Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PHYS-P 622
2
The LSZ reduction formula
based on S-5
In order to describe scattering experiments we need to construct
appropriate initial and final states and calculate scattering amplitude.
Summary of free theory:
one particle state:
is a state that evolves with time (in the Schrödinger picture), wave
packet propagates and spreads out and so the particle is localized far from
the origin in at .
for is a state describing two particles widely separated
in the past.
In the interacting theory is not time independent
4
A guess for a suitable initial state:
A useful formula:
Integration by parts,
surface term = 0,
particle is localized, is 0 in free theory, but not in interacting one!
(wave packet needed).
E.g.
6
Thus we have:
8
Comments:
we assumed that creation operators of free field theory would work
comparably in the interacting theory ...
we want ,
since this is what it is in free field theory, creates a
correctly normalized one particle state.
10
multiparticle states:
11
Summary:
Scattering amplitudes can be expressed in terms of correlation
functions of fields of an interacting quantum field theory:
12
Consider for example:
13
14
it can be also written as:
and for the path integral of the free field theory we have found:
15
assumes
thus in the case of:
counterterm lagrangian
in the limit we expect and
E = 2P - 3V
3V derivatives can act on 2P sources in (2P)! / (2P-3V)! different ways
e.g. for V = 2, P = 3 there is 6! different terms
17
V = 2, E = 0 ( P = 3 ):
! ! ! !
3! 3! 2 2 2
x1 x2
2! 6 6 3! 2 2 2
! !
1 1 1 1
= dx1 dx2 (iZg g)2 ∆(x1 − x2 ) ∆(x1 − x2 ) ∆(x1 − x2 )
24 i i i
symmetry factor
18
V = 2, E = 0 ( P = 3 ):
! ! ! !
3! 3! 3! 2
x1 x2
2! 6 6 3! 2 2 2
! !
1 1 1 1
= dx1 dx2 (iZg g)2 ∆(x1 − x1 ) ∆(x1 − x2 ) ∆(x1 − x1 )
8 i i i
symmetry factor
19
Feynman diagrams:
a line segment stands for a propagator
e.g. for V = 1, E = 1
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
and also:
and also:
30
All these diagrams are connected, but Z( J ) contains also diagrams
that are products of several connected diagrams:
31
33
e.g.
37
we get
short notation:
thus we find:
39
4-point function:
S=8
each diagram occurs 8 times, which nicely cancels the symmetry factor.
41
General result for tree diagrams (no closed loops): each diagram
with a distinct endpoint labeling has an overall symmetry factor 1.
y z
42
For two incoming and two outgoing particles the LSZ formula is:
We find:
43
44
four-momentum is conserved in scattering process
Let’s define:
45
for internal lines draw arrows arbitrarily but label them with momenta so that
momentum is conserved in each vertex
assign factors: 1 for each external line
for each internal line with momentum k
for each vertex
sum over all the diagrams and get
46
Additional rules for diagrams with loops:
a diagram with L loops will have L internal momenta that are not fixed; integrate
over all these momenta with measure
include diagrams with counterterm vertex that connects two propagators, each
with the same momentum k; the value of the vertex is
47
49
Let’s insert the complete set of energy eigenstates between the two fields;
for we have:
ground state, 0 - energy
50
51
then we have:
52
similarly: