(„teaspoon) white truffle past and 15 cc (Cubic centimeter H) of Brandy: Mélange
une cuillère à café de beurre aux truffes à 15 millitres d’eau de vie .
L’adaptation porte ici sur teaspoon( ful), qui devient cuillerée à café et cubiccentimeters, qui
devient „millitres
Conclusion
On entend souvent dire qu’il n’y a pas de traduction parfaite. Ce point de vue est même renforcé
par cette expression commune italienne « traduttore- traditore » (traducteur- traite ou
traducteur est une traite). Toutefois une bonne maitrise sémantique, grammaticale et culturelle
aussi bien de la langue source que de la langue cible est de nature à aider le traducteur à rendre
presqu’avec exactitude les idées à traduire.
PART THREE
TEXT STUDY
METHODOLOGY AND
WRITING
Eg 1 : mouse- screen- keyboard- print- printer : the text is about the computer.
Eg 2 : Price- place- promotion- product : the text deals with the marketing mix
2.Scanning
Scanning is reading a text carefully to find out the details , facts. It is carried out through a set
work activities such as :
1. Multiple choice question (MCQ)
2. Matching
3. Gap filling
4. True or false statements
5. Wh- questions
6. Summarizing
7. Yes or no questions
3. Guidelines
When reading a text , whether skimming or scanning :
Keep in mind the context
Don‟t think to know the meaning of all the words
Guess the meaning of unknown words through the context
When answering questions about the text, identify the type of questions. Is it Yes or No
question or wh- questions?
4. Types of questions
a) Wh-questions
Most Wh-questions begin with a question word + an auxiliary verb + the subject.
An auxiliary verb is a form of BE or HAVE or modal verbs.
Examples : can- should- could …
What is Judith doing ?
Where has miss Bamba put the map?
When can we eat safely?
NOTE : with the ordinary verbs, we use a form of « do » in the present simple and past.
Eg : Where do people meet ?
How does the radio work,
What did they give you ?
b) Yes/ No questions
Yes/ No questions is one that we can answer with yes or
no. Eg : A : Do you go to school on Sundays? B:
No.
Don‟t copy the text blindly , try to understand and answer them directly.
Remember that comprehension questions are specific, and to specific questions,
specific answers.
Correspondence
Writing a letter of application
Brainstorming.
1. What do you see on these pictures? What are they used for?
2. What are the different types of letters that you know?
3. Which letter do you write when you are seeking for a job ?
Input phase
a/ Read the information below and do the activities that follow.
When you are applying for a job, here is the information that you need to be aware
of.
- Use of a formal layout the letter of application is composed of :
- The date
- The writer’s name, his signature and closing formula ( at the end of the
letter)
- The writer’s address ( at the top right )
- The opening salutations (before starting the letter properly), but before you
can state the letter’s subject.
- The addressee’s address ( at the top left )
- Names and addresses of referees.
b/ use appropriate style
Dealing with the style the flow is put on the body of the letter.
The body of the letter has four (4) main parts they are:
-abilities and experience (the skills of the applicant).
-expectations (what he / she wants when applying)
- Reason for applying.
C / Other astuteness to be known
The applicant must bear in mind that:
The different paragraphs must clearly be separated.
He / she must be brief avoiding wrong useless information.
Making a good impression on the employer helps.
A careful reading of the advertisement is useful. Because, providing
another information it asks for, is necessary.
Activation 1
Study the model and use information from the input above to label its different
parts.
N °3 is done for you.
Mr. Murphy Ms. Mary jones
EDUCATION
2015- 2019: Master of Art in translation, University F.H.B , Cocody, ABIDJAN
2012-2015: Bachelor of Art in translation, University F.H.B , Cocody,
ABIDJAN 2009-2012: BAC in literature, Collège Offoumou Yapo, Yopougon,
ABIDJAN
WORK EXPERIENCE
2015 - Present: Freelance translator , Farah Clinic , Marcory
2015-2017: English teacher, G.S.S.A . Fadette, Yopougon, ABIDJAN
2014-2015: English teacher, Collège Offoumou Yapo ,Yop. ABIDJAN
LANGUAGES
Fluent French
Fluent English
Conventional Spanish
PERSONAL
Driving license
Reading
Cooking
Swimming
REFERENCES
o Dr. YAO, dept. English , University F.H.B , Cocody, ABIDJAN
o Mr. KONAN, headmaster, Collège Offoumou Yapo, Yopougon
CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITY
After your studies in health care area, you are asked to drop your file in NKL
CLINIC, in Ghana. The director of Human resource needs your resumé.
So build it and send it to him.
PART FOUR
TEXTS STUDY AND TASKS
(Full activities)
Activity 1 : Skimming
Read the text quickly and choose the option (a-b-c-d) that best completes the statements
below .
The text is about :
a) mobile money payment
b) electronic payment
c) foreign transactions
d) different means of payment
Activity 3 : Comprehension
Read the text again and give short answers to the following questions.
1) What is a payment ?
2) What are the different forms of payment mentioned in the text ?
3) Can payment take complex forms ?
4) In the US law what is the payee and payer ?
5) What kind of thing is required after payment has been done in trade ?
6) Who is payment commonly done ?
7) What situation leads the creditor to refuse payment?
c) Prepositions of time
On + Day / date
Eg : on Monday / on 3rd December.
Task
Rewrite the sentences below starting with the underlined words.
1) The accountant paid the salaries.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2) The Bank gave loans to the company.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3) My friend lent me some money yesterday.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
As a worker in a company write a paragraph to tell your American friend the means of
payment which is seen to you the most effective.
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Accounting or accountancy is a system of rules and procedures used for recording and
reporting financial information. Accounting plays a very important role in the public and
private enterprise system because its function is to keep track of financial information and
to report on profits and losses.
The accounting workers who keep records and prepare reports need rules to follow. These
rules or principles guide how accounting information is recorded and reported. Three
specific principles followed in accounting are the exchange principle, the revenue
principle and the matching principle.
In reference to exchange principle accounting workers are responsible for recording
business transactions on a day-to-day basis. The actual goods and services exchanged for
currencies is the basis for reporting financial information.
Revenue is what a business earns from the sale of goods and services. For accounting
purposes, revenue is recognized and recorded on the date of the sale even if cash has not
been received on that date.
Business must spend money to produce goods or provide services and to pay the costs of
operating the business, for example, telephone bills and rent. The cost of operating a
business is expenses. In accounting, expenses are always compared or matched to revenue
for the same period. Matching expenses to revenue provides information on the cost
expenses of producing revenue for the period. This is related to the matching principle.
Activity 1: Skimming
Read the text and choose the best alternative to complete these sentences.
The text is about : ………………………………………………………………...
a) The main principles in business c) the work of accountants
b) The financial information report d) the main principles in accounting
Activity 2 : Word study
Read the text and find in it words or groups of words meaning. N°
Activity 3 : Comprehension
A) Questions and answers
Read the text once more and answer these questions:
1) What is accounting ?........................................................................................
2) Why is accounting so important to companies?
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3) Point out the basic or specific principles in accounting.
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4) What does an accountant’s job consist in ?
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Activity 5 : Translation
Translate this passage into French
From ‘Accounting or accountancy… „down to „…… information is recorded
reported’.
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Activity 6 : Production
Mr. Biner, a Nigerian businessman whose company is doing badly because of the
inefficiency of the accounting department. As an expert what type of advice could
you provide to the members of the accounting staff?
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