RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary v8

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RFIB-RWFIB
Supplementary
Based on RWFIB v8.0
Real Exam Questions Included
RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0 Page

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‫گروه پی تی ای سلف استادی‪ ،‬به عنوان اولین‪ ،‬بزرگترین و موفق ترین گروه پی تی ای در ایران و استرالیا‪ ،‬از ساا ‪( 2017‬تااری‬
‫‪ 3‬تیر ‪ )1396‬فعالیت حرفه ای خود را در عرصه زبان و پی تا ی ای آغااز مواود و از موسساان اولیاه ایان گاروه میتاوان فرررن‬
‫غفارنژاد‪ ،‬فران تاج فیرون و علیرضا پلویی را مام برد‪.‬‬
‫باعث افتخار است که تا به امروز هزاران مفر به واسطه این گروه بزرگ‪ ،‬تکنیک های قابل فهم و کاربردی‪ ،‬راهنوایی های حرفه ای و‬
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‫گذاری و زمدگی در استرالیا و دیگر کشورها اخذ موایند‪ .‬از ویژگی های بارز گروه حرفه ای گروه پی تی ای سلف استادی این است‬
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‫روزه کوک می مواید‪ .‬امیدواریم شوا هم برای تکویل این مجووعه ارزشوند بعد از امت ان خاود قادمی برداریاد و تجربیاات را باه‬
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‫برمامه ریزی درسی‪ ،‬تعیین سطح‪ ،‬کالس های پری پی تی ای‪ ،‬کالس های پی تی ای به صورت حضوری و آمالیا ن‪ ،‬ورکشاا هاای‬
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‫‪RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0‬‬ ‫‪Page‬‬

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‫‪RWFIB Supplementary‬‬
‫‪Date: 10/28/2019‬‬
‫‪By: Oldouz Ahmari‬‬
‫❖ این جزوه شامل لغات مهم )معنی مسبت به متن(‪ ،‬کالوکیشن ها ‪ ،‬اصطالحات و عبارات ذکر شده در جزوه‬
‫‪ RFIB_Version 8.0‬میباشد‪.‬‬
‫❖ این جزوه توامی متون ورژن ‪ 8‬از شواره ‪ 1‬الی ‪ 640‬را پوشش میدهد‪.‬‬
‫❖ توصیه میشود از این جزوه به صورت مکول در حین مطالعه متریا اصلی ‪ RFIB‬مورد استفاده قرار دهید‪.‬‬
‫❖ این جزوه موکن است شامل اشتباهات فنی یا تایپی باشد ‪ ،‬در صورت مشاهده جهت اصالح لطفا ذکر بفرمایید‪.‬‬
‫‪RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0‬‬ ‫‪Page‬‬

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Passage No. Title

1 Indian Onion
Words/ Collocations/ Phrases Definition ‫معنی فارسی‬
scarring ‫اثر زخم گذاشتن‬
explosive able or likely to explode ‫انفجاری‬
to interest someone so much that
absorb they do not pay attention to other ‫جذب کردن‬
things
governing elite ‫نخبگان حاکم‬
vital extremely important and necessary ‫ اساسی‬،‫مهم‬
ingredient ‫اجزا‬
all classes ‫همه طبقه های اجتماعی‬
staple ‫اساسی‬
the onion has started to seem an ‫یک کاالی لوکس دست نیافتنی‬
unaffordable luxury for India's poor.
sharp surge in prices ‫افزایش شدید قیمت ها‬
to make someone feel ‫ناراحت کردن‬
unsettle (verb)
slightly nervous, worried, or upset
a sudden large increase in the
spike number or rate of something (spike
in)
shortage lack ‫کمبود‬
Passage No. Title

Kashmir Whispers of
2
Rediscovered Appeal
Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed ‫ هر‬،‫صاحبان خانه های قایقی کشمیری‬

their hands every spring at the ‫بهارمنتظر هجوم سالیانه توریستها بودند تا‬
prospect of the annual influx of
tourists. .‫سود کنند‬
‫ شاهد ناوگان های‬،‫آبهای متخلخل دریاچه دال‬

The hyacinth-choked waters of Dal ‫کوچکی بود که بسیار رنگارنگ بودند و قایق‬
Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted
‫های چوبی)شیکارا( خانواده های هندی را‬
shikaras carrying Indian families.
.‫حمل می کردند‬
to improve your skill at doing

hone (verb) something, especially when you are
already very good at it
purveyor noun [countable usually a business that supplies goods, ‫تهیه کننده‬
plural] services, or information
to decorate cloth by sewing a
Embroider (verb) pattern, picture, or words on it with ‫آراستن‬-‫تزیین کردن‬
colored threads

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‫ مهارت های خود را‬،‫فروشنده های فرش‬

Carpet‐sellers honed their skills, as ‫تقویت می کردند؛ و همچنین تولید کننده‬
did purveyors of anything remotely
‫ از راه دور به تزیین و آراستن‬،‫های مختلف‬
embroidered.
‫می پرداختند‬
Boom Flourish ‫توسعه یافتن‬

The economy boomed ‫اقتصاد رونق گرفت‬
Bolt to escape- run ‫رها کردن‬
Whisper ‫نجوا –شایعه‬
make a serious or urgent request, ‫درخواست‬
Appeal
typically to the public
Flotillas ‫ناوگان کوچک‬
Stagnate ‫راکد شدن‬
to decay by a gradual natural ‫پوسیدن‬-‫از بین رفتن‬
Rot
process
Venturing ‫معامله پرمخاطره‬
Any foreigners venturing there ،‫هر فرد خارجی که در آنجا معامله میکرد‬
risked their lives. ‫زندگی خود را به خطر می انداخت‬
Kidnap ‫آدم ربایی‬

Murder ‫به قتل رساندن‬
Passage No. Title

3 Stress Knows Few Borders
tense feeling ‫احساس پر از تنش‬
experiencing stress ‫تجربه کردن استرس‬
polling poll: record the opinion or vote of ‫رای گیری‬
according to a polling ‫با توجه به رای گیری‬
Those anxious feelings are even ‫آن احساسات اضطراب در طول تعطیالت حتی‬
more intense during the holidays. .‫شدیدتر هست‬
Germans feel stress more intensely ‫آلمانی ها احساس تنش بیشتری نسبت به‬
than those in other countries polled. ‫دیگر کشورهای رای گیری شده دارند‬
People in the US cited financial ‫ فشار مالی را به عنوان‬،‫مردم آمریکا‬

pressure as the top worry ‫بزرگترین نگرانی مطرح کردند‬
Passage No. Title

4 Impressionism

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Movement in painting originated in ‫جنبش نقاشی در فرانسه آغاز شد‬
France
enormous huge
The Impressionists wanted to ‫امپرسیونیست ها می خواستند زندگی‬

depict real life ‫واقعی را نشان دهند‬
The term was first used abusively ‫این اصطالح برای اولین بار به صورت‬
to describe Monet's painting ‫نامناسب مورد استفاده قرار گرفت تا تاثیر‬
Impression. ‫نقاشی مونت را توصیف کند‬
devoted dedicated
One of the hallmarks of ‫یکی از نشانه های امپرسیونیسم‬
Impressionism
distinct brushstrokes ‫ضربه های قلم متمایز‬
fragments of color ‫قطعه های رنگ‬
dabbed side-by-side on the canvas ‫ضربه های کنار هم بر روی بوم‬
palette ‫جعبه رنگ نقاشی‬

the movement's central impulse ‫انگیزه اصلی این جنبش پراکنده شده بود‬
had dispersed
new styles were emerging ‫سبک های جدید در حال ظهور بودند‬
Progressive ‫ترقی خواه‬

a sudden strong desire to do
something without thinking about ‫ انگیزه دادن‬،‫نیرو‬
Impulse
whether it is a sensible thing to do -
urge
Disperse ‫ پراکنده کردن‬،‫متفرق شدن‬
Emerging ‫ ظهور کردن‬،‫پدیدار شدن‬
Influential ‫دارای نفوذ و قدرت‬
Figure ‫شخصیت‬
Contemporary ‫ هم عصر‬،‫هم دوره‬
Outstanding ‫ عالی‬،‫برجسته‬
Passage No. Title

5 Edible Insects
to like or want something, or want
fancy
to do something- feel like
Locust ‫ملخ‬
something that is edible can be ‫خوراکی‬
Edible
eaten
Termite ‫موریانه‬

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stick insects ‫حشرات چوب‬

dragonflies ‫سنجاقک‬
grasshoppers ‫ملخ ها‬
Insects ‫حشرات‬
to be on the menu ‫در فهرست قرارداشتن‬
delicacy ‫ خوراک لذیذ‬، ‫ظرافت‬
These tequila butterflies fetch ‫ هر کیلوگرم حدود‬،‫این پروانه های تکیال‬

around $250 a kilogram. .‫ دالر می ارزند‬052
make sense ‫توجیه داشتن‬

nutritional ‫غذایی‬
be rich in something ‫سرشار از چیزی بودن‬
tang ‫ مزه‬/‫رایحه تند‬
Ants have a lemon tang ‫مورچه ها دارای رایحه تند لیمویی هستند‬
inadvertently accidentally ‫سهوا‬

moth ‫ بید‬،‫پروانه‬
accidental tourists ‫مهمان تصادفی‬
Passage No. Title

Black Diamonds from Outer
6
Space
exotic (adjective) unusual ‫عجیب و غریب‬
carbonado ‫الماس کدر‬
Outer ‫بیرونی‬
Charcoal ‫زغال‬
Frothy ‫کف دار‬
Bubble ‫حباب‬
unsuitable inappropriate ‫نامناسب‬
Carat ‫ قیراط‬،‫عیار‬
Odd ‫عجیب و غریب‬
Gemstones ‫سنگ های قیمتی‬
Drill ‫مته‬
Bits ‫قطعات‬
Dig ‫حفر کردن‬
Led ‫رهبری‬
Asteroid ‫شهاب آسمانی‬
Astrophysical ‫منسوب به فیزیک نجومی‬
Exposed ‫در معرض گذاشتن‬
Polished ‫جال داده شده‬
Debris ‫ خرده‬،‫باقیمانده‬

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Intense ‫شدید‬
Infrared ‫مادون قرمز‬
reveal ‫فاش کردن‬
Presence ‫حضور‬
Bond ‫زنجیر‬
Indicate ‫نشان دادن‬
hydrogen-rich ‫غنی از هیدروژن‬
tiny ‫ کوچک‬، ‫ریز‬
Nano diamonds ‫نانو الماس ها‬
Meteorite ‫سنگ آسمانی‬
Identical ‫یکسان‬
Predict ‫پیشگویی کردن‬
Titanic ‫خیلی کالن‬
Stellar ‫ اختری‬،‫پرستاره‬
Explosion ‫انفجار‬
Scatter ‫ متفرق کردن‬،‫پراکنده شدن‬
Interstellar ‫بین ستاره ای‬
Deposits ‫ سپرده‬،‫ذخیره‬
Supernova ‫شهاب سنگ‬
‫الماس های نانو در انفجار ستاره ای خیلی‬

Nano diamonds form easily in the
titanic stellar explosions called ‫ از طریق پراکنده کردن‬،‫کالن به نام سوپرنوا‬
supernovas, which scatter debris ‫ذرات باقیمانده در فضای بین ستاره ها شکل‬
through interstellar space. ‫می گیرد‬
Passage No. Title

The Snake that Hears Sound
7
through its Jaw
Jaw ‫ آرواره‬-‫فک‬
Horned crescent-shaped ‫نوک تیز‬
Desert ‫بیابان‬
Viper ‫افعی‬
Hunt ‫شکار کردن‬
Puzzle ‫خیره و مبهوت کردن‬
Lie ‫قرارگرفتن‬
Bury ‫دفن کردن‬
Strike ‫ ضرب‬،‫برخورد‬
the quality of being ‫ صحت‬،‫دقت‬
Precision (noun) [uncountable]
very exact or correct
Prey ‫ شکار‬،‫صید‬

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Auditory ‫شنوایی‬
to move quickly with short steps,
Scurry (verb) especially because you are in ‫بسرعت حرکت کردن‬
a hurry
Detect ‫ کشف کردن‬،‫یافتن‬
Eardrum ‫پرده گوش‬
Stamping ‫ نشان گذاری کردن‬،‫مهر زدن‬
Passage No. Title

8 Technology Education
respond to criticism of ‫پاسخ دادن به انتقادات در مورد‬
formalistic ‫رسمی‬
conventional considered the usual type ‫پیرو سنت ورسوم‬
problematic ‫مشکل ساز‬
innovation a new idea, method, or invention
Preliminary ‫ ابتدایی‬،‫ اولیه‬،‫مقدماتی‬
His research includes preliminary ‫تحقیقات او شامل کاوش اولیه کیفیت‬

exploration of design innovation
qualities. ‫نوآوری طراحی است‬
investigation (of/into) ‫در‬/‫تحقیق از‬

research (into/on) ‫بر روی‬/‫تحقیق در‬
research (into) ‫تحقیق کردن در‬
collaborative ‫مبتنی بر همکاری‬
The assessment is presented in the

form of a structured worksheet, ‫ارزیابی در قالب یک برگه ساختاریافته ارائه‬
which includes a collaborative ‫ که شامل عناصر مشترک و عکس‬،‫شده است‬
element and digital photographs, in ‫های دیجیتال در قالب داستان است‬
story format.
exciting or full of new ‫ مهیج‬،‫تحریک کننده‬

stimulating
ideas OPP boring
holistic ‫جامع‬
holistic impressions ‫عقاید کلی‬
colloquial (adjective) formal speech ‫ گفتگو‬-‫محاوره ای‬
thoughtful criticism ‫انتقادهایی متفکرانه‬
difinition (of/for) ‫تعریف برای‬
pertain to ‫مربوط بودن به‬
Aesthetic ‫زیبایی شناسی‬

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The definitions for qualities such as ‫تعاریف برای صفاتی مانند "فنی" و "زیبایی‬
“technical” and “aesthetic” ‫ بسیار ظریف و‬،‫شناختی" مربوط به کاربران‬
pertaining to users, are too narrow
and ill-defined. .‫تعریف شده هستند‬-‫نامناسب‬
Sketches ‫طراحی‬
Passage No. Title

9 Personal Politics
beliefs or ideas about what is right
morality noun [uncountable] and wrong and about how people ‫اخالق‬
should behave
welfare ‫رفاه‬
contribution (to/towards/ of) ‫باهدف‬/‫ کمک بخاطر‬،‫مشارکت‬
contribute (to/towards) ‫ با هدف‬/‫ مشارکت کردن برای‬،‫کمک کردن‬
tolerate ‫ مدارا کردن‬،‫تحمل کردن‬

campaign against ‫مبارزات انتخاباتی‬
Ensuring that society as a whole ‫تضمین می کند که جامعه به طور کلی نظم‬
observes the new order ‫جدید را رعایت میکند‬
Passage No. Title

10 Jean Piaget
Pore over ‫مطالعه دقیق‬
clearly expressed in a few words –
Succinctly (adverb) use this to ‫مختصرا‬
show approval SYN concise
suspect ‫شک کردن‬
Utterance something you say ‫ سخن‬،‫کالم‬
He began to suspect that behind ‫او شروع به گمانه زنی در این مورد کرد که‬
children’s cute and seemingly ‫در پشت سخنان جذاب و به ظاهرغیرمنطقی‬
illogical utterances were thought
processes. ‫بچه ها فرآیندهای متفکرانه ای وجود دارد‬
prolific productive ‫دارای حاصل و نتیجه فراوان‬

span(verb) extend from side to side of
Passage No. Title

11 Exploring the Deep Ocean Floor

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Floor ‫ کف‬،‫بستر‬
Coral reefs ‫صخره های مرجانی‬
hot springs ‫گرم چشمه های آب‬
unique ‫منحصر به فرد‬
marine ‫دریایی‬
Surface ‫سطح‬
coral ‫مرجانی‬
formation ‫تشکیل‬،‫شکل‬
northeastern ‫شمال شرقی‬
coast ‫ساحل‬
‫شکل گیری صخره های مرجانی به طول‬

A 2000-km-long coral formation off ‫ کیلومتر در ساحل شمال شرقی‬0222
the northeastern coast of Australia.
‫استرالیا‬
barrier reef ‫صخره مرجانی‬

Penetrate ‫نفوذ کردن در‬
Shallow ‫کم عمق‬،‫سطحی‬
Penetration ‫نفوذ‬
Sinking ‫فرو رفتن در‬
of or relating to the areas south of

subpolar
the Arctic and north of the Antarctic
combine ‫ترکیب شدن‬

frigid ‫سرد‬
Depth ‫عمق‬
The relatively shallow penetration ‫نفوذ نسبتا جزئی انرژی خورشیدی و فرو‬
of solar energy and the sinking of
‫رفتن در سرما‬
cold
‫آب های قطب شمال و جنوب با همدیگر‬

subpolar water combine to make
most of the deep ocean floor a ‫ترکیب میشوند تا آب کف عمق اقیانوس ها‬
frigid environment with few life ‫را به یک محیط یخ زده با تعداد محدودی از‬
forms. ‫شکل حیات تبدیل کند‬
spreading ridge ‫ گسترش مرز آب گسترش‬،‫ارتفاعات‬
geothermal vents ‫منافذ وابسته به حرارت مرکزی زمین‬
mid-oceanic ridges ‫ارتفاعات میانه اقیانوسی‬

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‫مواد مذاب درون زمین که بسیار گرم بوده و‬

magma ‫تحت فشار شدید در زیر پوسته زمین قرار‬
‫گرفته اند‬
presume ‫ محتمل دانستن‬،‫فرض کردن‬

presumably ‫احتماال‬
erupt ‫ جوشیدن‬،‫فوران کردن‬
Where magma, at temperatures ‫ درجه‬0222 ‫جایی که ماگما در دمای بیش از‬

over 1000 °C, presumably was ‫ تا پوسته‬،‫ احتماال فوران کرده‬،‫سانتیگراد‬
being erupted to form new oceanic
crust. ‫اقیانوسی جدیدی را شکل دهد‬
Abundant ‫فراوان‬
More exciting, because it was

totally unexpected, was the ‫ کشف‬،‫از آنجایی که کامال غیر منتظره بود‬
discovery of abundant and unusual ‫حیات دریایی وافر و غیر معمول بود‬
sea life
thrive ‫ رونق یافتن‬،‫رشد کردن‬
Giant tube worms, huge clams, and ‫ حلزون های‬،‫کرم های لوله ای غول پیکر‬
mussels — that thrived around the ‫ که در اطراف چشمه های‬- ‫بزرگ و صدف ها‬
hot springs ‫آب گرم رشد کرده بودند‬
Passage No. Title

12 Hip and Back Pain-Remedy
anti-inflammatories ‫ضد التهاب‬
Hip ‫مفصل ران‬
Icing and anti-inflammatories will ‫سرد کردن و ضد التهاب ها)مسکن ها( به‬
help with the pain and swelling. ‫درد و تورم کمک میکنند‬
an area of your body that has

Swelling become larger than normal, ‫تورم‬
because of illness or injury
using a lot
Vigorous (adjective) of energy and strength or determina ‫قدرتمند‬
tion
Knot ‫برآمدگی‬
a tendon behind your knee, which
Hamstring sometimes gets injured when you ‫پشت عضالت ران‬
do sport
Passage No. Title

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13 Estee Lauder – A Biography

A little business that sells in 118 ‫ میلیارد دالر فروش‬6.3 ‫در سال گذشته‬
countries and last year grew to be
‫داشت‬
$3.6 billion big in sales.
Shares ‫سهام‬
Burgeon to grow or develop quickly ‫رشد و توسعه سریع‬
Burgeoning flourish ‫شکوفایی‬
But early on, there wasn’t a ‫ یک کسب و کار پررونق نبود‬،‫اما در اوایل‬
burgeoning business
Estee Lauder is a chapter from the ‫استی الدر یک فصل از کتاب فرهنگ عامه‬
book of American business folklore. ‫کسب و کار آمریکایی است‬
The traditional stories, customs etc ‫فرهنگ عامه‬

Folklore
of a particular area or country
Enterprise ‫شرکت بزرگ‬
Concoct ‫ ترکیب کردن و درست کردن‬،‫خلق کردن‬
She started her enterprise by ‫او شرکت خود را با فروش کرم های پوست‬
selling skin creams concocted by
‫ساخته شده توسط عمویش آغاز کرد‬
her uncle
resort ‫استراحتگاه‬
‫داروهای سنتی خوب‬/‫بدون شک معجون ها‬

No doubt the potions were good
‫بودند‬
Fanatic ‫پرتعصب‬
Stalk ‫ دنبال کردن‬،‫پیمودن با احتیاط‬
Potent ‫ موثر‬،‫قوی‬
Regimens ‫رژیم‬
Passage No. Title

Power Drinking in Iron Age
14
Europe
drinking vessels were being made ‫ظروف مخصوص نوشیدن از ورق فلزی‬
of sheet metal ‫ساخته میشدند‬
vessel ‫ظرف‬
slaves ‫ غالمان‬،‫خدمه‬
a large meal where a lot of ‫ عیاشی کردن‬،‫جشن گرفتن‬
feast
people celebrate a special occasion
the peak of feasting ‫اوج جشن‬
colony ‫مستعمره‬

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soon after the foundation of the ‫به سرعت پس از تشکیل مستعمره یونانی‬
Greek colony of Massalia ‫ماسالیا‬
Blood ‫ عصاره‬،‫ شیره‬،‫خون‬
mood-altering ‫تغییرات در خلق و خو قادر به ایجاد‬
Beverage ‫نوشیدنی‬
Mead ‫نوعی الکل با شهد عسل‬
Ale ‫آبجو انگلیسی‬
Attic ‫وابسته به شهر آتن‬
pottery ‫ظروف سفالین‬
wine barrels ‫بشکه شراب‬
trade in return ‫در عوض معامله کردن‬
hide (noun) ‫پوست خام گاو وگوسفند وغیره‬
timber ‫چوب‬
amber ‫کهربا‬
slaves ‫برده ها‬
Passage No. Title

15 The Role of a Doctor
chief executive ‫مدیر اجرایی‬
medicine ‫ دارو‬،‫پزشکی‬
to desire and work
aspire towards achieving something ‫ اشتیاق داشتن‬/‫آرزو‬
important
diverse ‫ متنوع‬،‫گوناگون‬
the situation, events, or information
context that are related to something and ‫مفاد‬
that help you to understand it
Passage No. Title

16 The Market for Vegetarian Food
a calculation of
the value, size, amount etc of
estimate something made using the ‫تخمین زدن‬
information that you have, which
may not be complete
saturated fat ‫چربی های اشباع شده‬
to encourage someone or make ‫تحریک کردن‬
spur (verb)
them want to do something
tremendous ‫ شگرف‬،‫عظیم‬
representative ‫نماینده‬

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symptom ‫عالمت‬
menopause ‫یائسگی‬
conduct a survey ‫انجام نظرسنجی‬
respondents ‫پاسخ دهندگان‬
tofu ‫پنیر سویا‬
veggie burgers ‫برگر سبزیجات‬
an alternative idea, plan etc is
alternative (adjective) different from the one you have and
can be used instead
Passage No. Title

Does Space Travel Damage
17
Eyesight?
loss of bone density ‫از دست دادن تراکم استخوان‬
place a limit or restriction on ‫محدود کردن‬

cap
(expenditure, or other activity)
‫ به همین دلیل است که اقامت ها‬،‫تا حدودی‬

That’s partly why stays aboard the ‫در ایستگاه فضایی به مدت شش ماه محدود‬
ISS are capped at six months.
.‫می شود‬
decline or deteriorate physically, ‫ رو به انحطاط رفتن‬-‫فاسد شدن‬

degenerated
mentally, or morally
A number of NASA astronauts are ‫تعدادی از فضانوردان ناسا گزارش می دهند‬

reporting that their degenerated eye ،‫که پس از گذراندن مدت زمانی در فضا‬
vision faded after spending time in
space, with many needing glasses ‫بینایی رو به انحطاط آنها بعد از بازگشت به‬
once they returned to Earth. ‫زمین و استفاده از عینک از بین رفته‬
Passage No. Title

18 DNA Barcoding
His idea was to generate a unique ‫ایده او این بود که یک برچسب شناسایی‬
identification tag for each species ‫منحصر به فرد برای هر گونه بر اساس‬
based on a short stretch of DNA. .‫ارتجاع کوتاه دی ان ای تولید کند‬
Handful ‫تعداد انگشت شمار‬

cell nucleus ‫هسته سلول‬

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This gene is easily extracted, ‫ زیرا‬،‫این ژن به راحتی استخراج می شود‬

because it is one of a handful of ‫یکی از تعداد انگشت شمار ژن در خارج از‬
genes found outside the cell
nucleus ‫هسته سلولی است‬
Boon (noun) a thing that is helpful or beneficial ‫مزیت‬

extract pull out
taxonomy ‫علم رده بندی و طبقه بندی‬
merely only, solely ‫صرفا – فقط‬
In the realm of public health ‫در قلمرو سالمت عمومی‬
Mosquito ‫پشه‬
Infection ‫عفونت‬
malaria ‫ماالریا‬
badly damaging or destroying some ‫ویران گر‬
Devastating
thing
Transmit ‫ سرایت کردن‬،‫انتقال دادن‬
Undermined by ‫تضعیف شده توسط‬
Efforts to control these diseases ‫تالش ها برای کنترل این بیماری ها به طور‬
are consistently undermined by the ‫مداوم به خاطر سختی و هزینه تشخیص این‬
difficulty and expense of identifying
mosquitoes. . ‫پشه ها تضعیف می شود‬
Passage No. Title

Empty Lecture Halls in the online
19
Campus
Enroll ‫ثبت نام کردن‬
the action of going regularly to or ‫حضور‬
Attendance
being present at a place or event.
Definitely without doubt (used for emphasis)
engage in debates ‫مناظره‬/‫شرکت در مباحثه‬
If you don’t turn up to class you’re

missing out on the whole richness ‫ کل غنای‬،‫اگر شما در کالس حاضر نشوید‬
of the experience, and you don’t ‫تجربه را از دست می دهید و در بحث با‬
engage in debates with other ‫دانش آموزان دیگر شرکت نمی کنید‬
students.
a state of depression or ‫ تاریکی‬-‫ماللت اور‬

gloom
despondency
Vice-Chancellor ‫معاون رییس دانشگاه‬
Traditional lectures seem to persist ‫به نظر می رسد سخنرانی های سنتی در‬
in our universities. ‫دانشگاه های ما ادامه داشته باشد‬

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Passage No. Title

Government Defends Foreign
20
Student’s English Standards
facts or signs that show clearly that ‫شواهد و مدارک‬
evidence
something exists or is true
having the necessary ability,
Competent knowledge, or skill to do something ‫مناسب‬، ‫شایسته‬
successfully
Enroll ‫ثبت نام کردن‬
a high degree of competence or ‫ چیرگی‬، ‫مهارت‬
Proficiency
skill; expertise
evaluate or check (something) by ‫محک‬
Benchmark
comparison with a standard
International students must meet ‫دانشجویان بین المللی باید معیارهای بین‬
international benchmarks in English
‫المللی را در زبان انگلیسی برآورده کنند‬
language.
Admitted to ‫ اجازه دخول دادن‬،‫قبول شدن‬
Fantastically ‫خارق العاده‬

Being at stake ‫در خطربودن‬
reputation fame ‫اعتبار‬
back that up ‫پشتیبانی کردن‬
Passage No. Title

Stream Plants & Animals Waltzed
21
in from the Rumbling
is a genre of rock music that
Indie rock originated in the United States and
United Kingdom in the 1970s.
a set or group of three people or ‫سه نفری‬
Trio
things
involving a lot of strength and effort ‫دشوار‬
arduous
- (arduous task/work)
the first public appearance of an
debut entertainer, sports player etc or of ‫اولین اجرا‬
something new and important
They toured arduously for about ‫ بعد‬،‫ سال‬5 ‫ به مدت‬،‫آنها با دشواری فراوان‬
five years after their proper full- ‫از اولین اجرای درست و حسابیشون تور‬
length debut in 2008 .‫برگزار کردند‬
deliberate: adjective intended or planned ‫ عمدی‬,‫حساب شده‬

change of pace ‫تغییر سرعت‬
On the go very busy doing a lot of things

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showing great courage or

Audacious confidence in a way that is ‫ بی پروا‬،‫بی باک‬
impressive or slightly shocking
It’s a return to their origins, but it ‫ اما‬،‫این یک بازگشت به اصل خود است‬
also pushes audaciously forward. ‫همچنین مرز بی پروایی را به جلو میراند‬
Aesthetic ‫زیبایی شناسی‬

very tightly closed so that air cannot ‫مهر و موم و ایزوله شده‬
hermetic seal
get in or out
if two things meld, or if you meld
meld (something) with something
them, they combine into one thing
melding cohesively ‫به صورت منسجم و یکپارچه تلفیق شدن‬
Cohesively ‫منسجم‬
Shoegaze a style of rock music
unorthodox instrumentation ‫تنظیم اهنگ به طور غیرمعمول‬
guiro a musical instrument

evolution ‫ سیر تکاملی‬،‫تحول‬
flourish ‫ سیر تکاملی‬،‫تحول‬
DIY do-it-yourself
Soar ‫اوج گرفتن‬
spending a lot of time thinking ‫ متفکر‬،‫تامل برانگیز‬
Contemplative : adjective
seriously and quietly
Contemplative lyrics anchor the ‫اشعار متفکرانه علت مستحکم شدن آلبوم‬
album through all the exploratory
‫بین تمام سرگردانی های اکتشافی است‬
wandering
Opus ‫ قطعه موسیقی‬،‫اثر‬

to provide a feeling of support,
Anchor safety, or help for someone or an ‫حمایت‬
organization
to show that something cannot be
Belie verb (belied, belying, belies)
true or real
Potency power, ability ‫قدرت‬
affecting your feelings very deeply
piercing adjective [only before
in a sad way a piercing moment of
noun]
regret
penetrating ‫نافذ‬
part of a song or poem that is
refrain repeated, especially at the end of
each verse → chorus
Paragon ‫معیار‬
to include a wide range of ideas, ‫شامل‬
Encompassing
subjects, etc

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To have a very strong desire or

Long for: phrase yearning for someone or
something.
encompassing how we try to avoid ‫شامل این میشود که ما چگونه تالش میکنیم‬
and downplay our desire for love ‫که از کوچک شمردن میل خود برای عشق و‬
and affection ‫محبت دوری کنیم‬
Passage No. Title

University to Offer Arabic MBA
22
Course
sign up ‫نام نویسی کردن‬
Announce ‫اعالم کردن‬
Improve links ‫بهبود رابطه ها‬
Raise the profile ‫باال بردن اعتبار‬
It will create a strong network of ‫ یک شبکه قوی از فارغ‬،‫این برنامه‬

graduates in the region. ‫التحصیالن را در منطقه ایجاد میکند‬
Intake ‫ورودی‬
Meet the demands ‫برآورده کردن خواسته ها‬
Passage No. Title

23 Edison
Thomas Alva Edison was both a ‫ و هم‬،‫توماس آلوا ادیسون هم دانشمند‬
scientist and an inventor. .‫مخترع بود‬
Tremendous ‫عظیم‬
Responsible for ‫مسئول بودن در مورد‬
Novelty the quality of being new, original ‫تازه‬، ‫نو‬
fad ‫ مد زود گذر‬-‫عالقه دمدمی‬
Were lit by ‫روشن شده توسط‬
Goes to ‫مربوط می شود به‬
Patent copyright ‫به ثبت رساندن‬
incandescent light bulb ‫المپ های رشته ای‬
Besides the incandescent light ‫ گرامافون را توسعه‬،‫عالوه بر المپ رشته ای‬

bulb, Edison developed the
phonograph. ‫داد ادیسون‬
to do better than (something

Improve on/upon
previously done)
Quoted as ‫نقل قول‬

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a very high level ‫ استعداد‬-‫نبوغ‬

Genius
of intelligence, mental skill
the process of being mentally
Inspiration stimulated to do or feel something, ‫ تشویق‬،‫ وحی‬،‫الهام‬
especially to do something creative
Perspiration ‫سخت کوشی‬-‫ کار سخت‬- ‫تعریق‬
In tribute to ‫در ادای احترام به‬

Dimmed ‫کم نور شدن‬
In tribute to this important ‫ چراغ‬،‫در ادای احترام به این آمریکایی مهم‬

American, electric lights in the ‫ها در آمریکا برای مدت یک دقیقه پس از‬
United States were dimmed for one
minute after his death ‫مرگ او خاموش شدند‬
Centennial ‫یادبود صدساله‬
Passage No. Title

24 Chomolungma
Goddess ‫الهه‬
(adj): lacking inspiration or (n):‫عابر پیاده‬
Pedestrian
excitement; dull
people whose profession is the ‫نقشه برداران‬
Surveyors
surveying of land
Formidable Himalayan peaks ‫قله های مهیب هیمالیا‬
Formidable intimidating ‫مهیب و سهمگین‬
Intimidating terrifying ‫ ترساندن‬،‫مرعوب کردن‬
Gave the illusion of greater height ‫وهم و تصور از بلندتر بودن دیگر قله ها‬
Elevation ‫ارتفاع‬
Adjust (by) ‫مطابق کردن‬
map ‫ ترسیم کردن‬،‫نقشه کشیدن‬
Reservation ‫ احتیاط‬،‫مالحضه‬
Bestowed on ‫ بخشیدن‬،‫عطا کردن‬
Retain ‫حفظ کردن‬
appellation a name or title ‫نامگذاری‬
Supreme excellent ‫ عالی‬،‫ واال‬،‫نهایی‬
Surpassed by exceed; be greater than ‫ پیشی گرفتن‬،‫بهتر بودن‬
The ultimate ‫نهایی‬
Shunted aside ‫ منحرف کردن به سمتی دیگر‬،‫کنار گذاشتن‬
Unrivaled ‫بی رقیب بی همتا‬
Passage No. Title

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25 Language
Lessons were wasted ‫درس ها بیهوده بوده اند‬
predominate in ‫ تسلط داشتن‬، ‫نفوذ عمیق‬
very diverse ‫ گوناگون‬،‫بسیار متغیر‬
Dialect ‫گویش لهجه‬
In the mountainous areas ‫در مناطق کوهستانی‬
Each country retains… ‫ را حفظ می کند‬... ‫هر کشور‬
in urban centers ‫در مراکز شهری‬
noted for ‫مورد توجه است برای‬
Passage No. Title

