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reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage
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and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information
SVVIUYMVIQIRXWXLEXQE]FIWYFNIGXXSQSVIXLERSRIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSVQE]FIMRGSQTPIXISVMRGSVVIGX9WIVW[LS
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ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance
ERHPMQMXEXMSRWSJMXWGSRXIRXERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWERH[LS[MPPEGGITXVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLIETTPMGEXMSRSJXLIQEXI
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ETTPMGEXMSRERHYWISJXLMWMRJSVQEXMSR

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ing but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.

%'-ERHMXWQIQFIVWHMWGPEMQPMEFMPMX]JSVHEQEKIWSJER]OMRHMRGPYHMRKER]WTIGMEPMRHMVIGXMRGMHIRXEPSVGSR
sequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this
TYFPMGEXMSR

It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific
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ERHXLIYWISJXLMWHSGYQIRX8LIYWIVQYWXHIXIVQMRIXLIETTPMGEFMPMX]SJEPPVIKYPEXSV]PMQMXEXMSRWFIJSVIETTP]MRK
XLIHSGYQIRXERHQYWXGSQTP][MXLEPPETTPMGEFPIPE[WERHVIKYPEXMSRWMRGPYHMRKFYXRSXPMQMXIHXS9RMXIH7XEXIW
3GGYTEXMSREP7EJIX]ERH,IEPXL%HQMRMWXVEXMSR37,% LIEPXLERHWEJIX]WXERHEVHW

4EVXMGMTEXMSRF]KSZIVRQIRXEPVITVIWIRXEXMZIWMRXLI[SVOSJXLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXIERHMRXLIHIZIPST
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3VHIVMRJSVQEXMSR%'-HSGYQIRXWEVIEZEMPEFPIMRTVMRXF]HS[RPSEHSR'(631XLVSYKLIPIGXVSRMGWYFWGVMTXMSR
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1SWX%'-WXERHEVHWERHGSQQMXXIIVITSVXWEVIKEXLIVIHXSKIXLIVMRXLIERRYEPP]VIZMWIH%'-1ERYEPSJ'SRGVIXI
4VEGXMGI1'4 

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+YMHIXS'EWXMR4PEGI%VGLMXIGXYVEP'SRGVIXI
4VEGXMGI
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/IMXL%LEP 1MGLEIP77QMXL
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(ERMIP4(SVJQYIPPIV +VIKSV]6;EKRIV
8LSQEW.+VMWMRKIV
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XSXLMWKYMHI
.EQIW17LMPWXSRI.V

8LMWKYMHITVIWIRXWVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWJSVTVSHYGMRKGEWXMRTPEGI '328)287
architectural concrete. The importance of specified materials, 'LETXIV{-RXVSHYGXMSRT
JSVQMRKGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXGYVMRKEHHMXMSREPXVIEXQIRXMRWTIG
tion, and their effect on the appearance of the finished product are
Chapter 2—Definitions, p. 2
HMWGYWWIH %VGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI VIUYMVIW WTIGMEP GSRWXVYGXMSR
XIGLRMUYIW QEXIVMEPW ERH VIUYMVIQIRXW XLEX EVI YRMUYI XS IEGL
project. The specific recommendations and information presented 'LETXIV{%VGLMXIGXYVEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWT
MRXLMWKYMHIWLSYPHFIYWIHEGGSVHMRKP] {%VGLMXIGXYVEPJIEXYVIW
{%VGLMXIGXYVEPHIWMKR
/I][SVHW EHQM\XYVI EKKVIKEXI EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI FIEQ FYWL {'SEXMRKWERHWIEPIVW
hammer; cement; coating; column; consolidation; cracking; curing; deflec {.SMRXWIEPERXW
tion; exposed-aggregate finish; finish; form lining; formwork; joint; joint
WIEPERX QM\XYVI TVSTSVXMSR TMKQIRX TPEGMRK UYEPMX] GSRXVSP VIPIEWI
3.5—Specifications
EKIRXVITEMVVIXEVHIVWIEPERXXI\XYVI[EPP
'LETXIV{7XVYGXYVEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWT
{7TEPPMRK
4.2—Deflections
{'VEGOMRK
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MRWTIGXMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR8LMWHSGYQIRXMWMRXIRHIHJSVXLIYWI 'LETXIV{*SVQWT
of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance {+IRIVEP
ERHPMQMXEXMSRWSJMXWGSRXIRXERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWERH[LS {1EXIVMEPW
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EPPVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLIWXEXIHTVMRGMTPIW8LI-RWXMXYXIWLEPP
%'-6WYTIVWIHIW%'-6ERHFIGEQIIJJIGXMZI.YRI
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HSGYQIRXW -J MXIQW JSYRH MR XLMW HSGYQIRX EVI HIWMVIH F] QIERWMRGPYHMRKXLIQEOMRKSJGSTMIWF]ER]TLSXSTVSGIWWSVF]IPIGXVSRMGSV
XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVXSFIETEVXSJXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW QIGLERMGEPHIZMGITVMRXIH[VMXXIRSVSVEPSVVIGSVHMRKJSVWSYRHSVZMWYEPVITVS
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 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

{)GSRSQMGW %TTIRHM\ % JSV I\EQTPIW SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEP GEWXMRTPEGI

{*SVQ[SVOEGGYVEG] GSRGVIXI :EVMSYW TVSGIHYVIW EVI VIGSQQIRHIH JSV HIXIV
{*SVQNSMRXW QMRMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI EVGLMXIGX GSRXVEGXSV GSRGVIXI
{8I\XYVIWERHTEXXIVRW TVSHYGIV ERH MRWTIGXSV 'VMXMGEP EVIEW EVI MRHMGEXIH JSV
{*SVQ[SVOEGGIWWSVMIW WTIGMEPEXXIRXMSRERHQIERWJSVTVIZIRXMSRSVGSVVIGXMSRSJ
{*SVQGSEXMRKWERHWIEPIVW defects are discussed. Specific surface treatments and special
{*SVQVIPIEWIEKIRXW forming techniques are presented. Applicable codes, specifi
{*SVQVIQSZEP GEXMSRWERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWEVIKMZIR%KSSHVIWSYVGIJSV
KIRIVEPMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIGERFIJSYRH
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{+IRIVEP XSM
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{8MI[MVI several special conditions for specific architectural concrete.
{>MRGGSEXIHKEPZERM^IH
WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX -RJSVQEXMSRXLEX QE] FI ETTPMGEFPIJSVYWIMRTVSHYGMRK E
{)TS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW specific result may not be applicable to another. The user
WLSYPHEPWSFIE[EVIXLEXVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWMRXLMWKYMHIEVI
'LETXIV{'SRGVIXIQEXIVMEPWERHQM\XYVI WYFNIGXMZIXSXLIQIERWERHQIXLSHWYWIHJSVEGGSQTPMWLMRK
TVSTSVXMSRMRKT a specific task for a specific level of architectural effect, and
{+IRIVEP WLSYPH FI XIWXIH FIJSVI YWI XS IRWYVI MX [MPP TVSHYGI XLI
{1EXIVMEPW VIUYMVIHVIWYPX*YVXLIVVIWIEVGLMWRIIHIHXSTVSZMHIEHHM
{4VSTSVXMSRMRKQM\MRKERHXIQTIVEXYVIGSRXVSP XMSREPMRJSVQEXMSRSRWYVJEGIEMVZSMHWERHSXLIVGSRWXVYG
XMSRTVSFPIQW8LMWKYMHIHSIWRSXEHHVIWWEPPXLITVSFPIQW
'LETXIV{4PEGMRKERHGSRWSPMHEXMSRT EWWSGMEXIH[MXLEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI
{'SRZI]MRKERHTPEGMRK
{'SRWSPMHEXMSR ',%48)6{()*-2-8-327
ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through
'LETXIV{'YVMRKT ER SRPMRI VIWSYVGI w%'- 'SRGVIXI 8IVQMRSPSK]x LXXT
{+IRIVEP terminology.concrete.org). Definitions provided herein
{'YVMRKMRJSVQW GSQTPIQIRXXLEXVIWSYVGI
{1SMWXGYVMRK FPIQMWL—any superficial defect that causes visible varia
{1IQFVERIGYVMRK XMSR JVSQ E GSRWMWXIRXP] WQSSXL ERH YRMJSVQP] GSPSVIH
{,SX[IEXLIVGYVMRK WYVJEGISJLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI
GLIGOMRK{HIZIPSTQIRX SJ WLEPPS[ GVEGOW EX GPSWIP]
'LETXIV{8VIEXIHEVGLMXIGXYVEPWYVJEGIWT WTEGIH FYX MVVIKYPEV MRXIVZEPW SR XLI WYVJEGI SJ TPEWXIV
{7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVW GIQIRXTEWXIQSVXEVSVGSRGVIXI
{,MKLTVIWWYVI[EXIVNIX GSRGVIXI EVGLMXIGXYVEP{GSRGVIXI XLEX [MPP FI TIVQE
{%GMH[EWL RIRXP] I\TSWIHXSZMI[ ERHXLIVIJSVIVIUYMVIWWTIGMEPGEVI
{%FVEWMZIFPEWXMRK MRXLIWIPIGXMSRSJXLIGSRGVIXIQEXIVMEPWJSVQMRKTPEGMRK
{8SSPMRKSVSXLIVQIGLERMGEPXVIEXQIRXW and finishing to obtain the desired architectural appearance.
GSRGVIXI GEWXMRTPEGI{GSRGVIXI XLEX MW HITSWMXIH ERH
Chapter 11—Finishing and final cleanup, p. 26 EPPS[IHXSLEVHIRMRXLITPEGI[LIVIMXMWVIUYMVIHXSFIMR
{+IRIVEP XLIGSQTPIXIHWXVYGXYVIEWSTTSWIHXSTVIGEWXGSRGVIXI
{8MILSPIW GSRGVIXI I\TSWIH{GSRGVIXI WYVJEGIW JSVQIH WS EW XS
{&PIQMWLVITEMV yield an acceptable texture and finish for permanent expo
{7XEMRVIQSZEP WYVIXSZMI[6IJIVXSGSRGVIXIEVGLMXIGXYVEP

{7IEPIVWERHGSEXMRKW finish, exposed-aggregate—a decorative finish for
GSRGVIXI [SVO EGLMIZIHF]VIQSZMRK KIRIVEPP]FIJSVIXLI
'LETXIV{6IJIVIRGIWT GSRGVIXI LEW JYPP] LEVHIRIH XLI SYXIV WOMR SJ QSVXEV ERH
I\TSWMRKXLIGSEVWIEKKVIKEXI
%TTIRHM\%{%VGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXITLSXSWT finish, rubbed—a finish obtained by using an abrasive to
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8LMW KYMHI TVIWIRXW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV GEWXMRTPEGI
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIXLEXMWI\TSWIHXSZMI[%VGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXI VIUYMVIW WTIGMEP GEVI MR XLI WIPIGXMSR SJ GSRGVIXI
materials, forming, placing, and finishing to achieve the
HIWMVIH EVGLMXIGXYVEP ETTIEVERGI 6IJIV XS XLI TLSXSW MR
VIQSZIWYVJEGIMVVIKYPEVMXMIWJVSQGSRGVIXI6IJIVXSWEGOVYF
QSXXPMRK{YRIZIR GSPSV WLEHMRK SV FPSXGLMRIWW EGVSWW E
WYVJEGI
UYEPMX] GSRXVSP{EGXMSRW XEOIR F] ER SVKERM^EXMSR XS
TVSZMHIGSRXVSPERHHSGYQIRXEXMSRSZIV[LEXMWFIMRKHSRI
ERH[LEXMWFIMRKTVSZMHIHWSXLEXXLIETTPMGEFPIWXERHEVHSJ

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6 

KSSHTVEGXMGIERHXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWJSVXLI[SVOEVI
JSPPS[IH
WEGOVYF—a finish for formed concrete surfaces, designed
to produce even texture and fill pits and air holes; after damp
IRMRK XLIWYVJEGI QSVXEV MWVYFFIH SZIVXLIWYVJEGI XLIR
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float to remove surplus mortar and fill voids.
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LSVM^SRXEPGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWSVJSVI\TSWYVISJEKKVIKEXIMR
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI
WRETXMI{ETVSTVMIXEV]GSRGVIXI[EPPJSVQXMIXLIIRHSJ Fig. 3.2.2.1—(a) Difficult-to-achieve consolidation at acute
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XI\XYVI—the pattern or configuration apparent in an
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ness, streaking, striation, or departure from flatness.
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MFPI [MXL QMRMQEP GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI ZEVMEXMSRWERH WYVJEGI
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GSVRIVWERHF
XMSREXXLIEGYXIGSVRIV
9RXVIEXIH WYVJEGIW [LIVI XLI QSVXEV MW XLI TVMRGMTEP
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7YVJEGIWXLEXEVIQIGLERMGEPP]SVGLIQMGEPP]XVIEXIHMR
TPEGIF]VIQSZEPSJWYVJEGIQSVXEVXSI\TSWIXLIYRHIV
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modified coatings that obscure both color and texture are not
MRGPYHIHMRXLMWKYMHI
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contractor, or as otherwise specified.  +IRIVEP GVMXIVME{%VGLMXIGXYVEP HIWMKR GVMXIVME JSV
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establish precise or definitive rules of measurement. Within -WSPEXMSRSVHMZMWMSRSJGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIWXSEPPS[VIYWI
ER] HMWGVIXI FYMPHMRK IPIQIRX SV WIVMIW SJ PMOI IPIQIRXW SJ JSVQ[SVO QSHYPIW F] XLI MRGSVTSVEXMSR SJ VYWXMGE
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 :EVMEXMSRW MR GSPSV ERH WLEHMRK{:EVMEXMSRW MR VIUYMVIQIRXW
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GSRGVIXI8LIWIEVIQMRMQM^IHF] finishes, or other relief features; and
5YEPMX] GSRXVSP SJ MRKVIHMIRXW GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW ERH 0MQMXEXMSRWSRXLIWM^ISJTERIPWFSYRHIHF]VYWXMGEXMSR
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 SJGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIWWLSYPHFIEZSMHIH
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7IGXMSRWXS
 angle corners can be obtained, they are difficult to construct
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Properly timed or executed finishing operations TMRKXMQI[MPPTVSFEFP]FIRIGIWWEV]XSTVIZIRXHEQEKIXS
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 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6
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attain a tight seal. Insufficient nailing of the form strip will
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nonabsorbent, and of sufficient stiffness to maintain align
QIRX HYVMRK GSRGVIXI TPEGIQIRX STIVEXMSRW -R EVIEW SJ
possible deflection of the sheathing, a method of treatment
XSTVIZIRXQSVXEVPIEOEKIWLSYPHFIYWIH
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mitered or coped to fit snugly. Chamfer, rustication, or isola
XMSRWXVMTWQE]FITPEGIHWSEWXSGSZIVJSVQNSMRXW
 Soffits—A drip should be installed in soffits near
ZIVXMGEP WYVJEGIW [LIVI XLIVI MW E TSXIRXMEP JSV HS[R[EVH
QSZIQIRX SJ VEMR[EXIV SR XLI ZIVXMGEP GSRGVIXI JEGI *MK

 8LI HVMT QSPHW WLSYPH FI TPEGIH EW RIEV XS XLI
I\XIVREPZIVXMGEPJEGIEWTVEGXMGEFPIFYXRSXGPSWIVXLERMR
(25 mm) from the finished concrete surface. Note that the
HVMTMR*MKMWMRXIVVYTXIHEXIMXLIVIRHSJXLIYRHIV
WMHILSVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIXSXSLIPTJEGMPMXEXIHS[R[EVHQSZI
QIRXSJ[EXIVFIJSVIMXVIEGLIWXLIMRWMHIZIVXMGEPJEGI
 7PSTIHWYVJEGIW{%GGYQYPEXMSRSJEMVFSVRIWSPMHW
SR LSVM^SRXEP WYVJEGIW GER FI QMRMQM^IH F] WPSTMRK WYGL
WYVJEGIW7MPPWWLSYPHLEZIEWPMKLXHS[R[EVHWPSTIERHXLI
YTTIVWYVJEGIWSJVIGIWWIWWLSYPHLEZIERYT[EVHWPSTIJVSQ
*MK{(VMTHIXEMP
XLILSVM^SRXEPVIPEXMZIXSXLIMRWMHIJEGISJXLIVIGIWW7PSTIW
QE]ZEV]JVSQJSVWQSSXLWYVJEGIWXSJSVXI\XYVIH
 'LEQJIVIHGSVRIVW{;LIVIGLEQJIVWEVITEVXSJ WYVJEGIW*MKE
ERHF


XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP JIEXYVI XLI GLEQJIVJSVQ WXVMT WLSYPHFI
GSRXMRYSYWP]XMKLXXSEPPJSVQWYVJEGIWXLI]GSRXEGX4PEWXMG
SVQIXEPGLEQJIVWXVMTWEVIEZEMPEFPIXLEXLEZIMRXIKVEPQIERW
SJWIEPMRKXSXLIJSVQGSRXEGXWYVJEGIW;SSHGLEQJIVWXVMTW
are difficult to maintain continuously tight, unless a sealant
MWYWIH[LIREXXEGLMRKXSJSVQ[SVO
 .SMRXW{4ERIPEVIENSMRXWQE]FIVIGIWWIHMRXSXLI
GSRGVIXIWYVJEGIF]ETTP]MRKVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWSRXLIJSVQIH
WYVJEGIW8LIWIGEREPWS FI YWIHJSVGSRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXWEW
RIIHIH F] XLI GSRXVEGXSV ;EXIVWXSTW OI][E]W ERH NSMRX
WIEPERXWQE]FIMRGPYHIH[LIVIVIUYMVIH6IJIVXS 7IGXMSR
 JSVVIGSQQIRHIHNSMRXHITXLW
*SVQ[SVO VYWXMGEXMSR WXVMTW WLSYPH LEZI E HVEJX SJ EX
least 15 degrees to facilitate removal. Draft is defined as a
WQEPP ERKPISV XETIV MR XLI JSVQ[SVO JSVVIIRXVERX JSVQIH
WYVJEGIXLEXJEGMPMXEXIWVIPIEWI[LIRXLIJSVQMWWXVMTTIH*MK

 %PWS [SSHIR WXVMTW WLSYPH FI HIITP] WE[GYX SV
OIVJIHSRXLIFEGOWMHIXSTVIZIRXFMRHMRKHYIXSI\TERWMSR
JVSQEFWSVFIH[EXIV *MKE
{7YKKIWXMSRWJSVHIXEMPXLEX[MPPTVSQSXIWIPJ
cleaning by facilitating the downward flow of water.
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6


*MK F {(IPIXIVMSYW EMVFSVRI WSPMHW WLSYPH RSX

FI EJJSVHIH ER] LSVM^SRXEP WYVJEGIW SR [LMGL XS GSPPIGX%
WPSTIHWYVJEGIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
*MKG {%WPMKLXYT[EVHWPSTI[MPPIRGSYVEKIVEMR
3R TEVETIXW XLI WPSTI WLSYPH FI E[E] JVSQ XLI JEGI [EXIVXSHVMTJVIIMJRSHVMTMWYWIH
9RWPSTIHLSVM^SRXEPSJJWIXWMRZIVXMGEPVIGIWWIWERHXLIYWI
SJ XI\XYVIW SR LSVM^SRXEP WYVJEGIW WLSYPH FI EZSMHIH -J E
LSVM^SRXEPVIGIWWMWJSVQIH[MXLSYXEHVMTRIEVXLII\XIVMSV
JEGI E WPMKLX YT[EVH WPSTI VIPEXMZI XS XLI I\XIVMSV JEGI
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIH*MKG 
7PSTIH ERH LSVM^SRXEP WYVJEGIW GEWX EKEMRWX E JSVQ [MPP
XVETEMVFYFFPIWEWXLIGSRGVIXIMWGSRWSPMHEXIH7TIGMEPXIGL
RMUYIWERHQEXIVMEPWQE]FIVIUYMVIHXSVIHYGIXVETTIHEMV
WYGLEWEREFWSVFIRXJSVQJEGI6IJIVXS%'-6JSV
QSVIMRJSVQEXMSR
 'SQFMREXMSR [MXL TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI{'EWXMRTPEGI
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIERHTVIGEWXIPIQIRXWQE]FIWYGGIWW
JYPP]GSQFMRIHYWMRKSRISJX[SWMXISTXMSRW
3RWMXI{'SPSVERHXI\XYVIQE]FIVIEWSREFP]QEXGLIH
F]SRWMXITVIGEWXMRKEXXLIWEQIXMQIGEWXMRTPEGI[SVOMW
HSRIYWMRKXLIWEQIGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIQEXIVMEPWJSVQ[SVO
XIGLRMUYIWERHGYVMRKJSVFSXLX]TIWSJGSRGVIXISV
3JJWMXI{'SRXVEWXMRKGSPSVWERHXI\XYVIWMRXLIHIWMKR
FIX[IIR SJJWMXI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI ERH GEWXMRTPEGI EVGLM
XIGXYVEP IPIQIRXW EVI TVSZMHIH -R WSQI GEWIW GSPSV ERH
XI\XYVI GER FI GPSWIP] QEXGLIH YWMRK HMWWMQMPEV QEXIVMEPW
%QSGOYTTERIPGERFIYWIHXSHIQSRWXVEXIXLIQEXGLJSV
ETTVSZEPF]XLIEVGLMXIGX
8V]MRKXSEGLMIZIER I\EGXQEXGLSJGEWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXI
with precast units cast off-site is extremely difficult and may not
FIEGLMIZEFPI2IZIVXLIPIWWFSXLSRWMXIERHSJJWMXIGSQFMRE
XMSRW[MXLTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIVIUYMVIHIXEMPIHIJJSVXSRXLITEVXW
SJXLIS[RIVEVGLMXIGXGSRXVEGXSVERHMRWTIGXSV*MK  *MK {%VGLMXIGXYVEP GEWXMRTPEGI [EPP [MXL TVIGEWX
[MRHS[WTERHVIPWXSQEXGL
{'SEXMRKWERHWIEPIVW
 4YVTSWI{6IXIRXMSR SJ SVMKMREP GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI GSEXMRKWHVEWXMGEPP]VIHYGIZETSVXVERWQMWWMSREVIRSXTIRI
QE] FI TVSPSRKIH F] WYVJEGI ETTPMGEXMSR SJ GPIEV TIRI XVEXMRKERHSJXIREPXIVFSXLGSPSVERHXI\XYVI8LI]WLSYPH
XVEXMRKZETSVXVERWQMXXMRK WIEPIVWXLEXVIHYGIWYVJEGIQSMW FI [EVVERXIH F] XLI QERYJEGXYVIV EKEMRWX GLERKMRK GSPSV
XYVIEFWSVTXMSRERHGSRWIUYIRX[IEXLIVWXEMRMRK EJXIVI\TSWYVI
7XEMRWQE]FIETTPMIH[LIVIMXMWHIWMVIHXSEPXIVXLIREXYVEP
GSPSV SJ XLI GSRGVIXI ERH XS VIXEMR MXW XI\XYVI 4MKQIRXIH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6
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1EPMFY'%
{.SMRXWIEPERXW
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joints should be prevented by filling the joints with seal
ERXW EW VIGSQQIRHIH MR%'- 6 *SV EVGLMXIGXYVEP
VIEWSRW XLI WIEPERX WLSYPH FI ETTVSZIH F] XLI EVGLMXIGX
QEXGL [IPP MR GSPSV ERH WLETI [MXL XLI EHNEGIRX GSRGVIXI
WYVJEGIFIRSRWXEMRMRKERHFIGLIQMGEPP]GSQTEXMFPI[MXL
GPIEVTIRIXVEXMRKWIEPIVW
3.5—Specifications
 +IRIVEP—Specifications are customarily prepared
EWIMXLIVTIVJSVQERGITVIWGVMTXMZISVEGSQFMREXMSRSJFSXL
*MKE{*YPPWGEPITVIGSRWXVYGXMSRQSGOYTYWIHJSVXLI
'SRXIQTSVEV]%VXW'IRXIV'MRGMRREXM3,
FI GEWX ZIVXMGEPP] SV LSVM^SRXEPP] WMQMPEV XS XLI TSWMXMSR MR
which the final concrete will be cast.
(IWMKRVIJIVIRGIWEQTPIWSJ[EPPWSVSXLIVVITVIWIRXEXMZI
FYMPHMRK IPIQIRXW WLSYPH FI EZEMPEFPI JSV MRWTIGXMSR ERH
I\EQMREXMSR F] TVSWTIGXMZI FMHHIVW 1M\XYVI TVSTSVXMSRW
TPEGIQIRXQIXLSHERHWSYVGIWSJQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHEPWSFI
provided. The samples should be confirmed in writing by
FSXL XLI S[RIV ERH EVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV WS EW XS LEZI IUYEP
PIKEPWXEXYW[MXLXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
-RWTIGMEPGEWIWWYGLEWFYMPHMRKEHHMXMSRWSVEHHMXMSREP
WXVYGXYVIW [MXLMR E TVII\MWXMRK KVSYT SV GSQTPI\ MX QE]
FIEGGITXEFPIXSYWIERI\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKJSVVIJIVIRGIXLEX
GSRXEMRWIPIQIRXWSJXLIHIWMVIHUYEPMX]ERHETTIEVERGI
 1ERHEXSV]TVIFMHGSRJIVIRGI{%QERHEXSV]TVIFMH
&IPP
 GSRJIVIRGI WLSYPH FI LIPH FIX[IIR XLI EVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV
Performance specification—The quality of the end
product is specified and, in this case, full responsibility
MW TPEGIH SR XLI GSRXVEGXSV 6IGSQQIRHIH QIXLSHW
QE]FIWYKKIWXIH
Prescriptive specification—Detailed methods, materials,
and procedures are specified and, in this case, responsi
FMPMX]MWWLEVIHF]XLIHIWMKRIV ERH GSRXVEGXSV[MXLXLI
purpose of the mockup being to confirm the specified
QEXIVMEPWERH QIXLSHW ERH XS HIQSRWXVEXIXLI GSRXVEG
ERHXLITVSWTIGXMZIFMHHMRKGSRXVEGXSVW[LIVII\TIGXEXMSRW
and requirements are explained and clarified. An acceptable
architectural finish should be presented as established by the
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW%XXLMWXMQIXLIGSRXVEGXSVW[MPPLEZI
an opportunity to discuss aspects of the specifications that
make it difficult or impossible to achieve the desired effect.
1MRYXIWSJXLITVIFMHGSRJIVIRGIWLSYPHFIMWWYIHEWTEVXSJ
XLIFMHHSGYQIRXW
 4VIGSRWXVYGXMSR QSGOYT{8LI TVIGSRWXVYGXMSR
tor’s ability to produce the desired architectural finish.
 MW E JYPPWGEPI WEQTPI SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEP
1SWX I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI TVSNIGXW YWI E GSQFMREXMSR SJ
performance and prescriptive specifications, where aggre
KEXI TVSTSVXMSRW GIQIRX WSYVGI ERH QMRMQYQ ZMFVEXMSR
frequency are specified to ensure success without specifying
EGXYEPQIXLSHWSJGSRWXVYGXMSR
 (IWMKR VIJIVIRGI WEQTPI{7YVJEGI UYEPMX] ERH
ETTIEVERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW WLSYPH FI VIJIVIRGIH JSV FMHHMRK
TYVTSWIW XS ER EGXYEP WEQTPI SV WEQTPIW I\LMFMXMRK XLI
HIWMVIHWYVJEGIWGSPSVERHXI\XYVI
8LI WEQTPI WLSYPH FI TVITEVIH YRHIV XLI EVGLMXIGXvW
QSGOYT *MK 
GSRGVIXIGSRWXVYGXIHSRWMXIF]XLIGSRXVEGXSV[MXLTVSTSWIH
IUYMTQIRX QEXIVMEPW ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR TVSGIHYVIW 8LI
contractor should obtain written approval of the finished
TVSHYGX JVSQ XLI WTIGMJ]MRK EKIRG] ERH XLI S[RIV EJXIV
ZMI[MRKEXXLIEKVIIHYTSRHMWXERGIFIJSVIGSRWXVYGXMRKXLI
QEMRWXVYGXYVI
8LITVIGSRWXVYGXMSR QSGOYT MW RSVQEPP] GSRWXVYGXIH SR
XLINSFWMXIF]XLIWYGGIWWJYPGSRXVEGXSVFIJSVIGSQQIRGMRK
XLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPTSVXMSRSJXLI[SVO3RGIVXEMRTVSNIGXWER
I\XVEQSGOYTQE]FI GSRWXVYGXIHYRHIVEWTIGMEP GSRXVEGX
HMVIGXMSRERHPEFIPIHEWXLIHIWMKRVIJIVIRGIWEQTPI(67
 XSHIXIVQMRIXLIJIEWMFMPMX]SJZEVMSYWQEXIVMEPWXVIEXQIRXW
%QMRMQYQ WM^ISJ\\ MR\\ QQ
 ERH TVSGIHYVIW XLEX EVI XS FI MRGPYHIH MR XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP
provides sufficient area for display and thickness for surface specifications for the project (Fig. 3.5.4.a).
XSSPMRK ERH EPPS[W JSV IEW] LERHPMRK 8LI WEQTPI WLSYPH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

8LI SZIVEPP LIMKLX ERH [MHXL SJ XLI JYPPWGEPI QSGOYT
should allow the demonstration of floor, column, and wall
GSRWXVYGXMSR8LIQSGOYTWLSYPHMRGSVTSVEXIFSXLLSVM^SRXEP
ERH ZIVXMGEP JSVQ SV JSVQ PMRIV NSMRXW TPEGMRK QIXLSH ERH
equipment, and all of the specified reinforcement, accesso
VMIW ERH GYVMRK QEXIVMEPW ERH IUYMTQIRX %PP GSRWXVYGXMSR
QEXIVMEPWJSVXLIQSGOYT WLSYPHFI XLIWEQI EW XLSWIYWIH
HYVMRKXLIEGXYEPGSRWXVYGXMSRSJXLITVSNIGX-HIEPP]XLIQEMR
vibrator operator for the concrete in the final structure should
EPWSSTIVEXIXLIZMFVEXSVHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSRSJXLIQSGOYT
8LIQSGOYTWLSYPHEPWSMRGPYHIEVITEMVIHEVIEXSHIXIV
QMRIELIEHSJ XMQI ER EGGITXEFPI GSPSV ERHXI\XYVIQEXGL
JSVYWIMJVIQIHMEP[SVOMWRIIHIH-RIZEPYEXMRKXLMWI\TIVM
QIRXEPP]VITEMVIHEVIEXLIVITEMVWLSYPHFIEKIHEXPIEWX
QSRXLXSEPPS[IRSYKLXMQIJSVEXVYIMRHMGEXMSRSJMXWGSPSV
To expedite construction of the project, a minimum of five
ZEVMEXMSRWSJQM\XYVIGSPSVWLSYPHFIQEHIJSVWIPIGXMSRSJ
XLIFIWXQEXGL4IVJIGXMRKEVITEMVTVSGIHYVIGERWEZIFSXL
time and money in the final outcome of the project.
;LIVIJIEWMFPIEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXXVIEXQIRX
ERHTVSGIHYVIWGERFIIZEPYEXIHSRTSVXMSRWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
IZIRXYEPP]LMHHIRJVSQZMI[WYGLEWFEWIQIRX[EPPW
 7LSTHVE[MRKW{7LSTHVE[MRKWYFQMXXEPWEVIIJJIG
XMZIXSSPWJSVVIZMI[MRKXLIGSRXVEGXSVvWTPERWJSVGSRWXVYG
XMSR8LIWLSTHVE[MRKWWLSYPHMRGPYHI 4VSZMHMRK MRWTIGXMSR SJ QEXIVMEPW YWIH JSV GSRGVIXI
(IXEMPWSJXLIJSVQ[SVOEWTIGXWSJXLITVSNIGXMRGPYHMRK
JSVQFYXXNSMRXWVYWXMGEXMSRWSVVIZIEPWERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
NSMRXW 8LI] WLSYPH GSRZI] XS XLI EVGLMXIGX XLI QIERW
ERH QIXLSHW XLI GSRXVEGXSV [MPP FI YWMRK XS JEFVMGEXI
ERH IVIGX XLI JSVQ[SVO ERH WLS[ LS[ XLI JSVQW [MPP
FI QEMRXEMRIH XS IRWYVI XMKLXRIWWEKEMRWX PIEOEKI ERH
EPMKRQIRXHYVMRKGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRX finished surface of the architectural concrete; and
'SZIVSJVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPERH
(IWGVMTXMSR SJ XLI TPEGMRK STIVEXMSR MRGPYHMRK XLI
QIXLSHSJGSRZI]MRKGSRGVIXIXSXLIJSVQW[EPPTPEGI
ment lengths and lift heights, soffit deposit sequences,
ERHZMFVEXMSRXIGLRMUYIW
 -RWTIGXMSRERHUYEPMX]GSRXVSP
 +IRIVEP{8LI EVGLMXIGX GSRXVEGXSV TVSNIGX
MRWTIGXSV WYTTPMIVW ERH SXLIV TEVXMIW MRZSPZIH [MXL XLI
TVSHYGXMSR SJ XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI QE] MRXIVTVIX XLI
results of the finished product differently. These interpreta
XMSRW QE] ZEV] HYVMRK TVSKVIWW SJ XLI [SVO IWTIGMEPP] MR
GMVGYQWXERGIW [LIVI I\TIGXEXMSRW SJ XLI SYXGSQI ETTIEV
MQTSWWMFPI XS EGLMIZI MJ QEMRXEMRMRK XLI I\MWXMRK TVEG
XMGI SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH QEXIVMEPW 8S EZSMH EQFMKYMXMIW
QMH[E] XLVSYKL XLI TVSNIGX XLI MRWTIGXSV WLSYPH VIZMI[
the specifications early on, meeting with the architect/engi
RIIVERHGSRXVEGXSVEJXIVXLIQSGOYTLEWFIIRGSRWXVYGXIH
and confirming established criteria for evaluating the final
XLITVIFMHERHTSWXFMHGSRJIVIRGIW[MXLXLIGSRXVEGXSVW8LI
EVGLMXIGXERHMRWTIGXSVWLSYPHLSPHTIVMSHMGGSRJIVIRGIWXS
HMWGYWWXLITVSKVIWWERHUYEPMX]SJXLI[SVO3RQENSVTVSN
IGXW[LIVIHMJJIVIRXSTIVEXMSRWEVITVSGIIHMRKGSRGYVVIRXP]
QSVIXLERSRIMRWTIGXSVQE]FIVIUYMVIHXSMRWTIGXXLI[SVO
 (YXMIWSJXLIMRWTIGXSV{8LIHYXMIWERHVIWTSRWM
FMPMXMIWSJXLIMRWTIGXSVWLSYPHMRGPYHI
6IZMI[MRK TVSNIGX HSGYQIRXW MR EHZERGI SJ XLI TVIFMH
GSRJIVIRGIERHEHZMWMRKXLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIVSJGLERKIW
XLEXQE]FIVIUYMVIHXSTVSHYGIXLIHIWMVIHVIWYPXW
-RWTIGXMRKERHTIVWSREPP]SFWIVZMRKXLIQERYJEGXYVISJ
XLITVIFMHWEQTPIW8LMW[MPPTVSZMHIXLIMRWTIGXSV[MXL
MRZEPYEFPI ORS[PIHKI ERH I\TIVMIRGI VIKEVHMRK XLI
QM\XYVIWPYQTGSPSVERHTPEGMRKGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJXLI
GSRGVIXI (YVMRK XLI GSRXVEGX TIVMSH XLEX JSPPS[W ER]
ZEVMEXMSR[SYPHMQQIHMEXIP]FIGSQIETTEVIRX
%XXIRHMRKXLITVIFMHGSRJIVIRGIXSEWWMWXXLIEVGLMXIGX
engineer in clarifying the intent of the specifications;
&IMRK TVIWIRX HYVMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ XLI TVIGSRWXVYG
XMSRQSGOYTXSSFWIVZIERHIZEPYEXIXLIQEXIVMEPWERH
XIGLRMUYIW YWIH XS TVSHYGI ERH VITEMV XLI TERIP 8LI
MRWTIGXSV EJXIV GSQTPIXMSR SJ XLIWI IJJSVXW [MPP FI
VIEH] XSEWWMWX XLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV MR IZEPYEXMRK XLI
UYEPMX]SJXLIGSQTPIXIHEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI[SVO
QM\XYVI JSVQMRK SV XI\XYVMRK JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRXW ERH
XLIMV ETTPMGEXMSR JSVQ EPMKRQIRX XMKLXRIWW SJ XLI JSVQ
NSMRXWVYWXMGEXMSRJEWXIRMRKTPEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP
VIPEXMZIXSXLII\TSWIHJEGIGYVMRKFIJSVIERHWYFWIUYIRX
to the form stripping, required repairs, and final clean-
HS[R)EGLSJXLIWIGSRXVMFYXIWXSXLIETTIEVERGISJXLI
3FWIVZMRK ERH VIGSVHMRK XLI GSRHMXMSR SJ XLI EVGLM
XIGXYVEP JSVQW EJXIV IEGL VIYWI ERH GSRWYPXMRK [MXL
XLIGSRXVEGXSVERHEVGLMXIGX[LIRXLIJSVQWRIIHXSFI
VITPEGIH SV VIJYVFMWLIH XS EGLMIZI YRMJSVQMX] SJ XLI
EVGLMXIGXYVEPWYVJEGI
 *MREP EGGITXERGI{-J XLI TVSGIHYVIW HIXIVQMRIH
F]XLIETTVSZIHSRWMXIQSGOYTEVIGSRXMRYIHXLVSYKLSYXXLI
project, final acceptance at the agreed-upon distance should
RSX FI E TVSFPIQ (YI XS XLI MRIZMXEFPI RSRYRMJSVQMX] SJ
GSRWXVYGXMSRTVEGXMGIWWSQIVITEMVW[MPPFIVIUYMVIH8LIMV
final acceptability will depend on the contractor’s blending
XIGLRMUYI ERH WOMPP 4IVMSHMG VIZMI[ F] XLI MRWTIGXSV ERH
XLI EVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV XS EPPS[ TEVXMEP EGGITXERGI GVIEXIW
goodwill and confidence with all concerned. After final
EGGITXERGI XLI MRWTIGXSVvW VIGSVHW WLSYPH FI GSQTPIXIH
and filed. If later additions are made or adjoining buildings
GSRWXVYGXIHXLIWIVIGSVHW[MPPFILIPTJYPJSVGSRWXVYGXMSR
TVSHYGX%'-74
7IGXMSREHHVIWWIWEHHMXMSREP ',%48)6{7869'896%0'327-()6%8-327
GSRGIVRWRSXGSZIVIHMR%'-74
 7XVYGXYVEPERHEVGLMXIGXYVEPHIWMKRWLSYPHJYRGXMSRXSKIXLIV
 Qualification of the inspector{8LI MRWTIGXSV XSTVSHYGIEWXVYGXYVIGETEFPISJ[MXLWXERHMRKWIVZMGIPSEHW
WLSYPH LEZI I\TIVMIRGI MR XLI MRWTIGXMSR SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEP and stresses without excessive cracking, spalling, or deflec
GSRGVIXISJIUYMZEPIRXGSQTPI\MX]ERHWGSTI8LII\XIRXSJ XMSR XLEX QE] HIXVEGX JVSQ XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP ETTIEVERGI SJ
XLIMRWTIGXSVvWVIWTSRWMFMPMX]MWHIXIVQMRIHF]XLIEVGLMXIGX XLIWXVYGXYVI
engineer. Confirmation of this responsibility is developed at

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

{7TEPPMRK
-R XLIMV HIWMKR XLI EVGLMXIGX ERH IRKMRIIV WLSYPH TE]
WTIGMEPEXXIRXMSRXSETTPMIHPSEHWEXNSMRXW[LIVIQSZIQIRX
GERSGGYVERHGEYWIWTEPPMRK

4.2—Deflections
8LIYWISJWXVIRKXLHIWMKRVIUYMVIWWXVMGXMRZIWXMKEXMSRJSV
undesirable deflections in beams or spandrels exposed as
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI8LIHIWMVIHGEQFIVWLSYPHFIWTIGM
fied to compensate for the deflection of the completed struc
XYVEPQIQFIV'SRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH EPWS FIKMZIRXS EHHM
tional long-term deflection due to creep of concrete under
TIVQERIRX PSEHW %VGLMXIGXYVEP VIUYMVIQIRXW QE] HMGXEXI
that the engineer design for deflections less than normally
EGGITXEFPI 8LI] QE] EPWS VIUYMVI EHHMXMSREP GEQFIV XS *MK{6YWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWYWIHXSFVIEOYTEPEVKII\TERWI
EZSMH XLI MQTVIWWMSR SJ WEKKMRK MR PSRK WTERW )\GIWWMZI SJGSRGVIXI
GEQFIVGERMRWSQIGEWIWFIEWSFNIGXMSREFPIEWWEK
VIPMIZIW XLI WLVMROEKI WXVIWWIW ERH HMVIGXW XLI GVEGOMRK XS
{'VEGOMRK NSMRXW XLEX EVI MRXIKVEP [MXL XLI HIWMKRIH WYVJEGI TVIWIRXE
'VEGOMRK MR EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI GER FI YRWMKLXP] XMSR 8LMW MW SJXIR EGLMIZIH XLVSYKL VYWXMGEXMSR SV VIZIEPW
4VEGXMGIW XS VIHYGI ERH GSRXVSP GVEGOMRK XS QMRMQM^I XLI SRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI[MXLMRXIVREPHIZMGIW[LMGL[IEOIR
IJJIGXSRETTIEVERGIERHHYVEFMPMX]WLSYPHFIYWIH XLI GSRGVIXI EX TVIHIXIVQMRIH PMRIW XS MRHYGI XLI GSRGVIXI
Factors that influence concrete cracking are: XSGVEGOEXXLEXPSGEXMSR%RMRHYGIHGVEGOWLSYPHFIWIEPIH
+VEZMX]SVPEXIVEPPSEHWXLEXTVSHYGIXIRWMSRWLIEVSV [LIRI\TSWIHXS[IEXLIVXSTVIZIRX[EXIVTIRIXVEXMSR8LMW
XSVWMSRMRQIQFIVW MW HSRI F] ETTP]MRK WIEPERX MR XLI WYVJEGI VYWXMGEXMSR SV
6IWXVEMRXSJHV]MRKWLVMROEKI VIZIEP ZSMH SV F] TPEGMRK E [EXIVWXSTX]TI MRXIVREP GVEGO
'VIIT MRHYGMRKHIZMGIMRXLIGSRGVIXI
%FVYTXGLERKIMRKISQIXV]WYGLEWGSRGVIXIXLMGORIWW
%\MEPSVFIRHMRKWXVIWWIWHYIXSXLIVQEPIJJIGXWERH {.SMRXW
*SYRHEXMSRWIXXPIQIRX 'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWHMZMHIXLIWXVYGXYVIMRXSWIKQIRXWXLEX
'VEGOMRKQE]FIVIHYGIHF] can be constructed in a logical and efficient manner; contrac
%HHMRKVIMRJSVGIQIRXGPSWYVIWXVMTWERHSXLIVQIXLSHW XMSRNSMRXWEVIYWIHMR[EPPWERHWPEFWSRKVSYRHXSGSRXVSP
EXFIEVMRKWSVWPMTNSMRXWEWRIIHIHXSGSVVIGXE\MEPWLSVX GVEGOMRK ERH MWSPEXMSR NSMRXW EVI YWIH MR WPEFWSRKVSYRH
IRMRKERHVSXEXMSRHYIXSTSWXXIRWMSRMRK XS WITEVEXI XLIQ JVSQ [EPPW GSPYQRW SV SXLIV WXVYGXYVEP
Limiting the flexural tension stress in reinforcement; IPIQIRXW(IXEMPWWLSYPHFIWLS[RMRXLITVSNIGXHVE[MRKW
Distributing flexural reinforcement when appropriate 6YWXMGEXMSRWXVMTW*MK TVSZMHIXLIWMQTPIWXQIXLSH
%'-  SJEVGLMXIGXYVEPP]XVIEXMRKNSMRXW[LIVIWYVJEGIWMRXLIWEQI
9WMRK WTIGMEP QEXIVMEPW WYGL EW WLVMROEKIVIHYGMRK TPERIEVINSMRIH8LI]VIHYGIFSXLXLIIJJIGXMZIWM^ISJXLI
EHQM\XYVIW WLVMROEKIGSQTIRWEXMRK GIQIRXW ERH QIQFIVWERHXLIGSZIVSZIVXLIVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP%HHMXMSREP
EKKVIKEXIW [MXL PS[ WLVMROEKI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SV GSQTIRWEXMRKGSZIVSVETVSXIGXMZIGSEXMRKSRXLIVIMRJSVGI
WIPIGXIHTVSTSVXMSRWSJXLIWI%'-6  QIRXWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH*MK 
1MRMQM^MRK XLI XSXEP [EXIV GSRXIRX EPSRK [MXL XLI 6IGSQQIRHIHNSMRXHITXLWJSPPS[
[EXIVGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPVEXMS[GQ SJXLIGSRGVIXI 7QEPPVYWXMGEXMSRSVTEXXIVRKVSSZIWMRQQ 
QM\XYVI F] STXMQM^MRK XLI EKKVIKEXI KVEHMRK 7SQI .SMRX HITXLW XS MRMXMEXI GVEGOMRK %TTVS\MQEXIP] 
[EXIVVIHYGMRK EHQM\XYVIW QE] MRGVIEWI WLVMROEKI TIVGIRXSJXLIQIQFIVXLMGORIWWXLEXMWMR
HIWTMXIEVIHYGXMSRMR[EXIV QQ HIITJSVERMRQQ XLMGO[EPPSVWPEFERH
1MRMQM^MRK XLI GLERKI MR QIQFIVXSQIQFIV KISQ .SMRXWFIX[IIRTERIPHMZMWMSRWWLSYPHFIEXPIEWX
IXV]SVQEWW MRQQ HIIT
)ZEPYEXMRK XVMEP FEXGLIW [MXL ZEVMSYW GSQFMREXMSRW SJ % PEVKI WXVYGXYVI GSRXEMRMRK HVEWXMG GLERKIW MR WIGXMSR
EKKVIKEXIWGIQIRXWERHEHQM\XYVIWERHGLIGOMRKJSV WM^ISVI\TSWYVIWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIH[MXLIMXLIVI\TERWMSR
WLVMROEKIYWMRK%781''1 SV HIPE]IH TSYV NSMRXW XS GSRXVSP GVEGOMRK ERH EPPS[ JSV
-RGVIEWMRKXLIWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX QSZIQIRX%PP NSMRXW ERH VYWXMGEXMSRW WLSYPH FI WLS[RSR
EFSZIXLIQMRMQYQVIUYMVIQIRXWMR%'- XLIGSRXVEGXHVE[MRKW6IJIVXS%'-6JSVHIXEMPIH
1MRMQM^MRK XLIVQEP WXVIWWIW F] GSRXVSPPMRK LIEX SJ MRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKNSMRXWMRGSRGVIXIGSRWXVYGXMSR
L]HVEXMSRERHGSSPMRKERH
4VSZMHMRKNSMRXWSVGVEGOMRHYGMRKHIZMGIWXSVIPMIZIWXVIWW {&IEQWERHWPEFW
-R EHHMXMSR XS XLI EJSVQIRXMSRIH QIXLSHW GVEGOMRK GER 8LIWXVYGXYVEPERHEVGLMXIGXYVEPHIWMKRSJFIEQWERHWPEFW
SJXIRFIQMRMQM^IHF] EXXIRXMSR XS NSMRXTPEGIQIRX[LMGL VIUYMVIW GEVIJYP GSRWMHIVEXMSR FIGEYWI EPP XLI JEGXSVW XLEX

