DRUG STUDY

DRUG NAME ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATION ADVERSE REACTION NURSING

RESPONSIBILITIES
GENERIC NAME: Second- Pharyngitis, Contraindicated in CV: Phlebitis, Tell patient to
CEFUROXIME generation tonsillitis, patients thrombophlebitis report adverse
cephalosporin infections of hypersensitive to GI: reaction promptly.
BRAND NAME: that inhibits the urinary drug or other pseudomembranous Instruct patient to
ZOLTAX cell wall and lower cephalosporins. colitis, nausea, report discomfort at
synthesis, respiratory Use cautiously in vomiting, anorexia, IV insertion site.
promoting tracts, skin patients diarrhea Teach patient and
DRUG osmotic and skin hypersensitive to Hematologic: transient family receiving
CLASSIFICATION: instability; structure penicillin because of neutropenia, home care howto
ANTIBIOTIC usually infections the possibility of eosinophilia, hemolytic prepare and give
bactericidal caused by cross sensitivity with anemia, drug.
streptococcus other beta-lactam thrombocytopenia If home care patient
pneumonia antibiotics Skin: maculopapular is diabetic and is
FREQUENCY: BID and s. Use cautiously in and erythematous testing his urine for
DOSAGE: 1 tab pyogens, breastfeeding rashes, urtiscaria, pain, glucose, tell him
haemophilus women in patients induration, sterile drug may affect
500mg
influenza, with history of colitis abcesses,temperature results of cupric
ROUTE: PO Staphylococcu or renal insufficiency elevation. Tissue sulfate test; should
s aureus, sloughing at IM use an enzymatic
Escherichia injection site test instead.
coli, Moraxella Other:hypersensitivity Tell patients to
catarhalis reactions,serum notify prescriber
sickness, anaphylaxis about loose stools
or diarrhea.
 DRUG NAME ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATION ADVERSE REACTION NURSING
RESPONSIBILITIES
GENERIC NAME: Unknown. Mild pain or Contraindicated in Hematologic: Tell patient to consult
PARACETAMOL Thought to fever patient hemolytic anemia, prescriber before giving
produce hypersensitive to neutropenia, drug to children younger
BRAND NAME: analgesia by drug. leucopenia, than age 2.
BIOGESIC blocking pain Use of cautiously in pancytopenia. Advise patient that drug
impulses by patient with long Hepatic: jaundice is only for short term use
inhibiting term alcohol use Metabolic: and to consult prescriber
synthesis of because therapeutic hypoglycemia if giving to children
DRUG prostaglandin doses cause Skin: rash, urticaria longer than five days or
CALSSIFICATION: in the CNS or hepatotoxicity in adult for longer than ten
ANTI-ANALGESIA, of other the patients days.
ANTIINFLAMMAT substances Alert: Advise patient
ORY, that sensitize caregiver that many OTC
ANTIPYRETIC pain receptors product contain
to stimulation. acetaminophen: be
The drug may aware of this when
relieve fever calculating total daily
FREQUENCY: through dose.
EVERY 4 HOURS central action Tell patient not to use
in the marked fever
DOSAGE: 500mg hypothalamic (temperature higher than
1 tab heat 103.1 F (39.5C) )fever
regulating persisting longer than
ROUTE: center three days, or recurrent
PO fever unless directed by
prescriber.
Alert: Warn patient that
high doses or
unsupervised long term
use can cause liver
damage. Caution long
term alcoholics to limit
acetaminophen intake to
less than or equal to
2g/day
Tell to breastfeeding
woman that
acetaminophen appears
in breast milk low levels
(less than 1% dose ). Drug
may be used safely if
therapy is short term and
doesn’t exceed
recommended doses
 DRUG NAME ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIO ADVERSE NURSING
N REACTION RESPONSIBILITIES
GENERIC NAME: Depresses the Adjunct in the Hypersensitivity. CNS: Monitor blood
DIAZEPAM CNS, probably by management of: Cross sensitivity dizziness pressue,pulse,
potentiating GAB, anxiety,pre-operative with other Drowsiness Respiratory rate