26 Tall Building
demonstrate to show or prove something clearly ‫ در معرض نمایش قرار دادن‬، ‫نشان دادن‬
World’s Fair ‫نمایشگاه جهانی‬

Infinitely ‫خیلى زیاد و بى نهایت‬
‫ برای یک نمایش جهانی ساخته‬،‫برج آیفل‬

Eiffel Tower was built for the
World’s Fair to demonstrate that ‫ تا نشان دهد که آهن می تواند به‬،‫شده بود‬
iron could be as strong as stone ‫ درحالیکه بی‬،‫اندازه سنگ مستحکم باشد‬
while being infinitely lighter. . ‫نهایت سبک تر است‬
(of metals) beaten out or shaped by ‫به شکل درآورده شده‬

wrought
hammering
the wrought-iron tower ‫برج ساخته شده با آهن‬
demolish to completely destroy a building ‫ ویران کردن یک ساختمان‬/‫تخریب‬
Skyscraper ‫آسمان خراش‬

skeleton of steel beams and ‫اسکلتی از تیرچه ها و ستون های فوالدی‬
columns
traditional masonry structures ‫سازه های سنتی سنگ تراشی‬
a suspension of movement or -‫متوقف کردن‬
Halt
activity, typically a temporary one
halt construction ‫توقف ساخت وساز‬
Took part in and intense race with ‫ شرکت کرد‬.. ‫در رقابت شدیدی با‬
‫ طمع به چیزی‬،‫میل به تملک چیزی کردن‬

covet
‫داشتن‬
coveted title ‫عنوان‬/ ‫تیترمورد آرزو‬
jack ‫جک زدن‬

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a roof that rises steeply to a point

spire on top of a tower, especially on a ‫ مناره‬،‫گنبد‬
church
ornament (v): ‫( تزیین کردن‬n): ‫زیور‬،‫زینت‬
Mirror ‫در آینه منعکس ساختن‬
Passage No. Title

27 United Nation (1)
combined to ‫متحد شدند برای‬
angry or threatening behavior or ‫خشونت و تجاوز‬
aggression
feelings that often result in fighting
disapprove of and attempt to
oppose
prevent, especially by argument
notice or perceive (something) and ‫نظاره کردن‬
Observe
register it as being significant
Objectives and accomplishments of ‫اهداف و دستاوردهای سازمان‬
the organization
Established ‫مقرر شده‬
in peacekeeping ‫در حفظ صلح‬
humanitarian missions ‫کمک های بشردوستانه‬
across the globe ‫در سراسر جهان‬
decline decrease ‫کاهش یافتن‬
occupy, attract, or involve

engages in
(someone's interest or attention)
plays a tremendous role ‫نقش عظیمی ایفا می کند‬

peacekeeping operations ‫عملیات های حفظ صلح‬
underway happening now ‫ در جریان‬، ‫درحال انجام‬
contribute ‫همکاری و کمک کردن‬
Passage No. Title

28 C. S. Lewis
Carefree ‫ بی دغدغه‬، ‫بی خیال‬
cause continual trouble or distress ‫به ستوه آمدن‬
Plagued
to
Plagued by bitter civil strife ‫به ستوه آمدن از نزاع و جنگ تلخ مدنی‬
strife Conflict ‫ دعوا‬،‫نزاع‬

Comfortably ‫با آرامش خاطر‬
Crammed with books ‫پر از کتاب بود‬

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an idyllic place or time is very

Idyllic beautiful, happy, and peaceful, with ‫بسیار خوب‬
no problems or dangers
This somewhat idyllic boyhood ‫ با مریض‬،‫تا حدودی این سرخوشی پسرانه‬

came to an end for Lewis when his ‫شدن مادر لویس و مرگ او به خاطرسرطان‬
mother became ill and died of
cancer ‫به پایان رسید‬
Barely ‫سختی‬
Strict rules ‫قوانین سخت گیرانه‬
Unsympathetic ‫بدون نشان دادن دلسوزی‬
the man in charge of a school; the ‫مدیر مدرسه‬
Headmaster
principal
Terribly ‫مخوف‬
Passage No. Title

Space, Time, and Why Things
29
Are As They Are
to make known something that was
reveal previously secret or unknown OPP
conceal
in a way that is not directly ‫ضمنی‬
implicitly
expressed
to make someone want to do
seduce something by making it seem very ‫از راه بدر کردن‬
attractive or interesting to them
encountering ‫ روبرو شدن با‬/ ‫مواجه شدن‬
scientific inquiry ‫تحقیق علمی‬
misleading guide ‫راهنمای گمراه کننده‬
Passage No. Title

“Mud Volcano” in Indonesia
30
Caused by Gas Exploration
Gas drilling ‫حفاری گاز‬
triggered ‫باعث شد‬
mud volcano ‫گل و لجن آتشفشان‬
render ‫تحویل دادن‬
uninhabitable ‫غیرقابل سکونت‬
a rising of seawater, magma, or
Upwelling
other liquid
exploratory gas ‫گاز اکتشافی‬
punched (through) ‫سوراخ کردن‬
a straight line passing from side to
Diameter side through the center of a body or ‫قطر‬
figure

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Eruption ‫فوران‬
Mud ‫گل و الی‬
spew out ‫ فوران کردن‬-‫با فشار خارج شدن‬
an instance of breaking or bursting ‫ قطع شدن‬-‫گسستن‬

rupture
suddenly and completely.
Bursting ‫منفجر شدن – ترکیدن‬
Volcano ‫آتشفشان‬
displaced persons ‫افراد آواره‬
Passage No. Title

Top Business Schools Woo
31
Young Students to Foil Rivals
to find new people to work in a
Recruit company, join an organization, do ‫استخدام کردن‬
a job etc
Boost ‫ ترقی دادن‬،‫باال بردن‬
to persuade someone to do
something, especially something ‫فریفتن‬
lure
wrong or dangerous, by making it
seem attractive or exciting
In an attempt to lure new students ‫در تالش برای جذب دانشجویان بیشتر‬
requisite ‫ شرط الزم‬-‫ضروری‬

something that is necessary before
Prerequisite something else can happen or be ‫پیش نیاز‬
done
have set their sights ‫نظر خود را معطوف کرده اند‬
to have achieved something useful
have something under your belt
or important
Passage No. Title

32 Stress Management
Handle ‫رسیدگی و مدیریت کردن‬
Respond ‫پاسخ دادن‬
Hormone ‫هورمون‬
Burst of energy ‫انفجار انرژی‬
Stress response ‫پاسخ به استرس‬
Last ‫طول کشیدن‬
Weaken ‫ضعیف کردن‬

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It can weaken your immune ‫استرس می تواند سیستم ایمنی بدن شما را‬
system, making it harder fight off ‫ و مبارزه با بیماری ها را سخت‬،‫تضعیف کند‬
disease. ‫تر کند‬
Passage No. Title

33 My Father’s Bookshelf
None of the books in my father’s ‫هیچ یک از کتابها در قفسه کتاب قدیمی پر‬
dusty old bookcase were forbidden. ‫از گردوخاک پدرم ممنوع نبود‬
Most were massive tomes .‫بیشتر آنها کتابهای قطور بودند‬
remember a particular fact, event, ‫به خاطر آوردن‬

recall
or situation from the past
fused join or blend to form a single entity ‫ذوب شده‬
shelves ‫قفسه‬
steadfast permanent ‫استوار‬
‫تقریبا به نظر می رسید که کتابها به صورت‬

That seemed almost fused to ‫ و‬،‫ناگسستنی با قفسه ها ترکیب شده اند‬
shelves that bowed slightly from
،‫قفسه ها پس از دهه ها پشتیبانی استوار‬
decades of steadfast support.
.‫خمیده شده اند‬
every now and then ‫گاهی اوقات‬

In hindsight ‫در حقیقت‬
Passage No. Title

34 Folklore and Flying
Folklore ‫رسوم اجدادی‬
a belief that some objects or
actions are lucky or unlucky, or that
Superstitions they cause events to ‫خرافات‬
happen, based on old ideas
of magic
repeat ‫تکرار کردن‬
doing or saying the same thing ‫تکرار‬
repetition
many times
not reliant on the written word ‫متکی نبودن به نوشته‬
the body of traditional customs ‫بدنه آداب و رسوم سنتی‬
Folktales ‫افسانه های محلی‬
Embrace ‫ شامل بودن‬،‫در بر گرفتن‬

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Legends ‫افسانه ها‬

Riddles ‫معماها‬
Charm ‫فریبندگی‬
Omen ‫پیشگویی‬
Spells ‫جادوها‬
Rituals ‫تشریفات مذهبی‬
pre-literate societies ‫جوامع بی سواد‬
verbal expression ‫بیان لفظی‬
handed on from one generation or ‫از یک نسل یا محل به بعدی تحویل داده می‬
locality to the next ‫شد‬
Word of mouth are said to ‫ یک سنت‬،‫بیان می شود که کالم گفته شده‬

constitute an oral tradition. .‫شفاهی را تشکیل می دهد‬
Passage No. Title

35 William Shakespeare
Merchant ‫ تاجر‬- ‫بازرگان‬
used when reporting something that
allegedly adverb [sentence adverb] people say is true, although it has ‫ گفته شده‬،‫ادعا شده‬
not been proved
baptized ‫غسل تعمید داده شده‬
a glover and leather merchant ‫یک تاجر چرم و دستکش ساز‬
‫یک وارث محلی که صاحب بسیاری زمین‬

a landed local heiress
‫هست‬
Shakespeare household ‫خانواده شکسپیر‬
John Shakespeare had a ‫جان شکسپیر موفقیت بزرگی را به عنوان‬

remarkable run of success as a ‫ کد خدا و ناظر عالی استراتفورد‬،‫یک تاجر‬
merchant, alderman, and high bailiff
of Stratford. ‫تجربه کرد‬
Fortune ،wealth ‫ دارایی‬،‫ثروت‬

the state of being known about by a
fame lot of people because of ‫شهرت‬
your achievements
Celebration ‫تجلیل‬
a mysterious figure ‫یک شخصیت مرموز‬
bard a poet ‫شاعر‬
Passage No. Title

36 Beijing Language Institution
Freshmen ‫دانشجویان سال اول‬

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majoring in ‫تحصیل کردن در رشته‬

assigned to ‫اختصاص داده شده به‬
skillful teachers ‫معلمان مجرب‬
toss throw sth somewhere casually ‫پرت کردن‬
simple sentences tossed out to ‫به همدیگر جمالت ساده را می پراندند‬
each other
refined and accurate ‫صحیح و دقیق‬
Stretch attempt, try, endeavor ‫کوشش‬
humming ‫زمزمه کردن‬
As I stretched to catch the drips ‫هرچقدر تالش کردم تا ذراتی از مکالمه های‬
and drops of their humming ‫ هیچ چیزی‬،‫زمزمه وار آنها را متوجه شوم‬
dialogue, I couldn’t understand it
all. .‫دستگیرم نشد‬
Beat a defeat in a competitive situation

Thaw ‫ذوب شدن‬
Passage No. Title

37 Evaluating a Career Decision
a choice or judgment that you make
decision after a period of discussion or
thought
Physicians ‫پزشکان‬
Surgeons ‫جراحان‬
diverge ‫ازهم دور شدن‬
to examine someone or something ‫به دقت بررسی کردن‬
Scrutinize
very carefully
to completely get rid of something
that ‫از بین بردن‬
eliminate
is unnecessary or unwanted → era
dicate
to make something less painful or ‫ کم کردن‬،‫تسکین دادن‬
alleviate
difficult to deal with
to gradually become less
or weaker before disappearing com ‫از هم پاشیدن و پراکنده شدن‬
dissipate
pletely, or to make something do
this
pursue ‫دنبال کردن‬
vivid ‫واضح و روشن‬
strike ‫ضربه زدن‬
Strike a human being ‫یک انسان را از پا درآوردن‬
to keep something or continue to ‫نگه داشتن‬
retain
have something
Passage No. Title

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38 America’s skies
Swarm ‫ هجوم آوردن‬،‫ازدحام کردن‬
airliner ‫هواپیمای مسافربری‬
the height of an object or ‫ارتفاع‬
altitudes
place above the sea
competing for space ‫رقابت برای فضا‬
They need help avoiding midair ‫ نیاز به‬،‫آنها برای اجتناب از تصادفات در هوا‬
collisions .‫کمک دارند‬
Commercially operated rockets ‫موشک های تجاری که ماهواره ها و‬

carrying satellites and tourists into
.‫گردشگران را در فضا حمل می کنند‬
space.
Passage No. Title

39 Job Hunting
first impressions ‫برداشت های اول‬
a potential employer ‫بالقوه‬/‫یک کارفرمای احتمالی‬
greeting ‫سالم و احوال پرسی‬
attire clothing ‫لباس‬
seeking a job ‫به دنبال شغل بودن‬
a competitive edge ‫یک مرز رقابتی‬
Conservative not liking changes or new ideas ‫محافظه کار‬
route ‫ جاده‬،‫ راه‬،‫مسیر‬
expecting to be something ‫مربوط به آینده‬
prospective
particular in the future
prospective employer ‫کارفرمای اینده نگر‬
as though ‫مثل اینکه‬
Makes you look as though you fit in ‫باعث می شود که شما کامال متناسب با‬
with the organization. .‫سازمان به نظر برسید‬
dress with too much display or

overdress
formality
Under-dress dress too plainly or too informally
Passage No. Title

40 Nature
very different from what you are
used to, especially in a way that is ‫ غریب‬،‫بیگانه‬
alien (adjective)
difficult to understand or accept
SYN strange

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someone or something that is

Enigma noun [countable] strange and difficult to understand ‫معما‬
SYN mystery
happy and full of energy and
exuberant (adjective)
excitement
a piece of music by a great
opus musician, numbered according to ‫اثر – قطعه موسیقی‬
when it was written
to think that something is true,
presume (verb)
although you are not certain
scissoring cut (something) with scissors ‫برش‬
beaks ‫ نوک پرنده‬،‫منقار‬
Passage No. Title

41 Joy through Pain
areas of tension ‫مناطق تنش‬
painful knots ‫برآمدگی های دردناک‬/‫گره‬
trigger points ‫نقاط ماشه ای‬
contract ‫منقبض شدن‬
(especially of a muscle or
tense someone's body) stretched tight or ‫ سخت‬،‫سفت‬
rigid.
Trigger points are tense areas of ‫ مناطق کشیده شده ای از‬،‫نقاط ماشه ای‬
muscle that are almost constantly ‫ که تقریبا همیشه در حال انقباض‬،‫عضله اند‬
contracting ‫هستند‬
a sequence of reciprocal cause and

effect in which two or more
vicious circle elements intensify and aggravate ‫دور باطل‬
each other, leading inexorably to a
worsening of the situation.
tissue ‫ بافت‬،‫رشته‬
complementary things go well
Complementary together, although they are usually ‫مکمل‬
different
Passage No. Title

42 Paying for University Education
undergo ‫دستخوش شرایطی شدن‬
tolerate ‫تحمل کردن‬
Assume ‫تقبل کردن‬
to officially end a law, system etc,
Abolish especially one that has existed for a ‫ بر انداخت‬، ‫ازمیان بردن‬
long time

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an amount of money that you give ‫ اعانه‬،‫سهم‬

contribution
in order to help pay for something
provide funding for (a person or
Finance (verb)
enterprise).
revenue ‫سود سهام – درآمد‬
liability ‫بدهکاری‬
accumulated ‫ انباشته شده‬، ‫جمع شده‬
Passage No. Title

43 Ikebana Flower Arrangement
arrangement ‫آرایش و منظم کردن‬
blossom ‫شکوفه‬
steeped ‫ اشباع شدن‬،‫فرو رفتن‬
the main body or stalk of a plant or ‫ساقه‬
stem
shrub
Leaves ‫برگها‬
ikebana is an expression of ‫ تجلی خالقیت است‬،‫ای کی بانا‬
creativity
color combinations ‫ترکیبات رنگ‬
graceful lines ‫خطوط زیبا و ظریف‬
implied meaning ‫معنای ضمنی‬
Ikebana is, therefore, much more ‫بسیار بیشتر از دکوراسیون گل است‬
than floral decoration
something that is latent
is present but hidden, and
Latent may develop or become ‫ نهفته‬،‫پنهان‬
more noticeable in
the future → dormant
Passage No. Title

44 The Teen Brain
getting top marks in school ‫گرفتن نمرات باال در مدرسه‬
captaining the debate team ‫مدیریت کردن تیم مناظره‬
volunteering at a shelter for ‫داوطلب شدن در پناهگاه برای افراد بی‬
homeless people ‫خانمان‬
rear-end to crash into the back of (a vehicle)
How can teens be so clever, ‫چگونه نوجوانان می توانند در یک زمان‬

accomplished, and responsible— ‫ مسئولیت پذیر و در عین‬،‫ فاضل‬،‫باهوش‬
and reckless at the same time? ‫حال بی مالحظه باشند؟‬
It’s a paradoxical time of ‫این یک مرحله پر از تناقض در رشد است‬

development.

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sharp brains ‫ با ذکاوت‬،‫با هوش‬
Passage No. Title

45 A Beard Full of Bunkum
In his fascinating book, he argues ‫ او استدالل می کند که‬،‫در کتاب جذابش‬

that people are not persuaded by
‫مردم از طریق اطالعات متقاعد نمی شوند‬
information.
narrative ‫ داستان‬،‫روایت‬
‫از روایاتی که ممکن است در این محفل ها‬

Of the narratives that might
penetrate these circles, we are ‫ احتماال به آن هایی که به ما‬،‫نفوذ کنند‬
more likely to listen to those which ‫ بیشتر گوش می‬،‫پاداش بیشتر می دهند‬
offer us some reward. .‫دهیم‬
conspiracy ‫ دسیسه‬،‫توطئه‬
hatch conspire to devise (a plot or plan). ‫دریچه‬
venal ‫رشوه بگیر‬
Climate change is a conspiracy ‫تغییرات آب و هوایی توطئه ای است که‬

hatched by scheming governments ‫توسط دولت ها و دانشمندان رشوه بگیر به‬
and venal scientists. ‫وجود آمده است‬
flinging abuse at scientists ‫روانه کردن توهین به دانشمندان‬
behavior showing high moral ‫تقوا‬

virtue
standards
proposals ‫پیشنهادات‬
Passage No. Title

46 Basic Instincts
sequence ‫توالی‬
swath lane, strip ‫ راه باریک‬،‫نوار‬
originate ‫ آغاز شدن یا کردن‬،‫سرچشمه گرفتن‬
relating to the way in which ideas

evolutionary or situations gradually change and ‫ تکاملی‬،‫تکامل یافته‬
develop over a long period of time
adaptation ‫ تطابق‬،‫انطباق‬

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‫پینکر استدالل کرده است که ممکن است‬

Pinker has argued that swathes of
our mental, social and emotional ‫ اجتماعی و زندگی عاطفی ما‬،‫مسیرهای ذهنی‬
lives may have originated as ‫به عنوان سازگاری تکاملی صورت گرفته‬
evolutionary adaptations. ‫باشد‬
Immune protected ‫مصون‬

road rage ‫خشم جاده‬
adultery ‫خیانت‬
philanthropy, altruism, ‫بشر دوستی‬
altruism
humanitarianism
senior executives ‫مدیران ارشد‬
implication ‫پیامد‬
inborn inherent, innate, natural ‫ذاتی‬
differ contrast with, be different from
Passage No. Title

47 Video-conference Technology
intense scrutiny ‫بررسی مو شکافانه‬
long-haul flight ‫پرواز طوالنی مدت‬
a force tending to pull or stretch
strain something to an extreme or ‫فشار وارد کردن‬
damaging degree
outfits ‫تجهیزات‬
Simulate
unrivaled ‫ بی نظیر‬،‫بی رقیب‬
With unrivaled transmission quality ‫با یک کیفیت انتقال بی نظیر‬
Passage No. Title

Letting Your Readers Know What
48
You Mean
discovering ‫کشف کردن فهمیدن‬
plainly ‫به طور ساده‬
clearly ‫به طور واضح‬
slave ‫برده‬
bare ‫عریان‬
unadorned plain ،unornamented ‫بی زیور‬
give (sth of which one has enough)
spare
to (someone);afford to give to
That doesn’t mean that plainness is
the only good style, or that you ‫یا اینکه شما باید تبدیل به یک برده برای‬
should become a slave to spare .‫نوشته های بی آرایش شوید‬
unadorned writing.

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formality ‫رسمیت‬
Competent knowledge, or skill to do something ‫ الیق‬،‫شایسته‬
successfully
make (someone) feel unsteady,
dizzy
confused, or amazed
make great efforts to achieve or ‫تالش کردن‬
strive
obtain something
sensibly ‫معقول‬
a baseline style ‫یک سبک پایه‬
conveying clear actions or identities ‫انتقال دادن اقدامات یا هویت های روشن‬
elaborateness ‫با جزئیات‬

endeavor ‫تالش‬
reasonably ‫به طور معقول‬
the art of effective or persuasive ‫فصاحت و بالغت‬
rhetoric
speaking or writing
rhetorical flourish ‫شکوفایی لفظی‬
advise ‫توصیه کردن‬
abandoning ‫رها کردن‬
Passage No. Title

49 Has university really changed?
crisis plural: crises ‫بحران‬
having an appearance or manner ‫مناسب برای برنامه تلویزیونی‬
telegenic
that is appealing on television
a subject of study; a branch of
ology
knowledge
Offering ‫ارائه کردن‬
Predict ‫پیش بینی کردن‬
Blame on ‫ مقصر دانستن‬....‫سرزنش کردن به خاطر‬
the act or process of closing

something, especially an institution, ‫تعطیلی‬
Closure
thoroughfare, or frontier, or of being
closed
Concentrate ‫تمرکز کردن‬
make (a bad situation, or negative ‫تشدید کردن‬
Exacerbate
feeling) worse
Passage No. Title

50 Essays
assessment tool ‫ابزار ارزیابی‬

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to judge how good, useful, ‫ سنجیدن‬، ‫ارزیابی کردن‬

evaluate
or successful something is
construct an argument ‫اثبات شکل دادن یک‬/‫استدالل‬
Context ‫زمینه‬
regurgitation puking, vomiting
(of a person's words) - having or
articulate showing the ability to speak fluently ‫ ماهر سخن گفتن‬/‫شمرده‬
and coherently
Passage No. Title

51 Advertising
Proliferation rapid increase in numbers ‫ تکثیر شدن‬،‫ازدیاد‬
Sign ‫عالمت نشانه‬
Crown ‫ تاج‬،‫ باالی هر چیزی‬،‫راس‬
to be even better or greater than ‫پیشی گرفتن‬
surpass
someone or something else
Unable to surpass market leader ‫قادر به پیشی گرفتن از پیشرو بازار نیست‬
Dropping ‫افت‬
Contenders - competitors ‫ رقبا‬، ‫مدعیان‬
attribute to ‫ نسبت دادن‬- ‫اختصاص دادن‬
inconsistent contradictory ‫ ناجور‬،‫متناقض‬

rectify remove ،eliminate ‫ اصالح کردن‬،‫برطرف کردن‬
tenet a principle or belief ‫ عقیده‬،‫اصول‬
Passage No. Title

52 Just in Time
Meet demand ‫برآورده کردن تقاض‬
minimum waste ‫حداقل اتالف‬
Passage No. Title

53 Chinese Communist Party
advance ‫ جلو بردن‬،‫پیش بردن‬
a statement or assertion that ‫پیشنهاد‬
proposition
expresses a judgment or opinion
manifest clear or obvious to the eye or mind ‫آشکار بارز‬
not able to be maintained at the ‫ناپایدار‬
Unsustainable
current rate or level
Achievements ‫دستاوردها‬

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Viable capable of working successfully ‫ زنده ماندنی‬،‫با دوام‬

Dysfunctional ‫ناکارآمد‬
Hybrid ‫پیوندی – دو رگه‬
Inevitable ‫اجتناب ناپذیر‬
Consequence ‫پیامد‬
rampant prevalent, widespread ‫ منتشر شده‬،‫شایع‬
Chronic acute ‫مزمن‬
Degradation demotion ‫تخریب‬
soaring inequality ‫افزایش شدید نابرابری‬
dishonest or fraudulent conduct by
corruption those in power, typically involving ‫فساد‬
bribery.
Passage No. Title

54 The Genetic Test for PD
Application ‫کاربرد‬
Screening ‫بررسی کردن‬
Monitoring ‫کنترل کردن‬
(of a cell, gland, or organ) produce ‫ترشح کردن‬
secrete
and discharge (a substance)
brain-secreted protein ‫پروتئین ترشح شده از مغز‬
relating to or used
Diagnostic (adjective) for discovering what is wrong with ‫تشخیصی‬
someone or something
diagnostic test ‫تست تشخیصی‬
the process of discovering exactly
what is wrong with someone or ‫تشخیص بیماری‬
Diagnosis
something, by examining them
closely
Patient ‫ بیمار‬،‫ مریض‬،‫صبور‬
Prescribed ‫تجویز شده‬
Distinguish (between) ‫مشخص کردن‬
Responsive ‫پاسخگو‬
Determine establish ‫مشخص کردن‬
Progression ‫پیشرفت‬
severe
Severity problems, injuries, illnesses etc are ‫شدت‬
very bad or very serious
Passage No. Title

55 Classic Music
Rumble noise, smash ‫سر و صدا‬

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Cacophony ‫صدای ناهنجار‬

District area, region, zone, terrain ‫ ناحیه‬،‫منطقه‬
Brick ‫آجر‬
Stroll ‫قدم زدن‬
a continuous slow movement from ‫جریان آهسته‬
Drift
one place to another
walk or move in a leisurely, casual,
Wander
or aimless way
drab ‫یکنواخت و خسته کننده‬
high-rise a building with many stories
a quick increase of ‫رونق یافتن‬
Booming
business activity OPP slump
Mightily with a lot of force ،fiercely ‫با قدرت زیاد‬
an introduction to something more ‫آغاز عمل‬
Overture
substantial
Fortissimo soprano ‫صدای بلند‬
forte ‫ هنر‬،‫موسیقی بلند‬
lively cities ‫شهرهای پر جنب و جوش‬
farther-flung areas ‫مناطق دور افتاده‬
Commanding ‫فرمان دادن‬
per capita ‫سرانه‬
Crescendo ‫افزایش تدریجی بلندی آوا‬
Passage No. Title

56 Banking
relating to religion in general or to a ‫مذهبی‬
Religious
particular religion
Temple ‫معبد‬
belonging to a time long ago in
Ancient history, especially thousands of ‫باستانی‬
years ago OPP modern
Establish ‫ دایر کردن‬،‫تاسیس کردن‬
Predate exist/occur at a date earlier than sth ‫قبل از موقع به خصوصی وجود داشتن‬
Deposit ‫سپرده‬
Grain ‫حبوبات‬
Cattle ‫ گله گاو‬،‫احشام و اغنام‬
Agriculture ‫کشاورزی‬
Implement ‫ابزار‬
something that is precious
is valuable and important and ‫با ارزش‬
Precious
should not be wasted or used
without care

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Plate ‫ بشقاب‬،‫لوح‬
Sacred ‫ روحانی‬،‫مقدس‬
Deterrent ‫مانع‬
Thieves thief ‫جمع‬
As sacred places, temples ‫ معابد به عنوان‬،‫به عنوان مکانهای مقدس‬

presented an extra deterrent to ‫یک مانع اضافه بر سر راه دزدان احتمالی‬
would-be thieves. ‫عمل می کردند‬
Passage No. Title

57 Advertisement
In sight ‫در معرض دید‬
(especially of an unwelcome
influence) spreading widely ‫فراگیر‬
Pervasive
throughout an area or a group of
people - universal
Reflect ‫منعکس کردن‬
Struggle ‫تقال کردن‬
Potential ‫بلقوه‬
Informed assessment ‫ارزیابی آگاهانه‬
Promotion ‫ترویج‬
well-being ‫سالمتی‬
Ailment an illness that is not very serious ‫ بیماری‬،‫ناراحتی‬
Cosmetics ‫لوازم آرایش‬
Problematic ‫مشکل ساز‬
infinitely endlessly ‫بی نهایت‬
a hope or ambition of achieving ‫آرمان و آرزو‬
Aspiration
something
Dull lacking interest or excitement ‫کسل کننده‬
Passage No. Title

58 Seatbelt
Cyclist ‫دوچرخه سوار‬
fasten a seatbelt ‫بستن کمربند ایمنی‬
Helmet ‫کاله ایمنی‬
Wear a helmet ‫کاله ایمنی به سرگذاشتن‬
Reduce the risk of injury ‫کاهش خطر آسیب دیدگی‬
Convince persuade ‫متقاعد شدن‬
prudent cautious, careful ‫محتاط‬
Prudent safety measures ‫اقدامات ایمنی محتاطانه‬

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Persuade ‫متقاعد کردن‬

On the grounds that ‫بر این اساس‬
transplant surgeons ‫جراحان پیوند‬
Convictions opinion, belief, view, ‫اعتقادات‬
notion
Undermine damage or weaken ‫خراب کردن و از بین بردن‬
(someone or sth)
sensible precautions ‫اقدامات احتیاطی معقول‬
Steadily ‫به طور مداوم‬
Pedestrians ‫عابرین پیاده‬
keeping children off the streets ‫دور نگه داشتن بچه ها از خیابان‬
How are these figures, which are ‫چطور این ارقام که هم گیج کننده و هم‬
both puzzling and shocking to be ‫ باید توضیح داده‬،‫شوکه کننده هستند‬
explained? The answer seems to
lie in our perception of risk and how ‫شوند؟ به نظر می رسد که پاسخ در درک ما‬
we modify our behavior .‫از خطر و نحوه تغییر رفتار ما نهفته است‬
trend, tendency, orientation, ‫میل و گرایش به چیزی‬

Propensity
attitude
Balancing ‫ تعدیل‬، ‫ایجاد تعادل‬
Passage No. Title

59 Smallpox
to protect someone against a
disease by putting a weak form of ‫تلقیح‬
inoculate
the disease into their body using a
needle → immunize, vaccinate
immunize vaccinate = inoculate ‫ایمن کردن نسبت به بیماری‬
a member of a religious community
monk of men typically living under vows ‫راهب‬
of poverty
Venom ‫زهر مار و عقرب و غیره‬
smallpox ‫مرض آبله‬
inoculation with human smallpox ‫واکسینه کردن با مرض آبله انسان‬
pus ‫چرک‬
mild gentle, moderate, smooth ‫مالیم‬
minor infection ‫عفونت جزئی‬
Worsen (verb) make or become worse
Bovine (adj) relating to cows

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Passage No. Title

60 Sound Depressing
Apocalyptic ‫آخرالزمانی‬
households ‫خانوارها‬
the number of people who stay,
work, or live in a room or building at ‫ تصرف‬،‫اشغال‬
occupancy
the same timesingle/multiple
occupancy
deteriorate to become worse ‫بدتر شدن‬
to state officially and publicly that a
Declare particular situation exists or that ‫ اعالم کردن‬،‫اظهار کردن‬
something is true
Briton a citizen or native of Great Britain ‫انگلیسی‬
beautiful in a dramatic and eye- ‫تماشایی‬
Spectacular
catching way
Passage No. Title

Assessment in Design and
61
Technology
establish an institution or ‫تاسیس کردن‬
Found
organization
funded research projects ‫پروژه های تحقیقاتی که تأمین مالی شده اند‬
to organize or be in charge of an
activity, business, organization, or
run
country – running projects ; running
the country
to formally ask someone to write an

official report, or produce a work of ‫درخواست آماده کردن گزارش‬
Commission (verb)
art for you
(noun): ‫کمیسیون‬
‫او در این زمینه انتشارات گسترده ای دارد؛‬

He has published widely in the field,
including reports commissioned by ،‫از جمله گزارش هایی که به طور سفارشی‬
the Congress of the United States, ‫برای کنگره ایاالت متحده و ناتو آماده کرده‬
and NATO. .‫است‬
Curriculum ‫ آموزشی‬/‫برنامه تحصیلی‬

Textile a type of cloth or woven fabric ‫نساجی‬
Textiles teacher ‫معلم نساجی‬
Evaluation assessment ‫ارزیابی‬
the ability to assess and initiate ‫ قریحه‬،‫ابتکار عمل‬
initiative
things independently

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capability ability ‫ توانایی‬،‫قابلیت‬

literacy the ability to read and write ‫توانایی خواندن و نوشتن‬
Passage No. Title

Works of Hans Christian
62
Andersen
Luxurious ‫لوکس‬-‫مجلل‬
to be directly connected with
relate to something (phrasal verb)
something or affected by it
puppet theatre ‫تئاتر عروسکی‬
fairy tales ‫افسانه ها‬
if something strikes you, you think
Strike of it, notice it, or realize that it is
important, interesting, or true
fit in ‫ مطابقت داشتن‬،‫با هم جور درآمدن‬
exult - igˈzəlt- express joy ‫خوشی و شادی کردن‬

majestic swans ‫ با عظمت‬/‫قوهای با شکوه‬
able to be recognized; ‫قابل شناسایی‬
identifiable
distinguishable
tease ‫کسی را دست انداختن‬
fret a state of anxiety or worry ‫اخم کردن‬
an idea, feeling, or feature that
thread connects the different parts of an
explanation, story etc
transcend be or go beyond the range or limits ‫فراتر رفتن‬
rigor -rigər- ‫ظلم و خشونت‬
mortal world ‫دنیای فانی‬
to transcend the rigors of the mortal ‫برای غلبه کردن یا برتری جستن نسبت به‬
world ‫دنیای فانی‬
Passage No. Title

63 How to Win Votes?
behold see or observe ‫ دیدن‬،‫مشاهده کردن‬
veil ‫ پرده‬،‫حجاب‬
extraneous ‫ فرعی‬،‫خارجی‬
prejudice ‫ تبعیض‬،‫تعصب‬
making you feel less angry or
disarming disapproving towards someone,
and more friendly
grin ‫پوزخند زدن‬
facetious -fəˈsēSHəs- ‫ شوخ‬،‫لوس‬

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smirk ‫ پوزخند زدن‬/ ‫لبخند مغرورانه‬
Does George Bush possess a ‫آیا لبخند جورج بوش برای به دست آوردن‬
disarming grin, or a facetious
!‫دل ها هست یا یک پوزخند شوخ طبعانه؟‬
smirk?
Passage No. Title

