Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces Set purlaces In many engineering situations, means are often si surface to its surroundings. The Newton-Rikhman relation Q = hA (t - £,) reveals that the convective heat flow can be enhanced by increasing the film coefficient h, the surface area A and the temperature difference (t — t,). The convective coefficient is a function of the geometry, fluid properties and the flow rate. Control of ft through these parameters helps to obtain its optimum value. With regard to the effect of temperature excess (1 - t,), difficulties are encountered when the ambient temperature f, is too high particularly in hot weather conditions. The surface area exposed to the surroundings is frequently increased by the attachment of protrusions to the surfaces, and the arrangement provides a means by which heat transfer rate can be substantially improved. The protrusions are called fins or spines, and these extensions can take a variety of forms; the most common types are illustrated in Fig. 5.1 VJ | x Lex x (a) (b) () (a) Fig. 5.1. Common types of fin configuration d surface attached to a plane wall: the cross-sectional area of the fin may be uniform or it may vary with distance from the wall (Fig, 5.1 4). Annular fins are attached circumferential to a cylindrical surface and their cross-sectional. area varies with radius from the centre line of the cylinder (Fig. 5.10). avatar ball the stnight and aa lar , ion, wl a ye expressed as a pi fins are of lar cross-section, whose area can thickness 8 and vodth b for straight fins or the circumference 2ar for for anlar fn In contrast a pin fir’ or a spine is an extended surface of circular cross-section (Fig. 5.1 ) which may be 7 ‘form: a onli Thus a spine represents a thin cylindrical or conical ro uni : - Protruding from a wall. ~ ye Common applications of finned surfaces are wi + Economisers for steam power pina * Convectors for steam ‘and hot water heal «Air cooled cylinders of aircraft engines, * Electrical transformers and motors ; 233 veneraea py Vamovanner om insig.com ‘Ought to improve heat dissipation from a A straight fin is an extende ting of systems ; LC. engines and air compressors jcoils and condenser coils in refrigerators and air conditioners ; « Cooling ‘+ Electronic equipment ete ture distribution and heat distribution is necessary for ‘This chapter concentrates on determination of tempe from different types of fins. ‘The knowledge of temperature ‘optimum design with regard to size and weight. 5,1, STEADY FLOW OF HEAT ALONG A ROD (Governing differential equation) Porimoter P = 2(b + 8) Cross sectional area A, = b ‘ Surrounding fluid at t, Fig. 5.2. Extended surfaces with uniform cross-section(a) Fin with rectangular (b) Fin with circular profile (spine) Consider a straight rectangular fin or a pin fin (spine) protruding from a wall surface (Fig 5.2). The characteristic dimensions of the fin are its length I, constant cross-sectional area Ay and the circumferential parameter P, Thus for a rectangular fin A, =b6 ; P=2(b+ 8) and for the spine k Age GP 5 Pa ad ‘The temperature at the base of the fin is tj and the temperature of the ambient fluid int? which the rod extends is considered to be constant at temperature /,, The base temperature is highest and the temperature along the fin length goes on diminishing (Fig. 5.3) Analysis of heat flow form the finned surface is made with the following assumptions * « thickness of the fin js small compared with the length andl width; temperature gradient over the cross-section are neglected and heat conduction treated one dimensional Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.comEe” EY Heat Transfer from Ext é neous and isotropic fi ‘al; a - bese ‘opic fin material; the thermal conductivity k of the fin material » uniform heat transfer coefficient h over the entire fin surface Temperature profile 109) x at atty oo, —_ x ae > Qegny = h{PSX) (t=t,) Fig. 