CENTRAL DOGMA

DNA to produce DNA: replication

*DNA to RNA: transcriptions
*RNA to proteins: translation
*genetic expression

REPLICATION
S phase of Interphase
before the cell divides

Somatic cells (46 chromasomes, 46 dna, 2N)

copying with fidelity, faithful copying
semi-conservative replication (old strands are separated)

1. Eukaryotic chromosomes: histones

acetylation ad deacetylation to remove histones - histones are conserved, one of
them gets them

2. Topoisomerases (gyrases in bacteria), relaxes the DNA

you can separate it anywhere

3. Helicases (DNAb enzymes): unwind, break hydrogen bond

Single strand binding proteins (SSBs) to prevent strands from bonding again

4. Primers/Primase
synthesized by RNA polymerase or primase

5. DNA Polymerase
looks for the 3' OH, forms phosphodiester bond with the primers
DNA pol III
major polymerizing enzymes 1000 nucleotides/s
DNA pol I in prokaryotes: ~60 nt/s, can remove the primers one by one then replace
BUT single strand break "nick", sealed by DNA ligase

one strand: continuous (leading)

other: discontinous (lagging strand)

ALL INCOMING NUCLEOTODES ARE IN TRIPHOSPHATE FORM

nucleophilic attack (addition)
to bond with OH-
two phosphates are hydrolyzed to drive the bond