BRAND NAME: VALIUM an inhibitory sedation, conscious benzodiazepines Lethargy prior to and
neurotransmitter. sedation. Provides light may occur. Depression, periodically
Produces skeletal anesthesia and Comatose patients. headache, throughout
DRUG CLASSIFICATION: muscle relaxation anterograde amnesia, Pre-existing CNS hang over, therapy and
Antianxiety agents, by inhibiting treatment of status depression. paradoxical frequently during
anticonvulsants, spinal epilepticus/uncontrolled Uncontrolled severe excitation IV therapy.
sedatives/hypnotics,skeletal, polysynaptic seizures. Skeletal pain. Narrow-angle EENT: Assess degree of
muscle relaxants afferent muscle relaxant. glaucoma. blurred anxiety and level
pathways. Has Management of the Pregnancy or vision of sedation prior
anticonvulsant symptoms of alcohol lactation. Some RESP: and periodically
properties due to withdrawal products contain respiratory during therapy.
enhance alcohol, propylene depression Observe and
FREQUENCY: PRN presynaptic glycol or tartrazine CV: record
inhibition and should be Hypotension intensity,duration
DOSAGE: 10mg avoided in patients GI: and location of
with known constipation, seizure activity.
ROUTE: IM hypersensitivity or diarrhea(may Assess muscle
intolerance be caused by spasm,
propylene associated pain
glycol and limitation of
content in movement prior
oral solution to and through
Skin: rashes out therapy.
Assess patient
experiencing
alcohol
withdrawal for
tremors,
agitation,
delirium,and
hallucinations.
Protect patient
from injury
 DRUG NAME ACTION INDICATION CONTRAINDICATIO ADVERSE EFFECT NURSING
N RESPONSIBILITIE
S
GENERIC NAME: Blocks Prevention of Hypersensitivity. CNS: drowsiness Assess patient
METOCLOPRAMID dopamine chemotherap Possible GI Extrapyramidal for
E receptors in y induced obstruction or reactions, nausea,vomiting
chemorecepto emesis. hemorrhage. restleness,anxiety, Abdominal
BRAND NAME: r trigger zone Treatment of History of seizure depression, distention and
MAXOLON of the CNS. postsurgical disorders. irritability,tardive bowel sounds
Stimulates and diabetic Pheochromocytoma dyskinesia before and after
motility of the gastric stasis. , Parkinson’s CV: arrhythmias administration.
DRUG upper GI tract Facilitation of disease Hypertension Assess patient
CLASSIFICATION: and accelerate small bowel Hypotension for
Antiemetics gastric intubation in GI: Constipation extrapyramidal
emptying. radiographic Diarrhea side effects.
procedures. Dry mouth Monitor for
Management Nausea tardive
of esophageal ENDO: dyskinesia
reflux. Gynecomastia Assess patient
Treatment HEMAT: for signs of
and methemoglobinemi depression
prevention of a periodically
postoperative Neutropenia throughout
nausea and Leukopenia therapy
vomiting Agranulocytosis
when
nasogastric
suctioning is
undesirable.
 DRUG NAME ACTION INDICATIO CONTRAINDICATIO ADVERSE EFFECT NURSING
N N RESPONSIBILITIE
S
VITAMIB B The B- To treat Hypersensitivity to CNS: Verify doctor’s
COMPLEX Complex and any of the headache,dizziness,insomni order
vitamins acts prevent ingredients included a Know the reason
BRAND NAME: as coenzyme vitamin in the medication Fatigue,tiredness for giving the
ADUVIT and are deficiency DERMA: drug
essential for rash,pruritus,sweating, dry Check for
DRUG the MM, stomatitis contraindications
CLASSIFICATION metabolism GI: dyspepsia,GI pain, Verify dosage of
: ANTIANEMICS of proteins, diarrhea, vomiting, the drug
carbohydrate constipation Prepare drug on
s and fatty GU: dysuria, renal time
acids impairment Verify clients
MS: arthralgia, back limp, or identity
neck pain Inform client of
the purpose of
the drug
Assess route of
administration
Check patient’s
status
Administer on
time
Instruct client to
report
unusualities
Ensure patient
safety
Monitor
accordingly
Dispose of used
materials
properly
Document all
relevant data
 DISEASE ENTITY

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary system — your kidneys, ureters,
bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.

Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than are men. Infection limited to your bladder can be
painful and annoying. However, serious consequences can occur if a UTI spreads to your kidneys.

Doctors typically treat urinary tract infections with antibiotics. But you can take steps to reduce your
chances of getting a UTI in the first place

Symptoms

Urinary tract infections don't always cause signs and symptoms, but when they do they may include:

 A strong, persistent urge to urinate

 A burning sensation when urinating

 Passing frequent, small amounts of urine

 Urine that appears cloudy

 Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — a sign of blood in the urine

 Strong-smelling urine

 Pelvic pain, in women — especially in the center of the pelvis and around the area of the pubic
bone

UTIs may be overlooked or mistaken for other conditions in older adults.

Types of urinary tract infection

Each type of UTI may result in more-specific signs and symptoms, depending on which part of your
urinary tract is infected.

Part of urinary tract affected Signs and symptoms

Kidneys (acute pyelonephritis)  Upper back and side (flank) pain

 High fever

 Shaking and chills

 Part of urinary tract affected Signs and symptoms

 Nausea

 Vomiting

Bladder (cystitis)  Pelvic pressure

 Lower abdomen discomfort

 Frequent, painful urination

 Blood in urine

Urethra (urethritis)  Burning with urination

 Discharge

When to see a doctor

Contact your doctor if you have signs and symptoms of a UTI.

Causes

Urinary tract infections typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and
begin to multiply in the bladder. Although the urinary system is designed to keep out such microscopic
invaders, these defenses sometimes fail. When that happens, bacteria may take hold and grow into a
full-blown infection in the urinary tract.

The most common UTIs occur mainly in women and affect the bladder and urethra.

 Infection of the bladder (cystitis). This type of UTI is usually caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), a
type of bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, sometimes other
bacteria are responsible.

Sexual intercourse may lead to cystitis, but you don't have to be sexually active to develop it. All women
are at risk of cystitis because of their anatomy — specifically, the short distance from the urethra to the
anus and the urethral opening to the bladder.

 Infection of the urethra (urethritis). This type of UTI can occur when GI bacteria spread from
the anus to the urethra. Also, because the female urethra is close to the vagina, sexually
transmitted infections, such as herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and mycoplasma, can cause
urethritis.

Risk factors
Urinary tract infections are common in women, and many women experience more than one infection
during their lifetimes. Risk factors specific to women for UTIs include:

 Female anatomy. A woman has a shorter urethra than a man does, which shortens the distance
that bacteria must travel to reach the bladder.

 Sexual activity. Sexually active women tend to have more UTIs than do women who aren't
sexually active. Having a new sexual partner also increases your risk.

 Certain types of birth control. Women who use diaphragms for birth control may be at higher
risk, as well as women who use spermicidal agents.

 Menopause. After menopause, a decline in circulating estrogen causes changes in the urinary
tract that make you more vulnerable to infection.

Other risk factors for UTIs include:

 Urinary tract abnormalities. Babies born with urinary tract abnormalities that don't allow urine
to leave the body normally or cause urine to back up in the urethra have an increased risk of
UTIs.

 Blockages in the urinary tract. Kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can trap urine in the
bladder and increase the risk of UTIs.

 A suppressed immune system. Diabetes and other diseases that impair the immune system —
the body's defense against germs — can increase the risk of UTIs.

 Catheter use. People who can't urinate on their own and use a tube (catheter) to urinate have
an increased risk of UTIs. This may include people who are hospitalized, people with
neurological problems that make it difficult to control their ability to urinate and people who are
paralyzed.

 A recent urinary procedure. Urinary surgery or an exam of your urinary tract that involves
medical instruments can both increase your risk of developing a urinary tract infection.

Complications

When treated promptly and properly, lower urinary tract infections rarely lead to complications. But left
untreated, a urinary tract infection can have serious consequences.

Complications of a UTI may include:

 Recurrent infections, especially in women who experience two or more UTIs in a six-month
period or four or more within a year.

 Permanent kidney damage from an acute or chronic kidney infection (pyelonephritis) due to an
untreated UTI.

 Increased risk in pregnant women of delivering low birth weight or premature infants.

 Urethral narrowing (stricture) in men from recurrent urethritis, previously seen with gonococcal
urethritis.
  Sepsis, a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection, especially if the infection
works its way up your urinary tract to your kidneys.

Prevention

You can take these steps to reduce your risk of urinary tract infections:

 Drink plenty of liquids, especially water. Drinking water helps dilute your urine and ensures
that you'll urinate more frequently — allowing bacteria to be flushed from your urinary tract
before an infection can begin.

 Drink cranberry juice. Although studies are not conclusive that cranberry juice prevents UTIs, it
is likely not harmful.