5.3. Heat transfer through a fin * no heat generation within the fin itself * joint between the fin and the heated wall offers no bond resistance; temperature at root or base of the fin is uniform and equal to temperature fy of the wall «* negligible radiation exchange with the surroundings; radiation effects, if any, are considered as included in the convection coefficient ft © steady state heat dissipation Heat from the heated wall is conducted through the fin and convected from the sides of the fin to the surroundings. Let attention be focused on an infinitesimal element of the-fin; the element has thickness 8x and is located at a distance x from base wall (Fig, 5.3) ( Heat conducted into the element at plane x Q.=- kA, (4), 5.1) (#) Heat conducted out of the element at plane (x + 5x) Oy -H.(5). A A(t+er) a) Gi) Heat convected out of the element between the planes x and (x + 5x) Quony = Ht (P Bx) (t=) Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.com (5,3)perature tof the fin has been presumed to be uniform and non-variant forthe Here tem infinitesimal element. ‘A heat balance on the element gives: Qe = Qe be + Leone a d(,, at ) kA — =- | t+— 8x |+ bP Sx (t-f, =a, na, A(t Ee (tts) Upon rearrangement and simplification a, SEs) =0 (5.4) a be Equation 5.4 is further simplified by transforming the dependent variable by defining the temperature excess 8 as, (x) = Hx) - fy Since the ambient temperature t, is constant, we get by differentiation «, all the curves approach (¢ ~ t,)/(ly f,) = 0 asymptotically The most important design variable for a fin is thet amount of heat that it can remove from the heated wall and dissipate it to the surroundings. An estimate of the heat flow rate can be made by writing the Fourier rate equation corresponding to root section of the fin (dt Qin = — KA, ( “xh From the expression for temperature distribution tet, +(y-t) em Fig. 5.4, Temperature distribution dt Ps ina fin (S)., = m-t) e™h oo = -m (ty -t) (5.8) “ Qhin = KA, m (ty - ta) 68) Jin = KA, m (Fy Recalling that 5 [Pi m= Via, sn(5.8a) Qin = YPHKA, (ty - ) Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.com/ Heat and Mass Transfer tively the heat flow rate can be worked out by integrating the expression for ‘convectiy, — he Seconon rom the infinitesimal element of the fin surface to the surroundings, eal pu = ft? a(t) = [np (to — ty) eM de » sh P (ly t) fem dx 1 KA =hP(ty mh) = hP(ty—t,). Ph = \PRRA, (ty -t,) which is the same as evaluated above (Equation 5.8) Equations 5.7 and 5.8 are reasonable approximations of temperature distribution and heat flow rate in a finite fin if its length is very large compared to its cross-sectional area. The temperature distribution (Equation 5.7) would suggest that the temperature drops towards the tip of the fin, Hence area near the fin tip is not utilized to the extent as the lateral area near the base. Obviously an increase in the fin length beyond a certain point does not pay much regarding an increase in the heat dissipation. A tapered fin is then considered to be a better design as it has more lateral area near the base where the difference in temperature is high. Heat flow rates through solids can be compared by having an arrangement consisting essentially of a box to which rods of different materials are attached (Ingen-Hausz experiment). The rods are of same length and area of cross-section (same size and shape); their outer surfaces are electroplated with the same material and are equally polished. This is to ensure that for each rod, the surface heat transfer will be same. The procedure would involve coating the rods with wax and filling the box with be same. Heat flow from the box along the rod would melt the wax for a distance which would depend upon the rod material. Let 8, = excess of temperature of the hot bath above the ambient temperature 8 Im = excess of temperature of melting point of wax above the ambient ‘ temperature bis Ty