As claimed by Hargens et al. (2018, p.

517), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that

results daytime sleepiness and fatigue. The disorder increases the risk for cardiovascular disease
and diabetes. In research from Kim and Cho (2019, p. 12), it was stated that patients with
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have less REM sleep, reduced deep sleep time, increased
nighttime awakenings, sleep fragmentation, and reduced sleep efficiency. These factors result to
a low testosterone level. The literature also suggests that men with OSA are also more prone to
suffering from associated complications like low libido, impotence, and erectile dysfunction
(ED). Physical factors such as upper airway anatomy, upper airway compliance, and body
habitus, Physiologic factors such as local neuromuscular reflexes and central ventilatory control,
and the use of alcohol, tobacco, or drug are factors that give rise to OSA (Kushida C.A., 2007).
Most of these factors suggests why OSA is often more common in men.

The literatures are closely related to the present study that the researchers are aiming to conduct
for they mention how sex can be the cause to have sleep apnea, why males are the most common
to have sleep apnea, and the possible effects of obstructive sleep apnea which the researchers are
trying to find out.

Hargens, T. A., Martin, R. A., Strosnider, C. L., Giersch, G., & J. Womack, C. (2018).
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Negatively Impacts Objectively Measured Physical Activity.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50(5S), 517.
https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000536785.02555.b3
Kim, S.-D., & Cho, K.-S. (2019). Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Testosterone Deficiency. The
World Journal of Men’s Health, 37(1), 12–14. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.180017

Kushida, C. A. (2007). Obstructive Sleep Apnea : Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Diagnosis and
Treatment (Sleep Disorders) (1st ed.) [E-book]. CRC Press. https://b-
ok.asia/ireader/511609