 Wipe from front to back. Doing so after urinating and after a bowel movement helps prevent
bacteria in the anal region from spreading to the vagina and urethra.

 Empty your bladder soon after intercourse. Also, drink a full glass of water to help flush
bacteria.

 Avoid potentially irritating feminine products. Using deodorant sprays or other feminine
products, such as douches and powders, in the genital area can irritate the urethra.

 Change your birth control method. Diaphragms, or unlubricated or spermicide-treated

condoms, can all contribute to bacterial growth.

Diagnosis

Tests and procedures used to diagnose urinary tract infections include:

 Analyzing a urine sample. Your doctor may ask for a urine sample for lab analysis to look for
white blood cells, red blood cells or bacteria. To avoid potential contamination of the sample,
you may be instructed to first wipe your genital area with an antiseptic pad and to collect the
urine midstream.

 Growing urinary tract bacteria in a lab. Lab analysis of the urine is sometimes followed by a
urine culture. This test tells your doctor what bacteria are causing your infection and which
medications will be most effective.

 Creating images of your urinary tract. If you are having frequent infections that your doctor
thinks may be caused by an abnormality in your urinary tract, you may have an ultrasound, a
computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Your doctor may also
use a contrast dye to highlight structures in your urinary tract.

 Using a scope to see inside your bladder. If you have recurrent UTIs, your doctor may perform a
cystoscopy, using a long, thin tube with a lens (cystoscope) to see inside your urethra and
bladder. The cystoscope is inserted in your urethra and passed through to your bladder.

Treatment
Antibiotics usually are the first line treatment for urinary tract infections. Which drugs are prescribed
and for how long depend on your health condition and the type of bacteria found in your urine.

Simple infection

Drugs commonly recommended for simple UTIs include:

 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra, others)

 Fosfomycin (Monurol)

 Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid)

 Cephalexin (Keflex)

 Ceftriaxone

The group of antibiotic medicines known as fluoroquinolones — such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro),

levofloxacin (Levaquin) and others — isn't commonly recommended for simple UTIs, as the risks of these
medicines generally outweigh the benefits for treating uncomplicated UTIs. In some cases, such as a
complicated UTI or kidney infection, your doctor might prescribe a fluoroquinolone medicine if no other
treatment options exist.

Often, symptoms clear up within a few days of treatment. But you may need to continue antibiotics for a
week or more. Take the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed.

For an uncomplicated UTI that occurs when you're otherwise healthy, your doctor may recommend a
shorter course of treatment, such as taking an antibiotic for one to three days. But whether this short
course of treatment is enough to treat your infection depends on your particular symptoms and medical
history.

Your doctor may also prescribe a pain medication (analgesic) that numbs your bladder and urethra to
relieve burning while urinating, but pain usually is relieved soon after starting an antibiotic.

Frequent infections

If you have frequent UTIs, your doctor may make certain treatment recommendations, such as:

 Low-dose antibiotics, initially for six months but sometimes longer

 Self-diagnosis and treatment, if you stay in touch with your doctor

 A single dose of antibiotic after sexual intercourse if your infections are related to sexual activity

 Vaginal estrogen therapy if you're postmenopausal

Severe infection

For a severe UTI, you may need treatment with intravenous antibiotics in a hospital.

Lifestyle and home remedies

Urinary tract infections can be painful, but you can take steps to ease your discomfort until antibiotics
treat the infection. Follow these tips:
  Drink plenty of water. Water helps to dilute your urine and flush out bacteria.

 Avoid drinks that may irritate your bladder. Avoid coffee, alcohol, and soft drinks containing
citrus juices or caffeine until your infection has cleared. They can irritate your bladder and tend
to aggravate your frequent or urgent need to urinate.

 Use a heating pad. Apply a warm, but not hot, heating pad to your abdomen to minimize
bladder pressure or discomfort.

© 1998-2019 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved.
STATISTICS

Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs.

Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor 48109-2029,
USA.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered to be the most common bacterial infection. According to
the 1997 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care
Survey, UTI accounted for nearly 7 million office visits and 1 million emergency department visits,
resulting in 100,000 hospitalizations. Nevertheless, it is difficult to accurately assess the incidence of
UTIs, because they are not reportable diseases in the United States. This situation is further complicated
by the fact that accurate diagnosis depends on both the presence of symptoms and a positive urine
culture, although in most outpatient settings this diagnosis is made without the benefit of culture.
Women are significantly more likely to experience UTI than men. Nearly 1 in 3 women will have had at
least 1 episode of UTI requiring antimicrobial therapy by the age of 24 years. Almost half of all women
will experience 1 UTI during their lifetime. Specific subpopulations at increased risk of UTI include
infants, pregnant women, the elderly, patients with spinal cord injuries and/or catheters, patients with
diabetes or multiple sclerosis, patients with acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome/human
immunodeficiency virus, and patients with underlying urologic abnormalities. Catheter-associated UTI is
the most common nosocomial infection, accounting for >1 million cases in hospitals and nursing homes.
The risk of UTI increases with increasing duration of catheterization. In noninstitutionalized elderly
populations, UTIs are the second most common form of infection, accounting for nearly 25% of all
infections. There are important medical and financial implications associated with UTIs. In the
nonobstructed, nonpregnant female adult, acute uncomplicated UTI is believed to be a benign illness
with no long-term medical consequences. However, UTI elevates the risk of pyelonephritis, premature
delivery, and fetal mortality among pregnant women, and is associated with impaired renal function and
end-stage renal disease among pediatric patients. Financially, the estimated annual cost of community-
acquired UTI is significant, at approximately $1.6 billion.

PHILIPPINES

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevailing infectious diseases with a substantial
financial burden on society.

Globally, there are an estimated 150 million urinary tract infections per annum. Nearly 20% of women
who have UTI will have another, and 30% of those will have yet another, but of the last group, 80% will
have recurrences.
In the Philippines, UTI is one of the ten leading causes of morbidity in all ages with a rate of 127.84 per
100,000 population. In Purok 6, Barangay Ula, Recurrent UTI is one of the leading causes of morbidity
among 40 households with a prevalence of 82.5%. A bulk of 57% comprises of mothers.

In the Philippines, UTI continues to be among the top five reasons for consultations in health facilities
nationwide. It is one of the ten leading causes of morbidity in all ages with a rate of 127.84 per 100,000
population.

The results showed that 33 mothers were diagnosed with Recurrent UTI while 7 of them were not
diagnosed at all with the infection.

The results showed that all of the mothers were practicing handwashing before and after doing
perinneal care. It also showed that a total enumeration of 40 mothers was washing their perineum
everyday in which almost all of them were doing it about 1 to times a day. About 24 of the mothers
were using water and soap in washing their perineum.

The type of underwear used by 28 mothers was made of cotton. 22 mothers interviewed were using
panty liners in which 19 of them changes their panty liners once to thrice in a day.

Among the mothers who were still having menstruation, 18 of them were changing their pads at least 1
to 3 times a day, 8 mothers change 4 to 6 times in a day while only 1 mother changes her pad at least 7
times in a day.

26 out of 29 sexually active mothers were doing perinneal washing before sexual intercourse while 28 of
the sexually active mothers were doing perinneal care after sexual intercourse and 26 of the said
mothers were urinating before and after sexual intercourse. On the other hand, out of the 12 mothers
who used family planning, 8 of them used condoms.

With these results, it only revealed that many mothers who were diagnosed with recurrent UTI were
having personal hygiene malpractices.

Essays, UK. (November 2018). Study of Recurrent UTI among Mothers in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/health/study-recurrent-uti-mothers-4870.php?vref=1
INTRODUCTION

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common type of infection that occurs in the urinary tractwhich
includes the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The symptoms of a UTI includepain or a
burning sensation during urination (dysuria), a frequent need to urinate, and lowerabdominal pain.