Ty lengths upto which wax melts. Then for different rods (treating each as fin of infinite length), 8m = 8 e-mi Obviously then Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.comby or 7 Be 7 const ‘Thus, the thermal conductivity of the material of the rod is directly proportional to the square of the length upto which the wax melts on the rod. EXAMPLE 5.1 ong rods of the same diameter, one made of brass (k = 85 Wim-deg) and the other of 1 (k = 375 Wim-deg), have one of their ends inserted into a furnace. At a section 10.5 cm shay ftom the furnace, the temperature of the brass rod is 120°C. At what distance from the famace end, the same temperature would be reached in the copper rod. Both rods are exposed to the same environment. golution : Treating the rods as infinitely long fins, the temperature distribution is prescribed by the relation, Two ks cope BL tole gms By ~ fo~fa or + (ty - t) om For brass rod : 120 =t, + (tfy-t,) ani) For copper rod: 120 =#, + (lg - f) o™" wii) where I and I; are the lengths upto which same temperature is reached in both the rods, Obviously from expressions (i) and (ii), we get ml; = ml, w fi, - Bh KA kA, Since the rods are exposed to the same environment (/, (P, = P, and A, = Ay) we get = hi) and are of the same diameter or. EXAMPLE 5,2 a rods, one made of silver (k = 420 Wim-deg), second the third made of wrought iron (k = 70 Wim-deg) » it af wa Wound, The rods are placed vertically in a boiling water bath with 250 mm length of each Projecting outside. If all rods are 15 mm diameter, 300 mm length and have identical fice coefficient 12.5 Wim?-deg, work out the ratio of lengths upto which wax will melt 0” oe rod, “tion : Let 1y, lh, and ly be the lengths upto whi kb kw x. @ (i Gi enerated by CamScanner trom intsig.com made of aluminium (k = 210 Wim-deg) re coated with a uniform layer of wax ich wax will melt on each rod. ThenhP _ [ 20x(4x0.01) " = = Weoxl0dica = m Eire ™= Via, ~ 150% (0.01x0.01) maids Q =50 x (0.01 x 0.01) x 12.649 x (200 - 30) = 10.75 W For the long fin model, the temperature distribution is aon % hy At x = 80 mm = 0.08 m mx = 12.649 x 0.08 = 1.01192 T-30 = el0ni92 _ 200-30 oe T = 0.3635 x (200 - 30) + 30 = 91.8°C At x = 158 m = 0.158 m ; mx = 12.649 x 0.158 = 1.9985 T-30 200-30 7°71 = 0.1355 T = 0.1355 x (200 - 30) + 30 = 53,04°C Heat conducted upto any length is worked out by taking the difference of total heat and heat conducted at that section. +: Heat convected upto 0.08 m length = 10.75 ~ k A, m (tog ty) = 10.75 - 50 x (0.01 x 0.01) x 12.649 (91.8 - 30) = 6.84 W which is ox 100 = 63.63% of total heat dissipation. Heat convected upto 0.158 m length = 10.75 ~ kA, m (toss ~ fy) 4 0.75 + 50 x (0.1 x 0.1) x 12.649 (53.04 — 30) = 9.293 W aps. 9-293 a which is Taras *100 = 86.4% of total heat dissipation. sn ¢_nmotts: Most of heat is dissipated in a short length of the fin. Accordingly itis uneconomical extend the fin length beyond a certain value. be HEAT DISSIPATION FROM A FIN INSULATED AT THE TIP fin is of any finite length with the end insulated and so no heat is transferred from the "erefore, the relevant boundary conditions are : () 0=0, at x=0 ty # 29 at x Alyng thes . , '6 these boundary conditions to equation 5.6 “hs Cy + Cy = 0 Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.comFurther i t-t,=Ce™ + Qe" a = mC, em — mC, e?* ao ml nl dr Jeep = CAEN — Cae" Cet! Cem = 0 snl) Solving expressions (a) and (b), the constants are determined as follows : «i «=z : oft] Substituting these values of constant C, and C, in equation 5.6, one obtains the following expression for temperature distribution along the length of fin av tetas ell Expressing in terms of hyperbolic functions, cosh m(I = x) = cosh 69) The rate of heat flow from the fin is given by : ow =-ta(F),, From the expression for temperature distribution cosh m(!