64 Modern Lifestyle
Exercise ‫ تمرین کردن‬،‫ورزش‬
ordinary routines ‫روال عادی‬
electric can openers ‫کنسرو باز کن برقی‬
‫ راندن ماشین بصورت‬/‫هدایت کردن‬
power steering
‫خودکار‬
less physically demanding ‫نیازمندی کمتر به داشتن فعالیت جسمی‬
a definite plan, and a commitment ‫بودن داشتن یک برنامه مشخص و متعهد‬
Passage No. Title

65 Influential Music
halcyon ‫ایام خوب گذشته‬
his influence blanketed Europe ‫ تاثیر او کل اروپا را پوشانده بود‬/‫نفوذ‬
supervise (a person or work), ‫مباشرت کردن‬

overseeing
especially in an official capacity
to organize or make plans for
Arrange something such as ‫تنطیم کردن‬
a meeting, party, or trip
Passage No. Title

66 Popularizing Pennsylvania
The dramatic shift ‫تغییر چشمگیر‬
happening or developing gradually
Progressive or in stages proceeding step by ‫ترقی خواه‬
step
chronology ‫شرح وقایع به ترتیب زمانی علم‬
deliberate done consciously and intentionally ‫حساب شده‬

narrative ‫ داستان‬،‫روایت‬
Ethnicity ‫قومیت‬

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whopping ‫عجیب و غریب‬

meteoric of or relating to meteors ‫درخشان و زودگذر‬
conservative criticism ‫انتقاد محافظه کارانه‬
scrambling ‫تقال کردن‬
folklore -ˈfōkˌlôr- ‫فرهنگ عامه‬
to make someone feel happier and
Hearten
more hopeful
Retain continue to have (something) ‫حفظ کردن‬
Rustic ‫روستایی‬
rustic traditions ‫سنت های روستایی‬
Passage No. Title

67 People who see doctors
the number or amount of a group or
proportion part of something when compared ‫نسبت‬
to the whole
If one thing contrasts with another, ‫تضاد‬
contrast
it is very different from it
steadily gradually ‫به طور پیوسته‬
complementary therapies ‫درمان های مکمل‬
Passage No. Title

68 Arbitration
the process of solving an argument ‫داوری‬
Arbitration
between people
voluntary process ‫فرایند غیر ارادی‬
fairness in the way people are dealt ‫عدالت‬
justice
with
to consider or judge something in a ‫ فرض کردن‬،‫پنداشتن‬
deem
particular way
legal spheres ‫حوزه های حقوقی‬
set of rules ‫مجموعه قوانین‬
prior agreement ‫توافق قبلی‬
conflict resolution ‫حل اختالف‬
Passage No. Title

69 Mass exodus
the movement of a lot of people ‫خروج‬
exodus
from a place
a person's way of thinking and their ‫ذهنیت‬
mindsets
opinions
mature workers ‫کارگران بالغ‬

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early retirement ‫بازنشستگی زودهنگام‬

gradually gently ‫به تدریج‬
anything that prevents people from
barriers being together or understanding ‫مانع‬
each other
something that you have a right to
entitlement do or have, or the right to do or ‫حق و حقوق‬
have something
happening or being done at exactly ‫به طور همزمان‬
simultaneously
the same time
linear relationship ‫رابطه خطی‬
Passage No. Title

70 Agrarian Parties
a member of a low social class of
peasants farm workers and owners of small ‫روستایی‬/ ‫دهقانی‬
farms
Agrarian parties ‫احزاب کشاورزی‬
in a general way, without
broadly considering specific examples or all ‫به طور گسترده‬
the details
(used especially in reporting
whether questions and expressing doubts) ‫ چه‬/ ‫ خواه‬/ ‫آیا‬
if, or not
rural sector ‫بخش روستایی‬
social integration ‫ادغام اجتماعی‬
the degree to which something
The extent to which
happens or is likely to happen
Passage No. Title

71 Colorful poison frogs
a substance that can make people
poison or animals ill or kill them if they eat ‫سم‬
or drink it
to be grateful to someone or
something because of what the ‫مدیون‬
Owe
person or thing provided or made
possible
diversity a range of different things or people ‫تنوع‬
reservoirs a large supply of something ‫مخزن‬
an open, round container shaped
basin like a bowl with sloping sides, used ‫حوضچه آب یا دریاچه‬
for holding food or liquid
leap

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to make a large jump or sudden

movement, usually from one place ‫جهش‬
to another
run counter to ‫خالف‬
tropical forest ‫جنگل استوایی‬
melting pot ‫دیگ ذوب فلزات‬
Adjacent regions ‫مناطق مجاور‬
major role ‫نقش اصلی‬
Passage No. Title

72 Universe
bizarre very strange and unusual ‫عجیب و غریب‬
the increase in something's speed, ‫شتاب‬
acceleration
or its ability to go faster
relating to the universe and the ‫کیهانی‬
Cosmic
natural processes that happen in it
perception understanding ‫ادراک‬
revelation ‫افشا‬
gravitational effects ‫اثرات گرانشی‬
having had both successful and
Checkered / chequered
unsuccessful periods in your past
made up ‫پوشانده شده از‬
Passage No. Title

73 Global warming
to make someone stop giving their ‫ پریشان شدن‬/ ‫گیج شدن‬
distract
attention to something
relating to the stratosphere /
stratospheric
atmosphere
stratospheric ozone depletion ‫کاهش ازن استراتوسفر‬
not receiving enough care or ‫غفلت‬
neglected
attention
necessary and important as a part ‫تمام و کمال‬
integral
of a whole
used to describe a situation in
Goldilocks which something is or has to be
exactly right
showing that you like or approve of ‫مطلوب‬
favourable
to become so excited about
carry sb away something that you do not control
what you say or do
Passage No. Title

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74 Where does wind come from?

the act or process of moving, or a
motion
particular action or movement
gentle not violent, severe, or strong
Gentle breeze ‫نسیم مالیم‬
gales a very strong wind ‫باد طوفان‬
a violent wind that has a circular
hurricanes
movement
fierce strong and powerful ‫شدید‬
a place where war or other fighting
hot spots
is likely to happen
to press something firmly,
especially from all sides in order to ‫فشار‬
squeeze
change its shape, reduce its size,
or remove liquid from it:
Passage No. Title

75 Sustainable job growth
able to continue over a period of ‫پایدار‬
sustainable
time
motto ‫شعار‬
the period that follows an
aftermath unpleasant event or accident, and ‫عواقب بعدی‬
the effects that it causes
a period when the economy of a
recession country is not successful and ‫رکود اقتصادی‬
conditions for business are bad
to limit the ability of someone to do
hindering something, or to limit the ‫مانع‬
development of something
a thought, opinion, or idea based ‫احساس و تمایل به‬
sentiment
on a feeling about a situation
If an experience or memory
resonate resonates, it makes you think of ‫طنین انداز‬
another similar one
in turn ‫به نوبه خود‬
Passage No. Title

76 Sun heats
absorber ‫جاذب‬
to pay someone money in
exchange for something that has ‫جبران کردن‬
compensate
been lost or damaged or for some
problem

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to (cause sth or sb to) go down

sink below the surface or to the bottom ‫فرورفتن غرق شدن‬
of a liquid or soft substance
Passage No. Title

77 New coastal residents
motivation stimulant ‫انگیزه‬
something that attracts people to a
pull factor
place or an activity
something that makes people want
Push factor to leave a place or escape from a
particular situation:
too blocked or crowded and ‫ شلوغی‬،‫تراکم‬
congestion
causing difficulties
interact to communicate with or react to ‫تعامل داشتن‬
Passage No. Title

78 cognitive psychologist
connected with thinking or ‫شناختی‬
cognitive
conscious mental processes
the way people or animals naturally
Instinct react or behave, without having to ‫غریزه‬
think or learn about it
exquisite very beautiful and delicate ‫نفیس‬
a decorated cake or unusual sweet ‫شیرینی‬
confection
dish
skill and experience, especially in ‫ساختن‬
crafted
relation to making objects
to disappear or stop being present
vanished or existing, especially in a sudden, ‫ناپدید شدن‬
surprising way
virtually Almost
avid extremely eager or interested
so firmly held that they are not likely ‫ریشه دار‬
ingrained
to change
mental faculties ‫دانشکده های ذهنی‬
brutalising effect ‫اثر وحشیانه‬
sensitive spots ‫نقاط حساس‬
Passage No. Title

79 Exams
(of something unwanted or
looming unpleasant) about to happen soon
and causing worry

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outstanding ‫برجسته‬
to feel or express great surprise at ‫تعجب‬
wonder
something
something that causes a feeling of ‫اضطراب‬
anxiety
fear and worry
showing that you know what you ‫عمدی‬
purposeful
want to do
logically ‫منطقی‬
the thing that you think is most
important and that ‫اولویت‬
priority
needs attention before anything
else
he process of changing something
in order to improve it by correcting it ‫تجدید نظر‬
revision
or including new information or
ideas → amendment
Passage No. Title

80 Poverty
divergent different from each other ‫ مختلف‬-‫واگرا‬
to cause a particular situation to
result in
happen
least developed countries ‫کشورهای کمتر توسعه یافته‬
not even or smooth, often because ‫ ناهموار‬،‫خشن‬
Rough
of being in bad condition
the act of comparing two or more ‫مقایسه‬
comparisons
people or things
Passage No. Title

81 Sportswomen
to save something or someone ‫حفظ کردن‬
preserve
from being harmed or destroyed
said when you do not believe or
get out
agree with what someone is saying
not to put too fine a point on to be completely direct and honest
Passage No. Title

82 Pupils skip school for holidays
to make known or show something
Reveal that is surprising or that was ‫آشکار ساختن‬
previously secret
to be regularly absent from school
play truant
without permission
unauthorised ‫غیرمجاز‬

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the people who are the most

Hardcore interested and involved in an
organization, group, or activity
Passage No. Title

83 Fiber segments
an event or a level that is reached
trigger point that causes a particular action to be ‫نقطه شروع‬
taken
to (cause a material to) become
stretch longer or wider than usual as a ‫کش آمدن‬
result of pulling at the edges
circulates to move around or through ‫گردش می کند‬
a very thin tube, especially one of
capillaries the smaller tubes that carry blood ‫مویرگها‬
around the body
to produce large quantities of
push sth out
something
fiber segments ‫قطعات فیبر‬
contraction ‫انقباض‬
Passage No. Title

84 Heart disease
chronic continuing for a long time ‫مزمن‬
an action that is done to prevent
precautions something unpleasant or ‫اقدامات احتیاطی‬
dangerous happening
health benefits ‫فواید سالمتی‬
exercise routine ‫ورزش روزمره‬
Passage No. Title

85 Darkness in the Northern
to get back money that you have ‫بازپرداخت‬
recouping
spent or lost
Northern Hemisphere ‫نیمکره شمالی‬
waxy coatings ‫پوشش واکس مانند‬
If the amount, number, or quality of
drop off something drops off, it becomes ‫ کاهش‬،‫رها کردن‬
less
a thin, hard, pointed leaf of a pine
needle
tree
waxy slightly shiny; looking like wax

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to lose a covering, such as leaves,

hair, or skin, because it falls off ‫ریختن‬
shed
naturally, or to drop something in a
natural way or by accident
to save something valuable from ‫نجات دادن‬
salvage
damage, destruction, or loss
to show that a
particular situation exists, or that ‫نشان دادن‬
indicate
something is likely to
be trueindicate (that)
Protect sth from sth
Passage No. Title

86 Question
the importance or usefulness of ‫ارزش‬
worth
something or someone
to consider or remember something
take sth into account
when judging a situation
If something is spare, it is available ‫یدکی‬
spare
to use because it is extra
spare time/moment/hour etc time when you are not working
valuable worth a lot of money OPP worthless ‫با ارزش‬
Passage No. Title

87 Artists
something that provides
bridge a connection between two
things SYN link
the act of taking something that ‫تخصیص‬
appropriation
belongs to someone else
a picture in which various materials
or objects, for example paper, cloth, ‫هنر اختالط رنگ ها‬
collage
or photographs, are stuck onto a
larger surface
iconic imagery ‫تصاویر نمادین‬
an early, often less advanced ‫پیشرو‬
Forerunners
model of something
emphasis on ‫تاکید بر‬
Passage No. Title

Participation in Education:
88
Attending Preschool
to cause something, especially a
pose
problem or difficulty

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continuing to exist for a long time or ‫پایدار و ماندنی‬

lasting
for ever
children from about two to seven
early childhood
years of age
If something lessens or is lessened, ‫کاستن کم کردن‬
eliminate
it becomes less strong
anything used or acting to block
someone from going somewhere or ‫موانع‬
barrier
from doing something, or to block
something from happening
a large area that has some local
territory government but fewer rights than a ‫قلمرو‬
province or a state
to put yourself or someone else
enroll onto the official list of members of a
course, college, or group
the first year of school, for children ‫مهد کودک‬
kindergarten
aged five
commence to begin something ‫شروع کردن‬
Passage No. Title

89 High' Culture
to show, express, or be a sign of
reflected
something
in a position that prevents
in the way something from happening or
someone from moving
From this perspective ‫از این دیدگاه‬
the unfair situation in society when
some people have more ‫نا برابری‬
inequalities
opportunities, money, etc. than
other people
equate ‫برابر است با‬
an obvious difference between two ‫تضاد‬
contrasts
or more things
a state of total confusion with no ‫ هرج و مرج‬،‫آشوب‬
chaos
order
a situation in which there is no
organization and control, especially ‫هرج و مرج‬
anarchy
in society, because there is no
effective government
to create a new condition by ‫تربیت و توسعه چیزی‬
cultivation
directed effort
a small change that improves ‫اصالح‬
refinement
something
the richest, most powerful, best-
elite educated, or best-trained group in a ‫نخبه‬
society

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to be actively involved in something

take part in something
with other people
indigenous music traditions ‫سنت های بومی موسیقی‬
aboriginal peoples ‫مردمان بومی‬
Passage No. Title

90 Professor Phoenix
impossible to persuade, or unwilling ‫یه دنده‬

adamant
to change an opinion or decision
solid chemistry ‫شیمی جامدات‬

engaging pleasant, attractive, and charming ‫جذاب‬
real-life issues ‫مسائل مربوط به زندگی واقعی‬
Passage No. Title

91 Australia
dynamic ‫پویا‬
something that is desirable ‫مطلوب‬
desirable
is worth having or doing
very interesting because of being ‫جذاب‬
intriguing
unusual or mysterious
to decide officially in a law court ‫محکوم‬
convict
that someone is guilty of a crime
an official agreement that finishes
settlements
an argument
retain ‫حفظ کردن‬
colonial relating to a colony or colonialism ‫استعماری‬
Passage No. Title

92 Jury
employed at the present time in a
serve particular organization, especially
the armed forces
a period of time when a person is a
jury service
member of a jury
something that is compulsory must
be done because it is the law or
compulsory
because someone
in authority orders you to
having finished a training course, or
qualified
having particular skills
intended to have as a plan or purpose ‫در نظرگرفته شده‬

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not supporting any of the sides ‫بی طرف‬

impartial
involved in an argument
to make a decision, agreement, etc.
reach
about something
an opinion or decision made after
judging the facts that are given, ‫حکم‬
verdict
especially one made at the end of a
trial
jurors members of a jury
a neutral position, especially in a ‫بی طرفی‬
neutrality
war
to come to an opinion about
perceived something, or have a belief about ‫فهمیدن‬
something
partial to having a liking for something ‫تمایل به یه سمتی‬
Passage No. Title

93 Dairy Farms
a farm that has cows and produces
Dairy farms
and sells milk
used to say that something
happens or is true even though ‫با وجود‬
despite
something else might have
prevented it
if things are apart, they are not
apart close to each other or touching
each other
used for emphasizing how ‫قابل مالحظه‬
remarkably
surprising or unusual something is
the ability to do things that need a ‫ قدرت‬- ‫استحکام‬
strength
lot of physical or mental effort
able to be easily hurt, influenced, or ‫آسیب پذیری‬
vulnerability
attacked
prosperous successful ‫موفق‬
relating or belonging to each of the
respective separate people or things you have ‫قابل احترام‬
just mentioned
an area of a country or town that
district has fixed borders that are used for ‫ناحیه‬
official purposes
very modern and using the most
state-of-the-art
recent ideas and methods
large building on a that animals or
barn hay (= dried grass) and grain are ‫طویله‬
kept
(a building designed to give)
shelter protection from bad weather, ‫پناه گاه‬
danger, or attack
neatly in a tidy way ‫به صورت منظم‬

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stalls ‫اصطبل‬
dwarf ‫آدم کوتوله‬
graze to (cause animals to) eat grass ‫چریدن‬
A lush area has a lot of green, ‫سرسبز‬
lush
healthy plants, grass, and trees
grass or similar plants suitable for
animals such as cows and sheep to ‫مراتع‬
pastures
eat, or an area of land covered in
this
grass that is cut and dried and used ‫یونجه خشک‬
hay
as animal food
the time when crops are gathered
harvest from the fields, or the act of ‫وقت برداشت‬
gathering them
fodder food for farm animals ‫علف‬
gorgeous very beautiful or pleasant
Passage No. Title

94 Sharks
comparatively as compared to something else ‫نسبتا‬
not interesting or exciting in any
dull
way
a meeting, especially one that ‫رویارویی‬
encounters
happens by chance
steadily Steadily ‫به طور مستمرو پیوسته‬
seashore./ shore the land along the edge of the sea ‫ساحل‬
If something stabilizes, it becomes ‫تثبیت کردن‬
stabilize
fixed or stops changing
catching too many fish in an area of
overfishing the sea, so that there are not many
fish left there:
When a crowd or a group thins
(out), it becomes fewer in number,
thinned and when you thin (out) a group of ‫کم کردن‬
plants or other things, you remove
some to make them fewer
to walk in water that is not very ‫در اب راه رفتن‬
Wade/ Wading
deep
Passage No. Title

95 Investment
to encourage something to grow, ‫تحریک کردن‬
stimulate
develop, or become active
The private company with under
private investment
100 shares in stock.

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The ability for an economic actor to

produce a good or service because
Natural Advantage
the resources to do so are
physically available
at the expense of sth resulting in the loss of something ‫به قیمت از دست دادن چیزی‬
a phenomenon whereby a given

change in a particular input, such
multiplier effect as government spending, causes a ‫اثر چند برابر‬
larger change in an output, such as
gross domestic product.
Due to sth Because of
the amount of money that you
expense
spend on something
Passage No. Title

96 Impressionism (2)
to show something in a public place
exhibit so that people can go to see
it SYN show
the particular importance or ‫تاکید‬
emphasis
attention that is given to something
visual angles ‫زاویه دید‬
to get something from something ‫استخراج‬
derive
else
inadvertently not intentional ‫سهوا‬
satiric review ‫بررسی طنز‬
the state of being the most ‫الویت‬
primacy
important thing
inspiration a sudden good idea ‫الهام بخش‬
transient effects ‫اثرات زود گذر‬
loose association ‫ارتباط سست‬
Passage No. Title

97 Impressionism(3)
Impressionism a style of painting
a tendency or style in art with a
art movement
specific common philosophy or goal
a group of people who work
association together in a single organization for ‫انجمن‬
a particular purpose
to describe something by stating its
characterize main qualities . Syn: specify, ‫مشخص کردن‬
determine
characterized by sth ‫مشخص شده توسط‬

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depict explain ‫شرح دادن‬

Visual impression ‫تصور بصری‬
used to express that something is ‫حقیقتا – به راستی‬
indeed
correct
earlier generations ‫نسل های اولیه‬
an idea or opinion of what ‫احساس؛ عقیده؛ گمان‬
impression
something or someone is like
are used to indicate the latest time
at which something can happen, or
Up until / Up to
the end of the period of time that
you are referring to.
a person who supports great social ‫افراط گرا‬
radical
and political change
Passage No. Title

98 Dark Energy
The rest of sth ‫بقیه چیزی‬
strange, not known, or not
mysterious
understood
matter composed of protons and
baryonic matter
neutron
invisible impossible to see
ectromagnetic radiation ‫تابش الکترومغناطیسی‬
material with particular physical ‫ماده‬
substance
characteristics
to have a magnetic field that
repels pushes away something with a ‫رد کردن‬
similar magnetic field|
galaxy cluster a structure with many glaxies
confident having confidence or sure about sth ‫مطمئن‬
gravitational effects ‫اثرات گرانشی‬
Passage No. Title

Do you know what makes you
99
happy?
providing many useful facts or ‫سازنده‬
informative
ideas
Lead [p.p led] ‫رهبری کردن‬
a total stranger person who is completely unknown ‫غریبه‬
stumble ‫تلو تلو خوردن‬
stumble across/on to discover or find something or
something/someone someone by chance

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the act of becoming involved in an

argument, fight, or other difficult ‫مداخله‬
intervention
situation in order to change what
happens
to form a picture or idea in your
imagine mind about what something could
be like
Passage No. Title

Relationship between fiction and
100
life
precise information, details etc are
precise
exact, clear, and correct SYN exact
precise relationship ‫رابطه دقیق‬
the type of book or story that is
written about imaginary characters
fiction
and events and not based on real
people and facts
debate to discuss a subject in a formal way ‫مناظره کردن‬
extensive wide ‫گسترده‬
apparent seeming to exist or be true ‫ظاهرا‬
factual ‫واقعی‬
gain an understanding / insight to learn or find out about something
the quality of seeming true or of
verisimilitude having the appearance of being ‫راست نمایی‬
real
principal aims Main goals
to consider or have an opinion
Regard
about something or someone
imitation made to look like something else ‫تقلید‬
the literal meaning of a word or
literal expression is its basic or original ‫تحت اللفظی‬
meaning
the character who tells you what is ‫راوی‬
narrator
happening in a book or film
plot the story of a book, film, play, etc
always behaving or happening in a ‫همیشگی‬- ‫ثابت قدم‬
consistent
similar, especially positive, way
to come to an opinion about
perceive something, or have a belief about ‫درک فهمیدن‬
something
to improve the quality of something ‫غنی کردن‬
enrich
by adding something else
Passage No. Title

101 Allergies

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wrong in what you believe, or

Mistakenly
based on a belief that is wrong
immune system ‫سیستم ایمنی بدن‬
plant pollen ‫گرده گیاه‬
a substance taken into the body in
Medicines
treating an illness
bloodstream ‫جریان خون‬
a substance that can cause an
Allergen
allergy
gastrointestinal tract ‫دستگاه گوارش‬
to allow a substance to flow out
Release
from somewhere
any feeling of illness or physical or
Symptom mental change that is caused by a ‫ عالیم‬،‫نشانه‬
disease
the fact of experiencing something
or being affected by it because of ‫در معرض بودن‬
Exposure
being in a particular situation or
place
Passage No. Title

Equitable and sustainable
102
management
treating all people in a fair and
Equitable
equal way
human sustenance ‫حداقل های غذایی مورد نیاز انسان‬
sustainable able to continue for a long time ‫پایدار‬

staying within reasonable or ‫در حد متوسط‬
moderate
sensible limits
too large or too small in comparison

disproportionately to something else, or not deserving ‫به طور نامتناسب‬
its importanceor influence
to supply land with water so that ‫آبیاری‬

Irrigate
crops and plants will grow
food, or the energy and other things
Sustenance food provides people and animals ‫تغذیه‬
to keep them strong and healthy
(noun) the repairs, painting etc. that
Maintenance are necessary to keep something in
good condition
if something is scarce, there is not ‫کمبود‬
Scarce /skers/ (adjective)
very much of it available
Vital (Adjective) important and necessary
When a situation is not certain
Instability (noun)//plural: ‫بی ثباتی‬
because there is the possibility of
(instabilities)
sudden change OPP stability

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a state of disagreement or
Conflict (noun) argument between people, groups, )‫تعارض (اسم‬
countries etc
proactively ‫فعاالنه‬
foster encourage, promote ‫ پروردن‬،‫پرورش دادن‬
to publicly fight for and defend an
Champion (verb) aim or principle, such as the rights ‫پشتیبانی کردن‬
of a group of people
Looking ahead ‫با نگاه به آینده‬
to be what someone is thinking
Be in/at/to the forefront of
about most, because it is very
somebody’s mind/attention
important to them
Passage No. Title

103 History of Railways
a vehicle with either two or four
carts wheels, pulled by a horse and used ‫ گاری‬،‫ارابه‬
for carrying goods
using by is inclusive, it means do
By [date] (grammar) this on any day up to and including
the day specified
dirt road ‫جاده خاکی‬
to develop gradually, or to cause
evolve something or someone to develop ‫تکامل پیدا کردن‬
gradually
flanged wheels ‫چرخهای دایره ای‬
the development or growth of
something so that it covers a larger
spread
area or affects a larger number of
people Syn:publish
in every part, or during the whole ‫در سراسر‬
throughout
period of time
pulling power the ability to attract people
the flat edge that stands out from
an object such as a railway wheel,
flanged
to keep it in the right position or
strengthen it
groove a thin line cut into a hard surface ‫شیار‬
grip to hold very tightly ‫گرفتن‬
Passage No. Title

104 Neurons
a nerve cell that carries information
Neurons between the brain and other parts ‫نورون ها‬
of the body
A cluster of neurons ‫تجمیع نورون ها‬

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to make various, separate things ‫هماهنگ کردن‬

coordinate
work together
the set of nerves inside the spine
spinal cord that connect the brain to other ‫نخاع‬
nerves in the body
contract ‫قرارداد‬
standstill ‫ثابت‬
Passage No. Title

105 Science based on observation
the recorded information that
results from studying a scientific ‫مشاهده‬
observation// make => observations
event | the act of watching
something or someone carefully
something that you think is true ‫فرض‬
assumption //Have => assumptions
although you have no definite proof
Passage No. Title

106 Final price
to control or influence something
determine directly, or to decide what will ‫معین کردن‬
happen| to make a strong decision
desired profit a desired level of profit
to think of something in a particular
way | to notice something or ‫ دریافتن‬،‫درک کردن‬
perceive
someone by using sight, sound,
touch, taste, or smell
the value of a product based on
perceived value how much customers want or need ‫ارزش درک شده‬
it, rather than on its real price
fair value ‫ارزش منصفانه‬
pricing theory ‫نظریه قیمت گذاری‬
Passage No. Title

107 Roman Arena
If something is genuine, it is real ‫اصل‬
genuine
and exactly what it appears to be
influential artist ‫هنرمند تأثیرگذار‬
the set of necessary tools, clothing, ‫تجهیزات‬

equipment
etc. for a particular purpose
to design and/or create something

invent
that has never been made before

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to use information or your

Draw on sth knowledge of something to help
you do something
to make something seem more ‫بشکل درام یا نمایش دراوردن‬
Dramatize
exciting or surprising than it is
used to show approval of
thumbs up (or down)
something
gestures ‫حرکات‬
realistic acts of violence in visual
graphically violent media such as literature, film,
television
institutionalized violence ‫خشونت نهادینه شده‬
having or showing a composed or
dignified serious manner that is worthy of ‫عالی مقام‬
respect.
belonging to a high social rank in a ‫شریف‬
noble
society
to describe or represent something
glorify in a way that makes it seem better ‫ستودن‬
or more important than it really is
bravery brave behaviour or actions ‫شجاعت‬
to make something seem less ‫بی اهمیت کردن‬
trivialize
important than it really is
to cause someone to seem to be
degrade worth less and lose the respect of ‫پست کردن‬
others
sideline ‫حاشیه‬
pitiful ‫رقت انگیز‬
horrifying very shocking ‫ترسناک‬
the ability to share someone else's
feelings or experiences by ‫ درک و شناخت‬،‫یکدلی‬
empathy
imagining what it would be like to
be in that person's situation
If two or more facts, pieces of
contradictory advice, etc. are contradictory, they ‫متضاد‬
are very different from each other
to feel a strong dislike for someone
or something because you think ‫خوار شمردن‬
despise
that that person or thing is bad or
has no value
beloved loved very much
Passage No. Title

108 Copyright
the group of people who make the ‫پارلمان‬
Parliament
laws in some countries
To continue | to move to the next
go on sth
thing or stage

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the fact of giving away money in a

largesse
generous way/ generosity
international trade left to its natural ‫تجارت آزاد‬
Free Trade
course without tariffs
confer ‫اعطاء کردن‬
to make something known or tell ‫اعالن کردن‬
announce
people about something officially
a payment made esp. to writers and

royalty musicians every time their books or ‫حق امتیاز‬
songs are bought or used by others
a situation that is extremely bad | a

scandal public feeling of shock and strong ‫رسوایی‬
moral disapproval
to make something that is already ‫بدتر کردن‬
exacerbate
bad even worse
the fact of reaching, stretching, or
continuing; the act of adding to
extension
something in order to make it
bigger or longer
scandalous ‫ پرجنجال‬،‫رسوا‬
valuable important, useful, or beneficial
reap get ‫بدست اوردن‬
asset ‫دارایی‬
to show that something is ‫توجیه کردن‬
justify
reasonable, right, or true
to show feelings that you are trying ‫خیانت کردن به‬
betray
to hide SYN give away
Passage No. Title

109 Problem of communication
conceive to imagine something ‫تصور کردن‬
A number pattern which increases
linear sequence (or decreases) by the same amount
each time
to build or create again something
reconstruct that has been damaged or ‫نوسازی کردن‬
destroyed
all of something SYN entire | ‫تمامیت‬
wholeness
integrity
innumerable too many to be counted ‫بیشمار‬
an action or event that is a signal
Cue: noun [countable] for something else to happen take ‫نشانه‬
your cue from somebody
to successfully control a feeling or
overcome problem that prevents you from ‫غلبه بر‬
achieving something

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to have a conversation with

Conversing/ converse
someone SYN talk
if a problem, difficulty etc confronts
confront you, it appears and needs to be ‫مواجه شدن‬
dealt with
Passage No. Title

The invasion of non-indigenous
110
plants
an action or process that affects
invasion someone's life in an unpleasant and ‫ تعرض‬،‫نقض کردن‬
unwanted way.
invasion of ‫تهاجم به‬
indigenous native ‫بومی‬
threat to ‫تهدید برای‬
the state of being united as one ‫یکپارچگی‬
integrity
complete thing
Impact of ‫تاثیر‬
Any kind of living organism—an
amphibian, plant that is not native
to an ecosystem and causes harm. ‫گونه های مهاجم‬
invasive species
They can harm the environment,
the economy, or even human
health.
relating to amounts rather than to ‫کمی‬
quantitative
the quality or standard of something
negative impacts ‫تأثیرات منفی‬
purple loosestrife A type of plant
invasive ‫تهاجمی‬
is the movement and exchange of
nutrient cycle organic and inorganic matter back ‫چرخه مواد مغذی‬
into the production of matter.
a good reason or explanation for ‫توجیه‬
Justifications
something
to delay an event and plan or
Postponing/postpone decide that it should happen at a ‫به تعویق انداختن‬
later date or time
habitat suitability ‫سازگاری زیستگاه‬
the process in which the beauty or
degradation quality of something is destroyed or ‫تنزل‬
spoiled
detrimental effects ‫اثرات مخرب‬
to express your disapproval of
criticized someone or something, or to talk ‫انتقاد کردن‬
about their faults
potential risks ‫خطرات احتمالی‬
demonstrate to show or prove something clearly ‫ثابت کردن‬-‫نشان دادن‬

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conventional traditional and ordinary ‫مرسوم‬

an area of land that is partly
wetland covered with water or wet most of ‫زمین مرطوب‬
the time
decomposition rates ‫نرخ تجزیه‬
The animal and plant life of a
biota particular region, habitat, or
geological period
to decay, or to cause something to ‫تجزیه‬
decomposition
decay
the fact of including many different ‫تنوع‬
diversity
types of people or things
pollination ‫گرده افشانی‬
to control or limit something that is
curb
not wanted
to (cause to) cover, reach, or have
spread an effect on a wider or increasing ‫انتشار‬
area
to gradually cover more and more
Encroach/ Encroachment
land
Passage No. Title

111 Bhutan
permanent or always continuing to
standing
exist or happen
to save something or someone ‫حفظ کردن‬
preserve
from being harmed or destroyed
relating to deep feelings and ‫معنوی‬
spiritual
beliefs, especially religious beliefs
to make something continue in the
maintain same way or at the ‫نگه داشتن‬
same standard as before
money given as part of the cost of
subsidie something, to help or encourage it ‫یارانه‬
to happen
Passage No. Title

112
a person who is related to you and
Descendants who lives after you, such as your ‫فرزندان‬
child or grandchild
to have something in your mind as ‫قبال تعیین شده‬
intend
a plan or purpose
something that represents a ‫استعاره‬
metaphor
general idea or quality
to admit or accept that something is
acknowledge
true or that a situation exists

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an abiding feeling or belief

abiding continues for a long time and is not ‫پایبند‬
likely to change
very good, completely unexpected, ‫معجزه اسا‬
miraculous
and often very lucky
staple vital ‫قلم اصلی‬
material consisting of two sheets of
heavy paper with a layer of plaster
wallboard between them, used to make walls
and ceilings before putting on a top
layer of plaster
a floor covering made from strong
linoleum
shiny material
manifestation ‫ظهور‬
Passage No. Title

113 Alaska’s Aleutian Islands
The Aleutian Islands are a chain of
14 large volcanic islands and 55
alaska’saleutian islands smaller ones belonging to both the
U.S. state of Alaska and the
Russian
A whaler or whaling ship is a
whaling ship specialized ship, designed for
whaling
accustomed familiar with something ‫خو گرفته‬
if a ship runs aground, it becomes
run/go aground stuck in a place where the water is
not deep enough
an accident in which a ship is
shipwrecks destroyed or sunk at sea, especially
by hitting rocks,
Volcanic archipelago ‫مجمع الجزایر آتشفشانی‬
the condition of being awake and
consciousness able to understand what is ‫ هوشیاری‬-‫آگاهی‬
happening around you
whaling the activity of hunting whales
without realizing what you are doing
inadvertently
SYN accidentally
if a place is infested with things or
infestation people you do not want, there are ‫هجوم و الودگی نفرات‬
too many of them there
to move quickly with short steps,
scurry especially because you are in ‫حرکت تند و سریع‬
a hurry
on or towards the shore of a lake, ‫در ساحل‬
ashore
river, sea etc SYN onshore