.Normally, urine is sterile. It is usually free of bacteria, viruses, and fungi but does contain fluids,salts,
and waste products. An infection occurs when tiny organisms, usually bacteria from the digestivetract,
cling to the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply. The urethra is the tube that carriesurine from
the bladder to outside the body. Most infections arise from one type of bacteria,Escherichia coli (E. coli),
which normally lives in the colon. Any abnormality of the urinary tract thatobstructs the flow of urine (a
kidney stone, for example) sets the stage for an infection. An enlargedprostate gland also can slow the
flow of urine, thus raising the risk of infection. People with diabeteshave a higher risk of a UTI because
of changes in the immune system. Any other disorder thatsuppresses the immune system raises the risk
of a urinary infection. The infection is usually mild and usually resolves within four to five days.
Antibiotics can beused to help speed up the recovery time. However, some patients find that they
experience repeatedUTIs, and that they require long-term treatment with antibiotics to prevent the
infection returning. UTIs are a very common type of infection particularly in women. It is estimated in
thePhilippines that one woman in three will have a UTI before the age of 24, and that half of all
womenwill have at least one UTI during their lifetime. This is less common in men. It is estimated that
everyyear in the Philippines, in otherwise healthy men, only one in every 2,000 will develop a UTI.This
case presentation is done to increase our awareness with regards to infections affectingthe urinary
system. This is to widen our knowledge and to have a strong background about urinarytract infection.
This case presentation will definitely help us in future purposes; this will be ourfoundation when we
encounter such in the field weve chose.
ASESSMEN NURSING Explanation PLANNING NURSING RATIONAL EVALUATIO
T DIAGNOSIS INTERVENTI E N
ON
Subjective: Altered Hyperthermia, After 1 -Monitored -For After 1
“Nagpudot body also known hour of and recorded baseline hour of
datoy temperatur simply as nursing vital signs data nursing
ritnak” as e: overheating is a interventio interventio
verbalized
ASSESSMENT hypertherm
NURSING condition
EXPLANATIO PLANNING n, patient’s NURSING
-TSB done -Promote EVALUATIO
RATIONAL n, patients
by the ia related
DIAGNOSI to where
N an body INTERVENTIO Eheat loss Nbody
patient increase
S individual's temperatur N by temperatur
pyrogens in body e will conductio e
Subjective: theAlteration
body as temperature
Pain is an is After decrease
1 hour Assessed pain Helps n decreased
After 1 hour
Objective:
“BastaASESSMENT
nu evidenced
in NURSINGelevated
unpleasant
EXPLANATIO offrom 37.9 characteristics
nursing
PLANNING NURSING evaluate RATIONAL to nursing
of 37.1
EVALUATIO
-body
umisbo ak bycomfort: body DIAGNOSIbeyond
feelingNnormal degree
that is interventio -Provided
and location
INTERVENTIO E-To
the degree degree
intervention
N
temperatu
ket nasakit” temperatur
pain S due to failed
conveyed to n,Celsius
the to cool N promote
of Celsius
the patient
re
as of 37.9
verbalized e of 37.9 to thermoregulati
related the brain by 36.5-37.5
patient will environment discomfort
heat loss wasn’t
degree
by theSubjective:degree
urinaryActivityon. TheWeaknessbe
sensory degree
is able to
After 1 -Instructed
Vital signs by verbalized
Base line After 1 hour
Celsius
patient Celsius
infection person's
neurons. body
The
“Agkakapsot intoleranc a decrease in hour of Celsius
verbalize patient
Noted to
urine
monitored convectio
Decrease
data the relief of
of nursing
-flushed ak” as as produces
e relateddiscomfort or relief
the strength of
nursing increase
flow and fluid
and recorded n
flow may pain, and
intervention
skin verbalizedevidenced
by to absorbs more
signalsinactual
one or pain, and intake
characteristics
interventio reflect statedthethatpatient
-warmthe to patientby report heat
generalize than
or potential
moreit pain scale
n the -To
Placed the urinary the pain
To provide was isnot a
touch
Objective: of paind dissipates
injury to the
muscles. Inwill reduce
patient will client in prevent
retention
comfort on the 2 nd
able to
-irritable
-facial and weakness body. the strictestto 2/10be able to comfortabledehydrati level of the
perform
Vital signs:
grimace dysuria However,sense, the perform -Instructed
position on pain scale
activities
BP- 130/70
-guarding
Objective: pain is more
medical activities patients
Applied to
hot or Reduces alone
PR- 89bpm
behavior-weak than a definition of such as wear
cold light
compress
Provided a -To
pain To provide
RR-18cpm
-restleness
looking sensation, or
weakness doing when clothes
calm and promote rest and
T-37.9C
-ratedappearance
pain the physical -Keptquite
refers to loss hygienic indicated comfort
comfort
SpO2- 96%
5/10 -easy awareness of
of muscle measures watched for
environment
BP- 110/70
fatigability pain; itstrength,
also and without Clusteredpersistently
the -To To
Promote
mmHg-needs help includesthis article is aid of the increase
nursing in monitor or
relaxation
Assisted client promote
PR-91in bpm
doing perception,
focused SO temperature
intervention convulsion
and may
in positioning safety
RR- 18cpm
activities the upon to- promote enhance
T-36.5C subjective
conditions Administered
adequate rest copingTo gain
O2Saturation interpretatio
that can medication
and comfort -To reduce
Instructed abilities
and
- 96% BP- 110/70 n of theresult in a as ordered
patient to fever conserve
mmHg discomfort.
measurable Positioned
take adequate energy
PR-91 bpm loss of patient in and sleep
rest
RR- 18cpm muscle comfortable
T-36.5C function. position
O2Saturation
- 96%
Administered Relieves
medication as pain
ordered enhances
comfort
and pro
mote rest
ASSESSMEN NURSING EXPLANATIO PLANNING NURSING RATIONAL EVALUATIO
T DIAGNOSIS N INTERVENTIO E N
N