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6
TVSHYGI XIRWMSR MR GSRGVIXI QE] FI TVIWIRX MR TSVXMSRW SJ
XLIQIQFIV
6YWXMGEXMSRHITXLWWLSYPHFIOITXXSXLIQMRMQYQVIGSQ
QIRHIH WM^I EX XLI XST ERH FSXXSQ SJ FIEQW MR VIKMSRW SJ
flexural tension. When the typical concrete cover on the steel
MWMRGVIEWIHI\GIWWMZIP]F]XLIHITXLSJXLIVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMT
any cracks that occur in the flexural tension zone will also be
MRGVIEWIHMR [MHXL7ERHFPEWXMRK EGGIRXYEXIW XLI [MHXLSJ E
crack due to rounding of its edge, especially at soffits of beams
ERHWPEFW'SRRIGXMSRWXLEXEVIMRXIRHIHXSEPPS[WYFWXERXMEP
VSXEXMSRSVHMWTPEGIQIRXWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHERHHIXEMPIHXS
TVIZIRXWTEPPMRKERHPIEOMRKJVSQ[IEXLIVI\TSWYVI
3TIRMRKWMRWPEFWMRHYGIGVEGOWJVSQXLIGSVRIVWSJXLI
STIRMRKW (MEKSREP FEVW TPEGIH MR XLI GSVRIVW SJ XLI WPEF
STIRMRKW EVI IJJIGXMZI MR TVIZIRXMRK SV QMRMQM^MRK GVEGO
width at these locations. The slab should have sufficient
XLMGORIWW XS EGGSQQSHEXI XLIWI FEVW ERH XLI HIWMKR VIMR
JSVGIQIRX8LIIJJIGXSJSTIRMRKWSRXLIWXVYGXYVEPGETEGMX]
SJWPEFWQYWXFIVIZMI[IHF]XLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV
{'SPYQRW
8]TMGEPP]GSRGVIXIGSPYQRWHSRSXLEZIXLILMKLXIRWMPI
WXVIWWIWTVIWIRXMRFIEQW8LIPEXIVEPHMQIRWMSRWEVIYWYEPP]
WQEPP ERH XLIVI MW PIWW XIRHIRG] JSVZIVXMGEP GVEGOMRK8LI
WM^IH.SMRXWVIUYMVIHJSVGSRWXVYGXMSRWLSYPHFIGSSVHMREXIH
FIX[IIRXLIGSRXVEGXSVERHXLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV
:IVXMGEP GSRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXW MR PSRK [EPPW QE] FI RIGIW
WEV]EXQMHWTERSVEXWSQIQYPXMTPISJXLIFE]PIRKXL%R
EVGLMXIGXYVEPETTVSEGLMWXSTVSZMHIJSVZIVXMGEPVYWXMGEXMSRW
EXEYRMJSVQWTEGMRKMREPPFE]W8LMWTVSZMHIWXLIGSRXVEGXSV
greater flexibility in planning the construction operation.
:IVXMGEPGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW[MXLVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWGERFI
HIXEMPIH EW NSMRXW XS EGGSQQSHEXI ZSPYQIGLERKI QSZI
QIRXW ERH XS VIHYGI XLI LSVM^SRXEP I\XIRX SJ XLI GEWXMRK
STIVEXMSR SV GER FI HIXEMPIH EW GVEGOGSRXVSP NSMRXW 8LMW
TIVQMXWXLIEGGIPIVEXMSRSJXLIZIVXMGEPVEXISJGEWXMRKXLEX
TEVXMGYPEVP]MRLSX[IEXLIV[MPPIPMQMREXISVQEOIQEREKI
EFPI XLI TVSFPIQW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL WYVJEGI EMV ZSMHW JSVQ
WTEXXIV GSPH NSMRXW ERH PMJX PMRIW *SVQ WTEXXIV MW QSVXEV
WTPEWLIHSRJSVQWXLEXMWEPPS[IHXSHV]FIJSVIGSZIVMRK[MXL
GSRGVIXI8LMWGVIEXIWERSRYRMJSVQWYVJEGIXLEXTSWMXMZIP]
EJJIGXWXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPETTIEVERGI8LIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV
WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI JSVQ[SVO TERIP WM^I MR TPERRMRK XLI
NSMRX PSGEXMSRW JSVQJEGMRK QEXIVMEP NSMRXW QE] FI ZMWMFPI
SRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIIZIRXLSYKLWYFWIUYIRXQIGLERMGEP
finishing is performed on the hardened concrete surfaces.
%R IJJIGXMZI QIXLSH JSV GSRXVSPPMRK ZIVXMGEP GVEGOMRK MW
TVSZMHMRK GSRXVEGXMSR NSMRXW EX E YRMJSVQ WTEGMRK SJ RSX
WQEPPPEXIVEPHMQIRWMSRWEPWSEPPS[JSVVETMHGSRGVIXITPEGI QSVIXLERJXQ
SRGIRXIVF]TPEGMRKHIITXMQIW
QIRX GSQTEVIH XS SXLIV IPIQIRXW 8LMW XIRHW XS IPMQMREXI
 REVVS[ VYWXMGEXMSR WXVMTW SR
WSQISJXLITVSFPIQWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLWPS[GSRGVIXITPEGI
QIRXWYGLEWGSPHNSMRXWERHQSVXEVWTPEXXIV'SPYQRWEWWS
GMEXIH[MXLPSRKWTERFIEQWQE]LEZIEXIRHIRG]XSI\LMFMX
LSVM^SRXEP GVEGOMRK EW XLI] FIGSQI PSEHIH FIGEYWI PSRK
WTERFIEQW[MPPKIRIVEPP]MRHYGIKVIEXIVFIRHMRKQSQIRXW
MR GSPYQRW XLER GSQTEVEFPI WLSVXIV WTER FIEQW 8LIVQEP
QSZIQIRXW ERH QSZIQIRX HYI XS GSRGVIXI WLVMROEKI GER
EPWS GEYWI LSVM^SRXEP GVEGOMRK MR GSPYQRW 8LI IRKMRIIV
WLSYPH XEOI XLIWI EHHIH IJJIGXW MRXS GSRWMHIVEXMSR [LIR
HIWMKRMRKXLIGSPYQRVIMRJSVGMRK
{;EPPW
8LI X]TMGEP [EPP MW VIPEXMZIP] PSRK ERH QE] FI XEPP
GSQTEVIHXSMXWXLMGORIWW 2SVQEPP] MR GSQTVIWWMSR ZIVXM
GEPP] LSVM^SRXEP GVEGOMRK MW KIRIVEPP] RSX E TVSFPIQ
FYX LSVM^SRXEP GVEGOW QE] HIZIPST [LIVI E [EPP VIGIMZIW
significant lateral loading or supports other elements that
TVSHYGIZIVXMGEPFIRHMRKQSQIRXW,SVM^SRXEPGVEGOMRKGER
SGGYV[LIRXLIGSRGVIXIJYVXLIVGSRWSPMHEXIWWYFWIUYIRXXS
ZMFVEXMSRSJXLMGO[EPPW8LIWIGVEGOWGERFITVIZIRXIHF]
IRWYVMRKXLEXIEGLPMJXMWMRXIKVEXIH[MXLXLITVIZMSYWPMJXF]
YWMRKEKSSHZMFVEXSVWTEGMRKERHMRWIVXMSRXMQI8LIQSWX
GSQQSR GVEGOMRK MR [EPPW MW KIRIVEPP] ZIVXMGEP SV RIEVP]
ZIVXMGEP 8LI TVMQEV] GEYWI SJ ZIVXMGEP GVEGOW MR [EPPW MW
E\MEPXIRWMSRGEYWIHF]VIWXVEMRIHHV]MRKWLVMROEKIXIQTIV
EXYVIWXVIWWIWSVFSXL
XLI QE\MQYQ EKKVIKEXI WM^I
FSXL[EPPJEGIWXSMRHYGIGVEGOMRK%R]SJXLIGSRXVEGXMSR
NSMRXPSGEXMSRWGEREPWSFIYWIHJSVGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW
'SRWMHIVEXMSRWLSYPHFIKMZIRXSVIHYGMRKXLIVIMRJSVGI
QIRX GVSWWMRK GSRXVEGXMSR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXW XLEX EVI
YWIH JSV GVEGO GSRXVSP 7YKKIWXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX GVSWWMRK
IMXLIVX]TISJNSMRXWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHSJXLILSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX IPWI[LIVI MR XLI [EPP 8LI QMRMQYQ LSVM
^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXVIUYMVIHMR[EPPWF]%'-QE]
FIMRGVIEWIHXSQMRMQM^IXLI[MHXLWSJGVEGOWXLEXQE]SGGYV
FIX[IIRNSMRXW
Consideration may also be given to the use of fiber rein
JSVGIQIRXEWEQIERW SJ VIHYGMRK XLI [MHXL SJXLIZMWMFPI
GVEGO *MFIVW QE] FI WIIR EX XLI WYVJEGI ERH WLSYPH FI
ETTVSZIHMRXLIQSGOYT
3TIRMRKWMR[EPPWMRHYGIGVEGOWJVSQXLIGSVRIVWSJXLI
STIRMRKW ;LIR LSVM^SRXEP WXIIP MW MRXIVVYTXIH F] STIR
MRKWEHHMXMSREPWXIIPIUYMZEPIRXXSXLEXMRXIVVYTXIHWLSYPHFI
TPEGIHEFSZIERHFIPS[XLISTIRMRK[MXLEQMRMQYQ
WXIIP I\XIRWMSR  XMQIW XLI HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL FI]SRH
XLISTIRMRK(MEKSREPFEVWTPEGIHMRXLIGSVRIVWSJXLI[EPP
STIRMRKW EVI EPWS IJJIGXMZI MR TVIZIRXMRK SV QMRMQM^MRK
crack width at these locations. The wall should have suffi
GMIRXXLMGORIWWXSEGGSQQSHEXIXLIWIFEVWERHXLIRSVQEP
LSVM^SRXEPERHZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX:IVXMGEPSVLSVM^SRXEP
NSMRXW TPEGIH EX XLI NEQFW SV EX XLI XST ERH FSXXSQ SJ XLI
STIRMRKVIWTIGXMZIP]GEREPWSIJJIGXMZIP]FIYWIHXSGSRXVSP
'SRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXW EVI RSVQEPP] TVSZMHIH EX XLI FSXXSQ

ERHXST SJWPEFW EX XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR SJXLI[EPPWERHWPEFW
'SRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXW WLSYPH EPWS FI TVSZMHIH EX SXLIV PSGE
XMSRW RIGIWWEV] JSV GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH XS GSRXVSP GVEGOMRK
8LIWI NSMRXW WLSYPH FI GSRGIEPIH VYWXMGEXIH SV IQTLE
GVEGOWIQEREXMRKJVSQGSVRIVWSJSTIRMRKW*MK
-JRSRWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWEVIYWIHF]XLIEVGLMXIGXEWTEVXSJ
XLIHIWMKRWXVYGXYVEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWWLSYPHFIVIZMI[IHERH
MRHMGEXIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK{)MXLIVZIVXMGEPSVLSVM^SRXEPVYWXMGEXMSRNSMRXWGER
GSRXVSPGVEGOMRKEXSTIRMRKWMRE[EPP

',%48)6{*3617

{+IRIVEP
Through general drawings, specifications, samples, and
mockups, the architect defines the structure and the desired
ETTIEVERGI SJ XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI 8LIWI HIWMKR
GSRHMXMSRWMQTSWIPMQMXEXMSRWSRXLIWIPIGXMSRSJJSVQWERH
JSVQMRKQEXIVMEPW7EXMWJEGXSV]VIWYPXWEVIQSVIPMOIP][LIR
XLIEVGLMXIGXYRHIVWXERHWXLIGETEFMPMXMIWERHPMQMXEXMSRWSJ
XLIJSVQMRKQEXIVMEPWERHXLIJSVQMRKW]WXIQvWMQTSVXERGI
XSXLITVSNIGXvWWYGGIWW*MK
%PWSZMXEPXSXLIWYGGIWW
SJXLITVSNIGXMWXLIGSRXVEGXSVvWYRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLIQIERW
ERHQIXLSHWVIUYMVIHXSTVSHYGIXLIVIUYMVIHEVGLMXIGXYVEP
TVSHYGX*SVQ[SVOWLSTHVE[MRKWMRGPYHMRKEJSVQPE]SYX
HVE[MRKMJQSVIXLER SRI TPEGIQIRX SJJSVQ[SVO MW XS FI
YWIH ERH QSGOYTW WLSYPH FI TVSHYGIH ERH WYFQMXXIH JSV *MK{*SVQPE]SYXHVE[MRKWWLS[MRKWIEQWVYWXMGEXMSR
ETTVSZEPXSIWXEFPMWLXLEXXLIQEXIVMEPWPSKMWXMGWERHTVSGI WXVMTWERHHMQIRWMSRWJSVXLI'EXLIHVEPSJ3YV0EH]SJXLI
dures will meet the specified results. %RKIPW0SW%RKIPIW'%
*SVQ[SVO ERH JSVQ[SVO PEFSV GER EGGSYRX JSV QSVI
XLERLEPJSJXLISZIVEPPGSWXSJXLIGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVI,YVH

ERHSJXIRQSVIMREREVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVI
'SQQYRMGEXMSR ERH YRHIVWXERHMRK FIX[IIR XLI EVGLMXIGX
GSRXVEGXSVERHS[RIVEVIXLIJSYRHEXMSRSJEGSWXIJJIGXMZI
TPEGIQIRXSJGSRGVIXI;LIVITSWWMFPIKERKJSVQMRKWLSYPH
be designed to allow for opposite-hand configurations.
9RPIWWWTIGMEPGSPSVMRKERHXI\XYVIIJJIGXWEVIHIWMVIH&&
TP][SSH MW RSX VIGSQQIRHIH JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP TSVXMSRW SJ
XVSYFPIJVIITVSNIGX XLIWXVYGXYVI)ZIRPS[HIRWMX]SZIVPE]0(3
ERHQIHMYQ
%RSXLIVRIGIWWEV]MRKVIHMIRXMWXLIMRKIRYMX]ORS[LS[ HIRWMX]SZIVPE]1(3
TP][SSHWMQTEVXYRI\TIGXIHGSPSV
and the ability of the contractor to interpret the specifications ZEVMEXMSRW YRPIWW PMQMXIH XS SRI YWI SRP] ,MKLHIRWMX]
ERHWIPIGXXLIW]WXIQXLEX[MPPFIWXEGGSQTPMWLXLIHIWMVIH SZIVPE],(3
TP][SSHWTVSZMHIXLIQSWXTVSXIGXMSRJVSQ
VIWYPX[MXLMRXLIS[RIVvWFYHKIX YR[ERXIHGSPSVERHXI\XYVIZEVMEXMSRW6IJIVXS,YVH

-RERIPIZEXMSRZMI[VIYWEKISJJSVQ[SVOLEWXLVIIZEVMEXMSRW ERH4IYVMJS]ERH3FIVPIRHIV
JSVQSVIHIXEMPIHMRJSV
-HIRXMGEPVIYWEKI{&SXLXLILSVM^SRXEPERHXLIZIVXMGEP QEXMSRSRJSVQW
configuration of the forming module never change. The
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWEWELSVM^SRXEPHIXIVQM {1EXIVMEPW
RERXERHXLI[EPPLIMKLXEWXLIZIVXMGEPHIXIVQMRERXYWYEPP] %KVIEXZEVMIX]SJQEXIVMEPWLEZIFIIRYWIHJSVJSVQWJSVQ
HIXIVQMRIWXLIJSVQMRKQSHYPI8SFIMHIRXMGEPMXMWRIGIW PMRIVW ERH WLIEXLMRK 8LI PMWX MRGPYHIW PYQFIV TP][SSH
WEV]XSLEZIW]QQIXV]SRIMXLIVWMHISJFSXLXLIZIVXMGEPERH GSEXIH ERH TPEWXMG SZIVPEMH TP][SSH QIXEPW WYGL EW WXIIP
LSVM^SRXEPE\IWSJXLIJSVQMRKQSHYPI EPYQMRYQ ERH QEKRIWMYQ VIMRJSVGIH ERH RSRVIMRJSVGIH
 7MQMPEV VIYWEKI{3RP] SRI SJ XLI JSVQMRK QSHYPI TPEWXMGW TPEWXIV [EWXI QSPHW XLIVQSWIXXMRK TPEWXMGW ERH
configurations is identical and the other varies; and elastomeric liners of both rigid and flexible plastics, such as
3. Nontypical—Both forming module configurations vary. acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), fiberglass (glass-rein
Opposite hand means that the configuration must be JSVGIHTSP]IWXIV
*MK), and both filled and pure polyure
VSXEXIH  HIKVIIW XS FI MHIRXMGEP 3TTSWMXI LERH QE] XLERIIPEWXSQIVW)EGLSJXLIQEXIVMEPWLEWEHZERXEKIWERH
RIGIWWMXEXIEWWIQFP]ERHHMWEWWIQFP]SJJSVQ[SVOJSVIEGL PMQMXEXMSRW7TIGMEPTVIGEYXMSRWWLSYPHFIXEOIR[MXLXLIYWI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6 

SJXLIGSRGVIXI[LMGLGEYWIWEHEVOIVWYVJEGIGSPSV3VKERMG
WYFWXERGIWMRXLI[SSHGERVIWYPXMREHMWGSPSVIHGSRGVIXI
WYVJEGIERH[SSHWYKEVWGERGEYWIHYWXMRK6IPIEWIEKIRXW
GERRSXTVIZIRXXLIWI GSRHMXMSRW'EVIMRWIPIGXMRK[SSHMW
VIGSQQIRHIHEW[SSHWTPMXWERH[EVTWHYVMRKYWIGEYWMRK
GLERKIWMRWYVJEGITVIWIRXEXMSR
;MXLIEGLVIYWISJXLIJSVQXLIHEVOIRMRKIJJIGXSJXLI
PYQFIVSRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIFIGSQIWPIWW*MKE

;LIR JSVQW EVI VIYWIH WIZIVEP XMQIW YRPIWW XLI [SSH MW
XVIEXIHGSRWMHIVEFPIZEVMEXMSRMRGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIGSPSVERH
XI\XYVIGERFII\TIGXIHJSVIEGLYWI
Dusting, caused by wood sugar, is significant only in the
first use. It is possible to simulate a first use by coating a new
JSVQ JEGI [MXL E GIQIRX WPYVV] [EWLMRK MX SJJ ERH VIET
*MK{*MFIVKPEWWJSVQPMRIV TP]MRKXLIJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRX*SVEYRMJSVQWYVJEGIGSPSV
EPPJSVQPYQFIVWLSYPHFISFXEMRIHJVSQXLIWEQIWSYVGI
ERHEJSVQGSEXMRKSVWIEPIVWLSYPHFIYWIH7IGXMSR

-J GSRXVSPPIH ZEVMEXMSRW MR GSPSV EVI HIWMVIH XLMW QE] FI
EGLMIZIHF]PYQFIVJVSQHMJJIVIRXWSYVGIW
 4P][SSH{4P][SSHWGERFITYVGLEWIH[MXLWYVJEGI
XVIEXQIRXW XLEX TVSZMHI E RIEVP] MQTIVZMSYW ERH WQSSXL
WYVJEGI 1M\MRK HMJJIVIRX FVERHW SV WYVJEGI XVIEXQIRXW
WLSYPH FI EZSMHIH XS EZIVX ZEVMEXMSRW MR GSPSV GEYWIH F]
-JEVEMWIH
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7IGXMSR
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8LI EVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI IJJIGX SJ 8LIQIXEPWOMRWLSYPHFIXLMGOIRSYKLXSWYTTSVXXLIPSEH
MQTIVZMSYW ERH EFWSVTXMZI JSVQ WYVJEGIW )EGL PIEZIW MXW between its support members to keep deflections within
S[RTEVXMGYPEVGLEVEGXIVMWXMGW8LIMQTIVZMSYWJSVQWYVJEGI EGGITXEFPIPMQMXW
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EFWSVTXMZIJSVQWYVJEGIW7IGXMSR

 0YQFIV{0YQFIV MW E VIEHMP] EZEMPEFPI JSVQMRK
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*MK
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WYVJEGIW 8LI WSJXIV KVEMRW SJ XLI [SSH [MPP EFWSVF QSVI Fig. 5.2.1.a—Color variation from the first use of forms to
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 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

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marking or staining in general. Bluing, which can be field-
applied over welded sections, has been found beneficial to
EZSMHWXEMRMRK6IPIEWIEKIRXWXLEXGSRXEMREVYWXMRLMFMXSVXS
VIHYGIXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJWXEMRMRKEVIVIGSQQIRHIH
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and thawing. Repairs may be difficult to match when the
EWGEWXWYVJEGIMWKPSWW]
Some reinforced plastics contain glass fibers in various
forms that increase the flexural strength of the resin mate
VMEPW 7YGL TPEWXMGW LEZI JSYRH GSRWMHIVEFPI EGGITXERGI MR
GYWXSQ JSVQW JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI 8LI ETTVSTVMEXI
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 4PEWXIV[EWXIQSPHW{,MKLP]HIXEMPIHJSVQWGERFI
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the plaster is then broken away from the finished concrete.
7MRKPIYWIJSVQWEVISJXIRYWIHJSVRSRVITIXMXMZIJSVQMRKSV
where intricate shapes are difficult to form by more conven
XMSREP QIXLSHW %R IJJIGXMZI QIQFVERIJSVQMRK FSRH
FVIEOIV WLSYPH FIYWIH [MXL TPEWXIV [EWXI QSPHW8LI YWI
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EHIJIGXMZIVIPIEWI
{)GSRSQMGW
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GSRWMHIVIH
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1EXIVMEPWJEFVMGEXMSRERHVIRXEPI\TIRWI
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7XVMTTMRKERHVIGSRHMXMSRMRK
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tion on construction speed, influencing overall project cost;
8LIVQEPMRWYPEXMRKIJJIGXSJJSVQMRKQEXIVMEPW
7EPZEKIZEPYIEXGSQTPIXMSRSJYWIERH
+SZIVRQIRXEPWEJIX]ERHIRZMVSRQIRXEPVIKYPEXMSRW
The number of reuses of formwork is a significant factor
MRXLIXSXEPGSWXSJJSVQ[SVO2SVQEPP]JSVQ[SVOW]WXIQW
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{*SVQ[SVOEGGYVEG]
-R KIRIVEP JSVQ[SVO JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP YWI WLSYPH FI
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glass fiber mat and to ensure good performance through a XLI VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW SJ %'-  ERH XLI EHHMXMSREP
VIEWSREFPI RYQFIV SJ YWIW 9RPIWW EPOEPMVIWMWXERX KPEWW VIUYMVIQIRXW SYXPMRIH EW JSPPS[W%W TPEGMRK ERH GSRWSPM
fibers are used, deterioration can be expected when in HEXMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIQSVIHIQERHMRKXLERJSVWXVYGXYVEP
GSRXEGX [MXL XLI GSRGVIXI 1EMRXIRERGI SJ XLI VIWMR GSZIV GSRGVIXI EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI VIUYMVIW TEVXMGYPEV GEVI
MWQERHEXSV]JSVWYVJEGIYRMJSVQMX]-XGERFIEGGSQTPMWLIH in formwork design to minimize deflection, deformations,

