Biology :

(XI) : 14, 13, 12, 11 ---- Important.

6 , 4 , 3 , 10 , 9 --- less Important.

(XII) : 6 , 7 , 8 , 7 , 3 , 2 , 1 --- (imp).

10 , 9 --- ( less imp).

Chemistry :

(XI) : 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 ---- (Important).

1 , 5 , 7 , 8 --- (less important).

(XII) : 1, 2 , 3 --- (important).

6 , 10 , (7 , 8 , 9 = Reactions) -- (less imp).

Physics :

(XI) : 3 , 4 , 6 , 2 , 8 , 10 --- (Imp).

1, 5, 9 --- ( less imp).

(XII) : 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 19 -- (imp).

11 , 15 , 17 , 18 --- (less imp).

 {CH : 14}
--×(TRANSPORT)×--

Diffusion :

The movement of ions or molecules from region of

higher conc: to lower conc: is known as diffusion.

Facilitated Diffusion :

The movement of ions or molecules in and out of cell

is called facilitated diffusion.

× Diffusion whether simple or facilitated is called

passive transport (Does not require ATP).

× kinetic energy accounts for molecular movement.

Osmosis :

The diffusion of water molecules across the plasma

membrane from region of higher conc: to lower conc:
.

Active Transport :

The molecules or ions move across the cell

membrane against conc: gradient (From lower conc:
to higher conc. ) it also requires ATP ( in presence of
numerous mitochondria).
Imbibition :

Absorption of water and swelling up of

hydrophillic( water loving)substances is called
imbibition.

i.e - starch, gum, protoplasm, cellulose, proteins

have great affinity for water and are called
hydrophillic.

Water Potential:

The chemical potential of water is a quantitative

expression of the free energy associated with
water.
(In water movements this free energy is involved in
water flow)(MPA: 9.87)

Osmotic Pressure :

The pressure exerted upon a solution to keep it in

equilibrium with pure water then the two are
separated by a semi-permeable membrane is
called osmotic pressure.

Osmotic Potential :

The tendency of a solution to attract water

molecules when solutions of two different conc:
are separated by a differently permeable
membrane.
Plasmolysis:

If turgid cell is placed in hypertonic solution it will

lose water by exosmosis, when the cytoplasm
begins to separate from cell wall, this withdrawal
of protoplasm from cell wall is known as
plasmolysis.

× The point when cytoplasm starts to separate

from cell wall is called incipient plasmolysis.

Deplasmolysis:

When a plasmolysed cell is placed in hypotonic

solution water flow into vacuole by endosmosis,
protoplasm expands and presses the cell wall, The
cell become turgid the recovery of cell from
plasmolysis is called deplasmolysis.

Ascent of Sap :

Water is absorbed by roots and transpired through

leaves, before transpiration water is conducted
upto leaves, this upward movement of water from
absorptive surfaces (roots) upto transpiring
surfaces ( leaves) against the downward pull of
gravity is called ascent of sap.
Vessels :

These are thick walled tube like structures which

extend through several feet of xylem tissue.
(Range in diameter from 20um to 70um (0.7mm)
vessels are mostly found in angiospermic plants.

Tracheids :

These are individual cells ( Range in diameter is

30um & several mm in length) in ferns and
conifers tracheids are the only water conducting
ducts.

Adhension and Cohension :

Adhension is the sticking together of molecules

of different kinds.

Cohension is the sticking together of molecules

of same kind.

Root pressure and guttation :

Root pressure causes guttation, when water is

released through droplets from leaf tips
(hydathodes) is called guttation. guttation occurs
during night time.
Transpiration : (during day time)

The loss of water in vapour form through aerial

parts of plant body is called transpiration.
Occurs in (Stomata, cuticle, lenticels).

Circulatory System :

The purpose of circulatory system is to provide

rapid mass flow of materials from one place of the
body to the other place covering distances which
cannot be easily covered by diffusion.

× There are 2 types of blood circulatory systems.

Open type circulatory system :

Its found in arthropods, molluscs and tunicates,

the blood sinuses are collectively known as
haemocoel, but since there is there no distinction
between blood and interstitial fluid, so the general
body fluid is called haemolymph.