Subjective: Imbalanced anorexia — After 1 Vital signs To After 1 hour

“Awan ganas nutrition is an eating hour of monitored provide of nursing
ko nga less than disorder nursing and recorded baseline interventio
mangan” as body characterize interventio data n the
verbalized requiremen d by an n, patient Discuss patient was
by the t related to abnormally appetite eating habits To appeal able to
patient ASESSMENT
loss of NURSING low bodyEXPLANATI will bePLANNING including
NURSINGclientsRATIONALE
like improved EVALUATIO
appetiteDIAGNOSIS
as weight,ON an improved food INTERVENTI and appetiteN
Objective: evidenced intense fear preferences
ON dislikes
-Refusal to by of gaining
eat dysfunction
Subjective: weight Knowledge
Knowledge and a Instructed
After 1 hour Used SOshort,
To For patient After 1 hour
-Body “Anya ba al eating
ti deficit distorted
deficit is a of giving to servesimple, stimulate
understand of giving
weaknessaramidekpattern realted perception
to lack of favoritesentences
information food the what is information
noted tapno lack of of weight.
cognitive about the of the patient appetite
and concepts being about the
- nalaka ak People with
informatio information managemen discussed managemen
Restlessness
nga n aboutanorexia or t of UTI, Instructed
the To t of the UTI,
umimbag” self place apsychomoto
high the SO Provided
patient will to stimulate
To prevent the patient
as managemevalue onr skills be able toserve information the informatio was able to
BP- 110/70
verbalized controlling
nt of UTI required for verbalized palatable and appetite
relevant only n overload verbalized
mmHg by the their weight
health attractive
understandi to the of the understandi
PR-91 bpm
patient and shape,
recovery, ng of situation patient ng of the
RR- 18cpm using maintenanc disease disease and
T-36.5C extreme e, or health process and Discussed to To respond process and
O2Saturatio
Objective: efforts promotion
that treatment May have
the patient in the managemen
n- 96% Vital signs tend to Prevented
about negative clients ts
taken as significantly and effect on
management questions
follows: interfere minimized
of UTI appetite with
BP- 110/80 with their pleasant regards to
mmHg lives. odors To reduce
the
PR- 87bpm possibility
manageme
RR- 18cpm Promoted of early
nt of the
T- 36.5C adequate satietypresence
O2 timely fluid disease
Saturation- intake atleast
97% 30 minutes
prior to meal To
BP- 110/70 promote
Emphasized wellness
the
importance
of well
balanced
nutrition diet
 mmHg
PR-91 bpm
RR- 18cpm
T-36.5C
O2Saturatio
n- 96%

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Urinary system parts and functions:

 2 kidneys- a pair of purplish-brown organ located below the ribs toward the middle of the back.
Their function is to:
o Remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine
o Keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood
o Produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells

The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons.
Each nephron consist of a ball formed a small blood capillaries, called glomerulus,and a small tube
called a renal tubule.

 2 ureters- narrow tube that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the
kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10
to 15 seconds small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.

 BLADDER- a triangle-shaped, hollow organ located in the lower abdomen. It is held in the place
by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder’s wall relax
and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine to the urethra. The typical
healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for 2 to 5 hours.
 2 SPHINCTER MUSCLES- circular muscles that help keep urine from leaking by closing tightly like
a rubber band around the opening of the bladder
 NERVES IN THE BLADDER- alert a person when it is time to urinate,or empty the bladder
 URETHRA- the tube that allows the urine to pass outside the body.

The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out from the bladder. At the
same time, the brain signals the spincher muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the
urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs.