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Determinants of Foreign Exchange
Determinants of Foreign Exchange
Exchange
DEFINITIONS
• Foreign Exchange
The system of converting one national
currency into another, or of transferring
money from one country to another.
• Foreign Exchange Market
Forex market is a place in which foreign
exchange transactions take place.
A market in which National currencies are
bought and sold against one another
The foreign exchange market is one of the
largest markets in the world. By some
estimates, about 3.2 trillion USD worth of
currency changes hands every day.
Foreign exchange reserves
Source: State Bank Of India, Chennai
*TT - Telegraphic Transfer Exchange Rates
IMPORT EXPORT
Forward Spot Spot Forward
Currency
6 months 3 months 1 month TT * Bill TT* Bill 1 month 3 months 6 months
45.26 44.85 44.58 44.42 44.46 US Dollar 44.34 44.32 44.5 44.78 45.19
61.23 60.69 60.32 60.11 60.15 Euro 60.00 59.99 60.21 60.59 61.14
69.92 69.32 68.93 68.69 68.74 Pound Sterling 68.57 68.56 68.81 69.23 69.84
48.84 48.36 48.05 47.87 47.90 Japanese Yen* 47.75 47.74 47.95 48.26 48.72
42.8 42.38 42.1 41.94 41.97 Swiss Franc 41.83 41.82 42.01 42.28 42.7
8.22 8.15 8.11 8.08 8.09 Danish Kroner 8.06 8.06 8.09 8.14 8.21
32.96 32.67 32.47 32.36 32.38 Singapore Dollar 32.29 32.28 32.42 32.61 32.91
5.84 5.78 5.75 5.72 5.73 Hong Kong Dollar 5.71 5.71 5.73 5.77 5.83
41.27 41.35 41.53 41.38 41.40 Australian Dollar 41.32 41.31 41.45 41.57 41.65
31.9 31.84 31.79 31.74 31.76 New Zealand Dollar 31.68 31.68 31.79 31.92 32.08
7.65 7.61 7.59 7.57 7.58 Norwegian Kroner 7.55 7.55 7.59 7.62 7.67
6.33 6.24 6.24 6.21 6.22 Swedish Kroner 6.20 6.20 6.22 6.26 6.32
45.07 44.73 44.47 44.31 44.34 Canadian Dollar 44.21 44.20 44.39 44.66 45.06
Features of Foreign Exchange Market
The foreign exchange market is unique because of
trading volume results in market liquidity
geographical dispersion
continuous operation: 24 hours a day except
weekends
the variety of factors that affect exchange rates
the low margins of relative profit compared with
other markets of fixed income
the use of leverage to enhance profit margins
with respect to account size
Participants
Firms: importers
Individuals:
and exporters
tourists, migrants
Banks:commercial
& central banks
Governments / International
monetary agencies
authorities
Functions of Forex Market
• Transfer of Purchasing power
• Provision of credit
If an economy is growing at a
faster rate, in the long-run, it is
generally expected to have a
better performance on Balance
of Trade .
• Interest rate
An increase in money
supply will affect the
exchange rate through
causing inflation in the
country. It can also affect
the exchange rate directly
in the short run.
• National Income
An increase in the
national income will lead
to an increase in
investment or in
consumption and
accordingly, its effect on
the exchange
rate will change.
Short term factors
• Central bank intervention
Buying and selling of
foreign currency in the
market by the Central
Bank with a view to
increasing the supply or
demand, there by
affecting the exchange
rate, is known as
intervention.
• Export receipts and import payments
The difference
between the total
receipts
from export bill
realizations and
import payments on
a given day in a
country determines
the exchange rate to
some extent.
• Foreign investment flows
If a few big
speculators start
buying a currency
in an aggressive
manner, others
may follow suit.
Thus, the demand
of the currency
may increase.
• Capital Movements