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 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6 

pillowing, offsets, and mortar leakage. Conflicts between

VIZIEPWXVMTWERHVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPWLSYPHFIVIWSPZIH7TIGM
fied clearances between reinforcing steel and formwork
WLSYPHFIQEMRXEMRIH
 &VEGMRKERH[EPIVW{-RQSWXGEWIWJSVQWLIEXLMRK
deflections will govern design. The form face should be
HIWMKRIHEWEWXEFPIIRZIPSTIXSGSRXEMRXLIJVIWLGSRGVIXI
Extra walers may be required to satisfy face sheet deflec
XMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW%HHMXMSREPERGLSVWERHFVEGMRKQE]EPWS
FI VIUYMVIH XS QEMRXEMR EPMKRQIRX MJ XLI JSVQW EVI I\XIV
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VIUYMVIWERGLSVEKISJXLIJSVQ[SVOXSXLITVIZMSYWTPEGI
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MRXLIWXVYGXYVISJXLIJSVQ[SVO
Deflections of sheathing, studs, and walers no greater than
XMQIWXLIWTEREVIKIRIVEPP]WEXMWJEGXSV]JSVEVGLMXIGXYVEP *MK{*SVQNSMRXWWIEPIHXSTVIZIRXPIEOEKI
GSRGVIXIJSVQ[SVO;LIVIEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWEHNE
cent work, or special effects are critical, lesser form deflec %ZSMHMRK LSVM^SRXEP QSZIQIRX SJ XLI GSRGVIXI [MXL
tions may be required. As form deflections may increase with ZMFVEXSV
each use, deflection criteria may govern the number of allow To minimize leakage, specifications should require form
able reuses. Where deflections are to be limited, locations and
'LEQJIVERHVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTW
deflection criteria should be included in the project specifica
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ORS[WMREHZERGI[LEXMWVIUYMVIH
 8SPIVERGIW{8LI HMQIRWMSR ERH TSWMXMSR XSPIVERGIW
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tect/engineer specifically calls for closer tolerances for
TEVXMGYPEV[SVOMXIQW
{*SVQNSMRXW
 4VIZIRXMSRSJPIEOEKI{%WYVJEGIHIJIGX[MPPVIWYPX
when the formwork experiences fluid loss. The resulting
HIJIGXMWGLEVEGXIVM^IHF]EGSPSVGLERKIERHEREKKVIKEXI
VMGLWYVJEGI MRGSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLI RSVQEP HIRWI EHNEGIRX
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WLSYPH FI QMRMQM^IH [LIVI YRMJSVQ GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI EVI
NSMRXWXSFIWIEPIH*MK
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WXVMTW
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when significant paste removal, such as medium sandblast
SJXLIWYVJEGIMWTPERRIH'EVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRXSTVIZIRX
HMWTPEGIQIRXSJXLIXETISVKEWOIXWHYVMRKGSRGVIXISTIVE
tions, as this results in blemishes that are difficult to remove.
&VYWLETTPMIH KYQ EHLIWMZI SZIV XLI XETI GER WYGGIWW
JYPP]WXEFMPM^IMXEKEMRWXQSZIQIRX8ETIHNSMRXWWLSYPHFI
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EGLMIZMRKXLIHIWMVIHVIWYPXW[MXLXETIHNSMRXW
 *MRW{*MRWEVIXLMRTVSNIGXMSRWSJLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI
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knocked off and stoned smooth, fins are generally consid
IVIH YRHIWMVEFPI FIGEYWI XLIMV I\MWXIRGI VIWYPXW MR E RSR
uniform appearance of the finished surface and possible
WXEMRMRKHYIXSPS[IVMRKSJXLI[GQEXXLITSMRXSJPIEOEKI
In some cases, fins are desired by the designer for a specific
GVMXMGEP 0S[WPYQT GSRGVIXI{PIWW XLER  MR  QQ
{ IJJIGX8LMW IJJIGXGERFIEGGSQTPMWLIH F]PMRMRKXLIJSVQ
will reduce the tendency for fluid to escape through fine with planks, boards, or plywood kept at specific distances
STIRMRKW MR XLI JSVQ[SVO 0S[WPYQT GSRGVIXI MW QSVI apart or randomly placed. Such fins can be left as stripped or
difficult to vibrate and consolidate and may cause entrapped FVSOIRFEGO4VSZMWMSRWWLSYPHFIQEHILS[IZIVXSQMRM
EMVSRXLIGSRGVIXIJEGI;LIRIWXEFPMWLMRKXLIWPYQTSJXLI QM^IQSVXEVPIEOEKIFIX[IIRXLIPMRIVERHWXVYGXYVEPJSVQXS
concrete, consideration should be given to the difficulty of QMRMQM^IGSPSVERHXI\XYVIZEVMEXMSR
TPEGIQIRXTPEGIQIRXQIXLSHERHVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPGSRKIW
XMSR 1SVI TVIGEYXMSRW EKEMRWX PIEOEKI [MPP FI RIIHIH MJ {8I\XYVIWERHTEXXIVRW
fluidized concrete such as self-consolidating concrete (SCC)  *SVQQEVOW{%PPJSVQW[MPPLEZIWSQIGLEVEGXIVMW
MWYWIH*SVQ[SVOPIEOEKIQE]FIQMRMQM^IHF] XMGWXLEXQE]FIXVERWJIVVIHEWXI\XYVITEXXIVRSVFPIQMWLIW
0MRMRKJSVQW[MXLEWITEVEXIJEGMRKQEXIVMEPERHWXEK to the finished surface, including:
KIVMRKXLINSMRXW[MXLXLSWISJXLIWXVYGXYVEPJSVQ 7M^ISJXLIYRMXSJJSVQMRKQEXIVMEPSVTVIJEFVMGEXIHTERIP
9WMRKTVIWWYVIWIRWMXMZI GSQTVIWWMFPI KEWOIXWSV WIEP 4PERO[MHXLW
ERXW[MXLMRJSVQMRXIVJEGMRKNSMRXW :EVMEXMSRWMREFWSVTXMZIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJXLIJEGIXLEX
*EGIGEYPOMRK[MXLPYQFIVFEXXIRFEGOMRKERH GLERKI XLI [GQ SR XLI WYVJEGI SJ XLI GSRGVIXI ERH
GSRWIUYIRXP]GLERKIXLIGSRWMWXIRG]SJMXWGSPSV

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 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

Special perimeter configurations found in proprietary

X]TITERIPW
;SSHKVEMR
;SSHKVEMRVMWIHYIXSQSMWXYVI
2YQFIVERHWM^IQEVOMRKW
4P][SSHFSEXTEXGLIWXLEXQE]FIIZMHIRXSRXLIGSRGVIXI
WYVJEGIIZIRMJXLITP][SSHMWSZIVPEMH[MXLTPEWXMG
,EMVPMRI GLIGOW SV TMIVGIH LSPIW MR TPEWXMG SZIVPEMH
TP][SSHEPPS[MRKQSMWXYVIMRXVYWMSRMRXSXLIWSJXKVEMRWSJ
XLITP][SSH8LIQSMWXYVIQMKVEXIWEPSRKXLIWSJXKVEMR
I\TERHWERHTVSHYGIWwXMKIVWXVMTTMRKxSVwFPMWXIVWx

JEWXIRIVW WLSYPH FI TPEGIH JVSQ XLI FEGOWMHI ERH KS

XLVSYKLXLIJSVQXSLSPHVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWXSXLIJSVQ
ERH *MK {)PEWXSQIXVMG JSVQ PMRIV YWIH XS GVIEXI E FPSGO
8MILSPIW pattern finish at the University of San Diego Science Center,
 *SVQPMRIVW{8I\XYVIWERHTEXXIVRWGERFISFXEMRIH '%
by specific design through the use of form liners. The use of
PMRIVWMWETVEGXMGEPETTVSEGLXSQER]HIWMVIHVIWYPXWMRXLI
finished wall because the facing can be designed separately
ERHEPPS[EGLSMGISJEFEGOYTJSVQMRKW]WXIQ8LIQIXLSH
SJ EXXEGLMRKJSVQ PMRIVWWLSYPHFI WXYHMIH JSV MXW VIWYPXMRK
ZMWYEPIJJIGX
;SSHPMRIVWGERFIYWIHXSJIEXYVITPEROWKVEMRVYWXMGE
XMSRWXVMTW SVYWIHMRE GLIGOIVFSEVHJEWLMSR F]GLERKMRK
XLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIKVEMRSVTPEROWMREHNEGIRXTERIPW7XVM
EXIHPMRIVWSJZEVMSYWQEXIVMEPWQE]EPWSFIYWIH *MK{'EVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRXSTVSTIVP]WIEPXMILSPIW
*SEQIH TSP]WX]VIRI PMRIVW TVSZMHI E [MHI GLSMGI SJ PIJXTLSXS
'SRGVIXI[MPPWIITFIX[IIRXLIWRETXMIGSRIERH
WYVJEGIXI\XYVIWERHHIWMKRW JSVQ[SVOMJGSRIWEVIRSXXMKLXEKEMRWXJSVQVMKLXTLSXS

8LIVQSTPEWXMGWGERFILIEXWXVIWWIHMRXSE[MHIZEVMIX]SJ
HIWMKRW4PEWXMG PMRIVW WLSYPH FIVMKMHP]WIGYVIH XSFEGOYT 8LIWI ZMR]P PMRIVW EVI QERYJEGXYVIH MR VSPPW  XS  JX 
JSVQW ;MHI WIGXMSRW SJ HIIT VIPMIJ PMRIVW YWIH JSV HIIT XSQ
[MHIERHXSJXXS Q
PSRKERH
MRHIRXEXMSRW MR XLI GSRGVIXI WYVJEGI WLSYPH FI GSQTPIXIP]
WYTTSVXIHFIX[IIRXLIFEGOYTJSVQERHXLIPMRIV
)PEWXSQIVMG PMRIVW QE] FI GSRWMHIVIH JSV VIPEXMZIP]
EVIJEWXIRIHXSXLIJSVQFEGOMRK[LMGLMWGSEXIHJYPP][MXL
VYFFIV GIQIRX 8LI PMRIV NSMRXW [MPP WIPJWIEP EW XLI JSVQ
PMRIVMWETTPMIHXSXLIFEGOMRK
WLEPPS[XI\XYVIW ERH HIIT VIPMIJ *MK 
 7SQI IPEWXS
QIVWQE]HIXIVMSVEXI[LIRI\TSWIHXSXLILMKLIVXIQTIVE {*SVQ[SVOEGGIWWSVMIW
XYVIWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLQMHWYQQIVGYVMRKGSRHMXMSRWSV[LIR  8MIW—Early stripping and finishing requirements
LIEX MW SXLIV[MWI YWIH XS LEWXIR XLI GYVI 4SP]ZMR]P GLPS QE] HMGXEXI XLI W]WXIQ SJ JSVQ XMIW *MK 
 6IGSQ
VMHI4:'
IPEWXSQIVWWLSYPHFIGLIGOIHJSVVIWMWXERGIXS QIRHIH JSVQ XMIW WLSYPH PIEZI RS GSVVSWMZI QIXEP GPSWIV
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8LIIPEWXSQIVWWLSYPHEPWSFIGLIGOIHJSVXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJ
WXEMRMRKXLIGSRGVIXI
4SP]YVIXLERIIPEWXSQIVMWQEHIMRJSEQIHERHRSRJSEQIH
ZIVWMSRW *SEQIH TSP]YVIXLERI MW IMXLIV GPSWIH SV STIR
GIPPIH&IGEYWISTIRGIPPJSEQWQE]EFWSVFVIPIEWIEKIRXW
XIWXWEVIVIGSQQIRHIHXSHIXIVQMRIJSVQPMRIVVIPIEWIEKIRX
GSQTEXMFMPMX]
1IXEP PMRIVW EVI EZEMPEFPI MR ZEVMSYW XI\XYVIW ERH VMFFIH
TEXXIVRWXLEXGERFINSMRIH[MXLHMJJIVIRXX]TIWSJJEWXIRIVW
XS EGLMIZI ER EVGLMXIGXYVEP IJJIGX 0MRIV NSMRXW WLSYPH FI
TPEGIHEXVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWSVJSVQGSVRIVWFIGEYWIPIEOEKI
is difficult to prevent at butt joints. An investigation should
FIQEHIXSHIXIVQMRI[LIXLIVWXEMRMRKQE]SGGYVJVSQXLI
PMRIVQEXIVMEPSVMXWJEWXIRMRKW
than 1-1/2 in. (38 mm) to the finished surface, and fall gener
EPP]MRXSSRISJWIZIVEPKVSYTW
Continuous single-piece proprietary ties for specific
[EPP XLMGORIWWIW EVI EZEMPEFPI MR HMJJIVIRX PIRKXLW ERH
GETEGMXMIW[MXLTSWMXMZIFVIEOFEGOGLEVEGXIVMWXMGW[MXL
SV[MXLSYXGSRIW
7RETXMIWEVIEZEMPEFPIMREZEVMIX]SJWM^IWERHWXVIRKXLW
[MXL GSRIW 7RETXMIW [MXL [EWLIVW EVI YWYEPP] RSX
EGGITXEFPI JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI 'EVI WLSYPH FI
XEOIR[LIRWRETXMIW[MXLGSRIWEVIYWIHXSIRWYVIXLEX
XLI GSRI MW QEMRXEMRIH XMKLX XS XLI GSRXEGX JSVQ JEGI
YRHIVTPEGMRKTVIWWYVIW&EGOYTQIQFIVWQE]GSRXVEGX
and allow fluid loss;
7LIFSPXW LEZI E QEPIXLVIEHIH MRRIV YRMX PIJX MR XLI
[EPPERHEJIQEPIXLVIEHIHSYXIVYRMX XLEX MW VIQSZIH
ERH VIYWIH 'SRIW EVI RSX VIUYMVIH XLYW VIHYGMRK XLI
8LMR  XS  MR  XS  QQ
 ZMR]P TPEWXMG WM^ISJLSPIWPIJXMRXLIWYVJEGI
WLIEXLMRKLEWFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]JSVPMRMRKKERKJSVQW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6 

*MKF{9WISJXMILSPITEXXIVRJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEPETTIEV
Fig. 5.7.1.a—Integral color fiberglass tie left exposed on ERGIEXXLI7EPO-RWXMXYXI%HHMXMSR0E.SPPE'%
sandblasted wall finish.
be subsequently patched or plugged flush or left with a slight
,IFSPXW EVI QEPIXLVIEHIH HIZMGIW XLEX EVI VIYWEFPI
4PEWXMG
[MXL ER I\TIRHEFPI JIQEPIXLVIEHIH YRMX PIJX MR XLI
[EPPQMRMQM^MRKXLIWM^ISJLSPIWPIJXSRXLIWYVJEGI
8ETIVXMIW EVI EZEMPEFPI MR E ZEVMIX] SJ WM^IW ERH
VIGIWWJSVEREVGLMXIGXYVEPWLEHS[IJJIGX*MKF
SVTVIGEWXTVIQSPHIHTPYKWEVIEZEMPEFPI[MXLQSWXW]WXIQW
ERHGERFIMRWIVXIHSVFSRHIHMRXLILSPI8LIYWISJTPEWXMG
TPYKWTVIZIRXWQSVXEVWXEMRWSRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIXLEXQE]
GETEGMXMIW FISFNIGXMSREFPISRWSQIWYVJEGIW7RETXMIW[MXLSYXGSRIW
*MFIVKPEWWXMIWEVIEZEMPEFPIMRQER]WXVIRKXLWWM^IWERH SVSXLIVWTIGMEPWIEPW
QE]FIYREGGITXEFPIJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSPSVW*MFIVKPEWWXMIWPIEZIEGYXIRHSJVSYRHVSHSRXLI GSRGVIXIYRPIWWEVYWXMGGVYHIPSSOMWHIWMVIH
GSRGVIXIWYVJEGI*MKE
*MFIVKPEWWXMIWEVIRSRS\M Leakage at ties is difficult to prevent, especially at taper
HM^MRKERHGERFII\TSWIHSRXLIJEGISJXLIGSRGVIXI ERHWPIIZIHXMIW:EVMSYWQIXLSHWXSQMRMQM^IPIEOEKIEXXMI
7PIIZIERHVSHXMIW[MXLSV[MXLSYXGSRIWEVIEZEMPEFPI PSGEXMSRWWLSYPHFIEHHVIWWIH[MXLXLIQSGOYTTERIP
JVSQMRQQ
GSRIWM^IWERHPEVKIVERH  8MIVIQSZEP{1SWXXMIWGERERHWLSYPHFIVIQSZIH
%PPXLVIEHVSHW[MXLTPEWXMGWPIIZIW FIJSVI VIQSZEP SJ JSVQ[SVO &VIEOFEGO XMIW WLSYPH FI
8MIW GER FI VIQSZIH IEVP] KIRIVEPP] [MXLMR  LSYVW
 VIQSZIH EW WSSR EW TSWWMFPI EJXIV XLI JSVQ[SVO LEW FIIR
TVSZMHIH E JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRX [EW YWIH SR XLI IQFIHHIH VIQSZIH%JXIVJSVQWEVIVIQSZIHYRGSEXIHXMIWSVXMIWXLEX
WIGXMSRSJXLIXMIWERHXLI]EVIVIQSZIHMREXSVWMSREPQSXMSR TSWWIWWWXEMRMRKXIRHIRGMIWWLSYPHFITVSTIVP]FVSOIRSJJEW
7TEGMRKSJXMIW[MPPRSVQEPP]FIHMGXEXIHF]XLIWXVIRKXLSJ WSSREWTVEGXMGEPERHXLIIRHWXVIEXIHXSTVIZIRXVYWXWXEMRW
XLIXMIWXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIJSVQMRKQIQFIVWXLIGSRGVIXI 7XEMRPIWWWXIIPXMIWTVIWIRXXLIPIEWXXVSYFPI[MXLWXEMRMRKERH
placing rates, allowable deflection, amount of vibration, and
 FEGO SJ XLI I\TSWIH
EVGLMXIGXYVEPVIUYMVIQIRXW
Each type of tie leaves a characteristic hole, except fiber
KPEWWXMIW[LMGLPIEZIEVSYRHTPEWXMGWYVJEGISRXLIJEGISJ
XLIGSRGVIXI;MVIWRETXMIWPIEZIWQEPPLSPIWETTVS\MQEXIP]
EVIFVSOIRSJJ EX PIEWX  MR  QQ
surface. Stainless steel ties are softer and are often difficult
XSFVIEOFEGO8LI]EVIRSXEWXSGOMXIQ[MXLER]QERYJEG
XYVIVERHXLIVIJSVIVIUYMVIPSRKIVPIEHXMQIWJSVWLMTQIRXW
8LI]EVIQSVII\TIRWMZIERHEP[E]WSJPIWWIVGETEGMX]XLER
MRQQ
MRHMEQIXIV[MXLERSQMREPHITXLSJGSZIVSJ VIKYPEVWXIIPXMIW8[MWXIH[MVI XMIW WLSYPHRSXFIYWIH JSV
MRQQ
;SSHSVXETIVIHTPEWXMGGSRIWSVWPIIZIWEVI EVGLMXIGXYVEP[SVO
SJXIRTVSZMHIHJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEPI\TVIWWMSRSV[LIRHIITIV 8SVIHYGI WTEPPMRK VIQSZEP SJGSRIW WLSYPH FI HIPE]IH
FVIEOFEGOWYTXSMRQQ
EVIVIUYMVIH YRXMPXLIGSRGVIXILEWEHIUYEXIWXVIRKXL;LIRXLIGSRIWEVI
8LI GSRIW MRGVIEWI XLI WM^I SJ XLI LSPI XS ETTVS\MQEXIP] VIQSZIHXLIFSRHWLSYPHFIFVSOIR[MXLEXSVWMSREPQSXMSR
MRQQ
HMEQIXIVERHEVIYWIHXSVIHYGIKVSYXPIEOEKI 8LMWQE]VIUYMVIEWTIGMEPXSSP8LITEVXSJXLIXMIVIQEMRMRK
[LIVIXLIXMITEWWIWXLVSYKLXLIJSVQ1EMRXEMRMRKXMKLXRIWWMW MR XLI GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI MQQIHMEXIP] GSEXIH [MXL HV]
IWWIRXMEP8LIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGLSPISJXETIVIHWLIFSPXWHITIRHW TEGOIHQSVXEVSVWIEPIH[MXLTVIQSPHIHTPYKW
SRXLIWXVIRKXLGEXIKSV]SJXLIXMIW[LMGLLEZIHMEQIXIVWMR
XLI VERKI SJ  XS  MR  XS  QQ
 ,IFSPXW EVI {*SVQGSEXMRKWERHWIEPIVW
EZEMPEFPI[MXLGSRIWERH[MXLXETIVIHWXYHW'SRIWEVIEZEMP  *YRGXMSR{*SVQ GSEXMRKW EVI RSRQSMWXYVIXVERW
EFPIJVSQXSMRXSQQ
MRHMEQIXIVERHXETIVIH QMXXMRK ERH JSVQ WIEPIVW EVI WIQMQSMWXYVIXVERWQMXXMRK
WXYHWEVIEZEMPEFPIJVSQXSMRMRHMEQIXIVXS &SXLEVIYWYEPP]ETTPMIHMRPMUYMHJSVQXSXLIJSVQWLIEXLMRK
QQ
4YPPXMIWSVGSQTPIXIP]VIQSZEFPIXMIWQE]VIUYMVI either during manufacture or in the field to serve one or more
TPEWXMGWPIIZIWERHGERFIJVSQXSMRXSQQ
 TYVTSWIW
MR HMEQIXIV PIEZMRK E LSPI SJ WMQMPEV WM^I XS XLI VSH HMEQ
IXIVTEWWMRKGSQTPIXIP]XLVSYKLXLI[EPP%PPXLIEJSVIQIR
XMSRIH XMIW PIEZI VSYRH ERH VIPEXMZIP] GPIER LSPIW XLEX QE]
8STVSXIGXERHTVSPSRKXLIYWIJYPPMJISJXLIJSVQQEXIVMEP
8STVIZIRXGSPSVZEVMEXMSRWERHHYWXMRKSJXLIGSRGVIXI
WYVJEGIGEYWIHF][SSHWYKEVXVERWJIV