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Passage No. Title

114 DOG
the process of choosing only plants
selective breeding and animals with desirable ‫پرورش انتخابی‬
characteristics to reproduce
to pull something quickly and
pull at/on something
usually repeatedly
Canine relating to dogs
extremely ugly in a strange or ‫چیز عجیب و غریب‬
grotesque
unnatural way
a change to the intended or true ‫تحریف‬
Distortion
meaning of something
used to introduce an additional
Indeed statement that emphasizes or ‫در واقع‬
supports what you have just said
the study of the causes and effects ‫آسیب شناسی‬
pathology
of illnesses
Ancestry ‫اجداد‬
the parents and other past family
members of an animal or person, or ‫شجرنامه‬
Pedigree
an official written record of
this‫شجرنامه‬
a group of animals that are born at
Litter the same time and have the same
mother
Breed ‫نژاد‬
having developed as a natural part ‫غریزی‬
Inbred
of your character
Simplify ‫ساده کردن‬
animals kept expressly for the
purposes of conducting
experimental animal
experiments on them. Called also
laboratory animals.
regarded as ‫بهعنوان‬
Passage No. Title

115 Major stressors
something that causes stress (=
Stressor
great worry or emotional difficulty)
the failure of a relationship or
breakdown
system
e feeling you have when you are ‫خستگی‬
Boredom
bored, or the quality of being boring
play a part to help to achieve something
having an effect that is strong
life changes
enough to change someone's life

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Passage No. Title

116 Labor market
large in amount or number. ‫قابل توجه‬
substantial
Considerable
Labor market ‫بازار کار‬
Education qualification degrees,diplomas, certificates
to cause something to happen or ‫منجرشدن‬
lead to
cause someone to do something
the rate at which goods are
produced, and the amount
productivity produced, especially in relation to ‫بهره وری‬
the work, time, and money needed
to produce them
innovation a new idea, method, or invention ‫نوآوری‬
It means that your workers are
putting out products more quickly or
increased productivity
completing services at a more rapid
rate than before
global market ‫بازار جهانی‬
determined or trying very hard to
be more successful than other ‫رقابتی‬
competitive
people or
businesses → compete, competitor
Passage No. Title

117 ministerial staffing system
Contemporary ‫معاصر‬
connected with or relating to ‫اداری‬
ministerial
government ministers
strongly supporting a particular
political party, plan, or leader, ‫حامی‬
partisan
usually without considering the
other choices carefully
to develop and change gradually ‫تکامل یابد‬
evolve
over a long period of times
Westminster The British Houses of Parliament
having the same value, purpose,
equivalent job etc as a person or thing of a ‫هم معنی‬
different kind
to succeed in dealing with a difficult ‫مقابله با‬
cope with
problem or situation
matching something in size, quality, ‫متناسب‬
commensurate
or length of time
something that has been organized
arrangement
or agreed on SYN agreement

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to break something, or be broken

Fragmented into a lot of small separate parts – ‫قطعه قطعه‬
used to show disapproval
not planned, but arranged or done ‫تک کاره‬
ad hoc
only when necessary
An operational framework is a
guide to a company's policies, ‫چارچوب عملیاتی‬
operating framework
goals, standards, procedures and
training.
Passage No. Title

118 Complementary therapies
Complementary ‫مکمل‬
the treatment of an illness or injury ‫درمان‬
therapy
over a fairly long period of time.
someone who tries to cure illness
naturopaths using natural things such as plants, ‫طبیعت گردی‬
rather than drugs
legal regulation ‫مقررات قانونی‬
someone who treats physical ‫فیزیوتراپ‬
chiropractor
problems using chiropractic
doctors’ associations ‫انجمن پزشکان‬
a treatment for pain and disease
Acupuncturist / acupuncture that involves pushing special ‫طب سوزنی‬
needles into parts of the body
to happen at the same time as
coincide something else, especially ‫مصادف شدن‬
by chance → coincidence
a strong feeling of interest
and enjoyment about something ‫اشتیاق‬
enthusiasm
and an eagerness to be involved in
it
the power to affect the way
someone or something develops, ‫نفوذ‬
influence
behaves, or thinks, without using
direct force or orders
administrative data ‫داده های اجرایی‬
inform discussion ‫بحث های آکاهی دهنده‬
the act of including someone or
inclusion something in a larger group or set, ‫گنجاندن‬
or the fact of being included in one
Formal: the ability of something to
efficacy produce the right result SYN ‫اثر‬
effectiveness
an amount of money that
fund is collected and kept for a ‫سرمایه‬
particular purpose
to officially tell someone about ‫اطالع دادن‬
inform
something or give them information

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Passage No. Title

An eccentric mix of English,
119
German and French
eccentric Unusual ‫غیر عادی‬
to make someone decide to do ‫بفعالیت واداشتن‬
prompt
something
wider audience ‫مخاطبان گسترده تر‬
if someone does something with
abandon, they behave in a careless
Abandon (noun) or uncontrolled way, without
thinking or caring about what they
are doing
to suggest something as a plan or ‫پیشنهاد کردن‬
propose
course of action
a quality or an idea that a word
connotation makes you think of that is more ‫داللت ضمنی‬
than its basic meaning
passionate ‫ پر اشتیاق‬،‫پرشور‬
Passage No. Title

120 TV advertising
to recognize and understand the
distinguish difference between two or more ‫مشخص کردن‬
things or people SYN differentiate
intent of sth ‫هدف از چیزی‬
if you are aware that a situation
aware exists, you realize or know that it
exists
commercials ‫آگهی های بازرگانی‬
Passage No. Title

121 Country
to think that something will happen
expect because it seems likely or has been ‫انتظار داشتن‬
planned
After all ‫گذشته از همه اینها‬
to discuss or think about something
explore
carefully SYN look at
whole planet ‫تمام هستی‬
if several things of the same type
vary vary, they are all different from ‫فرق داشتن‬
each other SYN differ
straightforward simple and easy to understand ‫مستقیم‬

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if a problem or difficult situation ‫بوجود امدن‬

arise
arises, it begins to happen
point out something to direct attention toward something
convenient Suitable ‫مناسب‬
conversely ‫متقابال‬
to take control of a country or area
Annex(verb) next to your own, especially by ‫ضمیمه کردن‬
using force
to start or continue doing
get on with sth
something, especially work
Passage No. Title

122 Living away from home
extended period of time Long time
clearly known, seen, or stated SYN ‫قطعی‬
definite
clear
to take care of and provide for
fend for yourself yourself without depending on
anyone else. (working alone)
to annoy someone, especially by
hassle asking them many times to do ‫عذاب دادن‬
something
do not need anyone else to take
look after sb/sth (yourself) care of you. | to be responsible for
dealing with something
unusual or surprising, especially in
strange a way that is difficult to explain or ‫عجیب‬
understand SYN odd
If you part with something that is
valuable or that you would prefer to ‫بخشی از چیزی‬
part with something
keep, you give it or sell it to
someone else.
roller coaster a situation that changes often
time that you spend with someone,
quality time giving them your full attention
because you value the relationship
intimacy ‫صمیمیت‬
having a meaning that is easy to
Meaningful understand and makes sense | ‫معنی دار‬
serious, important, or useful
Passage No. Title

123 Space work
astronaut ‫فضانورد‬
to do something that needs to be
carry something ↔ out phrasal verb
organized and planned

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next to the side of something | in ‫همراه با‬

alongside
comparison with something
craft an aircraft or spacecraft
a small hard object produced by
seed plants, from which a new plant of ‫دانه‬
the same kind grows
to try to find out the truth about
investigate something such as a crime, ‫تحقیق کردن‬
accident, or scientific problem
Passage No. Title

124 Radioactivity
un-sensed Not sensitive
radiation levels ‫سطح تابش رادیواکتیو‬
Formal: to notice, see, or recognize
something to come to an opinion ‫ دریافتن‬،‫درک کردن‬
perceive
about something, or have a belief
about something
a class in a system of classification
orders of magnitude determined by size, typically in
powers of ten.
scary frightening ‫ترسناک‬
in spite of a fact that you have just ‫با این اوصاف‬
Nevertheless
mentioned SYN nonetheless
not protected from attack SYN ‫در معرض گذاشتن‬
exposed
vulnerable
magnitude ‫بزرگی‬
Passage No. Title

125 Scholar Award
outstanding extremely good ‫برجسته‬
Distinguished successful, respected, and admired ‫متمایز‬
if animals or people inhabit an area ‫ساکن بودن‬
inhabit
or place, they live there SYN live
An extreme environment has harsh
and challenging conditions.
extreme environment
Humans and other species need to
adapt in order to survive in it.
a serious book or article about a ‫مقاله‬-‫رساله‬
treatise
particular subject
chief editor ‫سردبیر‬
to spend a period of time doing
useful work or official duties for an
Serve on
organization, country, important
person etc

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Passage No. Title

126 The allure of the book
a mysterious, exciting, or desirable ‫جذابیت‬
allure
quality
to take advantage of people who
prey on/upon somebody/something
are weak or easily deceived
your ability to understand a
grasp complicated idea, situation, or ‫فهم‬
subject
used to say that something or
someone eventually becomes
turn out to be sth something or is found to have a
particular identity, quality, ability,
etc.
pleasurable enjoyable ‫لذت بخش‬
critical talents ‫استعدادهای مهم‬
meaningful ‫معنی دار‬
a tendency or willingness to behave ‫وضع‬
Disposition
in a particular way
if a picture or a story titillates
titillate someone, it makes them feel ‫بطور لذت بخشی تحریک کردن‬
sexually interested
to give support to an opinion, idea, ،‫ نیرو دادن‬،‫ مستحکم کردن‬،‫تقویت کردن‬

reinforce
or feeling, and make it stronger ‫نیرو بخشیدن به‬
containing or made from ideas or

expressions that have been used
formulaic many times before and are ‫فرمول‬
therefore not very new or
interesting
Passage No. Title

127 Corporate Culture
something that you think is true
assumption although you have no definite proof ‫ گمان‬،‫فرض‬
→ assume
a recommendation that is ‫نسخه‬
prescription
authoritatively put forward.
be subject to scrutiny be able to be examined
Critical scrutiny ‫بررسی انتقادی‬
to succeed in learning information
tease something ↔ out phrasal
that is hidden, or that someone
verb
does not want to tell you
an urgent request for something ‫درخواست‬
Appeal
important

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a statement, report, attitude etc that

is subjective is influenced by ‫ذهنی‬
Subjective
personal opinionand can therefore
be unfair
assert: (verb) to state firmly that something is true ‫ادعا کردن‬
to make something much clearer ‫روشن کردن‬
illuminate
and easier to understand
to defeat a person or group and ‫تسلیم شدن‬
subjugate
make them obey you
based on a political system in which
ordinary people have no power and ‫حکومت استبدادی‬
totalitarian: (adjective)
are completely controlled by the
government
upon used to mean ‘on’ or ‘onto’
the ability to make yourself do
self-discipline things you know you should do ‫خود نظم و انضباط‬
even when you do not want to
to be considered to be something |
if several people or things ‫تشکیل دادن‬
constitute
constitute something, they are the
parts that form it SYN make up
devote ‫اختصاص دادن‬
Constrain to limit something ❇️SYN restrict ‫محدودیت‬
a way of thinking about people,
Standpoint situations, ideas etc ❇️SYN point ‫نقطه نظر‬
of view
be based on; of theories and
build upon
claims, for example
drawing attention to make someone notice something
To this end in order to achieve a particular aim
Passage No. Title

128 Private schools
to make something much more ‫مضاعف‬
redoubling
than before; to increase something
A boarding school provides
education for pupils who live on the
boarding
premises, as opposed to a day
school.
a school where students reside ‫مدارس شبانه روزی‬
boarding schools
during the semester.
pupils ‫دانش آموزان‬
to or in a foreign country that is
overseas
across the sea → abroad
cultural shift ‫تغییر فرهنگی‬
not wanting to do something and ‫ بی میل‬،‫ناخواسته‬
Unwilling
refusing to do it

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something that forms an edge or

edging
border
recession ‫رکود اقتصادی‬
Passage No. Title

129 Environmentalists
something, especially a statement,
that tells you that something
warning bad, dangerous, or annoying might
happen so that you can
be ready or avoid it
global economy ‫اقتصاد جهانی‬
depends on ‫بستگی دارد به‬
Passage No. Title

130 Tree ring studies
the science or technique of dating
events, environmental change, and
archaeological artifacts by using the
dendrochronology
characteristic patterns of annual
growth rings in timber and tree
trunks.
bonus ofsth prize, award, bonus, reward
substructure ‫زیر ساخت‬
to build something again after it has
reconstruct been destroyed or damaged SYN ‫نوسازی کردن‬
rebuild
drought ‫خشک سالی‬
Passage No. Title

131 Buy a house
Frightening in a way that makes
daunting you feel less confident. SYN:
difficult
daunting process ‫روند هولناک‬
stamp duty ‫تمبر مالیاتی‬
council rates Something like city tax
take into account
Interest rates ‫نرخ بهره‬
an unforeseen situation is one that ‫پیش بینی نشده‬
unforeseen
you did not expect to happen

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used when you are saying what

In ordinary course of events
would normally happen
official agreement or decision that
ends an argument, a court case, or ‫توافق‬
settlement
a fight, or the action of making an
agreement
if a contract, agreement etc lapses,

lapses it comes to an end, usually because
an agreed time limit has passed
to happen, especially after being

Take place
planned or arranged
Passage No. Title

132 New systematic nomenclature
a system of naming things, ‫نامگذاری‬
nomenclature
especially in science
a process or system that is ‫مایه زحمت‬
cumbersome
cumbersome is slow and difficult
return to (a previous state,
revert
condition, practice, etc.)
trivial not serious, important, or valuable ‫بدیهی‬
seeming to be the reason for or the
ostensible purpose of something, but usually ‫ظاهرا‬
hiding the real reason or purpose
Passage No. Title

133 Reasoning lies
an eminent person is famous, ‫برجسته‬
eminent
important, and respected
not like anything known before, and ‫جدید‬
novel
unusual or interesting
to plan or invent a new way of ‫ابداع‬
devise
doing something
expressed in a way that is very ‫صریح‬
explicit
clear and direct
to use and control ‫عمل کردن‬
operate
a machine or equipment
Passage No. Title

134 Leadership
formal to give someone something ‫عطاء کردن‬
bestow
of great value or importance
relating to the principles of what is
Moral right and wrong behavior, and with ‫اخالقی‬
the difference between good and

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evil
done or made in the traditional or ‫معتبر‬

authentic
original way SYN genuine
a genuine feeling, desire etc is one
genuine that you really feel, not one you ‫ واقعی‬،‫اصل‬
pretend to feel
deep understanding ‫درک عمیق‬
Passage No. Title

135 Absence from work
causing problems and preventing
disruptive something from continuing in its ‫مخرب‬
usual way
absenteeism ‫غیبت‬
occurrence ‫وقوع‬
prior to this time ‫قبل از این زمان‬
to carry out a particular activity or
conduct process, especially in order to get ‫هدایت کردن‬
information or prove facts
Passage No. Title

136 Coastal hypothesis
Coastal ‫ساحلی‬
an idea that is suggested as an
explanation for something, but that
hypothesis
has not yet been proved to be true
SYN theory
a type of animal that drinks milk
from its mother’s body when it is ‫پستانداران‬
mammal
young. Humans, dogs, and whales
are mammals.
chasing and killing animals for food ‫شکار‬
hunting
or sport
an animal that lives in water, has a
shell, and can be eaten as food, for
shellfish
example crabs, lobsters, and
oysters
watercraft ‫آبراه‬
Barrier ‫مانع‬
impetus motivation ‫انگیزه‬
Passage No. Title

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137 Weightless environment

a substance that is formed naturally
in the earth, such as coal, salt,
mineral
stone, or gold. Minerals can be dug
out of the ground and used
to make something happen SYN
result in
cause
if a part of the body atrophies or is
atrophied, it becomes weak
atrophy
because of lack of use or lack of
blood
when someone is in a situation
where they are not protected from ‫در معرض گذاری‬
exposure
something dangerous or
unpleasant
health hazard Health dangerous issues ‫خطر سالمت‬
a form of energy that comes
especially fromnuclear reactions, ‫تابش‬
radiation
which in large amounts is very
harmful to living things
small or limited in size, area, or
restricted
amount
Passage No. Title

138 High protein diet
body composition the ratio of fat to muscle ‫ترکیب بدنی‬
better than before / greater in value
Enhanced [adj]
than before
protein powders ‫پودر پروتیین‬
fortified having healthful substances added ‫غنی شده‬
supplement ‫مکمل‬
nutrition ‫ قوت‬،‫تغذیه‬
Passage No. Title

139 Egg-eating snakes
swallow ‫بلعیدن‬
spines ‫ستون فقرات‬
the line of bones down the centre of
backbone the back that provides support for
the body
stick out sth to be very easy to notice ‫جلو آمدن‬
to make it impossible for a person
squeeze sb/sth out or company to continue or
successful

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to move part of your body so that it

bend is not straight or so that you are not ‫خم شدن‬
upright
to make the water or liquid in sth ‫خشک شدن‬
drain
flow away
to become level or cause sth to ‫صاف شدن‬
flatten
become level
compact shape ‫جمع و جور‬
Passage No. Title

140 Good customer service
agreement that something is true or ‫به رسمیت شناختن‬
recognition
legal
equate ‫مساوی‬
instant disadvantage ‫ضرر فوری‬
fundamental elements ‫عناصر اساسی‬
Passage No. Title

141 Twins
to cause someone to feel confused
and slightly worried because they
puzzle cannot understand something, or to ‫متحیر شدن‬
think hard about something in order
to understand it
to control or influence something
determine directly, or to decide what will ‫تعیین کردن‬
happen
to decide what the intended ‫تفسیر‬
interpret
meaning of something is
identical twins ‫دوقلوهای همسان‬
Passage No. Title

142 Behaviourism
behaviourist approach ‫رویکرد رفتاری‬
the condition of being awake and
consciousness able to understand what is ‫هوشیاری‬
happening around you
primarily ‫در درجه اول‬
if a problem or difficult situation
arise
arises, it begins to happen
stimuli ‫محرک ها‬
Passage No. Title

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143 Genius
very great and rare natural ability or
skill, especially in a particular area ‫نبوغ‬
Genius
such as science or art, or a person
who has this
to think that a belief or opinion is
incline to/towards sth
probably correct
unable to be separated, released, ‫ناگسستنی‬
inextricably
or escaped from
to fasten something together using ‫گره خورده‬
tied up
string, rope, or something similar
showing mental development or
Precocity/precocious achievement much earlier than ‫پیشقدم‬/ ‫زودگذر‬
usual
to develop a way of dealing with a
be/become hardened to sth sad situation so that it no longer
upsets you
early age ‫سنین پایین‬
Passage No. Title

144 Joseph Engelberger
a person who is one of the first ‫پیشگام‬
pioneer
people to do something
complete and including everything ‫همه جانبه‬
comprehensive
that is necessary
to be or be considered as ‫تشکل دادن‬
constitute
something
industrial robotics ‫رباتیک صنعتی‬
Passage No. Title

145 A sewing Machine
a piece of thread sewn in cloth, or
the single movement of a needle ‫کوک زدن‬
stitch
and thread into and out of the cloth
that produces this
fabric ‫پارچه‬
to make, design, or think of a ‫اختراع کردن‬
invent
new type of thing
to move easily without stopping and
glides
without effort or noise
a state or an example of problems
inconvenience or trouble, often causing a delay or ‫اسباب زحمت و مزاحمت‬
loss of comfort
domestic machines ‫ماشین های داخلی‬
by contrast to ‫در مقابل‬

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Passage No. Title

146 Bronze vs Silver
thinking about what did not happen
counterfactual but could have happened, or ‫خالف واقع‬
relating to this kind of thinking
draw on sth knowledge of something to help
you do something
The salient facts about something
salient or qualities of something are the ‫ چشمگیر‬، ‫ مهم‬، ‫برجسته‬
most important things about them
archival data ‫داده های بایگانی‬
prior ‫قبلی‬
the feeling that good things are ‫انتظار‬
expectations
going to happen in the future
always behaving or happening in a ‫ پایدار با‬/‫ثابت قدم‬
consistent
similar, especially positive, way
to make something happen very
trigger quickly, especially a series of ‫راه انداختن‬
events
Passage No. Title

147 Choose your roommate
to write or type information in
fill out
spaces that are provided for it
to give something and be given ‫تعویض‬
swap
something else instead
Passage No. Title

148 Internet
to be a sign that something
herald important, and often good, is ‫از امدن یا وقوع چیزی خبر دادن‬
starting to happen
to completely change something so ‫تحول اساسی‬
revolutionize
that it is much better
to spread or give out something,
Dissemination / disseminate especially news, information, ideas, ‫انتشار‬
etc., to a lot of people
exponential growth ‫رشد نمایی‬
democratize ‫دموکراتیک کردن‬
to improve a position by going past
leapfrogging others quickly or by missing some ‫جهش ارتقا بهبود‬
stages of an activity or process

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the quality of being full of hope and

emphasizing the good parts of a ‫خوش بینی‬
optimism
situation, or a belief that something
good will happen
something that blocks you so that
obstacle movement, going forward, or action ‫مانع‬
is prevented or made more difficult
Passage No. Title

149 Walt Disney World
a visit to a place that is considered
pilgrimage special, where you go to show your ‫زیارتی‬
respect
the state of producing or reflecting
luminosity bright light; the state of appearing ‫درخشندگی‬
to shine
relating to or aiming for a perfect
utopian society in which everyone works ‫ایده آلیست‬
well with each other and is happy
Real needs ‫نیازهای واقعی‬
clothes of a particular type when
apparel
they are being sold in a shop
Passage No. Title

150 Australia and New Zealand
living somewhere, especially
settled
permanently
predominantly mostly or mainly ‫غالبا‬
features belonging to the culture of
heritage a particular society, such as ‫میراث‬
traditions, languages, or buildings
front Area of activity
in that sense ‫به این معنا‬
existing naturally or having always ‫بومی‬
indigenous
lived in a place; native
steady ‫ثابت‬
fertility the ability to produce young ‫باروری‬
alongside next to, or together with ‫در کنار‬
steady stream ‫جریان مداوم‬
Indigenous population ‫جمعیت بومی‬
Passage No. Title

151 Legal deposit

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thereby as a result of this action ‫در نتیجه‬

Legal deposit is a legal requirement
that a person or group submit ‫سپرده قانونی‬
Legal deposit
copies of their publications to a
repository, usually a library.
relating to your ability to think and
intellectual understand things, especially ‫فکری‬
complicated ideas
heritage ‫میراث‬
the land and buildings owned by
premises someone, especially by a company
or organization
to keep something as it is,
especially in order to prevent it from ‫حفظ کردن‬
preserve
decaying or being damaged or
destroyed
Passage No. Title

152 Lysimachia (a vegetable)
a group of animals or plants, more
genus closely related than a family, but ‫ نوع‬،‫جنس‬
less similar than a species.
A bog garden employs permanently
moist soil to create a habitat for ‫باغ بوته‬
bog garden
plants and creatures which thrive in
such conditions
herbaceous (of plants) soft and not woody ‫علف مانند‬
edge of a pond ‫لبه حوضچه‬
shrubs ‫درختچه ها‬
a large area of land covered with
grassland
grass
having a lot of hair, especially on
hairy parts of the body other than the
head
any of the usually brightly colored
petal parts that together form most of a ‫گلبرگ‬
flower
a small, curved plate that you put a ‫نلبعکی مانند‬
saucer
cup on
deserving attention because of ‫قابل توجه‬
Noteworthy
being important or interesting
Passage No. Title

153 Anesthesia
a state in which someone does not
Anesthesia/anaesthesia feel pain, usually because of drugs ‫بیهوشی‬
they have been given

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a type of gas that is used as an

laughing gas anaesthetic (= a substance that
stops pain)
simple and not skillfully done or ‫خام‬
crude
made
side effects ‫اثرات جانبی‬
a drug made from the seeds of a
opium poppy (= red flower) that is used to ‫تریاک‬
control pain or to help people sleep.
to force air out of your lungs
cough through your throat with a short, ‫سرفه‬
loud sound
Something that is flammable burns ‫آتش زا‬
flammable
easily
a small device you use to breathe ‫استنشاقی‬
inhaler
in particular medicines
to control an activity or process, ‫تنظیم کردن‬
regulate
especially by rules
Passage No. Title

UBC expeditions to the Canadian
154
Arctic
Arctic ‫قطب شمال‬
very famous and admired or ‫افسانه ای‬
legendary
spoken about
on or onto a ship, aircraft, bus, or
aboard
train
a place, building, or object that is
accessible accessible is easy to reach or get ‫در دسترس‬
into OPP inaccessible
Passage No. Title

155 The United Nations
express to show a feeling, opinion, or fact ‫اظهار کردن‬
if property, shares, etc. vest in
vest in sb/sth someone, they legally become
theirs
to make a decision, agreement, etc. ‫رسیدن‬
reach
about something
founding Charter ‫منشور تاسیس‬
conflict prevention ‫پیشگیری از درگیری‬
humanitarian assistance ‫کمک های انسان دوستانه‬
Passage No. Title

156 Volcano’s eruption

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a mountain with a large, circular ‫آتشفشان‬

Volcano
hole at the top through which lava
to explode or destroy something or
someone with explosives, or to ‫انفجار‬
blast
break through or hit something with
a similar, very strong force
When a volcano erupts, it explodes ‫فوران کردن‬
erupt
and flames and rocks come out of it
spot a particular place
a dangerous or unpleasant situation
which you have got into and from ‫به دام افتاده‬
trapped
which it is difficult or impossible to
escape
close together and difficult to go or ‫متراکم‬
dense
see through; thick
to produce large quantities of
push out
something
Passage No. Title

Japan learned knowledge from
157
China
broad very wide ‫گسترده‬
a continuous flow of things or ‫جریان‬
stream
people
to stop moving or doing sth or ‫ایستادگی کردن‬
halt
happening
to be right for a particular person,
suit
situation, or occasion
Passage No. Title

158 QLD school
Leader. an official of high rank in a
college or university who is
dean
responsible for the organization of a
department or departments
Prior to sth (this/that) before a particular time or event ‫قبل از‬
capability the ability to do something ‫قابلیت‬
School Administrator and Principal
principal positions
Job
to be the most important or the ‫غالب شدن در‬
predominate in
greatest in number
progress to to continue gradually
Passage No. Title

159

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circular ‫گرد‬
if a room, building etc can
accommodate a particular number ‫جا دادن‬
accommodate
of people or things, it has
enough space for them
a job or piece of work that involves
collaborative two or more people working ‫مبتنی بر همکاری‬
together to achieve something
ubiquitous ‫همه جا حاضر‬
to make it easier for a process or ‫تسهیل کردن‬
facilitate
activity to happen
interact ‫تعامل داشتن‬
mounted ‫نصب شده‬
allotted ‫اختصاص داده شده‬
to show that a
indicate particular situation exists, or that
something is likely to be true
Passage No. Title

160 Sales Representatives
available to someone by choice,
discretionary without having to get permission or ‫اختیاری‬
authority. Optional
motive a reason for doing something ‫انگیزه‬
hinge Depend on sth. ‫وابسته بودن‬
on the part of sb/on done or experienced by someone
discretionary time/effort ‫ تالش اختیاری‬/ ‫زمان‬
wanting very much to do or have
Eager/eagerly something, especially something ‫مشتاقانه‬
interesting or enjoyable
someone whose job is to sell a
sales representatives company’s products, often by ‫نمایندگان فروش‬
traveling to different places.
to imagine or expect that something ‫پیشبینی کردن‬
anticipate
will happen
is just a way of referring to things
Outside your immediate presence
that are not relatively close to you.
all the employees of a company
whose job is persuading customers
sales force
to buy their company's products or
services
Passage No. Title

161 The Texas Cosmology Center

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Cosmology ‫کیهان شناسی‬

If two or more activities, subjects, or
overlap periods of time overlap, they have ‫همپوشانی‬
some parts that are the same
to allow something to be seen that, ‫آشکار ساختن‬
reveal
until then, had been hidden
unable to leave the surface of the
earthbound
earth
an extremely small piece of ‫ذره‬
particle
matter/something
in physics, a machine that makes
accelerator particles (= small pieces of matter) ‫شتاب دهنده‬
move very fast
The fact of an event happening, an
advent invention being made, or a person ‫ظهور چیزی‬
arriving.
collaborate ‫همکاری‬
Passage No. Title

162 Ancient Egyptians music
in every part, or during the whole
throughout
period of time
play a key/major/important role/part to have a lot of power or influence
(in sth) in a particular situation
pharaonic pharaoh ‫فرعون فرعونی‬
a series of rulers or leaders who
are all from the same family, or a ‫سلسله‬
dynasty
period when a country is ruled by
them
to start a company, organization,
system, etc that
establish
is intended to exist or continue for a
long time SYN found
Passage No. Title

163 Security footage
film or videotape that shows a ‫فیلم‬
footage
single event or place
courtroom a room where a law court meets
closed-circuit television (CCTV) Security cameras
the chance that something will ‫احتمال‬
likelihood
happen
to consider or judge something in a ‫فرض کردن‬
deem
particular way
legal actions to prove or judge a ‫اقدامات‬
proceedings
crime

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the act of deciding officially in a

conviction court of law that someone is guilty ‫محکومیت‬
of a particular crime
to force someone to have sex when
rape they are unwilling, using violence or ‫تجاوز‬
threatening behavior
sentencing ‫مجازات‬
guilty ‫گناهکار‬
to decide what the intended ‫تفسیر کردن‬
interpret
meaning of something is
containing all of a substance that ‫اشباع شده‬
saturate
can be absorbed
strongly affecting how a situation ‫تعیین کننده‬-‫قاطع‬
decisive
will progress or end
who sees an event happening, ‫شاهد‬
witness
especially a crime or an accident.
the act of including something as a ‫شمول‬
inclusion
part of something else
indefinitely ‫به طور نامحدود‬
inconsequential ‫بی نتیجه‬
public consciousness ‫آگاهی عمومی‬
Passage No. Title

164 The UW course descriptions
something that someone says
announcement officially, giving information about ‫ اگاهی‬،‫اطالعیه‬
something
Notice is also warning that
notice something will happen or needs to ‫ اخطار‬،‫اعالن‬
happen
constitute to be the parts that form something ‫تشکیل دادن‬
agreement ‫توافق‬
to accept something as true without ‫فرض کردن‬
assume
question or proof
consult ‫مشورت کردن‬
Passage No. Title

165 An Act
Conservation is a plan for avoiding
the unnecessary use of natural ‫حفاظت‬
Conservation
materials such as wood, water, or
fuel
representative committee a congressman or a political person
a change made to something, ‫اصالحیه‬
Amendment
especially the words of a text

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Constitutional law is a body of law

which defines the role, powers, and ‫قانون اساسی‬
legal constitution
structure of different entities within
a state
the protection of plants and
animals, natural areas, and
Conservancy interesting and important structures ‫محافظت‬
and buildings, especially from the
damaging effects of human activity
A representative is also a member
Representative
of a law-making group.
equitable distribution Fair distribute benefits to every one ‫توزیع عادالنه‬
Utilization the use of something ‫بهره برداری‬
Equitable treating everyone equally; fai
Boundaries ‫مرزها‬
Passage No. Title

166 Laurence Stephen
to represent or show something in a ‫شرح دادن‬
depict
picture or story
painting scenes ‫صحنه نقاشی‬
surrounding ‫اطراف‬
A part of city with a lot of ‫مناطق صنعتی‬
Industrial districts
companies and factories
a view or picture of the countryside, ‫مناظر طبیعی‬
landscapes
or the art of making such pictures
distinctive style A unique style
feeling sad, worried, or angry for a ‫توی فکر فرو رفتن‬
brooding
long time
a painting, photograph, or drawing
portrait
of a person
Refers to simple or rudimentary
matchstick men pictures (drawings, paintings, etc)
of people.
marionette ‫عروسک خیمه شب بازی‬
Passage No. Title

167 Studying Law
to show that something is very
emphasize important or worth giving attention ‫اهمیت دادن‬
to
to encourage someone to want to
tempt have or do something, esp. ‫دچار وسوسه کردن‬
something wrong
to depend on or trust someone or
rely on/upon something/someone
something

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Rely on to depend on
tempt to want to do something
bother ‫زحمت دادن‬
the act of using or spending energy, ‫هزینه‬
expenditure
time, or money
a comparison of the features or
analogy qualities of two different things to ‫قیاس‬
show their similarities
the fact of liking or enjoying
a taste for sth
something.
to please someone, or to satisfy a ‫لذت‬
gratification
wish or need
laborious needing a lot of time and effort ‫زحمت کش‬
acquire ‫بدست آوردن‬
Passage No. Title

168 Classic
having a high quality or standard
classic against which other things are
judged
If something stands the test of time,
stand the test of time it is still popular, strong, etc. after a ‫ایستادن در آزمون زمان‬
long time
extremely popular and selling in ‫پرفروش‬
bestselling
very large numbers
artistic quality A quality of a art work
in place of someone or something ‫به جای‬
instead
else
express to show a feeling, opinion, or fact
the act of showing a feeling or idea,
expression
or a feeling or idea that is shown
relevant ‫مربوط به‬
to make someone have a particular ‫الهام بخشیدن‬
inspire
strong feeling or reaction
lasting recognition ‫شناخت ماندگار‬
really or certainly, often used to ‫در واقع‬
indeed
emphasize something
regardless ‫صرف نظر از‬
the quality of being good and ‫شایستگی‬
Merit
deserving praise
acclaim public approval and praise ‫تحسین کردن‬
contemporary Modern. existing or happening now ‫امروزی‬
Passage No. Title

169 Growing customer power

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to combine two or more things in ‫ادغام‬

integrate
order to become more effective
address Refer to sth
increasing in price, amount, rate, ‫تشدید‬
escalating
etc
demanding customers ‫مشتریان متقاضی‬
escalating costs ‫افزایش هزینه ها‬
allocate resources ‫تخصیص منابع‬
Passage No. Title

The Gallery's Conservation
170
Department
painting, photograph, drawing, etc.
portrait of a person or, less commonly, of a ‫پرتره‬
group of people
expertise a high level of knowledge or skill ‫تجربه و تخصص‬
a particular area of study, esp. a
disciplines subject studied at a college or
university
Sculpture ‫ مجسمه‬،‫مجسمه سازی‬
Passage No. Title

171 An expert teacher
not regular or frequent; temporary ‫گاه به گاه‬
casual
or done sometimes:
thoughtful carefully considering things ‫متفکر‬
(of a person or a person’s behavior)
inquisitive eager to know a lot about people or
things
Bring out sth to produce a particular quality
talkative ‫پرحرف‬
Passage No. Title

172 Mayan Civilization
civilization ‫تمدن‬
over-farming Do farming more than usual
an extreme lack of food in a region, ‫قحطی‬
famine
causing suffering and death
drought ‫خشکی‬
Passage No. Title