Closed type circulatory system :

Its found in annelids, echinoderms, cephalopods

and vertebrates.
Single circuit plan in fish :

The heart of fish is two Chambered, the blood flows

through heart only once thats why fishes are said to
have single circuit plan.

Double circuit plan :

From amphibians onward upto the mammals the

circulatory system is double circuit plan, in
amphibians and reptiles heart consists of three
chambers, two atria and one ventricle, since
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed the
circulation is known as incomplete double circulation.

× In birds and mammals the heart is four chambered

and is known as complete double circulation.

Pulmonary circulation = Transfer From right side,

pumped to lungs for oxygenation.

Systemic Circulation : Transfer Oxygenated blood

from left side to all parts of the body except lungs.

Fishes : Heart is S-shaped with two chambers.

Amphibians : Heart is tri-chambered.

Reptiles : Heart is tri-chambered but complete in

crocodililians.

Birds and Mammals : Heart has four chambers.

Blood :

Blood is viscous red fluid connective tissue with

colourless plasma in which blood corpuscles float,
Plasma is 55% in blood whereas blood corpuscles
are 45% in blood.

Erthrocytes :

They are Bi-concave, their average diameter is 7-8

u and contain haemoglobin, they live 120 days and
are formed in bone marrow and when destroyed in
spleen and liver passed as bilirubin and biliverdin
they also contain enzyme named carbonic
ahydrase helps in carbon dioxide transport.

Leucocytes :

They are formed in bone marrow and spleen,

thymus and lymph nodes. They live 20-30 hours,
Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils are
granulocytes.
whereas monocytes and lymphocytes are
agranulocytes.

× Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic and

lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils produce
histamine, antitoxins and heparin.

× Platelets formed in bone marrow and help in

blood clotting.
 Disorders

Leukaemia :

Leukaemia is a disorder of haemopoietic tissues,

with increased number of leucocytes in blood.
They obstruct normal blood cell formation in the
bone marrow, results in death often from
haemorrhage or infection. causes are unknown
but usually due to ionising radiation, cytotoxic
drugs, retroviruses and genetic. (Blood Cancer)

Thalassaemia :

In heterozygotes Failure to sythesize beta chains

is the most common type(minor), the other is
failure to synthesize beta cells haemoglobin and
hypochromic anaemia (major) in homozygous,
results in enlargement of kidney, regular blood
transfusion is the only remedy.

Arterosclerosis :

When the passage of artery gets blocked due to

the deposition of fats and thickening of the
passage which slows down blood flow.
Heart :

The most powerful organ in circulatory sytem,

surrounded by pericardium, A pericardial fluid
reduces the friction and acts as lubricant
between heart wall and surrounding tissues.

× The right atrium opens into right ventricle

guarded by tricuspid valve.

× The left atrium opens into left ventricle guarded

by bicuspid valve.

× Semilunar valves guard the pulmonary and

systemic aorta. they prevent backward flow of
blood and allow it to move in forward direction.

× The inner walls of ventricles have papillary

muscles for attachment of chordae tendinae at
cusp of valves, which do not let the valves open
back to the atria when ventricles contract.

× The electrical pace of heart starts from S.A

node to A.V node and transfer to bundle of his
and then with the help of purkenji fibres gets
transfered to the heart muscles.
Thrombus :

The clotting of blood inside blood vessel

results in slow blood flow or blockage of vessel
is known as thrombus.

Coronary Thrombus :

When thrombus occurs in coronaey artery of

heart then its called coronary thrombus.

Embolus :

When the blood clot (Thrombus) inside blood

vessel gets through the blood stream and
cause blockage is known as embolus.
if A is parallel to B, i.e Q=O• then
A.B = AB.

If A = B i.e A is parallel and equal to B then:

A.B=A.A=A2 Q=0•

if A is perpendicular to B i.e Q=90• or one

vector is null vector :
A.B=0

To find resultant vector :

To find
direction: To find magnitude of resultant vector:

projection of B on A :

B.A=BAb

projection of A on B:

A.B =ABa
To find work done:
To find angle
 Find resultant, in x- axis.

To find projection of E on F.
or projection of A on B
to find unit parallel
 to find work done

along x axis magnitude of A

but parallel to B.
to find cross product