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

8S EPXIV XLI XI\XYVI SJ XLI GSRXEGX WYVJEGIW WYGL EW  7IPIGXMSR{6IPIEWIEKIRXWLIPTTVSHYGIXLIGSRGVIXI
TVIZIRXMRK XVERWJIV SJ YRHIWMVEFPI KVEMR TEXXIVRW surfaces specified in the DRS, contract documents, and
1YPXMTPIGSEXWQE]FIVIUYMVIH QSGOYT%HHMXMSREPP]XLIJSPPS[MRKWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
8S JEGMPMXEXI VIPIEWI JVSQ GSRGVIXI HYVMRK WXVMTTMRK 'SQTEXMFMPMX]SJXLIVIPIEWIEKIRX[MXLXLIJSVQSVJSVQ
(IWTMXIGEVIJYPETTPMGEXMSRSJEVIPIEWIEKIRXWSQISJMX PMRIVEHQM\XYVIWMRXLIGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIERHMJYWIH
QE]FIVIQSZIHEGGMHIRXEPP]FIJSVISVHYVMRKGSRGVIXI XLIJSVQWIEPIVSVGSEXMRK
TPEGIQIRXERHGSRWSPMHEXMSR 4SWWMFPIMRXIVJIVIRGI[MXLXLIEHLIWMSRSJSXLIVQEXI
8SEMHMRSFXEMRMRKEYRMJSVQHITXLSJWYVJEGIVIXEVHE VMEPWWYGLEWWIEPERXWEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSEXMRKWERHGYVMRK
XMSR[LIRWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVMWYWIHERH GSQTSYRHWXSXLILEVHIRIHGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
8STVIZIRXGSVVSWMSRSRWXIIPJEGIHJSVQW %PPS[EFPIEQSYRXSJER]HMWGSPSVEXMSRSVWXEMRMRKERH
 8]TIW SJ GSEXMRKW ERH WIEPIVW{8LI WIPIGXMSR SJ XLITIVQMWWMFPIRYQFIVERHWM^ISJWYVJEGIEMVZSMHWSR
EJSVQ GSEXMRK [MPPHITIRHSRXLIJSVQQEXIVMEPGSRGVIXI XLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
WYVJEGIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWVIUYMVIHRYQFIVSJJSVQVIYWIWERH )JJIGXSRWXVMTTMRKXMQIIEWISJWXVMTTMRKERHGIQIRXM
XLIIRZMVSRQIRXSJYWI4VMSVI\TIVMIRGIMWXLIQSWXZEPYEFPI XMSYWFYMPHYTSRXLIJSVQ
WXERHEVH JSVIZEPYEXMSRERHWIPIGXMSR4VIXIWXMRKMWYWIHXS )JJIGX SJ WIEWSREP XIQTIVEXYVI I\XVIQIW SR ETTPMGEXMSR
HIZIPSTKYMHIPMRIWJSVWTIGMJ]MRKQEXIVMEPWERHTVSGIHYVIW TVSGIHYVIW [LIR XLI GSRGVIXI TPEGMRK TSVXMSRW SJ XLI
[LIREJSVQGSEXMRKMWYWIH-J[EXIVXMKLXRIWWMWVIUYMVIH TVSNIGXSZIVPETQSVIXLERSRIWIEWSR[LMGLQE]EJJIGX
WIEPMRKSJXLINSMRXWMRXLIJSVQWLIEXLMRK[MPPFIRIGIWWEV] FSXLGSRGVIXIGSPSVERHFYKLSPIFPIQMWLIWSRXLIWYVJEGI
7IGXMSR
 )JJIGX [MXL EGGIPIVEXIH GYVMRK TVSGIHYVIW IWTIGMEPP]
 1MPPWIEPIH JSVQ TERIPW{,MKLHIRWMX] SZIVPE] [MXL WXIEQ SR WXVMTTMRK ERH XLI ETTIEVERGI SJ XLI
TP][SSH LEW E TETIV MQTVIKREXIH [MXL TLIRSPJSVQEP GSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
HIL]HI VIWMR FSRHIH XS XLI TP][SSH F] LMKL XIQTIVEXYVI 9RMJSVQMX]SJETTIEVERGIXLIWEQIVIPIEWIEKIRXWLSYPH
ERH TVIWWYVI 8LI VIWYPXMRK WYVJEGI LMHIW XLI XMQFIV KVEMR FIYWIHJSVEPPXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIW
SJ XLI TP][SSH ERH VIUYMVIW SRP] E PMKLX ETTPMGEXMSR SJ 0SGEPERHJIHIVEPIRZMVSRQIRXEPVIKYPEXMSRWIWTIGMEPP]
VIPIEWI EKIRXW FIX[IIR YWIW 8LI TP][SSH QERYJEGXYVIVvW
HMVIGXMSRWJSVXVIEXMRKXLIJSVQWLSYPHFIJSPPS[IHJSVFIWX
VIWYPXW (YVMRKYWIXLIGSPSVSJ XLI SZIVPE]QE]XYVR XSE
VIHHMWLQELSKER][LMGLMWSGGEWMSREPP]XVERWJIVVIHXSXLI
concrete surface during the first few form uses. This discol
SVEXMSRMWGEPPIHGSRGVIXITMROMRKERHMWQSVIETTEVIRXSR
white concrete. Any alkali-resistant film (cement or lime
WPYVV]
 FIX[IIR XLI GSRGVIXI ERH XLI SZIVPEMH WYVJEGI [MPP XSXLIOMRHSJJSVQWYVJEGIJSV[LMGLXLITVSHYGXMWMRXIRHIHERH
significantly reduce or eliminate pinking. Very few, if any,
JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRXW [MPP TVIZIRX TMROMRK 4MROMRK GER FI
VIQSZIHJVSQGSRGVIXI[MXLERS\MHM^MRKFPIEGLWSPYXMSR
4VSTVMIXEV] GSEXMRKW SV XVIEXQIRXW EVI EZEMPEFPI WYGL EW
glass fiber-reinforced polymer bonded to plywood and
ITS\] VIWMR JSVQYPEXMSRW XLEX I\YHI SMP 'SEXIH JSVQW SJ
XLI WEQI UYEPMX] ERH JVSQ XLI WEQI QERYJEGXYVIV WLSYPH
FIYWIHXLVSYKLSYXXSTVIZIRXEHMJJIVIRGIMRGSRGVIXIGSPSV
and possible buckling due to different coefficients of thermal
I\TERWMSR
 *MIPHETTPMIH GSEXMRKW{0EGUYIVW WLIPPEGW WTEV
ZEVRMWLSMPFEWIHTEMRXWERHWSQIIREQIPWEVIRSXVIGSQ
QIRHIHFIGEYWIXLI]HIKVEHIMRXLITVIWIRGISJEPOEPMWMR
GSRGVIXIYPXVEZMSPIXPMKLXERHFIGEYWISJEXIRHIRG]XSGLMT
ERH TIIP 'EXEP]^IH PS[QSHYPYW TSP]QIV W]WXIQW WLSYPH
FISJX]TIWXLEXGYVIXSELEVHWYVJEGIFYXVIXEMREHIKVIISJ
flexibility and will resist a pH of 12 to 13. Polyurethane coat
ings are the most common field-applied coating.
{*SVQVIPIEWIEKIRXW
 +IRIVEP{6IPIEWI EKIRXW EVI QEXIVMEPW ETTPMIH XS
XLI JSVQ WLIEXLMRK XS TVIZIRX XLI FSRHMRK SJ GSRGVIXI XS
XLI WLIEXLMRK OIIT XLI JSVQ[SVO GPIER ERH EWWMWX MR XLI
WYGGIWWJYPTVSHYGXMSRSJLMKLUYEPMX]EVGLMXIGXYVEPWYVJEGIW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
SRZSPEXMPISVKERMGGSQTSYRHW:3'W
(I[TSMRXSJ[EXIVFSVRIQEXIVMEPWERH
)RXVETTIHEMVQMKVEXMSRMRXLIGSRWSPMHEXMSRTVSGIWW
8LI WEJIWX ETTVSEGL XS IZEPYEXI WIZIVEP HMJJIVIRX VIPIEWI
EKIRXWMWYRHIVEGXYEPYWIGSRHMXMSRWSREXIWXTERIPQSGOYT
SVRSREVGLMXIGXYVEPTSVXMSRSJXLITVSNIGXGSRGVIXI-RJSVQEXMSR
WLSYPHEPWSFISFXEMRIHJVSQXLIVIPIEWIEKIRXQERYJEGXYVIVEW
XLITVSTIVQIXLSHSJETTPMGEXMSRXSTVSHYGIXLIHIWMVIHWYVJEGI
ETTIEVERGIFIGEYWIXLIXLMGORIWWSJXLIETTPMGEXMSRQE]EJJIGX
the quality of a finished surface and air voids.
 8]TIW SJ VIPIEWI EKIRXW{6IPIEWI EKIRXW JEPP MRXS
X[S QEMR GPEWWIW FEVVMIV ERH GLIQMGEPP] EGXMZI &EVVMIV
X]TIWEVI[EXIVMRWSPYFPIQEXIVMEPWXLEXMRGPYHISMPW[MXLSYX
additives (neat oils), diesel oil, paraffin wax, and silicone
SMPW8LI)4%TVSLMFMXWXLIYWISJYRGYXSVWXVEMKLXHMIWIPSMP
EWEVIPIEWIEKIRX&EVVMIVX]TIVIPIEWIEKIRXWEVIRSXVIGSQ
QIRHIH JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP IJJIGXW 8LI] XIRH XS[EVH QSVI
stains, surface air voids, and difficulty with releasing in both
ZIV] GSPH ERH ZIV] LSX [IEXLIV XLI] GER GEYWI TVSFPIQW
[MXLEHLIWMSRSJGSEXMRKWERHSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRQEXIVMEPW
XSXLILEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI
'LIQMGEPP]EGXMZIVIPIEWIEKIRXWEVIXLIQSWXGSQQSRJSV
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIW*EXX]EGMHWGLIQMGEPP]VIEGX
[MXLXLIFEWMGQEXIVMEPWMRGSRGVIXIERHTVSHYGIWSET7SET
MWEFIXXIVPYFVMGERXXLERSMPJSVXLIVIQSZEPSJIRXVETTIHEMV
MRJVIWLGSRGVIXI
The formation of the soap film from the ingredients in the
GIQIRXTEWXIERHXLIGLIQMGEPP]EGXMZIVIPIEWIEKIRXTVIZIRXW
XLIGSRGVIXIJVSQFSRHMRKXSXLIJSVQ[SVO%TTPMIHEXXLI
VEXIVIGSQQIRHIHF]XLIQERYJEGXYVIVXLIGLIQMGEPVIEG
XMSR SRP] GSRWYQIW E ZIV] WQEPP UYERXMX] SJ XLI JVII PMQI
from the fresh concrete. During consolidation, the soap film
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6


SRXLIJSVQJEGIMWERI\GIPPIRXGLERRIPJSVXLIQMKVEXMSRSJ 7SQI4:'IPEWXSQIVJSVQPMRIVWI\YHIEPYQMRYQWXIEVEXI
XLIIRXVETTIHEMVSYXSJXLIJVIWLGSRGVIXI [LMGLEGXWEWEVIPIEWIEKIRX8LIEQSYRXSJEPYQMRYQWXIE
-REZIVXMGEPGEWXMRKYRHIWMVEFPIWXVMTMRKIJJIGXWEVIWSQI
MWPMQMXIH8LITVSNIGXIH
XMQIWTVSHYGIH[LIR ERMQQIVWMSRZMFVEXSVMWMQTVSTIVP]
TPEGIHZIV]GPSWIXSXLIVIPIEWIEKIRX-XMWGEYWIHF]SZIV
ETTPMGEXMSRSJXLIVIPIEWIEKIRX8LII\GIWWVIPIEWIEKIRXMW
GSRWYQIHF]XLIFEWMGQEXIVMEPWMRXLIGSRGVIXIVEMWMRKXLI
VEXIMRE4:'IPEWXSQIVLSXQIPX
EQSYRX GER FI SFXEMRIH JVSQ XLI QERYJEGXYVIV XS HIXIV
QMRIXLIIJJIGXMZIRYQFIVSJYWIWMJER]-JI\GIIHMRKXLMW
RYQFIVMWERXMGMTEXIHE GSRZIRXMSREPVIPIEWIEKIRX WLSYPH
be used to produce consistent color, beginning with the first
[GQEXXLITSMRXWSJXERKIRG]EWXLIZMFVEXMSRWXMQYPEXIWXLI
 JSVQ PMRIVW EVI
reaction. At the secant points, there is not sufficient stimula
XMSR SJ XLI ZMFVEXMSR XS GLERKI XLI [GQ GSRWIUYIRXP] E
WXVMTMRKIJJIGXMWGVIEXIH8LMWWXVMTMRKIJJIGX[MPPRSXFPIEGL
SYX*SVXLMWVIEWSRGSRXVSPSJZMFVEXSVMRWIVXMSRWMWGVMXMGEP
XSXLISZIVEPPETTIEVERGI3XLIVYRVIPEXIHGEYWIWSJWXVMTMRK
IJJIGXWI\MWXWYGLEWWLEHS[WSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXTSVSYWJSVQ
JEGMRKWERHSZIVP][IXGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIW
Each brand of release agent exhibits its own fingerprint
of final surface color, although vibration and form surface
XI\XYVIEPWSLEZIETVSRSYRGIHIJJIGX9WMRKXLIWEQIVIPIEWI
EKIRX XLVSYKLSYX E TVSNIGX MW VIGSQQIRHIH JSV EGLMIZMRK
YRMJSVQGSPSV
8LIX[SGSQQSRGEXIKSVMIWSJGLIQMGEPP]EGXMZIVIPIEWI
YWI 7SQI I\TERHIH TSP]WX]VIRI JSEQ
WSPYFPIMRWSPZIRXFEWIHVIPIEWIEKIRXW2EXYVEPVYFFIVJSVQ
PMRIVWEFWSVFTIXVSPIYQSMPW[LMGLQE]GEYWIWSJXIRMRKERH
I\TERWMSR ;EXIVSMP IQYPWMSRX]TI VIPIEWI EKIRXW XLEX HS
RSXEJJIGXXLIJSEQSVVYFFIVEVIEZEMPEFPI1ER]YVIXLERI
IPEWXSQIVJSVQPMRIVWEVIRSXEHZIVWIP]EJJIGXIHF]ETTP]MRK
release agents in thin films. Testing is recommended. Many
TSP]YVIXLERIIPEWXSQIVJSVQPMRIVWYWIQSPHVIPIEWIEKIRXW
MRTVSGIWWMRK8LMWJEGXSV]QSPHVIPIEWIWLSYPHFIVIQSZIH
before the first placement, which can be done by scrubbing
[MXLEJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRX'EVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRXSTVIZIRX
HEQEKMRKXLIPMRIV
 7MXI WXSVEKI{;LIR WXSVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI
QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW VIPIEWI EKIRXW WLSYPH
EKIRXWMRGPYHIFSXLFYJJIVIHVIEGXMZITEVXMEPP]VIEGXMZI
ERH LEZIEVIEWSREFP]PSRKERHWXEFPIWXSVEKIPMJI[MXLSYXFIMRK
JYPP]VIEGXMZIX]TIW
&YJJIVIHJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRXWXIRHXSTVSHYGIERMQTVSZIH
soap film that helps remove entrapped air and may promote
better flow of a thin skin of cement paste at the surface of
XLI JSVQ8LMW QE] LIPT I\TPEMR [L] MR ZIVXMGEPGEWXMRKW
XLIWIVIPIEWIEKIRXWXIRHXSQMRMQM^ISVIPMQMREXIXLIWXVMTIH
IJJIGXJVSQZMFVEXSVMRWIVXMSRW
*YPP] VIEGXMZI JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRXW GER TVSZMHI E KSSH
basic soap film that, depending on brand, works well in most
GEWIW &IGEYWI FYJJIVIH ERH JYPP] VIEGXMZI VIPIEWI EKIRXW
WYWGITXMFPI XS HEQEKI JVSQ I\XVIQI XIQTIVEXYVI GLERKIW
SV JVSQ VITIEXIH SV VSYKL LERHPMRK -J WSPMHW WIXXPI SYX
TIVMSHMG WXMVVMRK QE] FI RIGIWWEV]XS QEMRXEMR YRMJSVQMX]
;LIRWXSVIHSYXWMHIHVYQWWLSYPHFIWXSVIHSRXLIMVWMHIW
WSQSMWXYVI[MPPRSXPIEOMRXSHVYQFYRKLSPIW
 %TTPMGEXMSR SJ VIPIEWI EKIRXW{-J XLI XVIEXIH JSVQ
WYVJEGI MW TVSXIGXIH JVSQ TVIGMTMXEXMSR HYWX HIFVMW ERH
TVSPSRKIHI\TSWYVIXSWYRPMKLXQSWXVIPIEWIEKIRXWQE]FI
ETTPMIHYTXSHE]WFIJSVITPEGMRKXLIGSRGVIXIERHWSQI
QE] IZIR FI ETTPMIH YT XS  [IIOW FIJSVI;LIR RSRTS
EVIWMQMPEVERHTVSTVMIXEV]WTIGMJ]MRKEFWSPYXIHMJJIVIRGIW
 JSVQ WLIEXLMRK SV PMRIVW EVI YWIHERH
between them is difficult. Generally, the buffered release
agents produce a slightly different type of soap film that,
[MXLWSQIFVERHWEWWMWXWMRMQTVSZMRKXLIZMWYEPMQTEGX
4VSTIVP]JSVQYPEXIHFSXLSMPFEWIHERH[EXIVFEWIHJSVQ
VIPIEWIEKIRXWGERQIIXXLI*IHIVEP:SPEXMPI3VKERMG'SRXIRX
VSYWRSREFWSVFIRX
XLIJSVQMWMREZIVXMGEPTSWMXMSRGIVXEMRFVERHWSJVIPIEWI
EKIRXWWLSYPHFIETTPMIHXLIHE]SJGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXJSV
FIWXVIWYPXW%GLIGOWLSYPHFIQEHI[MXLQERYJEGXYVIVSJ
IEGLJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRX
In general, the thinner the film of release agent applied
VIKYPEXMSRWSJK0PFKEP
ERHIZIRXLIQSVIVIWXVMG XS XLI JSVQ XLI JI[IV WYVJEGI EMV ZSMHW ERH WXEMRW SR XLI
XMZIZEPYISJK0PFKEP
VIUYMVIHMRWSQIEVIEW LEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI8LITIVJSVQERGISJWSQIVIPIEWIEKIRXW
 Influence of form materials{6IPIEWIEKIRXTIVJSV however, is not affected by film thickness. Testing before
mance is influenced by the quality of the form face. Nonpo YWIMWVIGSQQIRHIH
VSYWWLIEXLMRKWXIRHXSTVSHYGIPIWWHMWGSPSVEXMSRGEYWIHF] 6IPIEWIEKIRXETTPMGEXMSRWLSYPHFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI
QSMWXYVIEFWSVTXMSR QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW SR VEXI SJ GSZIVEKI ERH
2SRTSVSYWJSVQWERHJSVQPMRIVWMRGPYHITSP]QIVWWYGL ETTPMGEXMSRQIXLSHXSEGLMIZIXLIHIWMVIHGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
as PVC and ABS, glass fiber-reinforced polymers, high- ETTIEVERGI&IWXVIWYPXWEVISFXEMRIH[MXLEWTVE]IVLEZMRK
HIRWMX] SZIVPEMH TP][SSH IPEWXSQIVMG TSP]QIVW WXIIP a flat fan-type spray tip. Optimum coverage depends on the
VYFFIVERHSXLIVW7IZIVEPPE]IVWEXPIEWXJSYV
SJYVIXLERI X]TI SJ VIPIEWI EKIRX JSVQ XI\XYVI ERH HIWMVIH GSRGVIXI
SV ITS\] GSEXMRKW SR [SSH ERH TP][SSH GER TVSHYGI E
RSRTSVSYWGSEXMRK
%PXLSYKLEPYQMRYQMWRSRTSVSYWMXSJXIRVIEGXWGLIQM
GEPP][MXLJVIWLGSRGVIXIXSTVSHYGIL]HVSKIRKEWVIWYPXMRK
MRETSWWMFPIFYKLSPITVSFPIQ
2SRTSVSYWJSVQWERHJSVQPMRIVWMRGPYHMRKQER]TSP]
QIVW IPEWXSQIVW ERH WXIIP LIPT TVSHYGI XLI FIWX ZMWYEP
MQTEGXWYVJEGIW;EXIVFEWIH VIPIEWIEKIRXWWLSYPH JSVQE
continuous film and not bead up on new or oily forms. They
WLSYPHEPWSGSRXEMREVYWXMRLMFMXSV[LIRYWIHSRWXIIPJSVQW
WYVJEGI ETTIEVERGI 8LI EKIRXW WLSYPH FI ETTPMIH SRP] XS
JSVQ WYVJEGIW XLSVSYKLP] GPIERIH FIJSVI IVIGXMSR 8LI
JSVQ WYVJEGI WLSYPH HV] XLSVSYKLP] FIJSVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
ERHGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRX7SQIVIPIEWIEKIRXWEVIEHZIVWIP]
EJJIGXIHF]TVSPSRKIHI\TSWYVIXSWYRPMKLXSVTVIGMTMXEXMSR
*MKYVIWLS[WEVIPIEWIEKIRXFIMRKETTPMIHXSEJSVQ
&SXL XLI JSVQ X]TI ERH VIPIEWI EKIRX WLSYPH FI GLSWIR
early to allow sufficient testing.

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

;LIR GSRGVIXI MW FIMRK TVSXIGXIH JVSQ I\XVIQIP] PS[

XIQTIVEXYVIW XLI VEXI SJ GSSPMRK WLSYPH FI KVEHYEP ERH
WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH ”* ”'
 JSV XLI LSYV TIVMSH
 0SSWIRMRK JSVQW WPMKLXP] [MXLSYX GSQTPIXI VIQSZEP
*MK{6IPIEWIEKIRXETTPMIHEJXIVJSVQ
IVIGXMSR
*MK {1ET GVEGOMRK HYI XS XLIVQEP
WLSGOWERHFPEWXMRKIQTLEWM^IWXLIGVEGOW
{*SVQVIQSZEP
 +IRIVEP{*SVQ[SVO WLSYPH FI VIQSZIH [MXLSYX
HEQEKISVWLSGOXSXLIGSRGVIXI4V]MRKEKEMRWXXLIJEGISJ
ER]GSRGVIXIJSVER]VIEWSRMRGPYHMRKXLIVIPIEWISJJSVQ
[SVOWLSYPHFIEZSMHIH
 4VSXIGXMSRSJGSRGVIXI{3RGIJSVQ[SVOMWVIQSZIH
GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI TVSXIGXIH XS TVIZIRX HEQEKI JVSQ ER]
QIERW MRGPYHMRK XLIRSVQEP GSRWXVYGXMSR STIVEXMSRW 7LEVT
IHKIPMRIWERHGSVRIVWVIUYMVIWTIGMEPGEVIMRJSVQVIQSZEP
EWXLI]EVIZYPRIVEFPIXSGLMTTMRKEXIEVP]EKIW
'EVIWLSYPHFII\IVGMWIHHYVMRKJSVQVIQSZEPXSTVIZIRX
JSPPS[MRK XLI XIVQMREXMSR SJ LIEX ETTPMGEXMSR %'- 6

EMHW MR KVEHYEP GSSPMRK ERH [MPP QMRMQM^I QET GVEGOMRK
GEYWIHF]XLIVQEPWLSGO
%R] TVSTSWIH QIXLSH SJ TVSXIGXMSR WLSYPH FI XIWXIH MR
RSRZMWMFPIEVIEWEWWSQITVSXIGXMSRQIXLSHWMJMRGSRXEGX
with the finished surface, may cause color variations in the
finished structure.
 4VSGIHYVIW JSV JSVQ VIQSZEP{4VSGIHYVIW JSV
JSVQ[SVOVIQSZEPWLSYPHJSPPS[%'-8[SWYVJEGIW
SJXLIWEQIEKIQE]LEZIHMJJIVIRXGSPSVLYIW[LIVIEHNE
GIRXJSVQ[SVOMWVIQSZIHEXHMJJIVIRXXMQIW9RMJSVQMX]MR
EPPSTIVEXMSRWMWVIUYMVIHJSVFIWXZMWYEPVIWYPXW
)EVP]WXVMTTMRK EJXIV XLI GSRGVIXI LEWEXXEMRIH MXW WTIGM
fied stripping strength, of formwork or form liners is recom
QIRHIH EW VIPIEWI EKIRXW KIRIVEPP] HS RSX GSRXMRYI XS
FVIEO XLI FSRH FIX[IIR JSVQ[SVO ERH LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI
EJXIV I\XIRHIH TIVMSHW SJ XMQI WYGL EW  LSYVW 7XMGOMRK
GER SGGYV MJ JSVQW EVI PIJX MR TPEGI QYGL PSRKIV 8LMW
QERHEXIWERSRWXEMRMRKGYVMRKTVSGIWWXSFIMRMXMEXIHMQQI
HMEXIP] YTSR JSVQ VIQSZEP )EVP] WXVMTTMRKX]TI XMIW GER
FIVIQSZIHIEVPMIVXLERLSYVWMJXLIXMIMWWXVMTTIHMRE
XSVWMSREPQSXMSRTVSZMHIHEJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRX[EWYWIHSR
XLIIQFIHHIHWIGXMSRSJXLIXMI
 4VSXIGXMSR ERH GEVI SJ JSVQW{'EVIJYP GPIERMRK
ERH QEMRXIRERGI SJ JSVQW MW RIGIWWEV] XS EXXEMR YRMJSVQ
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI%JXIVQYPXMTPIYWIWGSQTPIXIVIJYV
FMWLMRK SJ JSVQW [MPP FI VIUYMVIH XS QEMRXEMR YRMJSVQMX]
SJWYVJEGIW6IWIEPMRKSJXLIJSVQWYVJEGIWERHETTPMGEXMSR
SJ JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRXW WLSYPH FI YRMJSVQ MR UYERXMX] ERH
type to ensure a uniform appearance on the final surface.
8SEZSMH[EVTMRKSVHEQEKIXSXLIJEGIXIQTSVEV]WXSVEKI
SJ JEGI JSVQWWLSYPH FI MR E GPIER EVIE MR E RIEVZIVXMGEP
position, and away from traffic. Store plastic-coated forms
ERHTPEWXMGJSVQPMRIVWE[E]JVSQHMVIGXWYRPMKLXXSTVIZIRX
HIXIVMSVEXMSRSJXLIJSVQWYVJEGI
',%48)6{6)-2*36')1)28
{+IRIVEP
'SRZIRXMSREP YRGSEXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH GSRJSVQ
XS %781 %%1 ERH XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW MR %'-
8LIYWISJ ^MRGSV ITS\] VIMRJSVGMRKFEV GSEXMRKW
WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIHJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI I\TSWIHXS
GLPSVMHISVSXLIVGSVVSWMZIIRZMVSRQIRXW
6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI HIXEMPIH XS TVSZMHI EHIUYEXI
WTEGIFIX[IIRLSVM^SRXEPPE]IVWSJWXIIPERHFIX[IIREHNE
GIRXFEVWXSTIVQMXWEXMWJEGXSV]TPEGIQIRXERHGSRWSPMHEXMSR
SJ XLI GSRGVIXI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX EPWS WLSYPH FI EGGYVEXIP]
XMIH ERH PSGEXIH XS TVIZIRX HMWTPEGIQIRX ERH XS TVSZMHI
proper cover from the final architectural surface.
WYHHIRHVSTWSJGSRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVISVXLIVQEPWLSGO*MK ;LIRIZIV TSWWMFPI EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI JEGI JSVQW

8LMWMWIWTIGMEPP]XVYI[LIRWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVWLEZI WLSYPHFIIVIGXIHEJXIVMRWXEPPEXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX7TIGMEP
FIIRYWIHSRPEVKIWIGXMSRWERHGSSP[EXIVYRHIVTVIWWYVIMW GEVI WLSYPH FI XEOIR XS TVIZIRX JSVQ[SVO HEQEKI HYVMRK
YWIHXSI\TSWIEKKVIKEXIW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6 

*MK{6IMRJSVGMRKWXIIPWLEHS[MRKQE]SGGYV[LIRGPIEV *MK{-QTVSTIVP]MRWXEPPIHVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPGLEMV
WTEGIMWMREHIUYEXI
JYVXLIV XVIEXQIRX EJXIV JSVQ VIQSZEP EHHMXMSREP GSZIV
IVIGXMSRERH[LIRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMW[IPHIHEJXIVJSVQIVIG