173 Transportation

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a method or way of doing
Means (noun)
something
when considering an amount of ‫متناسب‬
proportionally
something as a part of a whole
better than average or better than
superior other people or things of the same ‫برتر‬
type
extend to make something last longer ‫توسعه دادن‬
work efficiency ‫بهره وری کار‬
Passage No. Title

174 SARS
to recognize and name the exact
diagnose character of a disease or a ‫تشخیص دادن‬
problem, by examining it
any feeling of illness or physical or
symptom mental change that is caused by a ‫نشانه‬
particular disease
severe acute respiratory syndrome ‫سندرم شدید حاد تنفسی‬
a medical condition in which the
fever body temperature is higher than
usual and the heart beats very fast
to (cause to) become cold but not ‫لرز‬
chills
freeze
to have a continuous pain that is ‫درد‬
ache
unpleasant but not very strong
the movement of fresh air around a
ventilation closed space, or the system that ‫تهویه‬
does this
dry cough ‫سرفه خشک‬
An antiviral drug or treatment is
antiviral used to cure an infection or disease ‫ضد ویروسی‬
caused by a virus
until sth expected happens, or while ‫درعین حال‬
In the meantime
sth else is happening
a type of virus that includes the
coronavirus
SARS virus
to force air or liquid out of ‫خارج کردن‬
expel
something
to take a long time to leave or ‫منتظر ماندن‬
linger
disappear
a round handle that you turn to ‫دستگیره در‬
doorknob
open a door
Passage No. Title

175 Who won the World Cup 1994

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to collect several things, often from ‫جمع کردن‬

gather
different places or people
takes place(event) An event happens
a situation in which someone is
competition trying to win something or be more ‫رقابت‬
successful than someone else
at the place where an event is
on the spot happening or has recently
happened
merely only; and nothing more ‫صرفا‬
to encourage an activity or
Spur (spurred) development or make it happen
faster
to start to do something different
branch out from what you usually do,
especially in your job
besides in addition to; also
to tell someone about particular ‫اطالع دادن‬
inform
facts
he fact of something or someone ‫وجود داشتن‬
existence
existing
a small part of something, or a
fraction
small amount
A magazine or newspaper’s
circulation circulation is the number of people
who read it
Passage No. Title

176 Poor Reading Habits
interoffice ‫مکاتبه و مراسله بین ادارات یک موسسه‬
to be able to understand or deal

keep up with something that is happening or ‫ادامه دادن‬
changing very fast
to understand something ‫درک کردن‬
comprehend
completely
a state of not having, or not having
deficiency enough, of something that is ‫کمبود‬
needed
actual stuff Real Things
Join to put a thread or cord through
String (P.P strung) verb
each of a set of things
measures down reduce speed or quantity of sth
Laborious/ Laboriously needing a lot of time and effort ‫سخت گیرانه‬
to return to a previous and less
Regress / Regression advanced or worse state, condition, ‫برگشت به یه وضعیت بد قدیمی‬
or way of behaving

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something given in exchange for a

reward useful idea, good behavior, ‫جایزه‬
excellent work
a sound that is produced with the
vocalization voice, or the act of producing ‫آواز خواندن‬
sounds with the voice
something that makes a process
accelerator happen or makes something ‫شتاب دهنده‬
progress more quickly
to decide or arrange something at ‫ازقبل تعیین شده‬
predetermined
an earlier time
to give up something that is
sacrifice valuable to you in order to help ‫ فدا چیزی‬/ ‫قربانی‬
another person
delighted very pleased ‫خوشحال‬
comprehension ‫درک مطلب‬
get through ‫ متوجه شدن‬،‫فهمیدن‬
Passage No. Title

177 What’s a herbal?
herbal relating to or made from herbs ‫گیاهان دارویی‬
a thick substance, usually
containing medicine, that is put on ‫پماد‬
ointment
the skin where it is sore or where
there is an injury, in order to cure it
a successful way of curing an
remedy illness or dealing with a problem or ‫درمان‬
difficulty
the original copy of a book or article ‫نسخه خطی‬
manuscript
before it is printed
a liquid that is believed to have a
potion magical effect on someone who ‫معجون‬
drinks it
(of a doctor) to say what medical ‫تجویز کردن‬
prescribe
treatment someone should have
Passage No. Title

178 Progressive Enhancement
to destroy something by twisting it
mangle with force or tearing it so that its ‫دستکاری کردن سورس برنامه‬
original form is changed
is a strategy for web design that
Progressive Enhancement emphasizes core webpage content
first.
progressively developing or happening gradually ‫به تدریج‬
to improve the quality, amount, or ‫تقویت کردن‬
enhance
strength of something

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to stop liking or being interested in

go off sb/sth
dedicate to give all of your energy, time, etc ‫اختصاص دادن‬
old-fashioned and therefore not as
outdated good or as fashionable as
something modern
notion a belief or idea ‫تصور عقیده‬
to accept something ‫پذیرفتن‬
embrace
enthusiastically
enhancement ‫پیشرفت‬
Passage No. Title

179 What Coffee Does to Your Health
the quality of being clear and easy ‫وضوح‬
clarity
to understand
side effects ‫اثرات جانبی‬
A wealth of abundance of valuable material
guilty ‫گناهکار‬
to remove or take away someone ‫حذف کردن‬
eliminate
or something
used to stress the truth of a
truth of the matter
statement
byproducts ‫محصوالت جانبی‬
to be the person who caused sth to
be responsible for sth/doing sth Tend to
happen, especially sth bad
to give no attention to something or
ignored
someone
a molecule that has an extra
free radical electron and therefore reacts very ‫رادیکال آزاد‬
easily with other molecules
to defeat someone or something by ‫پایمال کردن‬
Overwhelmed/ overwhelm
using a lot of force
a particular way of considering ‫چشم انداز‬
perspective
something
stack of work A large quantity of something
stimulate
permanently or temporarily unable
dumber
to speak
the act of
boost
boosting/increase/improve sth
If you brew tea or coffee, you add
brewing / brew boiling water to it to make a hot ‫دم کردن‬
drink
the quality of doing something ‫اعتدال‬
Moderation
within reasonable limits

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Passage No. Title

180 Brain actions
to shock or surprise someone very ‫شوکه شده‬
Stun/stunned
much
the feeling of fear, especially if felt
fright suddenly, or an experience of fear ‫ وحشت‬،‫ترس‬
that happens suddenly
to obtain knowledge of something,
or to obtain knowledge of
Find out sth
someone's activities, esp. dishonest
ones
a mental illness in which a person
anxiety disorders is so anxious that their normal life is ‫اختالالت اضطرابی‬
affected
the effect that two or more things ‫تعامل‬
interplay
have on each other
trace to find the origin of something ‫ دنبال کردن‬، ‫ رد پا‬،‫اثر‬
mice Plural of mouse
the way people or animals naturally
instinct react or behave, without having to ‫غریزه‬
think or learn about it
to escape by running away,
Flee especially because of danger or ‫فرار کردن‬
fear
Freezing behavior or the freeze
response is a reaction to
freezing behaviors
specific stimuli, most commonly
observed in prey animals
Passage No. Title

181 Most students bored at schools
feeling unhappy because
bored something is not interesting or
because you have nothing to do
Get bored Being bored
boredom the state of being bored ‫کسالت‬
If a student drops out, they stop
drop out going to classes before they have ‫رها کردن‬
finished their course
to tell other people that something
complain of sth
is making you feel ill or unhappy
the things that are being talked or
subject matter written about, or used as the
subject of a piece of art, etc
irrelevant ‫غیر مرتبط‬
Passage No. Title

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182 Most students bored at schools

feeling unhappy because
bored something is not interesting or
because you have nothing to do
Get bored Being bored
boredom the state of being bored
If a student drops out, they stop
drop out going to classes before they have ‫رها کردن‬
finished their course
to tell other people that something
complain of sth
is making you feel ill or unhappy
the things that are being talked or
subject matter written about, or used as the
subject of a piece of art, etc
Passage No. Title

183 Saving Money
elderly polite word for old
if you do something against time,
against time you have to work very hard to finish
it by the agreed time or date
overall consumption ‫مصرف کلی‬
Passage No. Title

184 The Physical Universe
gigantic extremely large
A star system or stellar system is a
stellar systems small number of stars that orbit
each other,
stellar Related to stars
The Milky Way is the galaxy that ‫کهکشان راه شیری‬
Milky Way
contains our Solar System
a large group of stars that can be
Andromeda
seen in the northern hemisphere
to spread over a large area or
stretch
distance/ expand
Passage No. Title

185 The UN Library
to make something possible or
facilitate
easier
to have the main offices of an ‫مرکز فرماندهی‬
Headquarters
organization in a particular place

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if something has accreditation, it is

Accreditation/ accredited officially accepted as being of a ‫ معتبر‬/ ‫اعتباربخشی‬
particular standard
security constraints ‫محدودیت های امنیتی‬
Due to Because of
General public All people
Passage No. Title

How Many Hours Do You Sleep A
186
Day?
a medicine, or a set of medicines or
medication drugs, used to improve a particular ‫دارو‬
condition or illness
boost to improve or increase something ‫تقویت کردن‬
Your Habit about sleeping such as
sleeping patterns
time and duration
being in a state between sleeping ‫خواب آلود‬
drowsy
and being awake
the cells and tissues in the body
Immune systems that make it able to protect itself ‫سیستم های ایمنی‬
against infection
to spoil something or make it ‫ زیان رساندن‬،‫مختل کردن‬
impair
weaker so that it is less effective
nervous system consists of its brain
and all the nerves in its body that
Nervous systems together make movement and
feeling possible by sending
messages around the body
identify ‫شناسایی کردن‬
physical performance ‫عملکرد فیزیکی‬
Passage No. Title

187 The Civil Society
(of an idea or an opinion) formed
preconceived too early, especially without enough ‫از پیش مقدمه‬
thought or knowledge
an opinion formed beforehand
preconceived notions
without adequate evidence
notion a belief or idea ‫ایده‬
formal talks between opposing
Dialogue
countries, political groups, etc.
initiate to cause something to begin ‫آغازکردن‬
accommodate to give what is needed to someone ‫ اماده کردن برای‬،‫جا دادن‬
divergent different from each other ‫مختلف‬

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the fact of knowing someone or

something because you have seen ‫به رسمیت شناختن‬
recognition
or heard him or her or experienced
it before
(used as an exclamation) let me in;
open up
open the door
Passage No. Title

188 Minds
suppose to think that sth is likely to be true ‫فرض کردن‬
Void a large hole or empty space ‫ تهی‬،‫خالی‬
whence old use from where
boundless having no limit ‫بی حد و مرز‬
void of without; lacking in
Passage No. Title

189 Mathematical Sophistication
sophistication the quality of being sophisticated
having no equal; better than any ‫بی رقیب‬
Unrivalled
other of the same type
relating to the most important parts
Radical of something or someone; complete ‫ اصل‬،‫ریشه‬
or extreme
the last part of a story or a joke that
explains the meaning of what has
punch line
happened previously or makes it
funny
Passage No. Title

190 Causes of Unemployment
Becoming and making smaller or ‫نوسان بطرف پایین‬
Downswing
less
trade cycle business cycle
a period when the economy of a
Recession country is not successful and ‫رکود اقتصادی‬
conditions for business are bad
a situation where there are people
structural unemployment without work because they live in
areas where jobs do not exist
Arise (formal) to happen
a long piece of one country's land
Corridor
that goes through another country

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industry that uses large machines

to produce either materials, such as
heavy industry
steel, or large goods, such as ships
or trains.
Passage No. Title

191 Good Customer Services
customer satisfaction ‫رضایت مشتری‬
given or done by people talking
word-of-mouth about something or telling people
about something
potential possible
Passage No. Title

192 The Story Of English
in a way that is easy to see | used ‫ مشخصا‬،‫از قرار معلوم‬
evidently
to say what people believe is true
belonging or relating to a change,
transitional or the process of change, from one
form or type to another
reminiscent of ‫یادآور‬
a period of time of which particular
era events or stages of development ‫ دوره‬،‫عصر‬
are typical
saying exactly what must happen,
prescriptive especially by giving an instruction
or making a rule
shake off sth to get rid of an illness
a person who studies grammar and ‫دستور زبان‬
grammarian
usually writes books about it
not good, or not as good as ‫فرومایه‬
inferior
to say that someone or something ‫بد نام کردن‬
denigrate
is not good or important
respectability ‫احترام‬
causing , involving, or likely to ‫متضاد ستیزه جو‬
Contentious
cause disagreement and argument
Confrontation a fight or argument ‫تقابل‬
(a) severe emotional shock and
traumatic pain caused by an extremely ‫پس از سانحه‬
upsetting experience
Passage No. Title

193 Music and Identity

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To project is also to speak or sing

project
loudly and clearly
self-identity ‫هویت شخصی‬
to show, express, or be a sign of
reflect
something
leading very important or most important ‫ پیشتاز‬،‫برجسته‬
to rest yourself or part of your body
nestle in a warm, comfortable, and ‫ النه کردن‬،‫آشیانه‬
protected position
in a way that feels warm,
snugly
comfortable, and protected
to make a public statement of your
endorse approval or support for something ‫تایید کردن‬
or someone
to cause something new, or many
spawn new things, to grow or start ‫پایه گذاری شده‬
suddenly
the simple form of language
motherese mothers often use when talking to
their babies
toddler ‫کودک نو پا‬
Passage No. Title

194 The private Library
the quality of having or seeming to ‫علم الیتناهی‬
Omniscience
have unlimited knowledge
a strange habit or characteristic that
foible is seen as not important and not ‫ نقطه ضعف‬/ ‫ضعف‬
harming anyone
the ability to learn, understand, and
intelligence make judgments or have opinions ‫ فهم‬،‫شعور‬
that are based on reason
used to refer to something that you ‫مشارکتی‬
contributory
contribute to
idleness not working or being used ‫ بیهودگی‬،‫بطالت‬
admirable deserving respect or approval ‫قابل تحسین‬
annoying and making you lose ‫خسته کننده‬
tiresome
patience
Passage No. Title

195 MBA
official approval, esp. in order to ‫ برسمیت شناختن‬،‫معتبر‬
accredited
maintain satisfactory standards
difficult to fight against | very great
overwhelming
or very large

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If a process or achievement that

unravel was slow and complicated unravels
or is unravelled, it is destroyed
to make important changes to a
shake sth up
system or organization
a standard by which you judge,
criteria decide about, or deal with ‫شاخص‬
something
Passage No. Title

196 How Darwin thought
in a way that is based on feelings ‫به طور مستقیم‬
intuitively
rather than facts or proof
tropical forests ‫جنگل های گرمسیری‬
great in amount, size, or degree; ‫بسیار بزرگ‬
tremendous
extremely large
intricacy complicated details ‫پیچیدگی‬
a person or a group of people who
cohort support a particular person, usually ‫ پیرو‬،‫گروه‬
a leader
awe to cause someone to feel awe ‫هیبت دادن‬/‫ترساندن‬
humankind ‫بشریت‬
Passage No. Title

197 Copyright
overview of ‫نمای کلی از‬
to make someone think
and behave exactly as you want
manipulate them to, by
skilfully deceiving or influencing the
m
licensing arrangements ‫ترتیبات صدور مجوز‬
to use something fully and ‫ استخراج کردن‬،‫بهره برداری‬
exploit
effectively
In contrast to ‫در مقابل‬
to refuse to accept that something
challenge
is right, fair, or legal
prominent outstanding ‫برجسته‬
Passage No. Title

A Sustainable Transportation
198
System
something done for pleasure or to ‫ سرگرمی‬،‫تفریح‬
recreation
relax, or such activities generally

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to want something, especially ‫ خواهش‬،‫ ارزو‬،‫میل‬

Desire
strongly
a basic idea or rule that explains or
principle controls how something happens or ‫ قاعده کلی‬،‫اصل‬
works
the spread of a city into the area
urban sprawl surrounding it, often without
planning
the ability to continue at a particular ‫پایداری‬
sustainability
level for a period of time
to keep one group of people apart ‫فاصله طبقاتی‬
economic segregation
from others because of
the action of causing someone or
devaluation something to be considered less ‫ تنزل قیمت پول‬،‫کاهش ارزش‬
valuable or important
a person who is walking, especially ‫عابر پیاده‬
pedestrian
in an area where vehicles go
a part of the coast where the land
bay curves in so that the sea is
surrounded by land on three sides
Passage No. Title

199 pidgins
a language that has developed
pidgin from a mixture of two or more
languages
to send people to live in and govern ‫ تشکیل مستعمره دادن‬،‫استعمار‬
colonize
another country
a language that has developed
Creole
from a mixture of languages
mother tongue ‫زبان مادری‬
If you deal with a subject in depth,
In (any) depth you deal with it very thoroughly and
consider all the aspects of it
Passage No. Title

200 Reliable Information
reliable information or data is ‫قابل اعتماد‬
reliable
accurate or able to be trusted
search for sb or sth, often when it is
Track down sth
difficult to find that person or thing
connected with what is happening ‫ مناسب‬،‫مربوط‬
relevant
or being discussed
Intend to have as a plan or purpose ‫ خواستن‬،‫در نظر داشتن‬
credible able to be believed or trusted ‫معتبر‬
suitable or right for a particular ‫مناسب‬
appropriately
situation or occasion

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to describe falsely an idea, opinion,

misrepresent or situation, often in order to get an ‫بد جلوه دادن‬
advantage
Passage No. Title

201 conservancy committee
to have the legal right to have or do
qualify something because of the situation ‫واجد شرایط شدن‬
you are in
conservancy committee ‫کمیته حفاظت از محیط زیست‬
an organization whose aim is to
conservancy
protect natural areas
legal constitution ‫قانون اساسی‬
a real or imagined line that marks ‫مرز‬
boundary
the edge or limit of sth
is the distribution of property and
equitable distribution
debt obligations used by courts
to decide on or choose, especially
elect to choose a person for a particular
job, by voting
a written set of rules by which a
constitution country, state, or organization is
governed
equitable ‫منصفانه‬
acquire to get something ‫بدست آوردن‬
a fixed, limited amount or number ‫سهمیه‬
quota
that is officially allowed
Passage No. Title

202 Bats in Ecosystem
a small animal like a mouse with ‫خفاش‬
Bat
wings that flies at night
something, such as an insect, that
pollinator carries pollen from one plant or part ‫گرده افشان‬
of a plant to another
someone who works in a garden,
gardener
growing and taking care of plants
a person who enthusiastically
champion supports, defends, or fights for a ‫قهرمان‬
person, belief, right, or principle
insectivorous ‫حشره خوار‬
an insect with wings that is similar ‫بید‬
Moths
to a butterfly
Beetle an insect with a hard shell-like back ‫سوسک‬
Passage No. Title

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203 Settlement In Cities

a general feeling, attitude, or ‫احساسات‬
sentiment
opinion about something
a place where people come to live
settlement or the process of settling in such a ‫ زیستگاه‬،‫مسکن‬
place
to say that sb is similar to or has
liken sb/sth to sb/sth
the same qualities as sb else
Evident easily seen or understood ‫مشهود‬
Clash to fight or argue ‫برخورد‬
unless except if ‫مگر اینکه‬
Incidentally ‫اتفاقا‬
to measure and describe the details ‫نظر سنجی‬
Survey
of an area of land
the feeling that good things are ‫ توقع‬،‫انتظار‬
expectation
going to happen in the future
Passage No. Title

204 Paris
an official agreement that finishes
settlement
an argument
in part partly, or to some degree
an official order, especially one that ‫قانون‬،‫حکم‬
edict
is given in a forceful and unfair way
to perform or complete a job or
carry out sth
activity; to fulfill
a line or pile of objects put together,

barricade often quickly, to stop people from ‫مانع شدن‬
going where they want to go
to intentionally destroy a building or

other structure because it is not
tear sth down
being used or it is not wanted any
more
If a group of people are rebellious,

they oppose the ideas of the people ‫عصیان‬
rebellious
in authority and plan to change the
system, often using force
to be without hope for the future,

be undone having experienced great
disappointment, loss of money, etc
an area in which you can get easily
maze lost because there are so many ‫مارپیچ‬
similar streets or passages
raze to destroy ‫ویران کردن‬

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a feeling of extreme worry, ‫پریشانی‬

distress
sadness, or pain
Passage No. Title

205 Trust Your Gut
instinct ‫غریزه‬
a strong belief about sb or sth that
cannot completely be explained
gut feeling/reaction
and does not have to be decided by
reasoning
someone who starts their own ‫کارآفرین‬
entrepreneur
business
to take control over a person’s
possess mind, making that person behave in ‫ در تصرف داشتن‬،‫ دارا بودن‬،‫داشتن‬
a strange way
a disadvantage or the negative part ‫اشکال‬
Drawback
of a situation
critical juncture
refers to situations of uncertainty in
critical juncture which decisions of important actors ‫محل بحرانی‬
are causally decisive
juncture a particular point in time ‫یه مقطع زمانی‬
a very large amount of information,
reams of sth
usually on paper
faith ‫ایمان‬
decisiveness ‫قاطعیت‬
conviction a strong opinion or belief ‫محکومیت‬
not mixed with anything else; pure
sheer
or complete
an ability to understand or know
intuition something immediately based on ‫بینش‬
your feelings rather than facts
infallible error-free ‫مصون از خطا‬
the quality of working carefully and ‫سخت کوشی‬
diligence
with a lot of effort
Passage No. Title

206 Evolutionary Changes
abundant more than enough ‫فراوان‬
having developed through a ‫تکامل یافتن‬
evolved
gradual process
heritable traits ‫صفات ارثی‬

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an inherited situation, problem,

department, etc. is one that you ‫به ارث برده‬
inherited
have become responsible for
dealing with or managing
a particular characteristic that can
trait produce a particular type of ‫صفات خصوصیت‬
behavior
something that must exist or
prerequisite happen before something else can ‫پیش نیاز‬
exist or happen (Prerequisite for/to)
a person's children/ the young of an ‫فرزندان‬
offspring
animal
groundbreaking ‫پیشگامانه‬
clearly separate or different in ‫گسسته‬
discrete
shape or form
Passage No. Title

207 The Global Textile Industry
to describe or explain something in
overstate a way that makes it seem more ‫گزافه گویی کردن‬
important or serious than it really is
environmental impact ‫اثرات زیست محیطی‬
fashioning clothing that is considered stylish
cloth or material for making clothes, ‫پارچه‬
fabric
covering furniture, etc
towel ‫حوله‬
a measurement of the amount of
carbon footprint carbon dioxide produced by the
activities
If you steer an activity, you cause it
steer to deal with a particular feature or ‫هدایت کردن‬
topic
to prepare land and grow crops on ‫زراعت‬
cultivation
it, or to grow a particular crop
the most advanced position in an
leading edge
area of activity
crops ‫محصوالت زراعی‬
Passage No. Title

208 The Evolution of Culture
certain to happen and unable to be ‫به ناچار‬
Inevitably
avoided or prevented
Unintentional intentional to have as a plan or purpose
to refuse an opportunity or decide
pass on sth
not to take part in something
explicit clear and exact ‫صریح‬

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to express a thought, feeling, or

convey idea so that it is understood by ‫نقل کردن‬
other people
rarely not often
ever used for emphasizing an adjective
a division of a group into two ‫تفرقه جدایی‬
schism
opposing groups
to give all of something, especially
your time, effort, or love, or ‫اختصاص دادن‬
devote
yourself, to something you believe
in or to a person
straightforward error ‫خطای ساده‬
Passage No. Title

209 Great Engineers
an extreme interest in or wish for ‫شور‬
passion
doing something
A burning desire, need, etc., is one
burning
that is very strong
conviction a strong opinion or belief ‫محکومیت‬
something that has never been ‫اختراع‬
invention
made before
innovation a new idea or method ‫نوآوری‬
a planned effort to achieve
Drive (verb)
something
limited resources ‫منابع محدود‬
difficult, needing a lot of effort and ‫ پر زحمت‬،‫دشوار‬
arduous
energy
Passage No. Title

210 Typewriter Monkeys
a machine with keys that you press
typewriter to produce letters and numbers on
paper
Emerge appear ‫پدیدار شدن‬
keystroke ‫ضربه زدن به کلید‬
Passage No. Title

Latin America Declares
211
Independence
a shape with a flat, round or oval
cone base and a top that becomes ‫ قیف مانند‬/ ‫مخروطی‬
narrower until it forms a point

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the region of South America

southern cone comprising the countries of Brazil,
Paraguay , Uruguay and Argentina
overthrow ‫سرنگونی‬
something that is a part of your
legacy history or that remains from an ‫میراث‬
earlier time
cruel causing suffering ‫ظالمانه‬
the act of destroying something, or ‫مخرب‬
destructive
the fact of being destroyed
having to do something, because
compelled you are forced to or feel it is ‫مجبور به انجام کاری‬
necessary
action taken to intentionally become
involved in a difficult situation in ‫مداخله‬
intervention
order to improve it or prevent it from
getting worse
economic warfare ‫جنگ اقتصادی‬
indigenous populations ‫جمعیت بومی‬
activity against another person, ‫انتقام جویی‬
reprisal
especially as a punishment
to arrange a group of things in a
array
particular way
existing naturally or having always
indigenous
lived in a place; native
Express ‫بیان کردن‬
to disappoint sb by making the
Disillusion / disillusionment person realize the unpleasant truth ‫سرخوردگی‬
about sth or sb thought to be good
Sought/seek to try or attempt
elite ‫نخبه‬
foreign domination ‫سلطه خارجی‬
Passage No. Title

212 Special effects
a substance that flows and is not ‫مایع‬
fluid
solid
to be one of the first people to do ‫پیشقدم شدن‬
Pioneer(verb)
something
to be a cause of or strong influence ‫زمینه جیزی بودن‬
underlie
on something
Special effects are illusions or
special effect
visual tricks used in the film
to give someone public praise or a ‫افتخار‬
Honor/honour
reward

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are an elemental node in the

Runespan that allows players to
Chaotic clouds draw chaos runes from it. They are
found on the middle and upper
floors.
incapable unable to do something ‫ناتوان‬
evolve ‫تکامل یافتن‬
chaotic in a state of chaos
to copy the way in which a
particular person usually speaks ‫تقلید کردن‬
Mimic/mimicked
and moves, usually in order to
make people laugh
Passage No. Title

213 DNA
creature any living thing, esp. an animal
woolly mammoth ‫ماموت پشمالو‬
made of wool, or made of
woolly
something that looks like wool
the activity of guessing possible
answers to a question without ‫حدس و گمان‬
speculation
having enough information to be
certain
something that is extremely large
behemoth
and often extremely powerful
someone or something that has the
driving force
power to make things happen
to say that an event or action will
predict happen in the future, especially as ‫پیش بینی کردن‬
a result of knowledge or experience
Passage No. Title

214 USW Grad life
to choose someone for a position or ‫منصوب کردن‬
appoint
a job
a business partner, or someone ‫شریک‬
associate
that you work with
a business that employs lawyers to ‫شرکت حقوقی‬
law firm
represent clients or argue in court
to have as a result or be the final ‫ به اوج رسیدن‬،‫بحد اعلی رسیدن‬
culminate
result of a process
a lawyer, especially one who is
legal eagles
keen and astute
Passage No. Title

215 Intelligence of Animals

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an animal, especially a large or wild ‫جانور‬
beast
one
bright intelligent and quick to learn ‫باهوش‬
a screening device for brain
maturity and vulnerability in normal
Cephalization index
and intrauterine growth retarded
newborns
an animal like a large monkey with
ape no tail, that uses its arms to move ‫میمون‬
through trees
a mammal that lives in the sea,
swims in groups, and looks similar ‫گراز دریایی‬
porpoise
to a dolphin but has a shorter
rounder nose
to obtain an advantage over
Outsmart/outwit someone by being more intelligent;
to outsmart
A solitary person or thing is the only ‫منفرد‬
solitary
person or thing in a place
Passage No. Title

216 Women Empowerment
the process of gaining freedom and ‫توانمندسازی‬
Empowerment
power to do what you want
People who are of the right age to ‫نیروی کار‬
labor force
work
to take part in or become involved ‫مشارکت‬
participation
in an activity
domestic activities The unpaid works in the house
to take responsibility for and begin ‫بعهده گرفتن‬
undertake
doing something
a person who someone admires
role model and whose behaviour they try to ‫الگو‬
copy
Passage No. Title

217 Music and The Story
containing a lot of careful detail or ‫بادقت شرح دادن‬
elaborate
many detailed parts
too important not to have; ‫گریزناپذیر‬
indispensable
necessary
ballet pantomime A pantomime contains dance
to plan something by showing how
lay out something
its parts fit together plot
newly recently

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any object used in fighting or war, ‫اسلحه‬

weapon
such as a gun, bomb, knife, etc.
giving an explanation about ‫توضیحی‬
explanatory
something
a building where weapons and ‫انبار مهمات‬
arsenal
military equipment are stored
the words that are sung or spoken ‫اشعار اپرا‬
libretto
in a musical work for the theatre
plot the story of a book, film, play, etc ‫ قطعه‬،‫طرح‬
extremely careful and correct, and ‫پر دردسر‬
painstaking
involving a lot of effort
the first public performance of a
premiere play or any other type of ‫نخستین نمایش یک نمایشنامه‬
entertainment
Passage No. Title

218 Reading Comprehension
to make something become a
shape
particular shape
approach to deal with something ‫رویکرد‬
to control or influence directly; to ‫تعیین کردن‬
determine
decide
Passage No. Title

219 Dictatorship
much greater than usual, especially ‫استثنایی‬

exceptional
in skill, intelligence, quality, etc
the group of politicians who have

senate the most power to make laws in a ‫مجلس سنا‬
government
sth that you want and plan to do sth ‫ تصمیم‬،‫قصد‬
intention
that you want and plan to do
an argument or a situation in which
disagreement people do not have the same ‫اختالف نظر‬
opinion
including a wide range of things; ‫ گسترده‬، ‫وسیع‬
Broad(+er)
general
common usage ‫استفاده مشترک‬
broader sense ‫معنای وسیع تر‬
Passage No. Title

220 How Bees Make Honey

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a yellow and black flying insect that ‫زنبور عسل‬

bee
makes honey and can sting you
If something encourages an
encourage activity, it supports it or makes it ‫تشویق کردن‬
more likely
a powder, produced by the male ‫گرده افشانی‬
pollination
part of a flower
A part of a plant that contains the
female ovule female sex cell and develops into a ‫تخمک ماده‬
seed when that cell is fertilized
powdery having the form of powder
a seed or seeds from a plant,
grain especially a plant like a grass such ‫دانه‬
as rice or wheat
the hard oval-shaped fruit of a ‫میوه مخروطی شکل کاج‬
cone
conifer
Consist of ‫شامل‬
a male or female cell that can unite
gamete with a cell of the opposite sex for
the purpose of reproducing
to cause an egg or seed to start to
fertilize develop into a new young animal or ‫بارور شدن‬
plant by joining it with a male cell
honeybee a type of bee that makes honey
a structure where bees live ‫کندو‬
hive
(container like a box)
a sweet liquid produced by flowers
nectar and collected by bees and other ‫شهد‬
insects
Passage No. Title

221 Energy from the Wind
a violent wind that has a circular ‫طوفان‬
hurricane
movement
a fixed set of numbers used for
measuring and comparing wind
Beaufort scale
speeds, from 0 (for calm) to 12 (for
hurricane)
Passage No. Title

222 The History of Clothing
the soft, thick hair that grows on the
Wool bodies of sheep and some other ‫پشم‬
animals

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a plant with blue flowers grown for

flax its stems or seeds, or the thread ‫کتان‬
made from this plant
a family of plants, some of which
hemp are used to make rope and strong, ‫کنف‬
rough cloth
industrial revolution ‫انقالب صنعتی‬
draw out (wool, cotton, or other
material) and convert it into ‫چرخاندن‬
Spun/spin
threads, either by hand or with
machinery
a very thin twisted string of esp.
thread cotton or silk, used mostly for
sewing
a part of a machine around which ‫دوک نخ ریسی‬
spindle
sth turns
to make cloth by repeatedly
Woven/weave crossing a single thread through ‫بافندگی‬
two sets of long threads on a loom
cloth or material for making clothes, ‫پارچه‬
fabric
covering furniture, etc
probably likely to be true or likely to happen
a piece of equipment for weaving (= ‫نساجی‬
loom
making thread into cloth)
Passage No. Title

223 Gene Regulation
If a plan or process is an embryonic
embryonic stage, it is in a very early stage of ‫اولیه‬
development
embryonic development ‫فرآیند رشد جنین در چند هفته اول‬
a clear, deep, and sometimes

insight sudden understanding of a ‫ درون بینی‬،‫ بصیرت‬،‫بینش‬
complicated problem or situation
the quality of having parts that
match each other, especially in a ‫تقارن‬
symmetry
way that is attractive, or similarity of
shape or contents
housekeeping gene development
Two types of gene
gene
the way in which genes change and ‫جهش‬
mutation
produce permanent differences
Used in beginning of the sentence
In contrast
to show another aspects of subject
radical consequences ‫پیامدهای اساسی‬
Passage No. Title

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224 Engaging Learners

something that you accept as true ‫فرض‬
assumption
without question or proof
unlikely not expected to happen; not likely
invariably always ‫به طور همیشگی‬
Passage No. Title

225 The way of Revising
a change that is made to sth, or the ‫تجدید نظر‬
revision
process of doing this
physical attitude ‫نگرش جسمی‬
not organized, skilled, or able to ‫ناکارآمد‬
inefficient
work in a satisfactory way
to decide or arrange to delay an
put sth off event or activity until a later time or
date
worthless having no value in money ‫بی ارزش‬
to use a word or say sth without
Slip in sth
attracting too much attention
an occasion when something ‫ خطا‬،‫لغزش‬
slip
becomes worse
Passage No. Title

226 Distance Learning
suitable for your purposes and
convenient needs and causing the least ‫ مناسب‬،‫راحت‬
difficulty
is a way of learning remotely
without being in regular face-to-face ‫آموزش از راه دور‬
Distance learning
contact with a teacher in the
classroom
virtually almost
If you have job security, your job is ‫امنیت شغلی‬
job security
likely to be permanent
to make the same journey regularly ‫رفت و آمد‬
commute
between work and home
Passage No. Title

227 Learning how to Code
involving the calculation of ‫محاسباتی‬
computational
answers, amounts, results, etc.
computational thinking ‫تفکر محاسباتی‬