— x) Ge) aa cosh ml at sinhm (I= x) at (ty - 1 D , Beta cosh ad dt dx )eag =~ M (to ~ fy) tanh mi Qin = KA, m(Fy ~ 4,) tanh ml = JPRKAS (ty -t,) tanh ml aii EXAMPLE 5.5 ‘A carbon steel rod (k = 55 W/m-deg) has been attached to a ich is maintained i » plane wall which is maintain at a temperature of 350°C. The rod is 8 cm long and has the cross-section of an equilateral triangle with each side 5 mm. Determine the heat dissipation from the rod if it is exposed a convection environment at 25°C with unit surface conductance 100 Wim-deg. Consider e! surface loss to be negligible. Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.comHeat Transfer from Extended Surfaces // 253 | eight (distance between root and tip) of each fin on the assumption that natural convection | coefficient remains unchanged at 35 Wim?-K, that the surface temperature of the tank is expected to drop to 95 °C when the fins are fitted, and that the heat transfer from the tips of fins is peglected. Thermal conductivity for the fin and tank material is 280 WimK and the surroundings are at 20°C. golution : Let the tank dimensions be 1 m x 1 m; that gives surface area without fins as 1m’. Heat transfer rate without fins =ItA (lg ~ f,) = 35 x 1 x (100 -20) = 2800 W -Desired heat flow rate = 2800 x 1.6 = 4480 W With 0.1 m spacing between centres, 10 fins can be fitted per metre length of the tank surface. Area occupied by 10 fins = (1 x 0,006) x 10 = 0.06 m? Thus 1 m? of primary surface is reduced to (1 — 0.06) = 0.94 m?, Heat transfer from this unfinned area = 35 x 0.94 (95 ~ 20) = 2467.5 W .. Heat dissipated from 10 fins = 4480 - 2467.5 = 20125 W ‘Thus each fin dissipates 201.25 W/m length. For a straight rectangular fin, = (REE | Eo gs et "KA 8 ~ ¥280%0.006 obj For a fin with insulated tip fn =H Ag m (ly ~ te) tanh el 201.25 = 280 x (0.006 x 1) x 6.45 x (95 ~20) tanh (6.45) tanh (6.45 1) = 0.2476 ; 645 1 = 0.252 Therefore, height of each fin is, 0,252 = 0.039 m = 3.9 cm 6.45 5.4, HEAT DISSIPATION FROM A FIN LOSING HEAT AT THE TIP The fin is of any finite length with the tip exposed for heat dissipation. The relevant boundary conditions are : ()@= 6 at x=0 (i) The fin is losing heat at the tip, at ¢ heat convected from the end to the surroundings dt _ at) chat) «al. At the tip of fin, the cross-sectional area for heat conduction A. equals the surface area A, Which the convective heat transport occurs. Thus ie, the heat conducted to the fin at x = ! equals the Génerated by CamScanner trom intsig.com sultApplying these boundary conditions to equation 5.6 Cy + Cy = 8 (a) Further : fee em + Cem dx Jeat no h ml ml his gene te oe Ce Cem a =~ Te [cre #Cre ] ull) This is because 6 at x = | equals (C, e”! + C, e™). Solving expressions (a) and (b), the constants are determined as follows snl wl i pnt ml Cy et = = Cy em = — lose + (0) -Ca)e ] ee gt tig gm, Ht ml germ! at. cet 9 em ee ae im Oe em em ml e og [le ‘tem ee hat [lesen rh (-e")]- em! [: i) mt on(1-L em +( te ml, ml), (et +e ee te gt pm] 2 OE km km and q (er ee) eth Deg = % Am (ieee Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.comHeat Transfer | nt hog = of are aes (eye or h 64 [1+ | gmt »( ile ee my pal) em), Eom pa ( eal ) " substituting these values of constants C, and C, in equation. 5.6, one i ° a ation. 5.6, one obtains the f expression for temperature distribution along the length ofthe fin, a aasaeal mong gen) gD fen won} Expressing in terms of hyperbolic functions he cosh m (I=) + = sinh m (I=) (6.11) cosh ml-+ sinh mt km The rate of heat flow from the fin is given by From the expression for temperature distribution, cosh m (1=x) +74 sinh m (I~) h. cosh ml +— sinh ml km m [& cosh m (I= | sinh m (14x) —m[ tg - .) —————__ i 6 cosh ml+ sit at dx i (# ) A sinh ml + a cosh ml _ = (ty =f.) "= pag CO is sin kn sinh mt + 2 cosh ml in KA. m (fy 4) cosh ml + sink ml kn Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.com(56 // Heat and Mass Transfer sinh ml + cosh mi km = JPREA, (ty -4.) —— fh APERA (bo = ml + sink mil tanh ml + pas — ks = JPREA, (ty -'¢) ~-G.12) 1+— tanh ml Ant EXAMPLE 5.20 = ‘A horizontal steel shaft, 30 mm diameter and 600 mm long, has its first bearing located 100 mm from the end connected to the impeller of a centrifugal pump. If the impeller is immersed in a hot liquid metal at 500°C, work out the temperature at the bearings under the conditions : (a) the shaft is very long (b) the heat flow through the end of the shaft is negligible and (0) the heat is transferred to the surroundings from the end. : The temperature and convection coefficient associated with the fluid adjoining the shaft are 35°C and 68 kJ/m?