XMSRJVSQ[IPHWTEXXIVERHWQSOI
%'-  TVSZMWMSRW JSV FEV WTEGMRK ERH GSZIV WLSYPH
apply, except as modified in Section 6.2. Where structural
HIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWGVIEXIWXIIPGSRKIWXMSRERHHIWMVIHGPIEV
ERGIWEVIRSXTSWWMFPIQM\XYVIW[MXLWQEPPGSEVWIEKKVIKEXI
QE]FIYWIHLS[IZIVIZIV]IJJSVXWLSYPHFIQEHIXSQMRM
QM^I GSRKIWXMSR SJ WXIIP ;LIVI JSVQ XMIW ERH VYWXMGEXMSR
WXVMTW EVI EGGYVEXIP] TPEGIH JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP VIEWSRW WPMKLX
WLMJXWSJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FIQEHIJSVGPIEVERGI6IMR
JSVGMRKWXIIPEPMKRQIRXEPWSWLSYPHFIQSVIGPSWIP]GSRXVSPPIH
to allow sufficient clearance for later treatments, such as bush-
hammering, and to avoid staining of the finished surface.
{'PIEVWTEGI
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIH7IGXMSR
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXWYTTSVXWERHWTEGIVW
7YTTSVXMRKGLEMVWWTEGIVWWMHIJSVQWTEGIVWSVFSPWXIVW
MR GSRXEGX [MXL SV RIEV I\TSWIH WYVJEGIW WLSYPH EPP FI
TSP]QIVITS\]GSEXIHGSRGVIXISVWXEMRPIWWWXIIPXSIRWYVI
XLIEFWIRGISJWYVJEGIVYWXWXEMRMRKERHWLSYPHFITVSTIVP]
MRWXEPPIH*MKYVIWLS[WERYREGGITXEFPIERHMQTVSTIVP]
MRWXEPPIH VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP GLEMV 4PEWXMG ERH ITS\]GSEXIH
TVSHYGXWWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHSRWYVJEGIWXLEXEVIXSFIEFVE
sive-blasted. The project specifications concerning rein
JSVGMRKWXIIPWLSYPHMRHMGEXIXLIRIIHXSMRGVIEWIXLIRYQFIV
SJ GLEMVW XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV PSEHW XLEX GERRSX FI XSPIVEXIH
IMXLIV F] XLITPEWXMG XMT SV XLI JSVQ QEXIVMEPW%R] TPEWXMG
GSEXMRKWLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIHJSVHYVEFMPMX][LIRI\TSWIH
-R[EPPWERHGSPYQRWEMRQQ
QMRMQYQWTEGI XS[IEXLIVSVWYRPMKLX
FIX[IIRZIVXMGEPQEXWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWVIGSQQIRHIHXS 'SRGVIXIFPSGOWEVIRSXVIGSQQIRHIHJSVWTEGIVWFIX[IIR
EPPS[GSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXERHGSRWSPMHEXMSR%XPIEWXEMR XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHEVGLMXIGXYVEPJEGIHYIXSHMJJIVIRGIWMR
QQ
WTEGIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHFIX[IIRSRIJSVQJEGI XI\XYVIERHGSPSV
ERHXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRE[EPPGSRXEMRMRKEWMRKPIQEXSJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX;LIRTVEGXMGEPXLIWMRKPIQEXSJVIMRJSVGI {8MI[MVI
QIRXWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHMRQQ
JVSQXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEP ;MVI JSV X]MRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH TVIJIVEFP] FI
JEGIWSXLEXXLIGSRGVIXIQE]FIZMFVEXIHFIX[IIRXLIVIMR GSQTVMWIH SJ ERRIEPIH WXEMRPIWW WXIIP XS EZSMH WXEMRMRK
JSVGIQIRXERHXLIFEGOJSVQ-JGPIEVWTEGIMWRSXEHIUYEXI I\TSWIH WYVJEGIW%PP XMI [MVIW WLSYPH FI FIRX FEGO E[E]
WLEHS[MRKQE]SGGYV*MK
 JVSQJSVQIHWYVJEGIW8MI[MVIGPMTTMRKWWLSYPHFIVIQSZIH
 'PIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR FEVW{8S JEGMPMXEXI TPEGI JVSQLSVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIWXLEX[MPPFII\TSWIHXSZMI[WYGL
QIRX SJ GSRGVIXI ERH PIWWIR XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJ VYWX WXEMRW as beam soffits, particularly if the concrete is exposed to the
XLIQMRMQYQGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRFEVWERHXLIQMRMQYQ [IEXLIV SV MW XS FI WERHFPEWXIH QIGLERMGEPP] XVIEXIH SV
GSZIV JSV GSRGVIXI IPIQIRXW EW TIVQMXXIH F] %'-  IXGLIHXSER]HIKVII8MI[MVIJSVITS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGI
WLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIHXSXLIJSPPS[MRKZEPYIW QIRXWLSYPHFIGSEXIH[MXLERITS\]SVSXLIVTSP]QIV
8LILSVM^SRXEPGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRFEVWWLSYPHFIMR
QQ
XMQIWXLIFEVHMEQIXIVSVXMQIWXLI {>MRGGSEXIHKEPZERM^IH
WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
QE\MQYQEKKVIKEXIWM^I[LMGLIZIVMWPEVKIWXERH >MRGGSEXIH VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS %781
8LI LSVM^SRXEP GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR FEVW ERH XLI %%1;LIRQIXEPJSVQWEVIYWIHXLI^MRGGSEX
JSVQWLSYPHFIMRQQ
XMQIWXLIFEVWM^I MRKWWLSYPHFITEWWMZEXIHXSTVIZIRXVIEGXMSRFIX[IIR^MRG
SVXMQIWXLIQE\MQYQEKKVIKEXIWM^I[LMGLIZIVMW ERHQIXEPJSVQ[SVO'SRWMHIVEXMSRWLSYPHFIKMZIRXSXLI
PEVKIWX;LIVI VYWXMGEXMSR WXVMTW EVIYWIH%'-  JSPPS[MRKQIXLSHSJTEWWMZEXMRKXLIKEPZERM^IHGSEXMRK
QMRMQYQGSZIVMWMREHHMXMSRXSXLIHITXLSJXLIWXVMT %JXIV KEPZERM^MRK XLI VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP QE] FI WXSVIH
*MK
-JTEVXSJXLIWYVJEGIMWXSFIVIQSZIHF] SYXHSSVWEPPS[MRKMXXSKIX[IXYRXMPMXS\MHM^IWERHMW
GSZIVIH[MXLE[LMXIS\MHIGSEXMRK

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

{)TS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW TIVGIRXEKISJGSRGVIXISVQEWSRV]WERHJSV[SVOEFMPMX][MPP
)TS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXS%781 LIPTXSTVSHYGIEYRMJSVQHMWXVMFYXMSRSJI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXI
%%1
ISV%%1 8]TMGEPP]QEWSRV]WERHMWYWIH[LIRELMKLGSRGIRXVE
',%48)6{'32'6)8)1%8)6-%07%2(
1-<896)4634368-32-2+
{+IRIVEP
8LITVSTIVXMIWSJQEXIVMEPWYWIHMREVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI
WLSYPHRSXFIHIXIVQMRIHSRP]F]WXVIRKXLERHTVSTSVXMSRMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWFYXEPWSF]GSPSVSVXI\XYVI[SVOEFMPMX]HYVE
FMPMX]ERHWLVMROEKIEWSYXPMRIHMR'LETXIV
{1EXIVMEPW
 4SVXPERH GIQIRXW ERH WTIGMEP GIQIRXW{8LI TSVX
PERH GIQIRXW SV WTIGMEP GIQIRXW YWIH JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP
concrete should meet the requirements of the specified
X]TI MR%781 ''1%781 ''1
%781'SV%781''1
'IQIRXW LEZI HMJJIVIRX GSPSV GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW XLEX EJJIGX
XLIHIWMVIHGSRGVIXIGSPSV8SQMRMQM^IGSPSVZEVMEXMSRWXLI
WEQIX]TIERHFVERHSJGIQIRXJVSQXLIWEQIQMPPERHXLI
WEQIVE[QEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFIYWIHJSVEPPSJXLIGSRGVIXISR
EKMZIRWXVYGXYVI8LIWITVIGEYXMSRWEPSRILS[IZIV[MPPRSX
IRWYVIGSPSVYRMJSVQMX]:EVMEFPIWMRGSRGVIXIQERYJEGXYVI
ERHLERHPMRKERHHIPMZIV]IUYMTQIRXQE]EPWSLEZIQEVOIH
IJJIGXWSRGSPSV3VHMREV]KVE]GSPSVIHGIQIRXQE]TVSHYGI
XMSR SJ GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI MW HIWMVIH JSV YRMJSVQ GSPSV ERH
XI\XYVI EX XLI JEGI +ETKVEHIH QM\XYVIW WLSYPH FI TPEGIH
EX EWPS[ SJE WPYQT EW TVEGXMGEP XS QMRMQM^I WIKVIKEXMSR
;IPPKVEHIH GSQFMRIH QM\XYVIW GER YWYEPP] FI TVSHYGIH
by a combination of coarse and fine aggregates complying
[MXL%781 ''1E +VEHIHEKKVIKEXIW WLSYPH FI
TVSTSVXMSRIH [MXL ETTVSTVMEXI UYERXMXMIWSRIEGL WMIZI XS
ensure a good w/cm and dimensional stability. If flowability
MW GVMXMGEP E WEQTPI FEXGL SJ GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI GEWX ERH
IZEPYEXIHJSV[SVOEFMPMX]
2SVQEPHIRWMX]SVPMKLXHIRWMX]EKKVIKEXIWQIIXMRK%781
''1E SV%781 ''1 QE]FIYWIHMR
I\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGIWXSTVSZMHIGSYRXPIWWGSQFMREXMSRW
SJGSPSVERHXI\XYVI8LIQE\MQYQEPPS[EFPITIVGIRXEKIWSJ
HIPIXIVMSYWWYFWXERGIWERHMQTYVMXMIWEPPS[IHF]XLIWIWTIGM
fications, such as chert, iron, soft particles, and clay lumps,
should be significantly lowered or eliminated in architec
XYVEPWYVJEGIWI\TSWIHXSXLI[IEXLIV%GGITXEFPIEKKVIKEXIW
MRGPYHI REXYVEP KVEZIP GVYWLIH KVEZIP ERH GVYWLIH WXSRI
aggregates of different colors. Artificial aggregates include
I\TERHIHWLEPIWGPE]WWPEXIWFPEWXJYVREGIWPEKWRSRVIEGXMZI
KPEWWERHGIVEQMGQEXIVMEPW%PPJEGMRKERHGSRGVIXIEKKVI
KEXIWJSVEKMZIRWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHGSQIJVSQXLIWEQIWSYVGI
XSTVSZMHIUYEPMX]ERHGSPSVWMQMPEVXSXLIETTVSZIHWEQTPI
GSPSVZEVMEXMSRWIZIRMJJVSQSRIQERYJEGXYVIV
 %R]GSQFMREXMSRQE]FIYWIHJSVGSRXVEWXTVSZMHIHWTIGM
;LMXIGIQIRXMWSJXIRYWIHMREVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIFSXL
TVIGEWXERHGEWXMRTPEGI-XMWVIEHMP]EZEMPEFPIERHQE]FI
GSRWMHIVIHEWEWXERHEVHGSRGVIXIQEXIVMEP;LMXIGIQIRXMW
manufactured to conform to the specification of ASTM C150/
'1ERHMWQEHISJWIPIGXIHVE[QEXIVMEPWGSRXEMRMRK
RIKPMKMFPIEQSYRXWSJMVSRERHQERKERIWIS\MHIW%PXLSYKL
ZEVMEXMSRW MR YRMJSVQMX] SJ WLEHI JSV IEGL FVERH SJ [LMXI
GIQIRXEVIWQEPPEWWYQIXLIVI[MPPFIHMJJIVIRGIWFIX[IIR
FVERHW SV QMPP WSYVGIW ;LMXI GIQIRX YWIH [MXL QMRIVEP
TMKQIRXW[MPPTVSZMHIKSSHGSPSVMRXIRWMX]ERHYRMJSVQMX]
&YJJXERSVPMKLXFVS[RGIQIRXWEPWSGERTVSZMHIYRMJSVQ
color. There is no specification for these cements. They should
QIIX%781''1SV%781''1
7LVMROEKIGSQTIRWEXMRKGIQIRXWQIIXMRK%781'
EVIEZEMPEFPIJVSQWSQITVSHYGIVW(IXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSRSR
fied levels of strength, durability, and workability are met.
1EXIVMEPW GSPSVW KVEHEXMSRW WM^I SJ EKKVIKEXI ERH HITXLW
SJVIZIEPWGSQTEXMFPI[MXLEKKVIKEXIWM^IQE]FIZEVMIHJSV
EVGLMXIGXYVEPIJJIGX%PPJEGMRKEKKVIKEXIWWLSYPHLEZITVSZIR
WIVZMGIVIGSVHWSVWEXMWJEGXSV]VIWYPXWJVSQPEFSVEXSV]XIWXMRK
If testing is required, allow sufficient time for the mixture
TVSTSVXMSRWERHETTVSZEPTVSGIWW
8LI GLSMGI SJ EKKVIKEXIW MW QSVI GVMXMGEP [MXL GSRGVIXI
GSRXEMRMRK [LMXI GIQIRXW (EVO EKKVIKEXIW XIRH XS GVIEXI
WLEHS[W [LIVI XLMRRIV WIGXMSRW SJ [LMXI QSVXEV GERRSX
GSQTPIXIP] QEWO XLI EKKVIKEXI -RXIRWMX] SJ GSPSV QE] FI
HMQMRMWLIH[LIRHMVX]EKKVIKEXIMWYWIHJVSQGSRXEQMREXIH
WXSGOTMPIW*MRIEKKVIKEXIWLEZIEQENSVIJJIGXSRXLIGSPSV
IWTIGMEPP]JSVPMKLXGSPSVIHGSRGVIXIERHI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXI
WYVJEGIWERHGERFIYWIHXSZEV]XLITEVXMGYPEVGSPSVHIWMVIH
XLIWIGIQIRXWMWEZEMPEFPIMR%'-68LIEZEMPEFMPMX] 7TIGMEP VIUYMVIQIRXW WYGL EW KET KVEHMRK 0MXZMR ERH
SJWTIGMEPGIQIRXWVIUYMVIHXSGSQTPIXIXLITVSNIGXWLSYPHFI 4JIMJIV 
 SV E WMRKPI WM^I SJ EKKVIKEXI QE] FI IWXEF
established before completion of the job specifications and lished for exposed aggregate finishes to provide an optimum
HIWMKRJSVXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI'IQIRXERHGSRGVIXI WYVJEGI I\TSWYVI *MK 
 1E\MQYQ EKKVIKEXI WM^IW
WEQTPIW TVSZMHIH XS EVGLMXIGXW WLSYPH FI QEVOIH XS WLS[ ZEV]JVSQXSMRXSQQ
HITIRHMRKSRXLI
XLIX]TIFVERHERHWSYVGISJGIQIRX8LIVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP HIWMVIH EVGLMXIGXYVEP IJJIGX +ET KVEHMRKW MRGPYHI GSEVWI
TVSZMHIHMRGSRGVIXI[MXLWLVMROEKIGSQTIRWEXMRKGIQIRXW EKKVIKEXIMREPMQMXIHWM^IVERKIWYGLEWXSMRXS
WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL%'-6IWTIGMEPP]MRXEPPPMKLXP] MRERHXSMRXSQQXSQQERH
VIMRJSVGIHGSPYQRW XSQQ
SVSXLIVW7IXXPIQIRXSVWYFWMHIRGIGERXEOITPEGI
 %KKVIKEXIW{8LIKVEHEXMSRSJEKKVIKEXIWMWEQENSV MR KETKVEHIH QM\XYVIWYRPIWW XLIVI MWVMKMH SFWIVZERGI SJ
factor influencing the appearance of architectural concrete.
-JXLIEKKVIKEXIMWXSFI
Gap-graded mixtures for specific finishes should be care
JYPP]WIPIGXIHERHXIWXIHXSZIVMJ]GSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]+VEHEXMSR
JSVKETKVEHIHQM\XYVIWZEVMIW[MHIP]8LIYWISJSRIWMIZI
WM^ISVEREVVS[WM^IVERKISJGSEVWIEKKVIKEXI[MXLEWQEPP
PS[WPYQT/SWQEXOEIXEP
I\TSWIHGEVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRMRWIPIGXMRKEKKVIKEXIW[MXLE
LMKLHIKVIISJGSRXVEWXFIX[IIRXLIGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIERHXLI
mortar. High contrast will make variations in finishing and

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK {% KETKVEHIH GEWXMRTPEGI GSRGVIXI QM\XYVI
EJXIVLIEZ]WERHFPEWXMRK2SXIXLITVITSRHIVERGISJSRIWM^I
QEXIVMEP
EKKVIKEXI HIRWMX] QYGL QSVI ETTEVIRX XLER PS[GSRXVEWX
GSQFMREXMSRW
 %HQM\XYVIW{'LIQMGEP ERH QMRIVEP EHQM\XYVIW GER
LEZIEHZIVWIIJJIGXWSRGSPSV[LIRYWIH[MXLGIVXEMRGIQIRXW
IWTIGMEPP][LIRYWMRK[LMXISVPMKLXGSPSVIHGIQIRXW:MWYEP
XIWXWEVIRIIHIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLIIJJIGXSJEHQM\XYVIWSRGSPSV
'SPSV GSQTEXMFMPMX] QE] FI IWXEFPMWLIH F] GEWXMRK NSFWMXI
TERIPWFIJSVIEGXYEPYWIMRGSRWXVYGXMSRSVF]YWMRKRSRI\
TSWIHTEVXWSJXLIWXVYGXYVIEWXIWXEVIEW(IXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSR
SREHQM\XYVIWMWKMZIRMR%'-6
 %MVIRXVEMRMRK EKIRXW{%MV IRXVEMRQIRX EW
TVIWIRXIH MR 8EFPI F SJ%'-  MW KIRIVEPP]
VIGSQQIRHIHJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI[LIRXLIGSRGVIXI
GER VIEHMP] FI [EXIVWEXYVEXIH MR WIZIVI [IEXLIV ^SRIW
)RXVEMRIHEMVXIRHWXSQEOIGSRGVIXIWXMGO]WSXLEXIRXVETTIH
air bubbles at the form face become difficult to bring to the
WYVJEGIF]ZMFVEXMSR8LIPS[IVPMQMXSJIRXVEMRIHEMVJSYRH
GIQIRXW;LIRXLIWIXXMRKSJGSRGVIXIMWVIXEVHIHXLIIJJIGX
SJEHHMXMSREPJSVQTVIWWYVIQE]RIIHXSFIGSRWMHIVIHMRXLI
HIWMKRSJJSVQ[SVO
 4S^^SPERWERHWPEK{1MRIVEPEHQM\XYVIWSVTS^^S
PERWQIIXMRK%781'GERFIYWIHXSMRGVIEWIHYVE
FMPMX]ERH[SVOEFMPMX]&IJSVIXLIMVYWIXVMEPFEXGLIWWLSYPH
FITVITEVIHXSHIXIVQMRIER]HIXVMQIRXEPGLERKIWMRXLIEVGLM
tectural appearance. The use of fly ash, silica fume, slag, or
QIXEOESPMRMREGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIQE]HEVOIRSVPMKLXIRXLI
GSPSVSVTVSHYGIGSPSVZEVMEXMSR8LI]EPWSGERWPS[XLIWIX
XMQISJXLIGSRGVIXIERHXLIVEXISJGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRX
 4MKQIRXWERHGSPSVEHQM\XYVIW{8SEYKQIRXGSPSV
XSRISJEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXITMKQIRXWSVGSPSVEHQM\XYVIW
QIIXMRK %781 ' QE] FI YWIH 'SPSV EHQM\XYVIW
commonly used for this purpose are finely ground natural or
W]RXLIXMGQMRIVEPS\MHIWEZEMPEFPIMRPMUYMHERHHV]TS[HIV
JSVQ7]RXLIXMGS\MHIWEVIYWYEPP]QSVIYRMJSVQMRGSPSVJSV
PSRKIVTIVMSHWSJXMQI%PPGSPSVEHHMXMZIWQE]VIEGXGLIQM
GEPP][MXLSXLIVTVSHYGXWYWIHSRXLIWYVJEGIWYGLEWWYVJEGI
VIXEVHIVWSVQYVMEXMGEGMHERHWLSYPHFIXIWXIHFIJSVIYWI
:EVMSYW MVSR S\MHIW TVSHYGI WLEHIW SJ ]IPPS[ FYJJ XER
FVS[RQEVSSRVIHERHFPEGO'LVSQMYQS\MHITVSHYGIW
WLEHIWSJKVIIRGSFEPXS\MHITVSHYGIWWLEHIWSJFPYIERH
XMXERMYQ HMS\MHI [MPP TVSHYGI E PMKLXIV WLEHI ERH TVSZMHI
WIPJGPIERMRK TVSTIVXMIW 8LI GSPSV WLEHI HITIRHW SR XLI
EQSYRXSJXLIWIQEXIVMEPWYWIH8LIUYERXMX]SJTMKQIRXMW
I\TVIWWIHEWETIVGIRXEKISJXLIGIQIRXGSRXIRXF][IMKLX
%QSYRXWSJTMKQIRXMRI\GIWWSJ WIPHSQTVSHYGIKVIEXIV
GSPSV MRXIRWMX] [LIVIEW EQSYRXW QSVI XLER   QE] FI
LEVQJYP XS GSRGVIXI UYEPMX] 4MKQIRXW [MPP TVSHYGI QSVI
MRXIRWIGSPSVW[LIRYWIH[MXLPMKLXGIQIRXW
3VKERMGTLXLEPSG]ERMRIH]IWLEZIFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]
XSTVSHYGIPMKLXXSHEVOWLEHIWSJFPYIERHKVIIRMRGSRGVIXI
8LIH]IWEVIYWIHMRUYERXMXMIWSJPIWWXLER F]QEWWSJ
GIQIRX ERH GER FI HMWTIVWIH MR XLI QM\XYVI [EXIV IPMQM
MR 8EFPI F %'- 
 MW VIGSQQIRHIH [LIR REXMRKXLIRIIHJSVTVIFPIRHMRK9PXVEZMSPIXPMKLXERHS^SRI
HYVEFMPMX]MWQERHEXIH-RQMPHGPMQEXIWWQEPPTIVGIRXEKIW
SJIRXVEMRIHEMVQE]FIVIUYMVIHJSV[SVOEFMPMX]MRWTIGMEP
LEVWLQM\XYVIW
 %GGIPIVEXMRK EHQM\XYVIW{;LIVI EGGIPIVEXSVW
EVIRIGIWWEV]XLIYWISJRSRGLPSVMHIEGGIPIVEXSVWMWVIGSQ
QIRHIH 3XLIV EGGIPIVEXSVW QE] FI YWIH MJ XLI] HS RSX
EHZIVWIP]EJJIGXGSPSVERHTPEGIQIRXTVSTIVXMIW%HHMXMSREP
EXXIRXMSRXSGYVMRKMWVIUYMVIH[LIREGGIPIVEXSVWEVIYWIH
 ;EXIVVIHYGMRK ERH WIXVIXEVHMRK EHQM\XYVIW{
8LIWIEHQM\XYVIWEVIYWIHMREVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIXSVIHYGI
XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRK[EXIVSVXSMRGVIEWIXLI[SVOEFMPMX]SJ
XLIGSRGVIXITEVXMGYPEVP][MXLLEVWLGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIW
,MKLVERKI ERH QIHMYQVERKI [EXIVVIHYGMRK EHQM\
XYVIWGERFIYWIHXSVIHYGIXLI[EXIVGSRXIRXERHMRGVIEWI
EJJIGXGSPSVWXEFMPMX]
*SV ER] GSPSVMRK EKIRX MX MW MQTSVXERX XS LEZI XIWXW SV
TIVJSVQERGIVIGSVHWXLEXMRHMGEXIGSPSVWXEFMPMX]MRGSRGVIXI
Carbon black is difficult to handle and may cause various
WLEHIWSJFPEGOGEYWIHF]PIEGLMRKSJXLIWYVJEGI'SQQSR
PEQTFPEGOLEWEHIXVMQIRXEPIJJIGXSRIRXVEMRIHEMVXLSYKL
WSQI EMVIRXVEMRMRK EKIRXW GER FI HSWIH XS SZIVGSQI XLMW
IJJIGX8VMEPFEXGLIWWLSYPHFIGEWXXSHIXIVQMRIMJEMVGSRXIRX
MWEJJIGXIH'SRGVIXIGSPSVIHF]TMKQIRXWQE]WLS[ZEV]MRK
HIKVIIWSJ[IEXLIVMRK8LIIJJIGXSREMVGSRXIRXERH[EXIV
VIUYMVIQIRXWWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIH
% [IX TEX QIXLSH GER FI YWIH XS GLIGO GSPSV YRMJSV
QMX] 8LMW XIWX TVSZMHIW E UYMGO QIXLSH SJ ETTVS\MQEXMRK
GSPSV YRMJSVQMX] SJ XLI GSRGVIXI FIMRK HMWGLEVKIH JVSQ
XLI[SVOEFMPMX][MXLSYXEHZIVWIP]EJJIGXMRKXLIWIXXMRKXMQI XLI GSRGVIXI XVYGO &EPP ERH (IGERHME 
 ERH (EFRI]
8LI EHQM\XYVI WLSYPH FI GLIGOIH JSV EHZIVWI WMHI IJJIGXW
TVSZMHIMRJSVQEXMSRSR HIWMKRMRK GSPSVIH EVGLMXIG
for color, concrete properties, and formwork deflections.
'LERKIWMR[EXIVGSRXIRX[MPPEJJIGXXLIGSPSV
6IXEVHMRK EHQM\XYVIW QE] FI YWIH MR EVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXI XS HIPE] XLI MRMXMEP WIX SJ XLI GSRGVIXI ERH QMRM
QM^IGSPHNSMRXW,MKLHSWEKIWQE]GEYWIWIXXMRKGVEGOMRK
SV HMWGSPSVEXMSR TVSFPIQW TEVXMGYPEVP] [MXL [LMXI SV FYJJ

XYVEPGSRGVIXI
 ;EXIV{4SXEFPI [EXIV ERH [EXIV GSRJSVQMRK XS
%781''1EVIEGGITXEFPIJSVYWIMREVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXI;EXIVGSRXEMRMRKMVSRSVVYWXQE]GEYWIWXEMRMRK
MRPMKLXSV[LMXIGSRGVIXI:EVMEXMSRWMR[EXIVGSRXIRXWLSYPH
FIEZSMHIHEW[EXIVZEVMEXMSRQE]VIWYPXMRGSPSVZEVMEXMSR

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6
{4VSTSVXMSRMRKQM\MRKERHXIQTIVEXYVI
GSRXVSP
1M\XYVI TVSTSVXMSRW JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI WLSYPH
TVSZMHIEQM\XYVISJTVSTIV[SVOEFMPMX]ERHWXVIRKXL
8LI WPYQT EX XLI TSMRX SJ HMWGLEVKI MRXS XLI JSVQ WLSYPH
FI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLI TEVXMGYPEV X]TI SJ GSRGVIXI ERH XLI
QIXLSHW SJ TPEGMRK ERH GSRWSPMHEXMSR -R KIRIVEP XLI [EXIV
GSRXIRX JSV ER] TPEGIQIRX WLSYPH FI GSRWXERX JVSQ FEXGL XS
FEXGLXSTVSZMHIYRMJSVQMX]SJGSPSVMRXLIIRHTVSHYGXIZIR
during significant seasonal temperature fluctuations. There is a
XIRHIRG]JSVEPMKLXIVGSPSVERHERMRGVIEWIMRWYVJEGIEMVZSMHW
XSSGGYVMRXLIGSRGVIXIRIEVXLIXSTSJTPEGIQIRXPMJXWHYIXS
HIGVIEWIHJSVQTVIWWYVIWMREHIUYEXIZMFVEXMSRERHERMRGVIEWI
MR XLI [GQ EX XLIWI PSGEXMSRW%XXIRXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS
air voids. The surface of each layer should be sufficiently
PIZIPWSXLEXXLIZMFVEXSVHSIWRSXQSZIXLIGSRGVIXIPEXIV
EPP] EW XLMW QMKLX GEYWI WIKVIKEXMSR 8LMW GER FI EGGSQ
TPMWLIH F] HITSWMXMRK XLI GSRGVIXI SR XLI PIEHMRK IHKI SJ
XLI TVMSV TPEGIQIRX %ZSMH TPEGMRK XLI GSRGVIXI EX E RI[
PSGEXMSRERHXLIRXVERWTSVXMRKMXFEGOXSXLIPIEHMRKIHKISJ
XLITVMSVTPEGIQIRXF]YWMRKEZMFVEXSV
7TEXXIVMRKXLIJSVQJEGI[MXLLMKLGIQIRXGSRXIRXQSVXEV
XLEXWXMJJIRWFIJSVIFIMRKGSZIVIHF]XLIGSRGVIXIQE]GEYWI
mortar streaks in exposed aggregate finishes. Metal or poly
IXL]PIRIWLIIXWTPEGIHEKEMRWXXLIJSVQJEGIERHVEMWIH[MXL
XLI LIMKLX SJ GSRGVIXI [MPP TVSXIGX XLI JSVQ JEGI EKEMRWX
WTEXXIV%PWS MRWIVXMSR SJ XLI TPEGMRK TYQT LSWI MRXS XLI
GSRGVIXI[LMPIHMWGLEVKMRKEMHWMRVIHYGMRKWTEXXIV8LIYWI
TVSTIVP]GSRWSPMHEXIXLIGSRGVIXIMRXLIYTTIVPE]IVWSJTPEGI
YWIHXSGSRXEMRWTEXXIVMWERSXLIV
QIRXPMJXWXSMQTVSZIETTIEVERGI+VEHYEPP]YWMRKPIWW[EXIV
XSTVSZMHIHV]IVGSRGVIXIJSVPMJXWXS[EVHXLIXSTGSYPHEJJIGX
EQSVIYRMJSVQGSPSVLS[IZIVXLMWTVSGIHYVIMWMQTVEGXMGEP
JSVQSWXTVSNIGXW-JYWIHI\TIVMQIRXEXMSRSRRSREVGLMXIGXYVEP
[EPPW[MXLXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIQM\XYVI[SYPHHIXIVQMRI
EGXYEPTVSTSVXMSRWERHTVSGIHYVIWXSFIYWIH
 8IQTIVEXYVI{8LIGSRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVI WLSYPHFI
SJIPITLERXXVYROWXVIQMIW
[E]XSIPMQMREXIXLITVSFPIQWSJHVMIHWTEXXIV
{'SRWSPMHEXMSR
 +IRIVEP{'SRWSPMHEXMSR XLEX IPMQMREXIW IRXVETTIH
EMV XLVSYKLSYX XLI QEWW ERH QMRMQM^IW WYVJEGI ZSMHW MW
TEVXMGYPEVP]MQTSVXERXXSEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI8SHE]QSWX
GSRGVIXI MW GSRWSPMHEXIH F] MQQIVWMSR ZMFVEXMSR [LMGL MW
OITXGSRWMWXIRXGSRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVIWFIX[IIRERH”* IWTIGMEPP]VIUYMVIHF]WXMJJIVGSRWMWXIRGMIW*MK

 ERH ”'
 [MPP RSVQEPP] TVSHYGI GSRGVIXI YRMJSVQ MR %RI\TPEREXMSRSJGSRWSPMHEXMSRERHHIXEMPIHVIGSQQIR
GSPSV'SRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVIWLMKLIVXLER”*”'
QE] HEXMSRW SR XLI WIPIGXMSR SJ ZMFVEXSVW ERH ZMFVEXMSR TVSGI
result in a faster setting rate, visible flow lines, and cold HYVIW EVI KMZIR MR %'- 6 )PMQMREXMSR SJ WYVJEGI
NSMRXWMJTVSTIVWGLIHYPMRKSJXLIGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXMWRSX ZSMHWMWHMWGYWWIHJYVXLIVMR%'-6
GPSWIP]GSSVHMREXIH[MXLXLIGSRGVIXITVSHYGIV
 ZMFVEXMSR{-RXIVREP ZMFVEXMSR
Holding the temperature constant is especially difficult
[LIR XLI TVSNIGX I\XIRHW SZIV QSVI XLER SRI WIEWSR -J
GSPSVYRMJSVQMX]MWGVMXMGEPXIWXMRKJSVZEVMEXMSRWSJGSPSVEX
HMJJIVIRXXIQTIVEXYVIWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
',%48)6{40%'-2+%2('32730-(%8-32
{'SRZI]MRKERHTPEGMRK
 -RXIVREP MQQIVWMSR
MWVIGSQQIRHIHJSVEPPZIVXMGEPGEWXMRTPEGIEVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXI 8LI ZMFVEXSV WLSYPH FI MRWIVXIH ZIVXMGEPP] EX 
times the radius of influence (ACI 309R-05), uniformly
WTEGIHSZIVXLIIRXMVIEVIE8LIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRMRWIVXMSRW
WLSYPHHITIRHSRXLITVSTIVXMIWSJXLIQM\XYVIQE\MQYQ
EKKVIKEXIWM^IWPYQTERHXLIEQSYRXSJTS[IVKIXXMRKXS
XLIZMFVEXSV8LIEVIEZMWMFP]EJJIGXIHF]XLIZMFVEXSVWLSYPH
SZIVPET XLI EHNEGIRX NYWXZMFVEXIH EVIE 8LIVI WLSYPH FI E
 +IRIVEP{1IXLSHWSJGSRZI]MRKERHTPEGMRKEVGLM VS[SJMRWIVXMSRW[MXLMRMRQQ
SJXLIJSVQ
XIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIWLSYPHGSRJSVQXSXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%'- 8LI ZMFVEXSVW WLSYPH STIVEXI EX JVIUYIRGMIW EFSZI 
304R-00, except as modified herein. A description of the ZTQ8LIHMEQIXIV SJ XLI ZMFVEXSV LIEH WLSYPHFI EXPIEWX
QIXLSHWERHWIUYIRGISJTPEGIQIRXXSFIYWIHJSVXLIWXVYG
I\GITX[LIRVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPGSRKIWXMSRSV
XYVIWLSYPHFIWYFQMXXIHMR[VMXMRKXSXLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV
ERHMRWTIGXSVJSVVIZMI[8LIWIWLSYPHFIXLIWEQIEWYWIH
in fabricating the approved preconstruction field mockup.
MRQQ
GPIEVWTEGIPMQMXWZMFVEXSVLIEHWM^I;LIVIWTEGITIVQMXW
ELMKLG]GPIQSXSVMRLIEHZMFVEXSVWLSYPHFIYWIH8LIWI
ZMFVEXSVWVIUYMVIE WTIGMEP KIRIVEXSVXLEXTVSHYGIW ,^
'SRGVIXI XVYGOW WLSYPH FI WGLIHYPIH ERH HMWTEXGLIH XS IPIGXVMGEPTS[IV%'-6

EVVMZIEXXLINSFWMXINYWXFIJSVIXLIGSRGVIXIMWRIIHIH8LMW 8LIZMFVEXSVWLSYPHTIRIXVEXIVETMHP]XSXLIFSXXSQSJXLI
[MPPEZSMHI\GIWWMZIQM\MRK[LMPI[EMXMRKSVHYVMRKHIPE]W
MRXSXLITVIGIHMRKPE]IV
MR TPEGIQIRX [LMGL QE] GEYWI RSRYRMJSVQ GSPSV ERH
TSWWMFP]GEYWIGSPHNSMRXW
 'SRZI]MRK{'EVI WLSYPH FI XEOIR [MXL ER]
GSRZI]MRKIUYMTQIRXXSTVIZIRXGSRXEQMREXMSRSJEVGLMXIG
XYVEPGSRGVIXIF]SXLIVQM\XYVIW-JQIXLSHWSJGSRZI]ERGI
EVI ZEVMIH HYVMRK TPEGIQIRX SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI XLI
YRMJSVQMX]SJGSPSVQE]FIEJJIGXIH
 (ITSWMXMRKMRXLIJSVQ{;MXLTVSTIVTVSTSVXMSRMRK
HITIRHMRKSRXLI[MHXLSJXLIJSVQWERHXLIEQSYRXSJVIMR
PE]IVERHEXPIEWXMRQQ
8LI ZMFVEXSV WLSYPH FI QERMTYPEXIH MR ER YTERHHS[R
QSXMSRKIRIVEPP]JSVXSWIGSRHWXSORMXXLIX[SPE]IVW
XSKIXLIVXLIR[MXLHVE[RKVEHYEPP][MXLEWIVMIWSJYTERH
HS[R QSXMSRW 8LI HS[R QSXMSR WLSYPH FI E VETMH HVST
XSETTP]EJSVGIXSXLI GSRGVIXI XLEX[MPPMRXYVR MRGVIEWI
MRXIVREPTVIWWYVIMRXLIJVIWLP]TPEGIHQM\XYVI
6ETMHP]I\XVEGX XLI ZMFVEXSV JVSQXLI GSRGVIXI[LIR XLI
LIEH FIGSQIW SRP] TEVXMEPP] MQQIVWIH MR XLI GSRGVIXI
8LI GSRGVIXI WLSYPH QSZI FEGO MRXS XLI WTEGI ZEGEXIH
JSVGIQIRXPMJXWGERFIYTXSMRQQ
HIIT(IITIV F] XLI ZMFVEXSV *SV HV] QM\XYVIW [LIVI XLI LSPI HSIW RSX
PMJXW EGGSQTERMIH F] EHHMXMSREP GEVIJYP ZMFVEXMSR GER FI GPSWI HYVMRKXLI[MXLHVE[EPVIMRWIVXMRKXLIZMFVEXSVEJI[
YWIH[MXLLMKLHIRWMX]JSVQMRKXSIPMQMREXII\GIWWWYVJEGI MRGLIW WIZIVEP GIRXMQIXIVW
 E[E] [MPP WSQIXMQIW VIWSPZI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK{4VSTIVZMFVEXMSRSJEVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXIMWZMXEPXSEWYGGIWWJYPERHGSRWMWXIRX
TVSHYGX
XLITVSFPIQ-JXLMWMWRSXIJJIGXMZIXLIQM\XYVISVZMFVEXSV
WLSYPHFIGLERKIH
;LIVI EMV ZSMHW MR JSVQIH WYVJEGIW EVI I\GIWWMZI XLI
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRZMFVEXSVMRWIVXMSRWWLSYPHFIVIHYGIHXS
30 percent from the normal 1.5 times the radius of influence
ERHXLIXMQISJIEGL[MXLHVE[EPMRGVIEWIH-RWSQIWMXYEXMSRW
MXQE]FITVEGXMGEPXSMRWIVXEWQEPPZMFVEXSVFIX[IIRXLIVIMR
JSVGIQIRXERHXLIJSVQEPXLSYKLMRKIRIVEPXLMWTVEGXMGIMW
RSXVIGSQQIRHIH-JRIGIWWEV]XLIZMFVEXSVWLSYPHFIVYFFIV
XMTTIH-RER]GEWIGSRXEGX[MXLXLIJSVQWLSYPHFIEZSMHIH
to avoid marring and disfiguring the form sheathing. Inser
*MK{)\XIVREPZMFVEXMSR
XSXLIJSVQW%HHMXMSREPP]XLI]WLSYPHFIGETEFPISJXVERW
QMXXMRK XLI ZMFVEXMSR YRMJSVQP] SZIV E GSRWMHIVEFPI EVIE
8LI JSVQ WLSYPH LEZI EHIUYEXI WOMR XLMGORIWW ERH WYMX
EFPI WXMJJIRIVW8LI ZMFVEXSVWWLSYPH FI VMKMHP] EXXEGLIH XS
XLI JSVQ 7TIGMEP EXXIRXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS [EXIVXMKLX
RIWWXSTVIZIRXPIEOEKI*SVQZMFVEXMSRTVSHYGIWZIV]HEVO
GSRGVIXIEWMXPSGOWMRWYVJEGIQSMWXYVI[LIRELMKLHIRWMX]
JSVQJEGIWLIIXMWYWIH;LIREPPS[IHXSHV]SZIVETIVMSH
SJ XMQI XLI WYVJEGI WLSYPH PMKLXIR8VMEPW WLSYPHFI QEHI
[MXL JSVQ ZMFVEXSVW FIJSVI PEVKIWGEPI YWI 8LIWI XVMEPW
WLSYPH WMQYPEXI XLI JSVQMRK GSRHMXMSRW XS FI IRGSYRXIVIH
SRXLIWXVYGXYVI
 6IZMFVEXMSR{%JXIV FPIIHMRK MW WYFWXERXMEPP]
GSQTPIXI FYXFIJSVI MRMXMEP WIX VIZMFVEXMSR GERWSQIXMQIW
FIYWIH XSJYVXLIV HIRWMJ] XLI GSRGVIXI ERH VIHYGI EMVERH
[EXIVTSGOIXWEKEMRWXXLIJSVQ6IZMFVEXMSRMWSJTEVXMGYPEV
benefit for the top few feet of a placement where air and
[EXIVTSGOIXWEVIQSWXTVIZEPIRX6IZMFVEXMSRWLSYPHRSXFI
YWIH[LIVILEVWLKETKVEHIHQM\XYVIWEVIYWIHXSTVSHYGI
I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI WYVJEGIW XS EZSMH E TSWWMFPI HERKIV SJ
XMSRW GPSWIV XLER  MR  QQ
 XS XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP JSVQIH HMWTIVWMRKXLIEKKVIKEXIEXXLIWYVJEGI
WYVJEGIQMKLXVIWYPXMREHEVOIVGSPSVSJXLIWYVJEGISTTSWMXI 6IZMFVEXMSRQSVIXLEREJI[JIIXFIPS[XLIXSTSJXLITPEGI
XLIWI PSGEXMSRW :MFVEXMRK XSS GPSWI XS XLI JSVQIH WYVJEGI QIRXQE]HEQEKI[IPPGSRWSPMHEXIHGSRGVIXI&VIXXQERIX
EPWS EJJIGXW XLI EKKVIKEXI UYERXMXMIW JSV I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI EP

GSRGVIXI;EPPW PIWW XLER  MR  QQ
 XLMGO [MPP VIUYMVI  7TEHMRK{7TEHMRKQE]FIYWIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXL
WTIGMEPZMFVEXMSRGSRWMHIVEXMSRWVIJIVXS7IGXMSR
 internal vibration to improve formed surfaces. A flat, spade-
7SQIXMQIW ZIV] LEVWL QM\XYVIW WYGL EW XLSWI [MXL KET
KVEHMRK EVI YWIH XS TVSHYGI WTIGMEP EVGLMXIGXYVEP IJJIGXW
8LI]KIRIVEPP]VIUYMVIQSVITS[IVJYPZMFVEXSVWERHPSRKIV
ZMFVEXMSR XMQIW 8LI ZMFVEXMSR WLSYPH FI XIVQMREXIH [LIR
XLIQSVXEVPIZIPVIEGLIWXLIXSTSJXLIEKKVIKEXIXSTVIZIRX
QSVXEVPMRIWFIX[IIRPE]IVW
-JVMKMHRSREFWSVTXMZIJSVQWWYGLEWWXIIPEVIXSFIYWIH
ZMFVEXMSRWLSYPHFIQMRMQM^IHXSXLIPIEWXEQSYRXVIUYMVIHXS
GSRWSPMHEXIXLIGSRGVIXIERHVIQSZISFNIGXMSREFPIEMVZSMHW
)\GIWWMZIZMFVEXMSRRIEVEVMKMHRSREFWSVTXMZIWYVJEGIGER
GEYWIEGSPSVZEVMEXMSREXXLIGSRGVIXIJSVQMRXIVJEGI
 *SVQ ZMFVEXMSR{*SVQ ZMFVEXMSR MW VIGSQQIRHIH
SRP] MR EVIEW MREGGIWWMFPI XS MRXIVREP ZMFVEXMSR TVSZMHIH
the formwork was specifically designed for external vibra
like tool that will not damage the form, such as a long, flat
VYPIVSVWEMPFEXXIRMWVITIEXIHP]MRWIVXIHERH[MXLHVE[REHNE
GIRXXSXLIJSVQ8LMWJSVGIWXLIGSEVWITEVXMGPIWE[E]JVSQ
XLIJSVQERHEWWMWXWXLIEMVFYFFPIWMRXLIMVYT[EVHQSZIQIRX
XSXLIXSTWYVJEGI8LMWQIXLSHMWSRP]YWIH[LIRXLIEQSYRX
SJEMVFYFFPIWEXXLIJSVQJEGIFIGSQIWYREGGITXEFPI
',%48)6{'96-2+
{+IRIVEP
8S TVSHYGI E YRMJSVQ GSPSV XLI QIXLSH ERH TIVMSH SJ
GYVMRK WLSYPH TVSZMHI E GSRWMWXIRX GSRGVIXI XIQTIVEXYVI
VIKEVHPIWW SJ XLI EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI 4VSTSWIH QIXLSHW
WLSYPH FI XVMIH SR XLI WMXIGEWX QSGOYT XS HIXIVQMRI ER]
XMSRERHERGLSVIHXSXLIJSSXMRKXSTVIZIRXQSZIQIRX*MK TSWWMFPI EHZIVWI IJJIGXW 7XERHEVH GYVMRK TVSGIHYVIW EVI