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hood the metal cover over the part ‫کاپوت‬

bonnet
of a car where the engine is
to use a piece of information in
Go on sth order to help you discover or
understand something
After all despite earlier problems or doubts
to include sth as part of a product,
machine, or system, especially sth
Feature(verb)
that makes it better than others of a
similar type
artificial intelligence ‫هوش مصنوعی‬
Passage No. Title

228 Calendar Reform
regular usual or ordinary
to obtain something useful, ‫کسب کردن‬
gain
advantageous, or positive
the act of agreeing to an offer, plan, ‫ پذیرفته شدن‬- ‫پذیرش‬
acceptance
or invitation
to publish something or make
put out something
information generally known
to change the date or time of
a planned event or action to a later ‫عقب انداختن‬
postpone
one SYN put back OPP bring
forward
Passage No. Title

The Petrified Forest National
229
Park
the fact of soil, stone, etc. being
erosion gradually damaged and removed ‫فرسایش‬
by the waves, rain, or wind
tropical region ‫منطقه گرمسیری‬
expose ‫در معرض گذاشتن‬
very unusual, special, unexpected, ‫خارق العاده‬
extraordinary
or strange
fossilized having become a fossil
to show, point, or make clear in ‫نشان دادن‬
indicate
another way
inhabit to live in a place
someone who studies fossils as a
palaeontologist way of getting information about the ‫فسیل شناس‬
history of life on Earth

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someone who studies the buildings,

archeologist graves, tools, and other objects of ‫باستان شناس‬
people who lived in the past
Towering tree Very Tall tree
Passage No. Title

230 The Secrets of Alchemy
Alchemy ‫کیمیاگری‬
to produce results, usually good
turn sth in
results
of which, at which, in which, to ‫که در آن‬
which, from which
walnut ‫گردو‬
consisting of parts or things that are ‫ناهمگون‬
heterogeneous
very different from each other
consisting of parts or people that ‫ یک جور‬،‫همگن‬
homogeneous
are similar to each other
Passage No. Title

231 Interior Design
to organize and perform a particular ‫هدایت کردن‬
conduct
activity
be concerned with to be about a ‫نگرانی‬
Concern
particular subject
art of planning the decoration of the ‫طراحی داخلی‬
Interior design
inside of a building
draw on/upon sth to start using a supply of something
the formal study of art, especially in ‫زیبا شناسی‬
aesthetics
relation to the idea of beauty
a particular area of study,
discipline especially a subject studied at a
college or university
Passage No. Title

Larger Dwellings, Smaller
232
Households
Dwellings a house or place to live in ‫اقامتگاه‬
a group of people, often a family, ‫اهالی خانه‬
Household
who live together
a supply of something for use or
stock
sale
to develop gradually, or to cause
evolve sth or someone to develop ‫نموکردن‬
gradually

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the number or amount of part of

proportion something when compared to the ‫ سهم‬- ‫مقدار‬
whole
to test someone's knowledge or ‫معاینه کردن‬
examine
skill in a particular subject
Passage No. Title

233 The Criminal Law
a story or a description of a series ‫روایت‬
narrative
of events
the fact or state of having done sth ‫ جرم‬،‫گناه‬
guilt
wrong or committed a crime
Criminal very bad or morally wrong ‫جنایی‬
something that it is your job or duty
responsibility
to deal with
deserving to be blamed or ‫مجرمیت‬
culpability
considered responsible for sth bad
prosecution the act of prosecuting someone ‫پیگرد قانونی‬
the act of judging a case, ‫قضاوت‬
adjudication
competition, or argument
fairness in the way people are dealt ‫عدالت‬
justice
with
Passage No. Title

234 The origin of Psychology
to search and discover (about ‫اکتشاف کردن‬
explore
something)
the act of examining something
investigation carefully, esp. to discover the truth ‫تحقیق و بررسی‬
about it
any of the five physical abilities to ‫ مفهوم‬- ‫ معنی‬- ‫حس‬
sense
see, hear, smell, taste, and feel
Passage No. Title

235
mild not violent, severe, or extreme
temperate climate ‫آب و هوای معتدل‬
Passage No. Title

236 Neuron Systems
a scientist who studies the nervous ‫علوم اعصاب‬
neuroscientist
system and the brain

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copy the sounds or movements of ‫تقلید کردن‬

mimic
other people
not done by choice; done
involuntary unwillingly, or without the decision ‫غیر ارادی‬
or intention of the person involved
to behave in a similar way to ‫تقلید کردن‬
imitate
to deal with the problems or needs
Tend to sth
of a person or thing
to act in a particular way as a direct ‫واکنش نشان دادن‬
react
result of sth else
Unconscious feelings or actions are
unconscious ones you are not completely aware ‫ناخود اگاه‬
of
a very slight difference in ‫نکات دقیق وظریف‬
nuance
appearance, meaning, sound
a position of the body, or the way in
posture which someone holds the body ‫وضعیت‬
when standing, sitting, or walking
an action that expresses your ‫ژست‬
gesture
feelings or intentions
stimulate
to show, express, or be a sign of ‫منعکس کردن‬
reflect
something
Passage No. Title

237 The Opportunity Cost
to include something as part of ‫گنجانیدن‬
incorporate
something larger
to use all of something, so that
Use up sth
nothing is left
notion a belief or idea ‫ایده‬
the value of the action that you do
opportunity cost not choose, when choosing ‫هزینه فرصت‬
between two possible options
scarcity a lack of something ‫کمبود‬
a situation in which you balance ‫مصالحه‬
trade-off
two opposing situations or qualities
acquire to get something ‫بدست آوردن‬
to give up something that is
sacrifice valuable to you in order to help ‫فدا کردن‬
another person
to include someone or something in
involve
an activity
An alternative plan or method is
alternative one that you can use if you do not ‫جایگزین‬
want to use another one

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to think that something is likely to ‫فرض کردن‬

suppose
be true
Passage No. Title

238 The Resultant Force
to join together to make a single ‫ترکیب کردن‬
combine
thing or group
to move something towards
pull yourself, sometimes with great
physical effort:
The combination of several forces ‫نیروی نتیجه‬
resultant force
to an object
the total when two or more vectors ‫نتیجه‬
resultant
are added
Passage No. Title

239 Consumer Preferences
the fact of liking or wanting one ‫ اولویت‬،‫ترجیح‬
Preference
thing more than another
to have or provide something that is ‫راضی کردن‬
satisfy
needed or wanted
the use of goods and services by ‫الگوهای مصرف‬
consumption patterns
households
to use someone or sth instead of ‫جایگزین‬
substitute
another person or thing
Price of a commodity as it ‫قیمت نسبی‬
relative price
compares to another
an amount of money, time, or effort ‫هزینه‬
expenditure
that is spent
price inflation ‫تورم قیمت‬
Passage No. Title

240 The Method of Difference
identical exactly the same, or very similar ‫همسان‬
coloured liquid used for writing, ‫جوهر‬
ink
printing, and drawing
independent variable ‫متغیر مستقل‬
to accept sth to be true without ‫فرض کردن‬
assume
question or proof
to start an activity with a particular
set out
aim
Due to ‫ به علت‬،‫به واسطه‬
Passage No. Title

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241 Violence
the fact of experiencing sth or being

Exposure affected by it because of being in a ‫در معرض گذاری‬
particular situation or place
A violence committed with the use

gun violence
of a gun
a young person who is developing ‫بزرگسالی‬
adolescent
into an adult
If sth is likely, it will probably
likely
happen or is expected
to commit a crime or a violent or ‫مرتکب شدن‬
perpetrate
harmful act
substantial large in size, value, or importance ‫قابل توجه‬
Passage No. Title

242 Psychological Theories
to become weaker and unable to ‫تزلزل یا لغزش پیدا کردن‬
Falter
continue in an effective way
the fact that sth is not good enough ‫ناکافی بودن‬
inadequacy
or is too small in amount
a group of similar things that belong
A set of
together in some way
triarchic theory of intelligence A theory about human intelligence ‫نظریه سه گانه هوش‬
Passage No. Title

243 The Texas Cosmology Center
involving two or more different ‫مربوط به رشته های مختلف علمی‬
interdisciplinary
subjects or areas of knowledge
small piece of matter that is smaller ‫ذره زیر اتمی‬
subatomic particle
than an atom(proton etc)
A frontier is also a border between
frontier what is known and what is not ‫مرز‬
known
chain a set of connected or related things ‫سلسله‬
to work with someone else for a
collaborate
special purpose
leading theories
to have some parts or features that ‫همپوشانی‬
overlap
are the same
a machine that makes extremely
particle accelerator small pieces of matter travel at very ‫شتاب دهنده ذرات‬
high speeds
to make known or show something ‫فاش کردن‬
reveal
usually secret or hidden

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the process of finding information, a ‫کشف‬

Discovery
place, or an object
to include someone or something in
involve
an activity
in physics, a machine that makes
accelerator particles (= small pieces of matter) ‫شتاب دهنده‬
move very fast
advent ‫ظهور‬
Passage No. Title

244 The Foreign Policy
the fact of making something seem
exaggeration larger, more important, better, or ‫اغراق‬
worse than it really is
a government's policy on dealing ‫سیاست خارجی‬
foreign policy
with other countries
a short clever saying that is ‫سخن کوتاه‬
aphorism
intended to express a general truth
a peaceful country between two
buffer state larger countries, that reduces the
chances of war between them
developing and not yet completely ‫سازنده‬
formative
formed
frontier a border between two countries ‫مرز‬
comfortable and happy in a place or ‫ مقرر‬،‫مستقر شده‬
settled
situation
Sought/seek to try to find or get something ‫جستجو کردن‬
the act of defeating people or a
subjugation country and ruling them in a way ‫مطیع سازی‬
that allows them no freedom
loyalty and support for a ruler, ‫بیعت‬
allegiance
country, group, or belief
delineate ‫ترسیم نمودن‬
adjoining near, next to, or touching ‫مجاور‬
Passage No. Title

245 The Film and Commerce
the activities involved in buying and ‫تجارت‬
commerce
selling things
gamble on sth to take a risk that sth will happen
to cause sth to increase or become
raise
bigger, better, higher
economic dynamic ‫پویایی اقتصادی‬
Beside at the side of, next to

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to formally choose someone to do a ‫کمیسیون‬

commission
special piece of work
a risk that might result in loss of ‫قمار‬
gamble
money or failure
Passage No. Title

246 The Tokyo's SKYTREE Mural
a large picture that has been
mural painted on the wall of a room or ‫نقاشی دیواری‬
building
any imaginary frightening creature,
monster especially one that is large and ‫هیوال‬
strange
only able to happen if something
subject to sth
else happens
immensely Extremely
rampant inflation ‫تورم گسترده‬
getting worse quickly and in an ‫شایع‬
rampant
uncontrolled way
in the same way as someone or
in common with sb/sth
something
a person who strongly admires a
devotee particular person or is extremely ‫فدا کردن‬/‫وقف کردن‬
interested in a subject
in addition to someone or
along with sb/sth
something else
a common way of showing ‫قرارداد‬
convention
something in art or writing
Passage No. Title

247 Life Expectancy
something that shows what a
indicator
situation is like
Life Expectancy the average length of people life
simultaneously Happening at exactly the same time ‫همزمان‬
takes into account
slightly ‫ اندکی‬، ‫کمی‬
Passage No. Title

248 Nutrition
recommendation ‫توصیه‬

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he process of giving or getting the

right type of food for ‫تغذیه‬
nutrition
good health and growth → malnutrit
ion
food preferences ‫اولویت های غذایی‬
if one thing interacts with another,
interact or if they interact, they affect each ‫تعامل داشتن‬
otherinteract with
dietary ‫غذایی‬
Passage No. Title

249 Book Reviews
very difficult or impossible to
intractable
control, manage, or solve
Intend for sth ‫درنظرگرفته شده‬
abound to exist in large numbers
If sth abounds in/with other things,
abound in/with sth
it has a lot of them
Relate to large and important
institutional organizations such as a university ‫سازمانی‬
or bank
a feeling of happiness that
relief something unpleasant has not ‫تسکین‬
happened or has ended
to help to cause an event or
contribute to sth
situation
to help by providing money or ‫همکاری و کمک کردن‬
contribute
support
Passage No. Title

250 Individualism
someone who scientifically studies
anthropologist humans and their customs, beliefs, ‫انسان شناس‬
and relationships
Primitive living conditions are basic, ‫اولیه‬
primitive
unpleasant, and uncomfortable
civilized man ‫مرد متمدن‬
In this sense according to this definition
the fact of including many different ‫تنوع‬
diversity
types of people or things
Passage No. Title

251 The Psychology of Voting
reassuring making you feel less worried ‫قوت قلب دادن‬

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all the achievements or failures that

track record
someone or sth has had in the past
all the people who are allowed to ‫رأی دهندگان‬
electorate
vote
used to show or emphasize that
in truth
something is true
to persuade someone to believe or
sway
to do something
competent able to do something well ‫شایسته‬
If two or more things are correlated,
correlate there is a relationship between ‫مرتبط کردن‬
them
trustworthy able to be trusted ‫قابل اعتماد‬
Passage No. Title

252 Life on Europa
is the smallest of the four Galilean
Europa
moons orbiting Jupiter
A corrosive substance causes ‫فاسد کننده‬
corrosive
damage by chemical action
Subterranean ocean ‫اقیانوس زیر زمینی‬
Hydrogen peroxide. It is a
peroxide
dangerous substance
The light interacts with the bonds in
spectral fingerprint
the molecules
Virtually Almost ‫تقریبا‬
a picture from a short distance and
close-up
gives very details
a belief or opinion, often held by
perception many people and based on how ‫ادراک‬
things seem
Crust a hard outer covering of something ‫پوسته‬
to protect someone by providing a ‫بندرگاه‬
harbor
place to hide
subterranean under the ground
to accept, tolerate sth, especially ‫تحمل کردن‬
bear
sth unpleasant.
the set of colors into which a beam ‫طیفی‬
spectral
of light can be separated
Passage No. Title

253 low-priced labor
the situation in which there is more ‫فراوانی‬
abundance
than enough of sth
inexpensive not costing a lot of money

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an asset, such as land, buildings,

equipment, etc. that is owned by a ‫سرمایه فیزیکی‬
physical capital
company and used to produce
goods or services
If a way of thinking, a system, or a
sophisticate machine is sophisticated, it’s ‫پیچیده‬
complicated or made with great skill
Employees’s knowledge, skills, ‫سرمایه انسانی‬
Human capital
experience that they have
to supply or produce something
yield positive such as a profit, an amount ‫بازده‬
of food, or information
Industries and methods that are
labor-intensive labor-intensive need a lot of
workers
a situation in which something is ‫کمبود‬
scarcity
not easy to find or get
Passage No. Title

254 ageing world
sb or sth special, because it is ‫پدیده‬
phenomenon
completely different
to become smaller, or to make sth ‫کوچک شدن‬
shrink
smaller
mature to become completely develop ‫بالغ‬
to watch something or someone ‫مشاهده کردن‬
observe
carefully
multigenerational society ‫جامعه چند نسلی‬
to imagine or expect that something ‫پیش بینی کردن‬
anticipate
will happen
to experience something that is
undergo
unpleasant
wherein in which, or in which part
a change from one form to another
crossover
| a mixture of different types
despite; not being affected by ‫بدون در نظر گرفتن‬
regardless
something
a person who studies changes in ‫جمعیت شناس‬
demographer
numbers of births
the large size or importance of ‫بزرگی‬
magnitude
something
an important discovery that helps to
breakthrough
solve a problem
Neolithic period ‫دوره نوسنگی‬
to imagine or expect sth in the ‫ مجسم شده‬،‫پیش بینی شده‬
envisaged
future, especially sth good
emerge to appear or become known ‫ظهور‬

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happening or being done at exactly ‫همزمان‬

simultaneous
the same time
a group of people who share a ‫گروه‬
cohort
characteristic, usually age
Passage No. Title

255 Symbiosis (1)
a relationship between two types of
animal or plant in which each
symbiosis provides for the other the conditions
necessary for its continued
existence
general term describe sth without giving details.
existing or occurring between ‫دارای خصوصیاتی بین خود‬
interspecific
different species
is a form of competition in which
individuals of different species
interspecific interactions
compete for the same resources in
an ecosystem.
having, or being likely to cause, a
intimate very close friendship or personal or ‫صمیمی‬
sexual relationship
intimate association ‫ارتباط صمیمی‬
the fact of being involved with or ‫انجمن‬
association
connected to sb or sth
It covers a wide range of related ‫مفهوم گسترده تر‬
broader concept
concepts.
Passage No. Title

256 Symbiosis (2)
a single living plant, animal, virus,
organism
etc
biological relationship interactions between two organisms ‫رابطه بیولوژیکی‬
a relationship between two
mutualism organisms in which they live ‫همزیستی دو موجود‬
together and benefit each other
In close proximity to near; close; closely; similar
suggests something more complex
In such a way or unusual, which could lead to an
unexpected result
symbiosis ‫همزیستی‬
Passage No. Title

257 Barcode scanners

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he strength of something such as ‫شدت‬

intensity
light or sound
a line on a surface that is a different ‫خط راه راه‬

stripe
color from the rest of the surface
to send back light, heat, energy, or

reflect
sound from a surface
in a way that follows a particular ‫پی در پی‬
sequentially
order
happening or being done at exactly ‫همزمان‬
simultaneously
the same time
to change, move, etc. information ‫دستکاری کردن‬
manipulate
on a computer
Passage No. Title

258 English
the fact of being more powerful,
dominance more important, or more noticeable ‫برتری‬
than other people or things
the start of a period of time or the
the dawn of sth
beginning of something new
downside a disadvantage of a situation
in part partly, or to some degree
the period in the day when light
dawn from the sun begins to appear in ‫سپیده دم‬
the sky
fortnight a period of two weeks ‫هر دو هفته یکبار‬
Passage No. Title

259 In the online campus
to break open or apart suddenly, or ‫منفجر شدن‬
burst
to make sth do this
a long, narrow space between rows
aisle of seats in an aircraft, cinema, or ‫راهرو‬
church
internet revolution ‫انقالب اینترنت‬
fierce competition ‫رقابت شدید‬
temptation the desire to have or do something ‫وسوسه‬
If an event is well attended, many
well attended
people are present at it
to accept, admit, or recognize
acknowledge something, or the truth or existence ‫تصدیق کردن‬
of something
Passage No. Title

260 Primates

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a member of the group of animals ‫پستانداران نخستین‬
primate
that includes humans and monkeys
punk hairstyles A type of hairstyles
a type of small monkey with long
marmosets hair and large eyes that lives in
Central and South America
Most food has its origin in plants.
food source Some food is obtained directly from ‫منبع غذایی‬
plants
The squirrel-sized New World
tamarin monkeys from the family
Callitrichidae in the genus Saguinus
Bark is the outermost layers of ‫پوست درخت‬
tree bark
stems and roots of woody plants
a tropical forest with tall trees that
rainforest are very close together, growing in ‫جنگل انبوه مناطق گرم و پر باران‬
an area where it rains a lot
if an animal laps up water, milk etc,
Lap sth up it drinks it by putting its tongue into
it
to move suddenly and quickly in a ‫حرکت تند‬
dart
particular direction
A hole with a shape like a circle, but

oval-shaped hole
wider in one direction than the other
a metal tool with a sharp edge,

chisel
used to cut wood or stone
A tract of land is a very large area
vast tracts
of land
one of the eight flat teeth at the ‫دندان پیشین‬
incisor
front of your mouth
the state of species to become ‫انقراض‬
serious danger of extinction
extinct
(of liquids) to flow slowly through
seep
something
telltale allowing a secret to become known ‫سخن چین‬
a part of a tree that grows out from
branches the trunk (=main stem) and that has ‫شاخ و برگ‬
leaves
a large area of land in a hot
plantation country, where crops such as tea, ‫مزرعه‬
cotton, and sugar are grown
Passage No. Title

261 Sun
to put someone in a situation where
expose they are not protected from ‫در معرض گذاشتن‬
something dangerous or

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unpleasant
the process of taking something

absorption
into another substance
calcium absorption ‫جذب کلسیم‬
Portion a part or share of something larger ‫بخش‬
sun exposure ‫قرار گرفتن در معرض آفتاب‬
Passage No. Title

262 History of antibitics
the process of preparing sth or ‫آماده سازی‬
preparation
preparing for sth
The aggregate of living bodies of
biosphere organisms, which are
living matter expressed numerically by
elementary chemical composition,
mass, and energy
an injury to body that is made by a ‫زخم‬
wound
weapon
The effect produced by the
antagonistic effect contrasting actions of two (or more) ‫اثر متضاد‬
chemical groups
a disease that is caused by bacteria ‫عفونت‬
infection
or a virus
Anthrax is a serious infectious
anthrax organism disease caused by gram-positive,
rod-shaped bacteria
a living thing that on its own is too
microorganism small to be seen without a ‫جانوران کوچک و میکروسکپی‬
microscope
to tell sb about some information,
point sth out often because you believe they do
not know it or have forgotten it
to damage sth so badly that it ‫نابود کردن‬
destroy
cannot be used
causing someone to feel happier
therapeutic and more relaxed or to be more ‫درمانی‬
healthy
Passage No. Title

263 Plate
the study of the rocks and physical ‫زمین شناسی‬
geologic
processes of the earth
not able to be changed or ‫سفت و سخت‬
rigid
persuaded

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a thick, flat, usually square or

slab rectangular piece of a solid ‫ تکه‬،‫قطعه‬
substance
large-scale processes affecting the
tectonics
structure of the earth's crust.
to say or write something, ‫توضیح دادن‬
state
especially clearly and carefully
farthest away, or farthest from the ‫بیرونی ترین‬
outermost
center or from the inside
to break something, or be broken
fragment into a lot of small separate parts – ‫ قطعه قطعه کردن‬،‫متالشی شدن‬
used to show disapproval
Passage No. Title

264 Protestors
sb who protests publicly about sth, ‫معترض‬
protester
especially as part of a group
Head of the Department of the
Treasury Secretary Treasury which is concerned with ‫وزیر خزانه داری‬
financial and monetary matters
sth that is noticed because it is ‫ عارضه‬،‫پدیده‬
phenomenon
unusual or new
If sth clouds a situation or feeling, it
cloud
makes it less clear
Be in power in control; in charge
integration ‫ادغام‬
enormous ‫عظیم‬
Passage No. Title

265 SpaceX
the action of a spacecraft or rocket
lift-off
leaving the ground
reach orbit Put a spacecraft on the orbit
a full-size model of something large
mock-up that has not yet been built, showing ‫ ماکت‬،‫مدل آزمایشگاهی‬
how it will look or operate
showing promise of favourable ‫توسعه امیدوار کننده‬
promising development
development or future success.
loft to hit a ball high
to follow a curved path around a ‫دایره وار حرکت کردن‬
orbit
planet or star
a group of people who work ‫خدمه‬
crew
together to operate ship or aircraft
the goods that are being carried in ‫محموله‬
cargo
a ship or plane
webcast a broadcast made on the internet

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a legal document that states and

explains a formal agreement ‫قرارداد‬
contract
between two different people or
groups
to leave your job / stop working,
retire usually because of your age or ill ‫بازنشسته شدن‬
health
Passage No. Title

266 Patterns
essence nature ‫ذات ماهیت‬
to (cause to) make a regular
beat
movement or sound
to fasten together two ends of a
tie piece of string or other long, thin ‫گره زدن‬
material
shoelace ‫بند کفش‬
draw on sth
knowledge of sth to help you do sth
geniuses ‫نبوغ‬
brilliantly ‫درخشان‬
Passage No. Title

267 Biological systems
a group of organs that work
biological systems
together to perform a certain task
coincidence chance or luck ‫ اتفاق‬،‫تصادف‬
the natural purpose (of sth) or the ‫عملکرد‬
function
duty
Ability to apply general knowledge,
sciences, chemical engineering
complex engineering
principles to solve complex
chemical engineering problems
If a creature evolves, it changes
evolve over time by the process of ‫تکامل یافتن‬
evolution
the process whereby organisms
better adapted to their environment
natural selection
tend to survive and produce more
offspring.
arise from to come into being; originate
Passage No. Title

268 Experience of crime

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commence to begin something ‫شروع کردن‬

The term Media Coverage is used
media coverage to refer to all blog articles, RSS ‫پوشش رسانه ای‬
feeds, video content.
legal connected with the law ‫قانونی‬
offences an illegal act; a crime ‫تخلفات‬
to put something over or be over
cover something in order to hide, close, or ‫پوشش دادن‬
protect it
An early idea or notion without ‫مفاهیم از پیش تصور شده‬
preconceived notions
enough thought
(of an idea or an opinion) formed
preconceived too early, especially without enough
thought or knowledge
something necessary or ‫ضروری‬
absolutely essential
fundamental
actions with no thought about, ‫غریزی‬
instinctive
planned, or learned
put aside sth to ignore or not deal with something
a law that has been formally ‫اساسنامه‬
statutes
approved and written down
to describe the consequences of an
action which is actually occurring at
By doing this
the moment or occur in a
speculative context
facts, rather than sth that people ‫واقعیت‬
actuality
believe or imagine
conception an abstract idea; a concept. ‫تصور‬
criminal law ‫قانون کیفری‬
Passage No. Title

269 A new wrinkle cure
a small line in the skin caused by ‫چین و چروک‬
wrinkle
old age
A judgment that you make about ‫خود ارزیابی‬
self-assessment
your abilities, qualities
to make someone with an illness ‫درمان‬
cure
healthy again
used to describe products for which ‫ ثبت‬،‫امتیاز یا حق انحصاری بکسی دادن‬
patented
sb has a patent ‫شده‬
a substance taken from a plant,
extract flower, etc. and used especially in ‫استخراج کردن‬
food or medicine
a substance that flows easily and is ‫مایع‬
liquid
neither a gas nor a solid

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careful to look at or consider every

rigorous part of something to make certain it ‫ خیلی دقیق‬،‫سختگیرانه‬
is correct or safe
order or authorize the production of ‫سفارش دادن‬

commission
(something).
go into or through (something), ‫نفوذ کردن‬

penetrate
especially with force or effort.
comprehensive ‫ جامع‬،‫همه جانبه‬
Passage No. Title

270 English language
curious eager to know or learn something ‫کنجکاو‬
slightly nervous or worried about ‫زننده‬

queasy
something.
Sth happens in your presence or

very near to you, and you either do
(right) under someone's nose
not notice it or cannot do anything
to stop it
completely certain about ‫متقاعد‬

convinced
something.
progressively steadily; in stages. ‫به تدریج‬
crippled severely damaged.

mistreatment ‫بدرفتاری‬
in a way that seems impossible or
difficult to understand because of
paradoxically
containing two opposite facts or
characteristics
Passage No. Title

271 Pre-Raphaelitism
Pre-Raphaelitism was a
countercultural movement that
Pre-Raphaelitism
aimed to reform Victorian art and
writing.
having great influence on someone ‫موثر‬

influential
or something.
To focus on someone or
center on (someone or something)
something.
sought past and past participle of seek.
revive ‫احیای‬

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not qualified or diminished in any ‫مطلق‬

absolute
way; total.
the quality or state of being correct ‫درستی‬

accuracy
or precise.
symbolic representing something else

to have as the main subject or
Center on sth
interest
to move your face so you are not
turn away
looking at something
Passage No. Title

272 fresh water
used in units of volume to show
when the length of something has
cubic
been multiplied by its width and
height
Fresh water Edibale water
Passage No. Title

273 Dance
a reason that you give to explain ‫بهانه تراشیدن‬
excuse
why you did something wrong
o have a lot of power or influence in
Play a role
a particular situation
a public event or show that is
spectacle exciting to watch; an exciting ‫دیدنی‬
appearance
Something that is integral is very ‫بخشی جدایی ناپذیر‬
Integral part
important or necessary
plot the story of a book, film, play, etc. ‫داستان‬
to improve the quality, amount, or ‫توسعه دادن‬
enhance
strength of something
stop the continuous progress of (an ‫منقطع کردن‬

interrupt
activity or process).
effective ‫تاثیر گذار‬
Passage No. Title

274 leaders
to copy something achieved by
emulate someone else and try to do it as ‫تقلید کردن‬
well as they have

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a way of considering or doing ‫رویکرد‬

approach
something
make sense to be clear and easy to understand
superior ‫برتر‬
combining two or more things to ‫تلفیقی‬

integrative
form an effective unit or system.
Passage No. Title

275 the new machines
someone who has invented
inventor something or whose job is to invent ‫مخترع‬
things
to make sb feel that they want to do ‫الهام بخشیدن‬
inspire
sth and can do it
a factory where metal is melted and
poured into specially shaped ‫ کارخانه ذوب فلز‬،‫ریخته گری‬
foundry
containers to produce objects such
as wheels and bars
used to emphasize how very great,
sheer important, or powerful a quality or ‫ محض‬،‫ ناب‬،‫خالص‬
feeling is; nothing except
revolutionary change ‫تحول انقالبی‬
large scale ‫در مقیاس بزرگ‬
Passage No. Title

276 Disciplines of politics
the way that organizations or
countries are managed at the ‫حکومت‬
governance
highest level, and the systems for
doing this.
a person who specializes in or
devotes himself or herself to a ‫دانش تخصصی‬
specialist knowledge
particular area of activity, field of
research
broad very wide ‫گسترده‬
in-depth understanding ‫درک عمیق‬
responsible attitude ‫نگرش مسئوالنه‬
in a way that relates to moral ‫از نظر اخالقی‬

ethically
principles.
Specialize in ‫تخصص در‬
Passage No. Title

277 Retirement Savings

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relating to human populations and

Demographic the information collected about
them, such as size, ages, education
averse to change or innovation and ‫محافظه کار‬

conservative
holding traditional values.
While whilst despite the fact that; although

long-term savings ‫پس انداز بلند مدت‬
substantial impact ‫تأثیر قابل توجه‬
a sum of money saved or made ‫سرمایه‬

fund
available for a particular purpose.
disappointingly ‫ناامیدکننده‬
the fact or state of belonging to a

ethnicity social group that has a common ‫قومیت‬
national or cultural tradition.
used to present factors which are

On the other hand opposed or which support opposing
opinions.
Passage No. Title

278 sounds of iceberg
a very large mass of ice that floats ‫کوه یخ‬
iceberg
in the sea
the degree to which something
the extent to which
happens or is likely to happen
to recognize or understand the ‫تشخیص دادن‬
distinguish
difference between two things
a floating sheet of ice permanently
ice shelf
attached to a landmass.
strange in a frightening and ‫وهم اور‬
eerie
mysterious way
warm up sth to make something hotter
the most northern and most ‫قطب‬
pole
southern ends of the earth
breakup ‫فروپاشی‬
Passage No. Title

279 Chaucer's Tales
to (cause to) cover, reach, or have
spread an effect on a wider or increasing ‫انتشار دادن‬
area

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To reach is also to develop to a

reach stage in order to achieve a ‫نائل شدن به‬
particular result
oftentimes on many occasions ‫اغلب اوقات‬
Vivid descriptions, memories, etc.
vivid produce very clear, powerful, and ‫واضح‬
detailed images in the mind
the way that someone or something
is described or represented in a ‫تصویرگری‬
portrayal
painting, film, book, or other artistic
work
Passage No. Title

280 Information
to recognize a problem, need, fact, ‫شناسایی کردن‬
identify
etc. and to show that it exists
to think carefully about the
weigh sth up advantages or disadvantages of a
situation before making a decision
to carefully consider, especially by
weigh comparing facts or possibilities, in
order to make a decision
is one's ability to properly acquire
critical awareness data to be processed using critical
thinking.
intentional planned or intended ‫ قصدی‬- ‫عمدی‬
draw conclusions to make a judgment or judgments
the responsibility or duty to do ‫تعهد‬
the onus
something
an unfair personal opinion that ‫گرایش؛ تعصب‬
Bias
influences your judgment
unconscious bias: it refers to a bias
Hidden bias
that happens automatically
(often of something bad) intentional ‫عمدی‬
deliberate
or planned
giving the wrong idea or ‫گمراه کننده‬
misleading
impression.
o consider or include particular
facts or details when making a
take account of something
decision or judgment about
something
Passage No. Title

281 Alpine Newt
a small animal that has a long, thin
newt body and tail and short legs, and ‫سمندر ابی‬
lives both on land and in water

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Is a type of newt with the

alpine newt salamander order Caudata in the
class of amphibians
relating to Europe, especially
continental western Europe, but not including ‫قاره‬
the British Isles
a group of islands in coast of
British Isles northwestern Europe include
Britain, Ireland
Occur to exist or be present ‫اتفاق افتادن‬
Montane ecosystems refers to any
montane habitat
ecosystem found in mountains.
abundant more than enough ‫فراوان‬
many different types of things or
a variety of
people
having only a short distance from ‫ سطحی‬،‫کم عمق‬
shallow
the top to the bottom
a body of water forming a
waterbody physiographical feature, for
example a sea or a reservoir.
a small body of still water formed ‫حوضچه‬

pond
naturally or by artificial means.
Passage No. Title

282 Claude Monet
coming near the end of a speech,
closing
event, activity, etc.
Oscar-Claude Monet was a French
Claude Monet
painter
someone who writes the story of a
biographer
particular person's life
heartbeat the pulsation of the heart. ‫تپش قلب‬
handful a small number of people or things ‫تعداد انگشت شماری‬
to oppose or refuse to go along with ‫مخالفت کردن با‬
buck
something
to collect or increase something ‫اندوختن‬،‫انباشتن‬
accumulate
gradually, esp. over a period of time
not connected with or relevant to ‫غیر مرتبط‬

irrelevant
something.
Passage No. Title

283 The University of Maryland

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(of a person, place, or thing)

boast possess (a feature that is a source
of pride).
rank classify
top-notch (adj) of the highest quality; excellent. ‫درجه یک‬
reckon
to have to deal with someone or
reckon with somebody/something
something powerful
Passage No. Title

284 Academic writing
Product Thinking Problem Solving
reflection ‫انعکاس‬
Intellectual ability refers to the skills
required to think critically, see
intellectual ability connections between disciplines ‫توانایی ذهنی‬
and problem solve in new or
changing situations.
relating to or based on mental

conceptual
concepts.
critically ‫منتقدانه‬
Passage No. Title

285 Details of the sounds
of the nature of a miracle or having ‫معجزه گر‬

miraculous
the power to work miracles.
make a sharp sibilant sound as of

hiss
the letter s.
to make a short, very high cry or

squeak
sound
make a low, steady continuous

hum
sound like that of a bee.
intention a thing intended; an aim or plan.
incapable of being fully explored or ‫غیرقابل تحمل‬

unfathomable
understood.
very great extent or size; ‫وسعت‬

vastness
immensity.