-hr-deg. For steel shaft, thermal conductivity k = 72 kJ/m-hr-deg, Solution : For the circular shaft Pond 4 A Ep d 4 AP 4h 4x68 Pree i ie -t kA" V Rd “V72x0.03 ~ 122 ™ (a) For an infinitely long fin 0, tt, hele ee Therefore, temperature f, at the bearing (x = 100 mm = 0.1 m) is t, + (fg -f,) eo" 35 + (500 ~ 35) e122 « 010 = 35 + 465 x 0.3256 = 186.42°C () For a fin with no heat loss from the tip end 6, — (tet) _ cosh m(I-x) ®@ (pt) coshml Therefore, temperature t, at the bearing (x = 100 mm = 0.1 m) is cosh m (1x) cosh ml =35 + (600 - 35) SOSH 11-22 (0.6-0.1) cosh (11.22 0.6) t= ty + (ty t) 135.57 = 35 + 465 7 *gig.a7 = 186°C Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.com260 // Heat and Mass Transfer a (0) For a fin dissipating heat to the surroundings from its tip end cosh m(1=x)+“-xsinh m (1-2) By % cosh inl + 2 sinh ml kn At the tip (t = 1), the above identity reduces to 1 inh mil hate tombe cosh ml +x cosh ml + ado | __}_= = 096A 15040 ~ cosh 0.2635 + 0,007906 x sinh 0.2635 4 t, =40 + (150 - 40) x 0.964 = 146,04°C 5.5. FIN PERFORMANCE The utility of a fin in dissipating a given quantity of heat is generally assessed on the basis of the following parameters : * Efficiency of fin relates the performance of an actual fin to that of an ideal or fully effective fin. A fin will be most effective, ie., it would dissipate heat at maximum rate if the entire fin surface area is maintained at the base temperature. _ actual heat transfer rate from the fin "Y= ‘heat that would be dissipated if the whole surface ofthe fin were maintained at the base temperature Thus for a fin insulated at tip pRKA, (ty —t,) tanh ml “RP (-h) -(5.13) The parameter Pl represents the total surface area exposed for convective heat flow. Upon simplification, U7 tanh ml__ tanh ml = JPh7kA,1 ml wn(5.14) An estim fit “ es shove ton. At iight in hs expres te ans le of ne + Fora very long fin tanh ml 1 ml ~ Jorge number Obviously the fin efficiency drops with (ii) For small values of mil, the fi an increase in its length, in efficiency increases. When the length is reduced to 2e10, then, tanh ml mt mo mg =) Thus the fin efficiency reaches its maxit no fin at all. Naturally iran Wale of 100% imi: for a trivial va 1 0, ity maximization of fin performance with nea respect to its length does not Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.comathe design criterion fora fin. The efficiency of the relative merits of fins of different geometries or maree” OTM & criterion for : : rials, tiveness of fir ( h, the heat dissipation will be greater than the: value prescribed by this relation and the attachment of fins would be advantageous. Corresponding to a straight rectangulat fin for which m = J/2h/k6 the limiting condition becomes. a aon (5.19) a hk The parameter 1/h prescribe the thermal convection resistance, and the parameter (8/2)/t is a measure of thermal conduction resistance of a plane wall of thickness equal to one-half ¢ the fin thickness. Thus the limit is reached when both the resistances have the same magnit™ 4 Fig 5.11 depicts a variation of heat dissipation Q with respect to fin length / for particula! values of parameter k//8. The plot shows that as k/i — 1, the value of dQ/di > 0 an ua fin becomes ineffective. Use of fin on surfaces is justified only if the parameter k//5 has = jo mk=h on(5.18) Generated by CamScanner trom intsig.com