 *SVQWJSV I\XIVREP ZMFVEXMSRWLSYPH WXERHYTYRHIV HIWGVMFIHMR%'-
XLIVITIEXIHVIZIVWMRKWXVIWWIWMRHYGIHF]ZMFVEXSVWEXXEGLIH

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6
{'YVMRKMRJSVQW
All concrete in beam soffits and other supported formwork
soffits can be cured by leaving the formwork and shoring in
TPEGI%PPZIVXMGEPJSVQ[SVOWLSYPHFIVIQSZIHMREGSRWMW
XIRXXMQIMRXIVZEP[MXLGYVMRKXSJSPPS[MQQIHMEXIP]YTSR
JSVQVIQSZEP8STVIZIRXWXEMRMRKGEYWIHF]XLIX]TISJJSVQ
QEXIVMEPXLIJSVQWWLSYPHFIWIEPIH[MXLERSRZETSVXVERW
QMXXMRKGSEXMRKJSPPS[MRKXLIQERYJEGXYVIVvWMRWXVYGXMSRW
-RXLIJSVQGYVMRKMRGVIEWIWXLITSWWMFMPMXMIWSJGSPSVZEVM
EXMSRW;LIXLIVXLIWI EVI JVSQEFWSVTXMSR SJ [EXIV F] XLI
JSVQ[SSHWXEMRMRKRI[ZIVWYWSPHJSVQWJSVQPIEOEKISV
XIQTIVEXYVI ZEVMEXMSRW TVSTSWEPW XS QMRMQM^I GSPSV ZEVME
XMSRWWLSYPHFIEHHVIWWIH
'SPSVZEVMEXMSRWHYIXSVETMHWYVJEGIHV]MRKERHI\XVIQI
XLIVQEP GLERKIW WLSYPH FI QMRMQM^IH F] JSPPS[MRK XLI
VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW SJ %'- 6 %'- 6 ERH
7IGXMSRWERH
{1SMWXGYVMRK
)\XVIQIGEVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRXSIRWYVIXLEXXLIQEXIVMEP
YWIHXSGSZIVXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIHSIWRSXGEYWIXI\XYVISV
GSPSVZEVMEXMSRW;EXIVGYVMRKWLSYPHSRP]FIYWIH[LIRXLI
GSRGVIXILEWE[GQFIPS[;LIRYWIHXLIXIQTIVEXYVI
SJ XLI [EXIVWLSYPH RSX ZEV] JVSQ XLI WYVJEGI XIQTIVEXYVI
GSPSV%WQSVISJXLIEKKVIKEXIMWI\TSWIHXLIIJJIGXSJXLI
GIQIRX GSPSV HMQMRMWLIW 8LI XSXEP EVIE ERH XLI I\TIGXIH
HMWXERGIXSXLIZMI[IV[MPPYWYEPP]HIXIVQMRIXLIWM^ISJXLI
EKKVIKEXI&IGEYWIXVIEXIHWYVJEGIWEVIQSVIWYWGITXMFPIXS
EXQSWTLIVMGTSPPYXMSRERH[IEXLIVMRKGSRWMHIVEXMSRWLSYPH
FIKMZIRXSEKKVIKEXIWLETIWXLEXQE]GLERKIHYIXS[IEXL
IVMRK[LMGLEPXIVWXLIZMWYEPIJJIGX6SYRHEKKVIKEXIWLEZI
PIWWXIRHIRG]XSGSPPIGXEMVFSVRIHYWXSRXLIQEXVM\TSVXMSR
XLER VSYKL EKKVIKEXIW -R EVIEW WYFNIGX XS EMV TSPPYXMSR E
QEXVM\HEVOIVXLERXLII\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIQE]FITVIJIVEFPI
,ERHFVSEHGEWXMRKSJEVGLMXIGXYVEPEKKVIKEXIWPEFWYVJEGIW
EPPS[W IGSRSQMGEP YWI SJ XLI GSWXP] EKKVIKEXI ERH LIPTW
IRWYVIYRMJSVQGSZIVEKI *SVWPEFWFVYWLMRKERH[EWLMRK
[MXL[EXIVEXERIEVP]EKIMWGSQQSRP]YWIHXSI\TSWIXLI
EKKVIKEXI
{7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVW
4IVWSRRIPYWMRKWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVWWLSYPHFIGSQIJEQMPMEV
[MXL XLIMV GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW FIJSVI YWI 7YVJEGI VIXEVHIVW EVI
YWIHXSHIPE]XLIWIXSJXLIWYVJEGIGIQIRXTEWXIWSXLEXXLI
EKKVIKEXI GER FI I\TSWIH IEWMP] 8LI YWI SJ EGGIPIVEXSVW
SVLIEXMRKHYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIVGSRGVIXMRKQE]WLSVXIRXLI
HIPE]SJWIXEXXLIWYVJEGI4VSPSRKIHI\TSWYVISJXLIJSVQW
GSEXIH[MXLVIXEVHIVFIJSVITPEGMRKGSRGVIXIQE]EPWSEJJIGX
SJXLIGSRGVIXIF]QSVIXLER•”*•”'
4PEWXMGWLIIXW XLIEGXMSRSJXLIVIXEVHIV%WEQTPI TERIP WLSYPHFIQEHI
QE]FIYWIJYPJSVGSZIVMRKGSQTPI\WLETIWFYXXI\XYVIERH XSHIXIVQMRIER]EHZIVWIIJJIGXWJVSQXLIJSVQSVGSRGVIXI
GSPSVHMJJIVIRGIW[MPPSGGYV[LIVIXLITPEWXMGWLIIXGSRXEGXW QEXIVMEPW*YVXLIVI\TIVMQIRXEXMSRXSHIXIVQMRIXLIIJJIGXSJ
XLIGSRGVIXI+VIIRMRK ERH0ERHKVIR
 'YVMRK [EXIV LIMKLXWSJTPEGIQIRXJSVQWXVMTTMRKXMQIWERHQIXLSHSJ
WLSYPHFIRSRWXEMRMRK I\TSWYVIWLSYPHFIHSRIMREVIEWSJQMRSVMQTSVXERGIWYGL
EW FEWIQIRX [EPPW 8LI VIGSQQIRHIH QMRMQYQ GSRGVIXI
{1IQFVERIGYVMRK WXVIRKXLFIJSVIVIQSZEPSJXLIVIXEVHIHWYVJEGIMWJVSQ
0MUYMHQIQFVERIGYVMRKGSQTSYRHWWLSYPHFIETTPMIHXS
)RWYVMRKYRMJSVQVIWYPXWSR
E QSMWX WYVJEGI3XLIV[MWI XLI]QE] GEYWI HMWGSPSVEXMSR SV
WXEMRMRK ERH TVIZIRX FSRHMRK SJ WYFWIUYIRX VITEMVW EVGLM
XIGXYVEP GSEXMRKW ERH WIEPERXW 1ERYJEGXYVIVW WLSYPH FI
GSRWYPXIH GSRGIVRMRK GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ XLIMV TVSHYGXW ERH
[EVVERXMIW 'YVMRK TVEGXMGIW ERH QEXIVMEPW WLSYPH FI XLSV
oughly evaluated on the preconstruction field mockup sample.
{,SX[IEXLIVGYVMRK
*VIWLP] TPEGIH EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI GER FI EHZIVWIP]
EJJIGXIH F] LMKL XIQTIVEXYVI PS[ LYQMHMX] ERH LMKL
[MRHW 8S TVIZIRX ZEVMEXMSRW MR GSPSV HYI XS RSRYRMJSVQ
HV]MRK ERH XS TVIZIRX TPEWXMG WLVMROEKI GVEGOMRK GYVMRK
XSTWMXS14E
ZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIWVIUYMVIWTVITPERRMRKERHQSVIWYTIVZMWMSR
XLER JSV WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI (YI XS XLI RYQIVSYW JEGXSVW
EJJIGXMRKXLIEGXMSRSJWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVWETTPMIHXSJSVQJEGIW
JSVZIVXMGEPGEWXMRKXLIMVYWIWLSYPHFIGEVIJYPP]IZEPYEXIH
JSVIEGLTVSNIGX
{,MKLTVIWWYVI[EXIVNIX
,MKLTVIWWYVI[EXIVNIXWEVIYWIHMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLEMVXS
I\TSWIEKKVIKEXI4VSTIVXMQISJETTPMGEXMSRWLSYPHFIHIXIV
QMRIHJSVIEGLGSRGVIXIERHMXWGYVMRKGSRHMXMSRWXSSFXEMRXLI
HIWMVIHEQSYRXSJVIZIEP[MXLSYXPSSWIRMRKXLIEKKVIKEXI8LI
QMRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJXLIGSRGVIXIJSVLMKLTVIW
WLSYPHGSQQIRGIEWWSSREWTVEGXMGEPTIVLETWIZIRFIJSVI WYVI[EXIVNIXXMRKWLSYPHFITWM14E
8LMWQIXLSH
GSQTPIXMSRSJGSRGVIXI TPEGIQIRXVIJIV XS%'-6
 GERFIYWIH[MXLSV[MXLSYXWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVWERHVIUYMVIWER
-R IWTIGMEPP] LSX ERH SV [MRH] HIWIVXX]TI IRZMVSRQIRXW STIVEXSVXLEXLEWFIIRXVEMRIHSREXIWXEVIE%KKVIKEXII\TS
WTIGMEPGYVMRKGSQTSYRHWQE]FIVIUYMVIH WYVI WLSYPH FI WXEVXIH MQQIHMEXIP] EJXIV JSVQW EVI WXVMTTIH
',%48)6{86)%8)(%6',-8)'896%0
HIWGVMFIWX]TMGEPIUYMTQIRX
796*%')7
%VGLMXIGXYVEPWYVJEGIWMRGPYHMRKLSVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIWGER
be treated after casting and form removal to expose fine or
coarse aggregate in the finished product by brushing and
[EWLMRKEXERIEVP]EKIWYVJEGIVIXEVHEXMSRLMKLTVIWWYVI
[EXIVNIXEGMH[EWLEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRKFYWLLEQQIVMRKSV
SXLIVQIGLERMGEPXSSPMRK8LIWIQIXLSHWGERMQTSWIEHHM
XMSREPVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVEKKVIKEXIWMRWLETIWM^IXI\XYVISV
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
[LIR VIXEVHIVW EVI RSX YWIH 8LI 'SRGVIXI 1ERYEP 97&6

{%GMH[EWL
;EWLMRK[MXLWSPYXMSRWGSRXEMRMRKEGMHSJZEV]MRKGSRGIR
XVEXMSRGERFIYWIHXSIXGLXLIWYVJEGISJXLIGSRGVIXIKMZMRK
the surface a light matte finish or to bring out the full color
SJERI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGI;LIRI\TSWMRKEKKVIKEXI
XLI EKKVIKEXI WLSYPH FI SRI XLEX MW EGMH VIWMWXERX WYGL EW
UYEVX^SVKVERMXI0MQIWXSRIWHSPSQMXIWERHQEVFPIW[MPP
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6


ER EFVEWMSR XVIEXQIRX (IKVIIW SJ WERHFPEWXIH SV WYVJEGI

retarded finish (Fig. 10.4) may be described and defined as:
Brush—Sufficient to remove the surface sheen, but may
not make the color uniform; this finish will not expose
XLIGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIJVSQXLIQEXVM\EJXIVETTPMGEXMSR
Light—Sufficient to expose fine aggregate with occa
WMSREPI\TSWYVISJGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIERHXSQEOIXLIGSPSV
YRMJSVQQE\MQYQEKKVIKEXII\TSWYVIMRQQ

Medium—Sufficient to generally expose coarse aggre
KEXI[MXLWPMKLXVIZIEPQE\MQYQEKKVIKEXII\TSWYVI
MRQQ
ERH
Heavy—Sufficient to generally expose and reveal the
GSEVWIEKKVIKEXIXSEQE\MQYQTVSNIGXMSRSJSJXLI
HMEQIXIVEKKVIKEXII\TSWYVIXSMRXSQQ

XLIWYVJEGIMWVYKKIHERHYRIZIR
8LIPMKLXIVXLIEFVEWMZIFPEWXXLIQSVIGVMXMGEPXLIWOMPPSJ
XLISTIVEXSVFIGEYWIHIJIGXWJVSQJSVQMRKERHTPEGMRKWYGLEW
WYVJEGIEMVZSMHWPIEOEKIPMRIWERHPMJXPMRIWXIRHXSFIEGGIR
XYEXIH F] WYGL XVIEXQIRX %HHMXMSREP XLMGORIWW SJ GSRGVIXI
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHXSQEMRXEMRTVSTIVGSZIVJSVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
8LI XMQI JSV EFVEWMZI FPEWXMRK MW HIXIVQMRIH F] WGLIH
YPMRKIGSRSQMGWZMWYEPETTIEVERGIHIWMVIHERHLEVHRIWWSJ
XLIEKKVIKEXI7SJXIVEKKVIKEXIWXIRHXSEFVEHIQSVI[LIR
*MK {(IKVIIW SJ EFVEWMZIFPEWX SV WYVJEGIVIXEVHIH
finish.
HMWGSPSVSVFI HMWWSPZIH F]EGMH HYI XS XLIMV LMKL GEPGMYQ
GSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLWEVILMKL7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVW7IGXMSR
GERFIYWIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXLQIHMYQERHLIEZ]XI\XYVI
XS VIHYGI FPEWXMRK XMQI ERH PIWWIR XLI EFVEWMSR SR WSJXIV
EKKVIKEXI-JEQSVITVSRSYRGIHVIZIEPMWHIWMVIHEFVEWMZI
blasting is usually done during the first 24 to 72 hours, and
EJXIVGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLWLEZIVIEGLIHEQMRMQYQSJTWM
GSRXIRX 7YGL XVIEXQIRX WLSYPH FI MRMXMEXIH EX GSRWMWXIRX
3RGIXLIXMQIMWHIXIVQMRIHXLVSYKLXIWXMRKSR
GSRGVIXI WXVIRKXLW 8LI HITXL SJ TEWXI VIQSZEP ERH MXW
IJJIGXSRETTIEVERGIERHGSPSV[MPPZEV][MXLGSRGVIXIEKI
Treating cast-in-place surfaces at a consistent age is difficult
to achieve in the field because other factors, such as weather,
[IIOIRHW ERH HIPE]W [MPP HIXIVQMRI [LIR XLI [SVO [MPP
FITIVJSVQIH%XLMKLIVGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLWEKIHMJJIVIRGIW
[MPPLEZIPIWWIJJIGXSRETTIEVERGIERHGSPSVXLIVIJSVIEGMH
[EWL XVIEXQIRXW WLSYPH FI MRMXMEXIH [LIR XLI GSRGVIXI MW
RSXPIWWXLERHE]WSPHERHEJXIVMXVIEGLIWEGSQTVIWWMZI
14E
XLITVIGSRWXVYGXMSRQSGOYTEPPWYFWIUYIRXFPEWXMRKWLSYPH
FI GSQTPIXIH EX ETTVS\MQEXIP] XLI WEQI GSRGVIXI EKI JSV
YRMJSVQMX]SJETTIEVERGI
'SQTPMGEXMRKXLIXMQMRKSJEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRKEVIGLERKIW
MREQFMIRXXIQTIVEXYVIWXLEXGERLEZIEPEVKIIJJIGXSRIEVP]
GSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLWERHGSRWIUYIRXP]XLIZMWYEPETTIEVERGI
1EXIVMEPW YWIH JSV EFVEWMZI FPEWXMRK MRGPYHI WMPMGE WERH
EPYQMRYQ GEVFMHI FPEGOWPEK TEVXMGPIW ERH [EPRYX WLIPPW
8LIX]TIERHKVEHMRKSJXLIEFVEWMZI[LMGLHIXIVQMRIWXLI
WXVIRKXLSJEXPIEWXTWM14E
 WYVJEGIXVIEXQIRXWLSYPHVIQEMRXLIWEQI XLVSYKLTVSNIGX
%GMH [EWLMRK MW RSX VIGSQQIRHIH JSV ZIVXMGEP GEWXMR
TPEGI GSRGVIXI HYI XS XLI LE^EVHW SJ WYGL ETTPMGEXMSR%PP
TIVWSRRIP WLSYPH LEZI TVSXIGXMZI GPSXLMRK ERH GSZIVMRK XS
TVIZIRX MRNYV] JVSQWTEXXIVMRK 9RMJSVQ ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLI
acid solution is difficult due to runoff. Complete neutraliza
tion of the runoff is also difficult, which may create prob
PIQWEXXLIKVSYRHPIZIP
{%FVEWMZIFPEWXMRK
%FVEWMZI FPEWXMRK SV WERHFPEWXMRK MW YWIH XS HYPP XLI
WYVJEGIKPE^IQEOIXLIGSPSVYRMJSVQSVI\TSWIXLIEKKVI
GSQTPIXMSR &IGEYWI WSQI EKKVIKEXIW GLERKI GSPSV EJXIV
I\TSWYVI F] WERHFPEWXMRK XVMEPW SJ HMJJIVIRX EFVEWMZI
materials with sample panels are desirable to define the
XI\XYVIH (67 ;LMXIGIQIRX GSRGVIXIW VIUYMVI EFVEWMZI
QEXIVMEPWXLEXEVIWXEMRTVSSJ;LIR[IXEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRKMW
VIUYMVIHF] EMVTSPPYXMSR WXERHEVHW EFVEHIHQSVXEVWLSYPH
FI GSRXMRYEPP] [EWLIH JVSQ TVIZMSYWP] EFVEWMZIFPEWXIH
EVIEW XS TVIZIRX WXEMRMRK 'SYVWI EFVEWMZIW XIRH XS GEYWI
QSVISJEQEXXIXI\XYVI[LMGLQMRMQM^IWZEVMEXMSRWHYIXS
GSRGVIXILEVHRIWW
%ZEVMIX]SJFPEWXMRKIUYMTQIRXERHXIGLRMUYIWEVIEZEMPEFPI
KEXI SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI 8LI HITXL SJ XVIEXQIRX MW

usually defined by the designed reference sample in consul
XEXMSR[MXLXLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIVGSRXVEGXSVERHMRWTIGXSV
and confirmed by the preconstruction mockup panel.
Uniformity is difficult to obtain where concrete mixtures of
HMJJIVIRXWXVIRKXLWEVIPSGEXIHWMHIF]WMHI*SVQNSMRXXMKLX
RIWWMWTEVXMGYPEVP]MQTSVXERX[LIRXLIWYVJEGIMWXSVIGIMZI
ERHEVIHIXEMPIHMR4EREVIWIERH*VIIHQER
{8SSPMRKSVSXLIVQIGLERMGEPXVIEXQIRXW
8SSPMRKERHSXLIVQIGLERMGEPXVIEXQIRXWJSVXLII\TSWYVI
of aggregates or other surface modification may be performed
F]ER]SJWIZIVEPTVSGIWWIWMRGPYHMRKGLMTTMRKERHWTEPPMRK
SJXLIWYVJEGIF]EQIXLSHGEPPIHFYWLLEQQIVMRKKVMRHMRK

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

XSTVSHYGIEWQSSXLI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGISVFVIEOMRK
off the projections of fluted surfaces to produce alternate
VSYKLERHWQSSXLEVIEW3VMIRXEXMSRSJIUYMTQIRXJSVXSSPMRK
FPEWXMRKSVJVEGXYVMRKWLSYPHFIOITXYRMJSVQXLVSYKLSYXXLI
EVGLMXIGXYVEP[SVO8SQEMRXEMRYRMJSVQMX]XLIWEQISTIVEXSV
WLSYPHTIVJSVQXLMW[SVOXLVSYKLSYXXLITVSNIGXSVEXPIEWXSR
will be more apparent, and it is better to only partially fill the
LSPIWPIEZMRKXLILSPIWEWETEVXSJXLITPERRIHETTIEVERGI
8LIGSPSVSJXLIXMILSPITEXGLIWMRXLIQSGOYTTERIPWLSYPH
FIETTVSZIHF]XLIHIWMKRIV
Care should be exercised to avoid smearing the fill material
SRXLIWYVJEGISJXLIGSRGVIXI1EXIVMEPWYWIHJSVTPYKKMRKXMI
EHNEGIRXTSVXMSRWSJEWXVYGXYVI4'%
 LSPIWMRGPYHITSVXPERHGIQIRXQSVXEVITS\]QSVXEVTPEWXMG
 &YWLLEQQIVMRK{&YWLLEQQIVIH WYVJEGIW EVI TPYKW TVIGEWX QSVXEV TPYKW ERH PIEH TPYKW 8LI] WLSYPH
produced by pneumatic tools fitted with a bush-hammer, FI GEVIJYPP] WIPIGXIH JVSQ EQSRK XLSWI XLEX LEZI WLS[R
GSQF GLMWIP SV QYPXMTPI TSMRXIH EXXEGLQIRXW 8LI X]TI RSWXEMRMRKSVHMWGSPSVEXMSRXIRHIRGMIWMRYWI7SQIITS\]
SJ XSSP [MPP FI HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI WYVJEGI IJJIGX HIWMVIH QSVXEVWGLERKIXSFVMPPMERXSVERKISV]IPPS[EJXIVI\TSWYVI
&IGEYWIQSWXFYWLLEQQIVMRK[MPPVIQSZIETTVS\MQEXIP] XSWYRPMKLX1SVXEVQEXIVMEPWSJEHV]TEGOGSRWMWXIRG]ERH
 MR  QQ
 SJ QEXIVMEP EHHMXMSREP GSRGVIXI GSZIV HIRWIP]XEQTIHMRXSXLILSPI[MPPFIPIWWPMOIP]XSWQIEVSRXS
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIH8STVIZIRXPSSWIRMRKSJXLIEKKVIKEXI XLIWYVJEGIXLERXLSWISJE[IXGSRWMWXIRG];LIRTSVXPERH
EGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLSJTWM14E
MRGSQTVIWWMSR cement mortar is used, the tie hole should first be prewetted
ERHEQMRMQYQEKISJHE]WEVIVIUYMVIH-RQER]GEWIW [MXLGPIER[EXIVERHERIEXGIQIRXWPYVV]FSRHGSEXWLSYPH
FIXXIVYRMJSVQMX]MWJSYRH[LIRXLIGSRGVIXIMWEPPS[IHXS be applied to the hole surfaces before filling with mortar.
EKI JSV  HE]W ERH XLI WYVJEGI XS HV] &YWLLEQQIVMRK -JITS\]QSVXEVMWYWIHMXWLSYPHFIETTPMIHMREGGSVHERGI
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HMWXERGISJXSMRXSQQ
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GEVIJYPP]WIPIGXIHERHXIWXIHMRXLIQSGOYTTERIPXSEZSMH
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ness of the aggregate and the desired exposure. To define
the final product, treatment is accomplished on the precon
WXVYGXMSRQSGOYTSVEXVMEPEVIESJQMRSVMQTSVXERGI7QEPP
samples may not be capable of field reproduction. This type
SJXVIEXQIRXTVSHYGIWEVIWYPXWMQMPEVXSXIVVE^^S[SVO
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by removing the form or by hand at a concrete age suffi
GMIRXXSEPWSJVEGXYVIXLIEKKVIKEXI4VMSVXIWXMRKWLSYPHFI
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determined during the review of the field mockup sample.
{8MILSPIW
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ties or fiberglass ties are used. The holes left in the surface
SJ XLI GSRGVIXI EW XLI VIWYPX SJ XLI JSVQ XMI QE] FI WQEPP
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surface, small holes can be plugged flush with the surface
ERHGSRGIEPIH;MXLWQSSXLWYVJEGIGSRGVIXIXLIXMILSPIW
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soon as possible after form removal and surface finishing
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without delay and with confidence of the final outcome.
;LIVIEHNEGIRXEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRKSVFYWLLEQQIVMRKXVIEX
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blasting. After blasting, the resulting epoxy fin is broken off
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6


manually at the face of the concrete, leaving a fine line that

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WPYVV]SJTSVXPERHGIQIRXERH[EXIVXSXIQTSVEVMP]TVSXIGXMX WEV]7IEPIVWSVGSEXMRKWGEREPWSTVSXIGXGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIW
JVSQVYWXMRK1ER]TVSTVMIXEV]GSEXMRKTVSHYGXWEVIEZEMP XLEX[SYPHSXLIV[MWIFIGSQIWXEMRIHF]XLIMRMXMEPVYRSJJSJ
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GSQQIVGMEP WXEMRVIQSZIVWFI GEYXMSRIHXLEXWSQIEPXIVE or coatings have an affinity for airborne contaminants,
XMSRSJXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIQE]SGGYV6IJIVXS4'%
 MRGPYHMRK L]HVSGEVFSR GSRXEQMRERXW EW [IPP EW MRGSQ
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Objectionable efflorescence and surface deposits can be sealers or coatings have an affinity for hydrocarbon contami
removed by commercially available efflorescence removers nants. Anti-graffiti products are either permanent or sacrifi
SV F] YWI SJ PS[ [IEO EGMHW  XS  TIVGIRX WSPYXMSRW
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Concrete may be sprayed with water first to minimize
etching. Following application of the acid, thorough flushing
[MXL[EXIVMWVIUYMVIHXSTVIZIRXJSVQEXMSRSJWGYQ*YVXLIV
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Sealers are defined as vapor-retarding penetrants that are
absorbed when applied. Some sealers change the profile of the
GSRGVIXIWYVJEGIFYXSXLIVWHSRSX'SEXMRKWEVIRSRZETSV
transmitting, penetrate slightly, and leave a visible film on
the surface. The film can be clear or pigmented.
7IEPIVWERHGSEXMRKWEVIRSXVIGSQQIRHIHYRPIWWRIIHIH
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8LIWIQE]FIYWIHXS
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EMVFSVRIGLIQMGEPW 117-10—Specification for Tolerances for Concrete
XLI]EVIETTPMIH8LIQEVOIXJSVXLIWITVSHYGXWMWGYVVIRXP]
GLERKMRK EW E VIWYPX SJ GLERKIW MR XLI JIHIVEP VIKYPEXMSRW
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I\TSWIHJEGIERHTVIZIRXEHLIWMSRSJXLIWIEPIVWSVGSEXMRKW
',%48)6{6)*)6)2')7
Committee documents are listed first by document number
ERH ]IEV SJ TYFPMGEXMSR JSPPS[IH F] EYXLSVIH HSGYQIRXW
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have an affinity for airborne contaminants);
*EGMPMXEXIGPIERMRKSJXLIWYVJEGISVXSVIWMWXMQTVIKRE
tion of graffiti;
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6IHYGIXLIIJJIGXWSJGEVFSREXMSR
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6{6ITSVXSR'LIQMGEP%HQM\XYVIWJSV'SRGVIXI
6{+YMHIJSVXLI9WISJ7LVMROEKI'SQTIRWEXMRK
'SRGVIXI
6{.SMRXWMR'SRGVIXI'SRWXVYGXMSR
301-10—Specifications for Structural Concrete

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
 +9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

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6{+YMHIXS,SX;IEXLIV'SRGVIXMRK
6{+YMHIXS'SPH;IEXLIV'SRGVIXMRK
308.1-11—Specification for Curing Concrete
6{+YMHIJSV'SRWSPMHEXMSRSJ'SRGVIXI
309.2R-98—Identification and Control of Visible Effects
SJ'SRWSPMHEXMSRSR*SVQIH'SRGVIXI7YVJEGIW
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674

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A615/A615M-12—Standard Specification for Deformed
ERH'EVFSR7XIIP&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
A767/A767M-09—Standard Specification for Zinc-
7ITXTT
Ew'SRGVIXI-R'SRXI\Xx+4IVOMRTT
Fw8VYXL-W'SRGVIXIx&+SPHFIVKTTTT
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A775/A775M-87(2008)e1—Standard Specification for
)TS\]'SEXIH6IMRJSVGMRK7XIIP&EVW
A934/A934M-07—Standard Specification for Epoxy-
'SEXIH4VIJEFVMGEXIH7XIIP6IMRJSVGMRK&EVW
''1E{7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV'SRGVIXI%KKVIKEXIW
C94/C94M-12—Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed
'SRGVIXI
C150/C150M-11—Standard Specification for Portland Cement
''1{7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV 0IRKXL

Jw;SVOWSJ%VXMR'SRGVIXIx6;7XIMKIVTT
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C330/C330M-09—Standard Specification for Light
[IMKLX%KKVIKEXIWJSV7XVYGXYVEP'SRGVIXI
C595/C595M-11—Standard Specification for Blended
,]HVEYPMG'IQIRXW
C618-12—Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and
6E[SV'EPGMRIH2EXYVEP4S^^SPERJSV9WIMR'SRGVIXI
C845-04—Standard Specification for Expansive
,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX
C979-10—Standard Specification for Pigments for Inte
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C1157/C1157M-11—Standard Performance Specifica
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Bell, L. W., 1996, “Writing Specifications for Architec
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'SRGVIXI-RXIVREXMSREPE
XLVSYKLM

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remains “to provide a comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work of all kinds and in
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· Technical committees that produce consensus reports, guides, specifications, and codes.

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· Certification programs for personnel employed within the concrete industry.

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Benefits of membership include a subscription to Concrete International and to an ACI Journal. ACI
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was founded in 1904 as a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to public

service and representing the user interest in the field of concrete. ACI gathers
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activities include the development of building codes and specifications; analysis of
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specific areas of interest. For more information, contact ACI.

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