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occur happen ‫رخ دادن‬
Passage No. Title

286 Supply and demand
supply and demand ‫عرضه و تقاضا‬
succeed in persuading or leading ‫وادار کردن‬

induce
(someone) to do something.
A long-term downturn in economic

trade depression
activity in one or more economies
If the amount, rate, or quality of sth
fall off
falls off, it becomes smaller or lower
commodity ‫کاال‬
Passage No. Title

287 An exhibit
brings together to cause (people) to join or meet
pull together cooperate in a task or undertaking. ‫همکاری کردن‬
Passage No. Title

288 The American cabinet
a group of people in a country or
legislature part of it who have the power to ‫قوه مقننه‬
make and change laws
part of the executive branch of the
American cabinet federal government of the United ‫کابینه آمریکایی‬
States
The Constitution of the United
States is a document that ‫قانون اساسی‬
Constitution
establishes the basic rules and
laws of the American government
A unique feature of sth that different ‫ویژگی های متمایز کننده‬
distinctive features
with others
to stop someone from being in a ‫رد صالحیت‬
disqualify
competition or doing sth
having an extremely close ‫رابطه صمیمی‬
intimate relationship
friendship
the primary chamber of the ‫مجلس عوام‬
House of Commons
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Any individual have the important ‫مقامات فدرال‬
federal officials
political job
Passage No. Title

289 Potential in our minds

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unusual or special and therefore ‫قابل توجه‬
remarkable
surprising and worth mentioning
far more Much more
Passage No. Title

The illustration of plants and
290
animals
to describe or represent something ‫تصویر کشیدن‬
portray
or someone
healing properties The healthy related features of sth
helping to make someone well
healing again, especially after a cut or other ‫درمان‬
injury
to show the meaning or truth of
illustrated something more clearly by giving ‫نشان دادن‬
examples
a picture printed from a pattern that
Woodcut has been cut in the surface of a ‫حکاکی روی چوب‬
block of wood
a type of plant with a soft stem,
Herbal/herb
used in cooking and medicine
an old-fashioned decorative style of ‫صفحه مسی‬
copperplate
writing with long, flowing letters
a picture or design printed on paper
engraving from a hard, usually metal, surface ‫حکاکی‬
in which cuts have been made
the fact of something becoming
emergence
known or starting to exist
to represent or show something in a ‫شرح دادن‬
depict
picture or story
to cause someone or something to
render
be in a particular state
a material used in the past for
writing on or for covering a book, ‫پوست گوساله‬
vellum
made from the skins of young
animals, especially cows or sheep
Passage No. Title

291 The Great Barrier Reef
extremely exciting, beautiful, or ‫مهیج‬
breathtaking
surprising
The gifts are a natural part of their
natural gift personality, and they just see them
as “who they are.”
attractive in appearance, especially ‫زیبا‬
picturesque
in an old-fashioned way

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Great Barrier Reef Coral reef in Australia

past simple and past participle of
sought
seek
to have sth that you feel is special
blessed with
or lucky
an area of coral, the top of which
coral reef can sometimes be seen just above
the sea
marine life
A sunny beach with the wet
sun-soaked beach
wheater
wanted by many people and usually
sought after
of high quality or rare
Passage No. Title

Education for Indigenous
292
Australians
the way a thing turns out; a ‫نتیجه‬

outcome
consequence.
Indigenous ‫بومی‬
a lack of money because of which
financial constraint you cannot buy something, or do
something
community expectations ‫انتظارات جامعه‬
Passage No. Title

293 Plagiarism
the practice of taking someone

plagiarism else's work or ideas and passing ‫سرقت ادبی‬
them off as one's own.
to examine a crime, problem,

investigate statement, etc. carefully, especially ‫تحقیق کردن‬
to discover the truth
Compare against ‫مقایسه کردن با‬
Passage No. Title

294 Chemistry in physiology
a condition in which liquid from the
stomach moves upwards into the
reflux oesophagus (= the tube that takes ‫ریفالکس‬
food from the mouth to the
stomach)

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an atom or small group of atoms

that has an electrical charge ‫یون‬
ion
because it has added or lost one or
more electrons
either of the two organs in the chest
lung with which people and some ‫ریه‬
animals breathe
cell body of every neuron is
enclosed by a plasma membrane, a
neuron's membrane bilayer of lipid molecules with many
types of protein structures
embedded in it
storage ‫ذخیره سازی‬
Passage No. Title

295 Brains of robots
a small animal that has a shell and ‫حلزون‬
Snail
moves very slowly
plant with large, green leaves, ‫کاهو‬
lettuce
eaten uncooked in salads
goal-directed behavior ‫رفتار هدفمند‬
group of animals that have soft ‫نرم تنان‬
mollusk
bodies, no spine
to do or complete sth, especially
carry sth out that you have said you would do or
that you have been told to do
make the best or most effective use ‫بهینه سازی کردن‬

optimize
of (a situation or resource).
component ‫اجزاء‬
Passage No. Title

296 The economic depression
deepen to become lower
long-term downturn in economic ‫رکود اقتصادی‬
economic depression
activity in one or more economies
depositor someone who deposits money ‫سپرده گذار‬
It means something negative is
At a Alarming rate
happening very fast
disappear to no longer exist ‫ناپدید شدن‬
Passage No. Title

297 Crime prevention
assault a violent attack ‫تجاوز یا حمله کردن‬

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Close to someone Close friends or a family memebr

the use of something in a way that ‫سو استفاده کردن‬
abuse
is harmful or morally wrong
Someone who is law-abiding obeys ‫مطیع قانون‬
law abiding
the law
a criminal who continues to commit
recidivist crimes even after they have been ‫تکرار کننده جرم‬
punished
extended period A long period of time ‫دوره طوالنی‬
offender a person who is guilty of a crime ‫ تخطی کننده‬،‫ خالفکار‬،‫متخلف‬
Who cannot stop previous bad
Recidivist offender
behavior patterns.
occurring or having an effect
all-pervading through or into every part of ‫همه جانبه‬
something.
the ordinary people in a society or
grassroots an organization, especially a ‫مردمی‬
political party
oddly in a strange or surprising way ‫عجیب‬
a situation in which the laws of a
country are being obeyed, ‫قانون و نظم‬
law and order
especially when the police or army
are used to make certain of this
not receiving enough care or ‫غفلت کردن‬
neglect
attention
discourse communication in speech or writing ‫گفتمان‬
to speak or write and give your
opinion about sth as if you knew ‫فضل فروشی کردن‬
pontificate
everything about it and as if only
your opinion was correct
a method of legally solving a ‫ چاره‬،‫درمان‬
remedy
problem or disagreement
strongly or completely; in an ‫بیش از حد‬
Overwhelmingly
overwhelming way
to decide and say officially what a ‫حکم‬
sentence
punishment will be
Passage No. Title

298 Learning from experience
to connect someone or sth in your
associate
mind with someone or sth else
A process by which describes the effect of the process
A process in which what happens in the process
the function based on how a person ‫یادگیری شناختی‬
cognitive learning
processes and reasons
learn something based on a new
associative learning
stimulus

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earthworm ‫کرم خاکی‬
Passage No. Title

299 The study of objects
constitute be (a part) of a whole. ‫تشکیل دادن‬
a formal paper that asks questions ‫استعالم علمی‬

academic inquiry
like research proposals

exceptionally
objects that is made by a person, ‫مصنوعی‬

artefact
like tools or decoration
The claim is unsupported with ‫ادعاهای جسورانه‬
bold claims
evidence
more important or better than ‫برجسته‬
pre-eminent
others
Someone or something that reigns
supreme is the most important or
reigns supreme
powerful element in a situation or
period of time.
reign to be the king or queen of a country ‫حکمفرما بودن‬
the ability to understand and
literate cultures
participate fluently in a given culture
having the highest rank, level, or ‫عالی‬
supreme
importance
happening or existing in some
patchy
areas but not in others
a person with great knowledge in a ‫محقق‬
scholar
particular subject
related to the Middle Ages, from AD ‫قرون وسطایی‬
medieval
600 to AD 1500
Passage No. Title

Work-ready international
300
students
to be involved in an activity with ‫شرکت داشتن‬
take part
other people
A knowledge of how to make sth
working knowledge work without any deeper
understanding of why it works
high employment rates ‫نرخ اشتغال باال‬
valuable extremely useful or important. ‫با ارزش‬
local staff ‫کارمندان محلی‬

shortage shortage ‫کمبود‬

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Passage No. Title

301 Sociology
the study of the relationships
Sociology
between people living in groups
to indicate that what you are saying
applies to the feature you have just
In this respect
mentioned or to many features of
sth
to consider sb or sth to belong to a
class particular group because of their
qualities
to make sb excited and interested ‫تحریک کردن‬
stimulate
about sth
acceptance ‫ پذیرفته شدن‬- ‫پذیرش‬
Passage No. Title

302 The fall of smallpox
an extremely infectious disease that
smallpox causes a fever, spots on the skin, ‫مرض ابله‬
and often death
the fact or moment of starting to ‫درک‬
realization
understand a situation
a person who continues to live, ‫بازمانده‬
survivor
despite nearly dying
protected against a particular
immune disease by particular substances in ‫مصونیت‬
the blood
the method first used to immunize
Variolation
an individual against smallpox
causing a lot of damage or ‫ویرانگر‬
devastating
destruction
a death caused by an accident or
fatality by violence, or someone who has ‫مرگ و میر‬
died in either of these ways
common practice ‫ روش رایج‬،‫روش معمول‬
Passage No. Title

303 Most Respected Companies
predictably as expected
Someone or something world-class
world-class is one of the best that there are of ‫سطح جهانی‬
that type in the world
the act of overlooking someone or
Play/playing nice something or failing to see true
potentia

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cruel, violent, and completely ‫بی رحمانه‬

brutal
without feelings
Make a company smaller by
downsize reducing the number of people ‫کم کردن‬
working for it
attracting a lot of attention and
high profile interest from the public and
newspapers, television, etc
an event that is either unpleasant or ‫حادثه‬
incident
unusual
prosecution the act of prosecuting someone ‫پیگرد قانونی‬
Achieve +status
a person who threatens to hurt
bullying someone, often forcing that person ‫قلدری کردن‬
to do something
to give something to someone
Give sth away without asking for payment (give
sth free as gift)
not thinking or worrying about any ‫بی رحمانه‬
ruthless
pain caused to others
financial status ‫وضعیت مالی‬
Passage No. Title

304 Yellowstone National Park
structure that divides 2 areas of
land, similar to a wall but made of ‫حفظ کردن‬
fence
wood or wire and supported with
posts
A type of wolf from Eurasia and
gray wolf
North America
the process or result of becoming
acclimation accustomed to a new climate or to ‫سازگاری‬
new conditions.
a small area surrounded by a
pen fence, especially one in which
animals are kept
Environmental impacts
Consecutive events, numbers, etc.
consecutive follow one after another without an ‫پیاپی‬
interruption
perpetuate to cause something to continue ‫ همیشگی کردن‬،‫جاودانه‬
wilderness ‫بیابان‬
refuge ‫پناه گاه‬
Passage No. Title

305 maternal employment rates

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to make a complicated subject or

untangling problem, or its different parts, clear ‫ناخوشایند‬
and able to be understood
It is the state of working for others
paid employment
to get paid for your services
well-off rich
Number of people that involved in a
Enrolment rates
event
to connect someone or something
Associate in your mind with someone or
something else
the funds raised by a government
public purse
by taxation or other means.
revenue ‫درآمد‬
Passage No. Title

306 Study anywhere
to make sb stop giving their ‫حواس پرت کردن‬
distract
attention to sth
A rome for students’ relaxation and
study lounges
study.
a gradual accumulation or increase,

Build up typically of something negative that
leads to a problem.
Passage No. Title

307 the moon and the sun
journey trip ‫سفر‬
any of the seven planets of ancient
wandering star
astronomy.
The moon wanes when it gradually
wane appears less and less round, after ‫کم شدن‬
the full moon
dome a shape like one-half of a ball ‫طاق‬
heavens the sky
evolve develop gradually.
Passage No. Title

308 Photography and Glamour
supplant to replace ‫تعویض کردن‬
to exist as a natural or basic part of ‫ذاتی بودن‬
inhere in sth
sth

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the special exciting and attractive ‫زرق و برق‬

glamour
quality of a person, place, or activity
small, delicate, and often moving in ‫رقیق‬
dainty
a careful way
to live, have your home, or stay in a ‫اقامت داشتن‬
reside
place
done or said in a strong way and ‫برجسته‬
emphatically
without any doubt
the act of showing a feeling or idea, ‫بیان‬
expression
or a feeling or idea that is shown
a position from which something is
angles
looked at
a sloping position or a move in a
tilts particular direction, especially up or ‫کج شدن‬
down
the part of a person's face below ‫چانه‬
chin
their mouth
unfriendly and seeming to consider ‫غرور‬
haughty
yourself better than other people
to decorate an object, especially
emboss with letters, using special tools that ‫بر جسته کردن‬
make a raised mark on its surface
introspection ‫درون گرایی‬
having or showing an interest in ‫کنجکاو‬

inquisitive
learning things; curious.
behaving in such a way as to

coquettish suggest a playful sexual attraction;
flirtatious.
Passage No. Title

309 Students income
subsidize to pay part of the cost of something ‫کمک هزینه دادن‬
In order to Because of
Cut down to do or use less of something
If something you have done pays
pay off
off, it is successful
Social life ‫زندگی اجتماعی‬
to be greater than a number or
exceed amount, or to go past an allowed
limit
Part-time job ‫شغل پاره وقت‬
The stable with reasonable growth
sound investment
in sth
obtain get, acquire, or secure (something). ‫فراهم کردن‬
paid off to pay (a debt or a creditor) in full

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Passage No. Title

310 Australian fiction
the point where two things come
intersection together and have an effect on ‫تقاطع‬
each other
opening-up opening
not until not before a particular time or event
computational method ‫روش محاسباتی‬
to suddenly become popular or
Take off
successful
to cause people to be friendly with
bring sb/sth together
each other
used to say that something is partly
sort of true but does not describe the exact ‫نسبتا‬
situation
a thing that is accepted as true or ‫فرض‬

assumption
as certain to happen, without proof.
accepted assumption ‫فرض پذیرفته شده‬
Passage No. Title

311 The first motion pictures
Figure out to understand or solve something
prolonged films movie
concerned with or engaged in ‫تجاری‬

commercial
commerce.
several more than two but not many. ‫چندین‬
Passage No. Title

312 Treat students
the problem or situation of children
truancy being absent from school regularly ‫غایب بودن بی دلیل از مدرسه‬
without permission
to share the same interests or have ‫وجه مشترک داشتن‬
have something in common
similar characteristics
to have earned sth or be given sth ‫شایستگی داشتن‬
deserve
because of your actions or qualities
physical exercises (or maybe
PE
Physical education)
to prepare sth following particular ‫مناسب کردن‬
Tailor(v)
instructions

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Apply to ‫اقدام کردن‬

embarrassed feeling ashamed or shy ‫خجالت زده‬
a person of the same age,social
peer position or having the same abilities
as other people in a group
a person who likes to annoy other
Tease (v) people by saying false things or ‫اذیت کردن‬
pretending to do sth
multi-faceted having many sides. ‫چند وجهی‬
in a way that is predicted to lead to ‫بطور نهایی‬

terminally
death; incurably.
Passage No. Title

313 spotted owls
covered in small, usually round ‫خال خال‬
spotted
areas of colour
a bird with a flat face and large
owl eyes that hunts small mammals at ‫جغد‬
night
genetic discontinuities ‫ناپیوستگی های ژنتیکی‬
subspecies a particular type within a species ‫زیرگونه ها‬
landscape features
with breaks, or stopping and ‫ناپیوسته‬
discontinuous
starting again
restricted gene flow …., while
Restricted sth <> facilitated sth
facilitated gene flow
the height of a place above the ‫ارتفاع‬
elevation
level of the sea
A wildlife corridor, habitat corridor,
or green corridor is an area of
habitat connecting wildlife
genetic corridor/ Wildlife corridor
populations separated by human
activities or structures (such as
roads, development, or logging).
to spread across or move away ‫پراکندگی‬
dispersal
over a large area
gene flow (also known as gene
migration or allele flow) is the
Gene flow
transfer of genetic variation from
one population to another.
make (an action or process) easy ‫تسهیل کردن‬
facilitate
or easier.
Passage No. Title

314 Australia and New Zealand (2)

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to be in or move into a horizontal ‫قرار گرفتن‬

lie
position on a surface
military system ‫سیستم نظامی‬
a region of the central Pacific
polynesia
Ocean
to travel across water in a boat or
sail
ship
worthy of attention or notice; ‫قابل توجه‬

notable
remarkable.
brilliance exceptional talent or intelligence.
an approximate calculation or
estimate judgement of the value, number, ‫تخمین زدن‬
quantity, or extent of something.
Passage No. Title

315 Medical examination
a medical examination of a dead
post-mortem person's body in order to find out ‫کالبد شکافی‬
the cause of death
common reason ‫دلیل مشترک‬
Allow to
autopsy The synonym of post-mortem ‫کالبد شکافی‬
carry sth out to do or complete something
Perform by
pursuit an attempt to achieve something ‫پیگرد‬
medical knowledge
dissection The synonym of post-mortem
having many details or facts; ‫مفصل‬

detailed (adj)
showing attention to detail.
Passage No. Title

316 Bad habits
the sound someone makes when ‫هورت کشیدن‬
slurping
they drink noisily
To recline or loiter lazily; to loaf. (A
lay around common misspelling of "lie
around.")
When two or more people agree on
something, it means they have the
Agree on
same opinion about something
being discussed.

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Passage No. Title

317 Aliens
relating to creatures from another
alien
planet
fiction movies ‫ افسانه ای‬،‫فیلم های داستانی‬
a long distance from a particular

Too faraway
place
in a way that shows clear, sound ‫منطقی‬

logically
reasoning.
Passage No. Title

318 History books
to intentionally become involved in
a difficult situation in order to ‫دخالت‬
intervene
improve it or prevent it from getting
worse
next generation ‫نسل بعدی‬
a group of people who share an
camp
opinion, especially a political one
school curriculum ‫برنامه آموزشی مدرسه‬
to support or prefer one particular
favored
possibility
to feel very pleased about
take pride in sth/sb something or someone you are
closely connected with
a direct or indirect ownership,
managerial or other interest in a
radio broadcast station, television
media interest
broadcast station, television
broadcast network or daily
newspaper.
Passage No. Title

319 Double Trees
a plant or animal that has the same
Clones genes as the original from which it
was produced
a North American tree whose seeds
cottonwood are covered with hairs that look like ‫چوب پنبه‬
cotton
ozone damage

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he total amount of living things in a

biomass
particular area
a large number or amount of ‫جمع شدگی‬
concentration
something in the same place
hang-around sth to move or do things slowly
spike To hit sth
increasing by one addition after ‫انباشته شدن‬
cumulative
another
Rural area the countryside ‫منطقه روستایی‬
to make a current of air, or to move
blow
sth or be moved with
to suffer the consequences of
Pay + price
someone's actions.
something that serves to alert a
a wake-up call
person to a problem, danger
Passage No. Title

320 The mummy
at, to, or from a great distance in ‫دور‬
far
space or time
If a group of people descend on a
place or person, they arrive, usually
descend on/upon sb/sth
without warning or without being
invited
If a place is deserted, there are no
deserted
people in it
a place where a lot of people are
a hive of activity/industry
working very hard
calm and peaceful and without ‫آرام‬
tranquil
noise, violence, worry, etc
to move slowly and without energy
trailed
or enthusiasm
the ordinary people who form the
masses
largest group in a society
the act of putting a dead body into ‫خاکسپاری‬
burial
the ground
a room or space used for a ‫ اتاق‬- ‫محفظه‬
chamber
particular purpose
a light bed made of cloth with poles
stretcher for a frame, used for carrying ‫برانکار‬
people who are injured or dead
strong cloth made from the fibres of ‫جنس کتان‬
linen
the flax plant
exposed (adj) not covered or hidden; visible. ‫در معرض‬
Passage No. Title

321 SISU

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uphold to keep or defend a principle or law ‫حمایت کردن از‬
Prestigious university/college
A short sentence/phrase that ‫شعار‬
motto
expresses a belief/purpose
critical challenges ‫چالش های مهم‬
prestigious very much respected and admired ‫معتبر‬
public opinion ‫افکار عمومی‬
involving different subjects of study
multidisciplinary
in one activity
Close connection ‫رابطه نزدیک‬
a consulting service in which a CPA
develops findings and conclusions
advisory service and recommendations that are
presented to the client for
consideration and decision making.
give (something, especially money)

contribute in order to help achieve or provide ‫شرکت کردن در‬
something.
Passage No. Title

322 Discrimination against women
said or thought by some people to
alleged be the stated bad or illegal thing, ‫بقول معروف‬
although you have no proof
claim or assert that someone has

allege done something illegal or wrong, ‫ادعا کردن‬
typically without proof.
the act of starting to employ ‫استخدام کردن‬

hire
someone
sex-biased hiring
unfairly prejudiced for or against

biased (adj)
someone or something.
revise to look at or consider again an idea ‫اصالح کردن‬

to prevent sth from being seen or ‫پنهان کردن‬
conceal
known about / hide
coming before a more important ‫مقدماتی‬
preliminary
action or event
to improve the quality, amount, or ‫توسعه دادن‬
enhance
strength of sth
someone who competes in a ‫شرکت کننده‬
contestant
contest or competition

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having several parts or aspects//

being several times as large, as
several fold great, or as many as some
understood size, degree, or
amount.
Passage No. Title

323 Cuteness
the quality of being pleasant and ‫بامزه‬
cuteness
attractive
the young of an animal, or a ‫فرزند‬
offspring
person’s children
A distinguishing element of a face ‫خصوصیات ظاهری‬
facial features
such as eye, nose, or lips
potent very powerful, forceful, or effective ‫قدرتمند‬
a baby or a very young child / new ‫شیرخوار‬
infant
born
parental capacities ‫توانایی های والدین‬
happening naturally, as a result of
instinct, rather than being thought ‫ ذاتی‬- ‫غریزی‬
instinctual
about, planned, or developed by
training
moral emotions ‫احساسات اخالقی‬
The techniques to image the ‫تصویربرداری عصبی‬
neuroimaging
structure of brain systems
to cause a dangerous, excited, or
ignite
angry situation to begin
the ability to share someone else's
feelings or experiences by ‫ درک و شناخت‬،‫یکدلی‬
empathy
imagining what it would be like to
be in that person's situation
having special rights, advantages,

privileged
or immunities.
neural activity ‫فعالیت عصبی‬
unable to do without. ‫وابسته‬

dependent
Passage No. Title

324 Light pollution

exceptional
as opposed to natural light, refers

artificial light to any light source that is produced ‫نور مصنوعی‬
by electrical means.

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the process of the slow sinking of a

settlement
building or the ground
an animal which lives water and ‫الک پشت‬
turtle
has outer shell
A structure where birds give birth or ‫النه‬
nest
leave their eggs
relating to where a person or
natal
animal was born
hatchling stage A stage of coming out from egg
to prevent sth from working
interfere with sth
effectively
Natural cycle ‫چرخه طبیعی‬
detrimental effects ‫اثرات مخرب‬
brightening of the night sky caused
by street lights and other man-
made sources, which has a
light pollution
disruptive effect on natural cycles
and inhibits the observation of stars
and planets.
a state of extreme physical or ‫خستگی‬

exhaustion
mental tiredness.
the loss or removal of water from ‫کمبود آب بدن‬

dehydration
something.
the action of attacking or ‫شکار‬

predation
plundering.
Passage No. Title

325 A crime
(often of something bad) intentional ‫عمدی‬
deliberate
or planned
deliberate act Intentionally actions
to prevent a particular activity by ‫ممنوع ساختن‬
Prohibit
making it impossible
To do something illegal weapons
commit a crime
used to commit crimes.
discovery To find about orgins of sth ‫کشف‬
to test something in a formal way to
trial (v) discover how effective or suitable it ‫ محاکمه‬،‫آزمایش‬
is
a decision made by court of law ‫محکومیت‬
conviction
that sb is guilty of a crime
the authority of a court to make ‫صالحیت قضایی‬
jurisdiction
decisions and judgments
restitution payment made for damage or loss ‫غرامت‬

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the action or the fact of deterring ‫بازداشت‬

deterrence
people from doing sth
occur happen
Passage No. Title

326 Kathryn Mewes
a woman whose job is to take care ‫پرستار بچه‬
nanny
of a particular family's children
to arrive or appear somewhere,
Turn up sth
usually unexpectedly
a state of total confusion with no ‫هرج و مرج‬
chaos
order
to depend on something in an
turn on sth
important way
to make something necessary, or to ‫شامل بودن‬
entail
involve something
If you fix a problem or a bad
fix a problem situation, you deal with it and make
it satisfactory.
pledge a solemn promise or undertaking. ‫ تعهد‬- ‫سوگند‬
as well as and in addition; and also
Passage No. Title

327 Sleep patterns
to seem good, interesting from what
Sound(v)
is said or written
get up wake up
without being affected by; in spite ‫با وجود‬

Despite
of.
Passage No. Title

328 Architectural Museum
a residential area or building is ‫مسکونی‬
residential
where people live
A thatched roof is made from straw ‫سقف کاه یا نی‬
thatched
or reeds
bungalow a small house all on one level ‫خانه روستایی یک طبقه‬
occupy to fill or use a place ‫اشغال کردن‬

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Thatching is the craft of building a

roof with dry vegetation such as
straw, water reed, sedge, rushes,
heather, or palm branches, layering
thatched roof
the vegetation so as to shed water
away from the inner roof.// a house
roof made with a plant material (as
straw)
An open border is a border that

enables free movement of people
Open + border between jurisdictions with few or no ‫مرز باز‬
restrictions on movement, that is
lacking substantive border control.
build or make (something, typically ‫ساختن‬

construct
a building, road, or machine).
ware stock ‫کاال‬
walk or move in a leisurely or

wander
aimless way.
Passage No. Title

329 caffeine
a long tube through which food
intestine travels from the stomach and out of ‫روده‬
the body while it is being digested
The coffee nap is when you drink a
coffee nap caffeinated beverage and fall
asleep for twenty minutes or so
absorb to take in a liquid, gas, or chemical ‫جذب‬
to remove or take away someone ‫از بین بردن‬
eliminate
or something
give a share or a unit of

distribute (something) to each of a number of ‫توزیع کردن‬
recipients.
the process by which one thing ‫جذب‬

absorption
absorbs or is absorbed by another.
liver ‫جگر‬
If you say that something will take
take time time, you mean that it will take a
long time.
Passage No. Title

330 herbicides

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unwanted plants that grows in a ‫علف هرز‬

weed
garden
to leave a place suddenly and
Run off somewhere
unexpectedly
a plant such as a fruit or vegetable ‫دانه‬
crop
grown in large amounts
Drinking water ‫اب نوشیدنی‬
Any significant accumulation of
water, usually covering the Earth or
waterbody
another planet, such as a river, lake
or a bay
an amount that is more than ‫اضافی‬
excess
acceptable or reasonable
a chemical that is used to destroy ‫علف کش‬
herbicides
plants, especially weeds
to change into a more simple ‫تنزل دادن‬
degrade
chemical structure
the act of preparing land for ‫کشت و زرع‬
tillage
growing crops
soil ‫خاک‬
Passage No. Title

331 heroes
attract the strong attention and ‫مجذوب کردن‬

fascinate
interest of (someone).
to be known or discovered finally

Turn out
and surprisingly
cruel, violent, and completely ‫وحشی‬
brutal
without feelings
hardship severe suffering or privation. ‫سختی‬
an accident in which a ship is ‫غرق شدن کشتی‬

shipwreck
destroyed
myriad a very large number of something ‫بی شمار‬
something that is very big, or too
monster
big
fanciful over-imaginative and unrealistic. ‫خیالی‬
archeologists ‫باستان شناسان‬
Passage No. Title

332 absence
Make clear
instructional method ‫روش آموزشی‬
class participation ‫مشارکت در کالس‬

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instructor a person who teaches something. ‫مدرس‬
with (or in or having) regard to as concerns; in respect of. ‫با توجه به‬
Passage No. Title

333 holiday in Japan
an attempt to achieve or get
bid
something
forget-the-year parties
farewell goodbye ‫خداحافظی‬
human weakness ‫ضعف انسان‬
to rub something hard in order to
scrub
clean it
When a clock strikes, its bells ring
strike
to show what the time is
expel To force sb/sth to leave a place ‫بیرون انداختن‬
Otoshidama is a Japanese
traditional custom where adults give
otoshidamas
money to the children in their
family.
Passage No. Title

334 haute couture
control or maintain the rate or

regulate speed of (a machine or process) so
that it operates properly.
give work to (someone) and pay ‫استخدام کردن‬

employ
them for it.
Passage No. Title

335 Julius Caesar
in the ancient Roman calendar, a
ides day approximately in the middle of
each month
to fill sth/sb with a particular feeling,
imbue sth/sb with sth
quality, or idea
a feeling that sth very bad is going ‫پیشگویی‬
foreboding
to happen soon
to make someone remember sth or ‫ بیرون کشیدن‬،‫تحریک کردن‬
evoke
feel an emotion
the people who watch a particular ‫حضار‬
audience
TV programme or film

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to close and open the eyes quickly ‫چشمک زدن‬

blink
for several times
Passage No. Title

336 “Open Door” policy
a large area that has some local
territory government but fewer rights than a ‫قلمرو‬
province
to suggest a new idea or plan to a ‫ جلو بردن‬،‫پیش رفتن‬
Advance(v)
group of people
preferential duties Is a type of tarrifs
root the cause or origin of something ‫ریشه‬
Congo basin Basin of Cango river in Africa
an amount of money, such as a tax,
levy that you have to pay to a ‫مالیات‬
government or organization
clause ‫ ماده‬،‫بند‬
Passage No. Title

337 poor people
a person or animal that lives in a ‫ اهل‬، ‫ساکن‬
inhabitant
particular place
per capita income average income earned per person
comparable similar in size, amount, or quality ‫قابل مقایسه‬
the rate at which something ‫وقوع‬
incidence
happens
the condition of being extremely ‫فقر‬
poverty
poor
Distribute+Income ‫پخش حقوق‬
to be affected by someone or
depend on
something
Passage No. Title

338 the average stock price
to show, express, or be a sign of ‫باز تابیدن‬
reflect
something
stock market a stock exchange ‫بازار سهام‬
lead to cause someone to do something ‫ هدایت کردن‬،‫سوق دادن‬
Passage No. Title

339 Kiwi

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to go from place to place searching ‫پی علف گشتن‬

forage
for things that you can eat or use
to join another person in order to
Team up
doing sth together
in danger of being harmed, lost, ‫در معرض خطر‬
endangered
unsuccessful
general audience ‫مخاطب عام‬
Passage No. Title

340 charity
a way of considering or doing ‫رویکرد‬
approach
something
the quality or condition of being ‫بخشش‬
generosity
generous
household income ‫درآمد خانوار‬
a person who gives money or ‫اعطاء کننده‬
donor
goods to an organization
an event causing great harm, ‫فاجعه‬
disaster
damage, or suffering
average ‫میانگین‬
Passage No. Title

341 Human body
to cause someone to have a ‫برانگیختن‬
arouse
particular feeling
reverie pleasant dream-like thoughts ‫خیال اندیشی‬
skillful in planning and ready to
cunning deceive people in order to get what ‫حیله گر‬
you want
miraculous very surprising or difficult to believe ‫معجزه آسا‬
to go or move something forward, ‫تسریع کردن‬
advance
or to develop or improve something
peer to look carefully or with difficulty ‫بدقت نگریستن‬
intensely ‫به شدت‬
Passage No. Title

342 Athens Games
to spoil sth, making it less good or ‫صدمه زدن‬
mar
less enjoyable
used to describe events that
epic happen over a long period and ‫حماسی‬
involve a lot of action and difficulty
opening ceremony ‫مراسم افتتاحیه‬

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the place where a public event or

venues
meeting happens
very exciting and interesting and ‫متقاعد کننده‬
compelling
making you want to watch or listen
Broking records ‫رکوردهای شکسته شده‬
to be actively involved in something
Take part in sth
with other people
historic sites ‫مکان های تاریخی‬
Passage No. Title

343 Neo-Latin
an enthusiasm for a particular

activity or object which appears ‫شوق‬
craze
suddenly and achieves widespread
but short-lived popularity.
take heart to feel encouraged

to cause sb to feel confused
puzzle because they cannot understand ‫اشفته کردن‬
sth
to admit that you have done sth ‫اعتراف کردن‬
confess
wrong
to collect information in small
glean
amounts and often with difficulty
the soft, gray or black, powdery
ash substance left after something has ‫خاکستر‬
burned
Passage No. Title

344 Event management
a part of an activity or a period of
stage
development
the way in which things are
Set up
organized or arranged
to (cause to) happen at the same ‫انطباق زمانی داشتن‬
synchronize
time
The process of submitting a ‫روند مناقصه‬
bidding process
proposal
a formal agreement between ‫قرارداد‬
convention
countries or companies
to offer a particular amount of
money for something when ‫قیمت پیشنهادی‬
bid
competing against other people to
buy it
the price that a person or company
quote says they will charge to do a piece
of work

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the possibility that can be made, ‫امکان پذیری‬

feasibility
done, or achieved
Critical factors are factors that are
Critical factor crucial in the decision making
process.
the act of obeying an order, rule, or ‫انطباق دادن‬
compliance
request
legal compliance
a person who own a share in a ‫سهام دار‬
stakeholder
business
relating to or characterized by ‫رقابتی‬

competitive
competition.
Passage No. Title

345 microbes
rot to (cause something to) decay ‫فاسد شدن‬
someone who has done something ‫ابر قهرمان‬
superhero
very brave to help someone else
A suicide gene, in genetics, will
suicide gene cause a cell to kill itself through
apoptosis
the act of killing yourself
suicide intentionally, or a person who has ‫خودکشی کردن‬
done this
Antibiotic resistance is a
antibiotic
consequence of evolution via
resistance
natural selection.
the action of giving or surrendering

rendering
something.
Earth habitable ‫زمین قابل سکونت‬
Passage No. Title

346 Helping people
happen naturally without plan or ‫خود بخود‬
spontaneous
encouragement
a person who does a job or some
volunteer work without being paid or forced to ‫داوطلب‬
do it
Mental problem ‫مشکل روانی‬
someone who is trained to listen to
counsellor people and give them advice about ‫مشاور‬
their problems
Physical problem ‫مشکل جسمی‬

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occupation a job or profession. ‫شغل‬
enable make (something) possible. ‫قادر ساختن‬
Passage No. Title

347 Skyscraper
to show great respect for someone, ‫محترم شمردن‬
honor
esp. in public
behaves in a way intended to
show off
attract attention
to cause sth to reach, often as far
stretch
as possible, in a particular direction
religious beliefs ‫عقاید مذهبی‬
a situation in which sb is trying to
competition win sth or be more successful than ‫رقابت‬
sb else
In common in joint use or possession; shared ‫مشترک‬
plummet to fall very quickly and suddenly ‫سقوط‬
to make it possible for someone to
pave the way (for/to sth)
do sth or for sth to happen
a long vertical or sloping passage
shaft through a building or through the ‫محور‬
ground
a vertical shaft in a building to
elevator shaft permit the passage of an elevator ‫محور آسانسور‬
from floor to floor.
(of an event or circumstance)

dramatic
sudden and striking.
a large building where raw

materials or manufactured goods ‫انبار‬
warehouse
may be stored prior to their
distribution for sale.
Passage No. Title

348 Breton language
precisely Exactly ‫دقیقا‬
a form of a language that people
dialect speak in a particular part of a ‫گویش‬
country
an important event in the
milestone development or history of ‫مرحله مهمی از زندگی‬
something or in someone’s life
having been thought about ‫مطرح شده‬
considered (adj)
carefully.

