16.3.

8 Coaxiality
In the extreme case the coaxiality deviation may be as great as the value given in Table 16.4 for
the radial circular run-out tolerance, since the radial circular run-out deviation is composed of the
coaxiality deviation and parts of the circularity deviation. General tolerances on coaxiality are
not intended to be standardized.

16.3.9 Symmetry
The general tolerances on symmetry are given in Table 16.3. They apply to symmetrical features,
also if one of the two features is symmetrical and the other cylindrical. The longer feature is to
be taken as the datum. If the nominal lengths of the two features are equal, either of them may
apply as the datum.
In deriving the values of Table 16.3 the following has been observed.
As the tolerance zone on symmetry also limits certain straightness or flatness deviations,
the general tolerances on symmetry should not be smaller than the general tolerances on
straightness and flatness.
Furthermore, measurements on workpieces (as described above) revealed that symmetry
deviations up to 0.5 mm occur independently of the feature length (Fig. 16.8).
The reason for this is probably the following. The general tolerances are set up depending
on the largest measured deviations. These deviations were not due to the inaccuracy of the
machine tool but rather to inaccuracy when adjusting the workpiece in the machine tool after the
workpiece has been turned over (re-chucking). Small and large workpieces were adjusted with
the same inaccuracy, and showed the same distribution of the measured symmetry deviations.

16.3.10 Circular run-out

The general tolerances on circular run-out* (radial, axial and inclined circular run-out) are given
in Table 16.4. The bearing surfaces are to be taken as the datum if they are designated as bearing
surfaces. In the other case, for radial circular run-out, the longer feature is to be taken as the
datum. If the nominal lengths of the two features are equal, either of them may apply as the
datum.
Table 16.4 is derived from measurements on workpieces as described above. The measured
geometric deviations have remained within the tolerances of class H in Table 16.4 (Fig. 16.9).
The measured deviations have not shown any relationship to
● diameter or length (assessed up to diameter 900mm);
● size tolerance;
● specified surface roughness;
● material (assessed metallic material only).
This has been proved during use since 1974 in, for example, the German industry.
The reason for this is probably the following. The general tolerances were set up depending
on the largest measured deviations. These deviations were not due to the inaccuracy of the
machine tool but rather to the inaccuracy when adjusting the workpiece in the machine tool after
the workpiece has been turned over (re-chucking). During adjustment, the workpiece was usually
measured where the largest deviations are to be detected (e.g. at the outer diameter). Therefore
small and large workpieces were adjusted with the same inaccuracy.

16.3.11 Total run-out

The radial total run-out deviation consists of the components: circular run-out deviation and
parallelism deviation (the latter contains the straightness deviation). The axial total run-out
deviation consists of the components: circular run-out deviation and flatness deviation. Each of
these components is controlled by its general tolerance.
General tolerances on radial total run-out are not intended to be standardized, for similar
reasons as for cylindricity. General tolerances on axial total run-out are not intended to be
standardized, since general tolerances on perpendicularity are already standardized.

16.4 Datums
For general tolerances of orientation, location and run-out it is necessary to determine the datums
without drawing indications. According to ISO 2768-2, the longer of the two considered features
applies as the datum. When they are of equal nominal length,
either may serve as a datum.
An exception applies with general tolerances of run-out when there are bearing surfaces
designated as such in the drawing. Then these surfaces serve as the datum(s).
Although, with the exception of designated bearing surfaces, datums for general
geometrical tolerances are not designated in the drawing, there is no accumulation of general
geometrical tolerances possible from one feature to the next etc., because the general geometrical
tolerances apply to all possible combinations of any two features of the workpiece.
It may occur that the two features in a combination for related general tolerances (e.g. run-
out) are short in relation to their diameter. Therefore the datum is not inspection appropriate and
individual tolerancing should be used, see, e.g., Fig. 19.14.

16.5 Indication on drawings

When the general tolerances according to ISO 2768-2 shall apply, this has to be designated in or
near the title block, e.g.:
General Tolerances ISO 2768-mH
In this example m stands for general dimensional tolerances class m and H for general
geometrical tolerances class H.
The indication on drawings when the envelope requirement (Rule #1 of ASME Y14.5M or
DIN 7167) is used in addition to the general tolerances as a general requirement is dealt with in
16.6.

16.6 Envelope requirement in addition to general form tolerances

It was a strong desire from some countries, at least for a transition period, to allow in addition to
the general tolerances the use of the envelope requirement (Rule #1 of ASME Y14.5M or DIN
7167) without individual indications for all single features of size. (Single features of size consist
of a cylindrical surface or two parallel opposite plane surfaces.) This means limiting form
deviations also by the envelope requirement even when the feature has not the function of a fit
and the feature’s function would allow certain form deviations when it is everywhere at
maximum material size.
In these cases the drawing shall be designated in or near the title block, e.g.:
General Tolerances ISO 2768-mH-E
With this designation, the envelope requirement applies to all individual features of size,
provided that there is no individually indicated form tolerance applied that is larger than the size
tolerance. The envelope requirement is considered as an additional requirement. All the other
indications (dimensional and geometrical tolerances) retain their meaning as described above
(Fig. 16.10). See also 17.3.
This concept is sometimes referred to as the principle of dependency.