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Passage No. Title

349 Managing performance
a system of rules, ideas, or beliefs
framework that is used to plan or decide ‫چهار چوب‬
something
to become interested in an activity
Get into sth or subjector start being involved in
an activity
the most important facts, ideas, etc. ‫اساس‬

basis
from which something is developed
reference point ‫نقطه مرجع‬
show or indicate the way to ‫راهنمایی کردن‬

guide
(someone).
Passage No. Title

350 feature of business(1)
A distinguishing mark or feature is
one that makes someone or sth ‫وجه تمایز قائل شدن‬
distinguishing
different from similar people or
things
to face, meet, or deal with a difficult ‫ روبرو شدن با‬- ‫مواجه شدن‬
confront
situation or person
Take place happen
hierarchical system ‫سیستم سلسله مراتبی‬
ethical issues ‫مسائل اخالقی‬
Achive + goals
Make + decision
an instance of buying or selling ‫معامله‬

transaction
something.
distinct ‫متمایز‬
Passage No. Title

351 feature of business(2)
to go with someone or to exist at ‫همراهی کردن‬
accompany
the same time as sth
Be severe in negotiating a
Hard bargaining
transaction
discussions between people in
bargaining order to reach agreement on ‫چانه زدن‬
something such as prices

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to know a lot about a particular

be versed in sth subject or be experienced in a
particular skill
to prevent something from being ‫ پوشاندن‬،‫پنهان کردن‬
conceal
seen or known about
Deceptive advertising, also known ‫ادعاهای فریبنده‬
deceptive claims
as false advertising
to cause sb to become interested or ‫مشغول کردن‬
engage
involved in an activity
the action (generally illegal) of
bait-and-switch
advertising goods
to try to trick someone into ‫بلوف‬
bluff
believing sth
to cause someone to have a ‫ تحریک کردن‬،‫بیدار کردن‬
arouse
particular feeling
the act of praising someone or
puffery something too much in a way that is ‫تبلیغات پر سر و صدا‬
not sincere
clinch to finally get or win something
to officially refuse to allow ‫ممنوع ساختن‬
prohibit
something
making you believe something that ‫فریبنده‬
deceptive
is not true
highly experienced, practiced, or
well versed
skilled; very knowledgeable
Passage No. Title

352 organisms
to make something as good as ‫بهینه ساختن‬
optimize
possible
‫جستجو به طور گسترده برای تهیه خوراک و‬
foraging to go searching, esp. for food
‫آذوقه‬
vice versa (of an opposite) being also true ‫برعکس‬
a very small, simple organism ‫جانور تک سلولی‬
amoeba
consisting of only one cell
Rudimentary memory
rudimentary basic, or at a very early stage ‫ابتدایی‬
Passage No. Title

353 Concrete jungle
a very hard building material made
concrete by mixing together cement, sand, ‫بتن‬
small stones, and water
concrete jungle refers to the urban city
a person who lives in a city, town, ‫ساکن‬
dweller
cave, etc

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catastrophic a bad situation ‫فاجعه بار‬

the fact of experiencing sth or being ‫در معرض گذاری‬
exposure
affected by it
surrounding all round a particular place or thing. ‫اطراف‬
rapidly very quickly; at a great rate. ‫به طور سریع‬
Passage No. Title

354 conservancies
an area of land kept in its natural
state, especially for wild animals
conservancy
and plants to live in and be
protected
Boundary an edge or limit of something ‫مرز‬
legal constitution ‫قانون اساسی‬
a member of the US House of
representative Representatives; a congressman or
congresswoman
the fair distribution of property, ‫توزیع عادالنه‬
equitable distribution
money and debt obligations
treating everyone fairly and in the ‫منصفانه‬
equitable
same way
If you are right about something or
right someone, you are correct in your
judgment or statement about it
an individual or company that has ‫شخص حقوقی‬
legal entity
legal rights and obligations.
a fixed share of something that a

quota person or group is entitled to ‫سهمیه‬
receive or is bound to contribute.
a thing with distinct and

entity
independent existence.
contract agreement ‫قرارداد‬
Passage No. Title

355 financial crisis
disastrous extremely bad or unsuccessful ‫فاجعه بار‬
financial crisis ‫بحران مالی‬
to control an activity or process by ‫تنظیم کردن‬
regulate
rules or a system
Make + decision
function to work or operate ‫کار کردن‬

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not good enough or too low in ‫ناکافی‬

inadequate
quality
to perform the purpose of a
function as sth/sb particular thing of a particular
person
not having the ability to do sth as it ‫بی عیب و نقص‬
incompetent
should be done
extravagant extreme and unreasonable ‫غیر معقول‬
an amount of money that you risk
bet on the result of an event or a ‫شرط بستن‬
competition, such as a horse race
a statement or account that makes ‫توضیح‬

explanation
something clear.
Passage No. Title

356 What is music?
something like a standardised base ‫متعارف‬،‫استاندارد‬
canonical
form
limited, especially by official rules,
restricted
laws, etc
Passage No. Title

357 Talking
three or more musical notes played
chord
at the same time
a pair of folds at the upper end of
vocal cords the throat that produce sound when
air from the lungs moves over them
the state of feeling healthy and ‫تندرستی‬
Well-being
happy
health practitioner Health workers
someone involved in a skilled job or
practitioner
activity
Connections among people that are
used for sharing information,
Social tie
knowledge, feelings, and
experiences
the friendly feelings that people
tie have for other people, or special
connections with places
Passage No. Title

358 Humans began farming

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to change something, usually ‫تغییر دادن‬

alter
slightly
a person related to you who lived a ‫اجداد‬
ancestor
long time ago
a person who is one of the first ‫پیشرو‬
pioneer
people to do sth
to prepare land and grow crops on ‫زراعت کردن‬
cultivate
it, or to grow a particular crop
the hunting and killing of seals (=
sealing
animals)
to put seeds in or on the ground so ‫بذر پاشیدن‬
sow
that plants will grow
modern age ‫عصر جدید‬
the state or fact of continuing to live

or exist, typically in spite of an ‫بقاء‬
survival
accident, ordeal, or difficult
circumstances.
Passage No. Title

359 flower and pollination
conduct process, especially in order to get ‫هدایت کردن‬
pollinate ‫گرده افشانی‬
so attractive, desirable etc that you
irresistible cannot prevent yourself ‫مقاومت ناپذیر‬
from wanting it
colleague ‫همکار‬
Passage No. Title

360 Electricity
appliances ‫لوازم خانگی‬
to make something better, or to ‫بهتر کردن‬
improve
become better
the act of providing something that ‫ تدارک‬، ‫تهیه‬
provision
someone needs
something that is critical is very
important because what happens in ‫بحرانی‬
critical
the future depends on
it SYN crucial
global consumption ‫مصرف جهانی‬
coal ‫زغال سنگ‬
essential necessary ‫ضروری‬
global scale ‫مقیاس جهانی‬

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to say that something will happen, ‫پیش بینی‬

prediction/ predict
before it happens
Passage No. Title

361 Longevity
Longevity ‫طول عمر‬
precise information, details etc
precise are exact, clear, ‫صریح‬،‫دقیق‬
and correct SYN exact
draw something ↔ up to prepare a
draw up written document, such as
a list or contract
sales presentation or sales pitch is
a line of talk that attempts to
persuade someone with a
a sales pitch
planned sales presentation
designed to initiate and close a sale
of the product or service.
something good that you did ‫ امتیاز‬،‫سود‬
Bonus
not expect in a situation
Passage No. Title

362 Language Extinct
Language Extinct ‫انقراض زبان‬
linguists ‫زبان شناسان‬
extinct not exist anymore ‫منقرض‬
if a process accelerates or if
something accelerates it, it ‫سرعت بخشیدن‬
accelerate
happens faster than usual or
sooner than you expect
to use a
employ particular object, method, skill etc in ‫بکار گرفتن‬
order to achieve something
Cognitive development is a field of
study
in neuroscience and psychology foc
using on a child's development in
cognitive development terms of information processing,
conceptual resources, perceptual
skill, language learning, and other
aspects of the developed adult
brain
arguably ‫قابل بحث‬
to save something or someone
from ‫حفظ کردن‬
preserve
being harmed or destroyed → pres
ervation

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Passage No. Title

363 Keith Haring
Drawn the past participle of draw
chalk ‫گچ‬
a
Prolific prolific artist, writer etc produces m ‫پرکاربرد‬
any works of art, books etc
fame ‫شهرت‬
skyrocketed ‫بسرعت باال رفتن‬
causing a lot of disagreement,
because many people ‫بحث برانگیز‬
controversial
have strong opinions about
the subject being discussed
to say that you believe someone
accuse is guilty of a crime or of doing ‫متهم کردن‬
something bad
Passage No. Title

364 Honorary Degree
to officially give someone a title etc,
especially as a reward for ‫اعطاء کردن‬
confer
something they have
achieved SYN bestow
an honorary degree ‫درجه افتخاری‬
distinguished successful, respected, and admired ‫ برجسته‬،‫متمایز‬
remarkable contribution ‫سهم (همکاری)قابل توجه‬
crucial role ‫نقش تعیین کننده‬
o become larger in size, number, or
amount, or to make something ‫توسعه دادن‬
expand
become
larger → expansion OPP contract
the past tense and
led
past participle of lead
the act of realizing and accepting th ‫به رسمیت شناختن‬
recognition
at something is true or important
committee ‫ کمیته‬،‫کمیسیون‬
astronomy ‫ستاره شناسی‬
Passage No. Title

365 Botswana
unemployment ‫بیکاری‬
stratified having different social classes ‫طبقه بندی شده‬

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suffer ‫رنج بردن‬

deficit shortfall ‫کمبود‬
slump ‫ رکود‬،‫سقوط‬
steady and not likely to move or ‫پایدار‬
stable
change OPP unstable → stability
continent ‫قاره‬
Passage No. Title

366 Wind Circulation
circulation flow ‫جریان‬
Passage No. Title

367 Remote Working
flexible ‫قابل انعطاف‬
the effect or influence that
an event, situation etc has on ‫تأثیر‬
impact
someone or somethingimpact
on/upon
productivity increase/improve/raise productivity ‫بهره وری‬
the amount of goods or
work produced by a ‫بازده‬
output
person, machine, factory etc → pro
duction
used to indicate the degree to
to some extent which something exists, happens,
or is true.
Passage No. Title

368 Elephants Sounds
complex complicated ‫پیچیده‬
a strong connection
family bonds
between family members
verbal literal ‫کالمی‬
visual optical ‫دیداری‬
o tell or show what you are feeling

express or thinking by using words, looks, or ‫بیان کردن‬
actionsexpress your views/opinions
If two people or things move

move apart apart or are pulled apart,
they move away from each other.
rumbling a series of long low sounds

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Passage No. Title

369 Renewable Energy
polluting effects ‫اثرات آالینده‬
very big in size or in ‫عظیم‬
enormous
amount SYN huge
happening or existing in many
commonplace places, and therefore not special ‫عادی‬
or unusual
a part of the land, especially a part ‫خصوصیت‬
feature
that you can see
Passage No. Title

370 Data Collection
amateur ‫آماتور‬
counterparts peer ‫همتایان‬
aesthetic ‫زیبایی شناسی‬
something that you give or do in
contribution order to help something ‫مشارکت‬
be successful
Passage No. Title

371 Graduation Gifts
despite in spite of ‫علیرغم‬
to give someone something of great ‫هدیه دادن‬
bestow
value or importance
Lavish Generous ‫سخاوتمند‬
large lump sums ‫مبالغ زیادی‬
thoughtful mindful ‫ با مالحضه‬،‫متفکر‬
Passage No. Title

372 National Portrait Gallery
fundamental basic ‫اساسی‬
combination ‫ترکیب‬
reveal previously secret or unknown OPP ‫آشکار ساختن‬
conceal
Passage No. Title

373 Gunpowder

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to mention or speak about

refer
chemical explosive ‫مواد منفجره شیمیایی‬
contain ‫ شامل بودن‬،‫دارا بودن‬
consensus General agreement ‫توافق عام‬
initially at first ‫در ابتدا‬
Passage No. Title

374 Marion Dorset
having a lot of influence and
influential therefore changing the way people ‫موثر‬
think and behave
Agriculture ‫کشاورزی‬
chief ruler ‫رئیس‬
division section ‫بخش‬
conduct manage ‫اداره کردن‬
pioneering work ‫کارهای پیشگام‬
inspection search ‫بازرسی‬
hog cholera ‫وبا‬
subsequently ‫متعاقبا‬
prevent ‫جلوگیری کردن‬
Passage No. Title

375 Study Creative Writing
o become larger in size, number, or
amount, or to make something ‫توسعه دادن‬
expand
become
larger → expansion OPP contract
to improve a method, plan, system
refine etc by gradually ‫تصحیح کردن‬
making slight changes to it
practical expertise ‫تخصص عملی‬
proficiency a good standard of ability and skill ‫ تخصص‬،‫مهارت‬
Passage No. Title

376 Tsunami Facts
strike or collide with someone so as

knock a person down
to cause them to fall to the ground.
obstacles ‫موانع‬

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To collide with someone or

slam into (someone or something) something in a very forceful or
violent manner.
the pieces of something that are left
debris after it has been destroyed in ‫آوار‬
an accident, explosion etc
the act or process
destruction of destroying something or of being ‫تخریب‬
destroyed → destroy
Passage No. Title

377 Erosion and Deposition by Wind
dune ‫تپه‬
diverting deflecting ‫منحرف کردن‬
drifting sands ‫شن های ماسه ای‬
to put something under the ground, ‫دفن کردن‬
bury
often in order to hide it
fertile land or soil is able to ‫حاصلخیز‬
fertile
produce good crops
not real or not made
of natural things but made to be like ‫ساختگی‬
artificial
something that is real or
natural SYN false OPP natural
robust strong ‫قدرتمند‬
the food and other substances that
nourishment people and other living things need ‫تغذیه‬
to live, grow, and stay healthy
to stick together in a mass, or to
bind make small pieces of something ‫بهم پیوستن‬
stick together
Passage No. Title

378 Employee Benefits
cash wages ‫دستمزد نقدی‬
company pension scheme ‫طرح بازنشستگی شرکت‬
to prevent something bad from
avoid
happening
discrimination ‫تبعیض‬
the official right to have or do
entitlement something, or the amount that you ‫حق‬
have a right to receive
low-interest loans ‫وامهای کم بهره‬
court ‫دادگاه‬
a particular way
treatment of behaving towards someone or of ‫رفتار‬
dealing with them

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Passage No. Title

379 Thomas de Quincey quote
making you ‫ترسناک‬
frightening
feel afraid or nervous SYN scary
unbearable ‫غیر قابل تحمل‬
dramatic events ‫وقایع دراماتیک‬
to prepare yourself for
cram an examination by learning a lot of ‫خودرا برای امتحان اماده کردن‬
information quickly SYN swot
Passage No. Title

380 The Purpose of Advertising
very interesting, exciting, ‫احساسی‬
sensational
and surprising
to be useful or helpful for a
serve
particular purpose or reason
accusingly ‫متهم‬
Passage No. Title

381 Intellectual Life
primary ‫ اصلی‬،‫اولیه‬
remarks that say what you think is
criticism bad about someone or ‫انتقاد‬
something OPP praise
dominant trends ‫روند غالب‬
words or actions that show that you
do not want someone to do ‫اعتراض‬
protest
something or that
you dislike something very much
Passage No. Title

382 Trade and Globalization
very big in size or in
enormous
amount SYN huge
when
something increases in size, range, ‫توسعه‬
expansion
amount etc SYN growth,
→ expand
to provide money, especially a lot of
finance money, to pay for ‫سرمایه گذاری کردن‬
something SYN fund
notes ‫چک ها‬

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convertible ‫قابل تبدیل‬

commodity ‫کاال‬
Passage No. Title

383 Aesop's Fables
to make a connection in your mind
associate between one thing or person and ‫شریک کردن‬
another
fable fables or other traditional stories ‫افسانه‬
to make something have
target an effect on a
particular limited group or area
a short simple story that teaches
a moral or religious lesson, ‫داستان اخالقی‬
parable
especially one of the stories told by
Jesus in the Bible
in antiquity ‫در دوران باستان‬
to notice, see, ‫ دریافتن‬،‫درک کردن‬
perceive
or recognize something
Passage No. Title

384 Intelligent people
to think that something is true,
although you do not ‫فرض کردن‬
assume
have definite proof SYN presumeas
sume (that)
notion ‫ ایده‬،‫مفهوم‬
rational thoughts, decisions etc
rationally are based on reasons rather ‫منطقی‬
than emotions OPP irrational
Passage No. Title

385 Industrial Revolution
phrasal verb. If you leave someone
left behind or something behind, you go away
permanently from them
no longer useful, because
obsolete something newer and better has ‫منسوخ‬
been invented → out-of-date
move on progress
Passage No. Title

386 The Olympic Games

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take place occur

to have all
the necessary qualities to
qualify
be considered to be a particular
thing
preceding ‫ماقبل‬
compete ‫رقابت کردن‬
Passage No. Title

387 New Ideas
to be in a main or very important
take center stage
position
worn out ‫فرسوده‬
Passage No. Title

388 Making Good Decisions
alert and thinking logically and
clear-headed
coherently.
mind-set ‫ذهنیت‬
logical paths ‫مسیرهای منطقی‬
Passage No. Title

389 Duel of honour
dispute a disagreement or argument ‫اختالف نظر‬
insult ‫توهین‬
o officially and legally control a
country and make all ‫فرمانداری کردن‬
govern
the decisions about taxes,
laws, public services etc SYN rule
survivor ‫بازمانده‬
escape ‫فرار کردن‬
pistols or swords ‫تپانچه یا شمشیر‬
to become unfashionable; to
go out of fashion
become obsolete
Passage No. Title

390 Research Methods
questionnaires ‫پرسشنامه ها‬

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relating to amounts rather than to

the quality or standard of
quantitative something → qualitative ‫ مقداری‬،‫کمی‬
(quantitative analysis/methods/data
etc)
careful consideration or discussion ‫ بررسی‬،‫بحث‬
deliberation
of something
Passage No. Title

391 Study Psychology
Psychology ‫روانشناسی‬
a method of doing something or ‫رویکرد‬
approach
dealing with a problem
Passage No. Title

392 Animal Migration
destination ‫مقصد‬
the natural home of a plant or ‫زیستگاه‬
habitat
animal
Harsh climates or conditions are
harsh weather very difficult for people, animals,
and plants to live in
Passage No. Title

393 Multinational Companies
criticize someone or something, or to talk ‫انتقاد کردن‬
about their faults OPP praise
to say that something is not true, or ‫انکار کردن‬
deny
that you do not believe something
to produce or cause ‫ایجادکردن‬
generate
something SYN create
profit ‫سود‬
o obtain or achieve something you ‫کسب کردن‬
gain
want or needgain control/power
the physical power and energy that
strengthen makes someone
strong OPP weakness
employability ‫قابلیت اشتغال‬
Passage No. Title

394 Science of Astronomy
astronomy ‫ستاره شناسی‬

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observational ‫مشاهده ای‬

theoretical ‫علمی‬
principles ‫اصول‬
to make a good combination with ‫متمم‬
complement
an act of trying to do something, ‫کوشش کردن‬
attempt
especially something difficult
Passage No. Title

395 Béhanzin, King of Dahomey
utmost ‫بیشترین‬
a refusal to accept new ideas or ‫مقاومت‬
resistance
changes
aid help
good sense and judgment, based e ‫خرد‬
wisdom
specially on your experience of life
warrior ‫جنگجو‬
Passage No. Title

396 Study habits
investigation ‫تحقیق و بررسی‬
to do something that needs to
carry something ↔ out phrasal verb
be organized and planned
participate to take part in an activity or event ‫مشارکت کردن‬
widely read having read many different books
core texts ‫متون اصلی‬
to think very carefully about
concentrate something that you are ‫متمرکز کردن‬
doing → concentration
Passage No. Title

397 Dolphins
mammals ‫پستانداران‬
a group of animals or plants whose
members are similar and
species can breed together ‫گونه ها‬
to produce young animals or
plants → genus

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a sophisticated machine,
system, method etc is very
sophisticated well designed and very advanced, ‫پیچیده‬
and often works in
a complicated way
sociable friendly ‫دوستانه‬
hunt ‫شکار کردن‬
capture take, grab ‫گرفتن‬
squid ‫ماهی مرکب‬
Passage No. Title

398 1994 Northridge earthquake
involving actions that

violent are intended to injure or kill people, ‫شدید‬
by hitting them, shooting them etc
death toll ‫شمار کشته شدگان‬

By comparison ‫در مقایسه با‬
the quality of being felt very ‫شدت‬
intensity
strongly or having a strong effect
relatively ‫به طور نسبی‬
resistant ‫مقاوم‬
set of rules that specify
the standards for constructed
construction codes
objects such as buildings and
nonbuilding structures
Passage No. Title

The Importance of Steel in
399
Today's Construction
rubber ‫الستیک‬
reduce decrease ‫کاستن‬
concrete ‫بتن‬
Passage No. Title

400 EI Nino
destructive ‫مخرب‬
to attack someone, especially ‫ضربه زدن‬
strike
suddenly
Passage No. Title

401 The Smell of Democracy

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to get rid of the rules, ideas, or ‫سرنگونی‬

overthrow
systems of a society
deliberately hurting people or ‫ظالمانه‬
cruel
animals OPP kind
warfare battle ‫جنگ‬
effectiveness ‫اثربخشی‬
political freedom from control by the
independence government of another ‫استقالل‬
country((independence from))
to force someone to do ‫مجبور کردن‬
compel
something → compulsion
tolerate stand, bear ‫تحمل کردن‬
the act of becoming involved in
an argument, fight, or ‫مداخله‬
intervention
other difficult situation in order to
change what happens
reprisal revenge, retaliation ‫انتقام جویی‬
Array ‫رژه‬
rediscovery ‫کشف مجدد‬
disillusionment ‫سرخوردگی‬
the past tense and
sought past participle of seek ((to try to
achieve or get something))
elite ‫ زبده‬،‫گلچین‬
control or power over someone or ‫ غلبه‬،‫سلطه‬
Domination
something
Passage No. Title

402 Ernest Shackleton
crew ‫خدمه‬
expedition ‫هیئت اعزامی‬
polar ‫وابسته به قطب شمال و جنوب‬
lifeboats ‫قایق های نجات‬

brave actions or words, often ones
heroics that are meant to
seem impressive to other people
a long journey in a ship ‫سفر دریایی‬
voyage
or spacecraft
fatal heart attack ‫حمله قلبی کشنده‬
Passage No. Title

403 Neutrinos

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to show or tell people about a

unveil new product or plan for the first ‫اشکار ساختن‬
time
an elusive idea or quality is difficult ‫گریزان‬
elusive
to describe or understand
run or ride against the direction
go (or hunt or run) counter
taken by a quarry
neutral ‫خنثی‬
to change something because of ‫تجدید نظر کردن‬
revise
new information or ideas
to hit something or someone that is
collide moving in a different direction from ‫بهم خوردن‬
you → collision
giant extremely big
purified water ‫آب خالص‬
bombard ‫بمباران کردن‬
to enter something
penetrate and pass or spread through it, ‫نفوذ کردن‬
especially when this is difficult
cavern ‫غار‬
Passage No. Title

The introduction of Australian
404
legal system
thorough perfect, complete ‫کامل‬
basis ‫اساس‬
to recognize and understand the dif
distinguish ference between two or more things ‫وجه تمایز قائل شدن‬
or people SYN differentiate
precedent ‫سابقه‬
statutory interpretation ‫تفسیر قانونی‬
Numerous many ‫بیشمار‬
to give someone
encourage the courage or confidence to do ‫تشویق کردن‬
something OPP discourage
Passage No. Title

405 Event management
challenging ‫چالش برانگیز‬
viewpoint ‫نظر‬
to happen at exactly the same time,
or to arrange for two or more ‫همگام سازی‬
synchronize
actions to happen at exactly the
same time
convention bids ‫مناقصه های کنوانسیون‬

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competitive ‫رقابتی‬
to give a piece of information that is
quote
written down somewhere
feasibility ‫امکان پذیری‬
legal compliance ‫الزامات قانونی‬
implementation performance ‫پیاده سازی‬
Passage No. Title

406 Bamboo
staying in good condition for a long
durable//durability (noun) time, even if used a lot SYN hard- ‫دوام‬
wearing
quality how good or bad something is ‫کیفیت‬
severe
severe problems, injuries, illnesses etc are ‫شدید‬
very bad or very serious
Construction workers ‫کارگران ساختمانی‬
scaffolding ‫داربست‬
to prepare and use land for ‫کشت کردن‬
cultivate
growing crops and plants
drawback disadvantage
accessible available ‫در دسترس‬
Passage No. Title

407 The plant species book
fairly large, especially large enough
considerable to have an effect or be ‫قابل توجه‬
important → inconsiderable
survey ‫نظر سنجی‬
contributors ‫مشارکت کنندگان‬
tremendous very big, fast, powerful etc ‫بسیار بزرگ‬
assist cooperation ‫کمک‬
straightforward ‫مستقیم‬
relating to serious study of a ‫علمی‬
scholarly
particular subject
passion desire ‫شور اشتیاق و عالقه شدید‬
conservation plans ‫برنامه های حفاظت‬
occasional ‫گاه به گاه‬
unsatisfactory not good enough or not acceptable ‫نامطلوب‬
a story, event, action etc that shows
illustration the truth or existence of something ‫تصویر‬
very clearly
botanist ‫گیاه شناس‬

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indispensable necessary ‫گریزناپذیر‬
Passage No. Title

408 Fingerprints
scene ‫صحنه‬
to find someone or something that
trace has disappeared by searching for ‫ ردپا‬،‫اثر‬
them carefully
reserve ‫اختصاص دادن‬
Passage No. Title

409 The New Moral Code
to help to make something ‫همکاری و کمک کردن‬
contribute
happen → contributory
when a business or an activity
profitability makes a profit, or the amount of ‫سودآوری‬
profit it makes
if someone or something is
efficient, they work well ‫کارآمد‬
efficient
without wasting time, money,
or energy OPP inefficient
Passage No. Title

410 Working Women
the act of taking part in an activity ‫مشارکت‬
participation
or event SYN involvement
to accept that you
undertake are responsible for a piece of work, ‫بعهده گرفتن‬
and start to do it
domestic activities ‫فعالیتهای داخلی‬
Passage No. Title

411 Essay Writing
a calculation about ‫ارزیابی‬
assessment
the cost or value of something
to form something such as
construct a sentence, argument, or system ‫ ساختن‬،‫ایجاد کردن‬
by joining words, ideas etc together
regurgitation ‫مجدد‬
depths aspects ‫جنبه های عمیق‬
to pronounce what you are saying ‫بیان کردن‬
articulate
in a clear and careful way

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Passage No. Title

412 The Agricultural Revolution
alter change ‫تغییر دادن‬
ecological pioneers ‫پیشگامان محیط زیست‬
If you seal something up, you close
seal up it completely so that nothing can
get in or out.
fundamentally ‫اساسا‬
Passage No. Title

413 Why it's so good to talk
social ties ‫پیوندهای اجتماعی‬
practitioners ‫شاغل مقام طبابت یا وکالت‬
Passage No. Title

414 A Financial Crisis
financial crisis ‫بحران مالی‬
disastrous very bad, or ending in failure ‫فاجعه بار‬
Regulator ‫تنظیم کننده‬
not good enough, big
inadequate enough, skilled enough etc for a ‫ناکافی‬
particular purpose OPP adequate
not having the ability or skill to do a ‫بی کفایت‬
incompetent
job properly OPP competent
if someone makes
extravagant claims, promises etc, ‫غیر معقول‬
extravagant
they make big claims or promises
that are not true or real
something that happens as a result
consequence of a particular action or set ‫پیامد‬
of conditions((consequence of))
Passage No. Title

415 Wildlife Management
qualify ‫واجد شرایط شدن‬
to discuss something in order
negotiate to reach an agreement, especially ‫مذاکره کردن‬
in business or politics
a legal constitution ‫قانون اساسی‬
equitable fair ‫منصفانه‬

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the act of sharing things among a

distribution large group of people in a planned ‫ پخش‬،‫توزیع‬
way
acquire obtain, gain ‫بدست آوردن‬
sustainable ‫پایدار‬
quota share ‫سهمیه‬
trophy ‫غنائم‬
something that exists as ‫ موجودیت‬،‫وجود‬
entity
a single and complete unit → being
Passage No. Title

416 Get out more
concrete definite and specific → abstract
city dwellers ‫ساکنان شهر‬
causing a lot ‫ فاجعه آمیز‬- ‫مصیبت بار‬
catastrophic
of destruction, suffering, or death
biodiversity ‫تنوع زیستی‬
when someone is in a situation
where they are not protected from ‫در معرض گذاری‬
exposure
something dangerous or unpleasan
t
rapidly ‫به طور سریع‬
Passage No. Title

417 Sigmund Freud
relating to
intellectual the ability to understand things and ‫روشن فکر‬
think intelligently → mental
believing or feeling something very ‫خونسرد‬
fervent
strongly and sincerely SYN strong
an activity or subject that someone ‫اشتیاق‬
enthusiasm
is very interested in
hostility ‫دشمنی خصومت‬
on a par ‫در یک طرف‬
Strikingly in a way that is very easy to notice ‫به طرز چشمگیر‬
emerge appear ‫پدیدار شدن‬
an expression of formal support or ‫تایید‬
endorsement
approval for someone or something
emergent ‫اضطراری‬
immense cultural authority ‫اقتدار فرهنگی عظیم‬
only interested in things
parochial that affect your local area – used to ‫محدود‬
show disapproval

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having a special advantage or

privileged a chance to do something that most
people cannot do
if a price or amount fluctuates, it
fluctuating keeps changing and becoming ‫نوسان‬
higher and lower SYN vary
Passage No. Title

418 Trees and climate change
patterns of rainfall ‫الگوهای بارندگی‬
confusing, especially because there
bewildering are too many choices or things ‫سردرگم کردن‬
happening at the same time
Passage No. Title

419 Generating Good Ideas
stagnation ‫رکود‬
a manager in an organization or
executive company who helps make
important decisions
seek to try to achieve or get something
an important new discovery in
something you are studying, ‫دستیابی به موفقیت‬
breakthrough
especially one made after trying for
a long time
assembly group
Passage No. Title

420 Traffic jams
conduct process, especially in order to get ‫اداره کردن‬
traffic jams ‫ترافیک‬
apparent easy to notice SYN obvious ‫آشکار‬
To travel in a particular vehicle,
cruise around in (something)
often casually or aimlessly
vary ‫متفاوت‬
clump ‫انبوه کردن‬
Passage No. Title

421 Who Survived the Impossible

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if someone or something fascinates

fascinate you, you are attracted to them and ‫مجذوب کردن‬
think they are extremely interesting
brutal hardship ‫سختی های وحشیانه‬
compose to write a piece of music ‫سرودن‬
tales story ‫داستان‬
protagonist ‫شخصیت اصلی‬
a ship that has been destroyed in
shipwreck
an accident SYN wreck
encounter ‫مواجه شدن با‬
myriad very many
imagined rather than based on ‫خیالی‬
fanciful
facts
archaeologist ‫باستان شناس‬
Passage No. Title

422 Freud in Cambridge
fervent ‫خونسرد‬
a strong feeling of interest
and enjoyment about something ‫اشتیاق‬
enthusiasm
and an eagerness to be involved in
it
bitter hostility ‫دشمنی تلخ‬
on a par ‫در یک طرف‬
emerge appear ‫پدیدار شدن‬
an expression of formal support or ‫تایید‬
endorsement
approval for someone or something
emergent ‫اضطراری‬
immense extremely large SYN enormous ‫عظیم‬
parochial limited ‫محدود‬
having advantages because of
privileged your wealth, social position
etc OPP underprivileged
Passage No. Title

423 Storytelling and Film
narratives ‫روایات‬
to make a film or story about
a real event, changing ‫بصورت داستان در اوردن‬
fictionalize
some details and adding some ima
ginary characters
publicity ‫تبلیغات‬
Passage No. Title

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424 Co-evolution and Pollination

if an animal or plant evolves, it
evolve changes gradually over a long ‫تکامل یافتن‬
period of time → evolution
mutual relationship ‫روابط متقابل‬
stationary static ‫ثابت‬
if something disperses or is
disperse dispersed, it spreads in different ‫پراکنده کردن‬
directions over a wide area
pollen ‫گرده‬
efficient ‫کارآمد‬
distribute spread ‫توزیع کردن‬
to improve the way that something
optimise is done or used so that it is ‫بهینه سازی‬
as effective as possible
the natural ability, skill, or power
that makes a machine, person,
capability or organization able to do ‫قابلیت‬
something, especially something
difficult
Simultaneously ‫همزمان‬
co-evolutionary ‫تکاملی‬
Passage No. Title

425 The Biography of a City
incline to desire ‫تمایل داشتن‬
when you show that you think
derision someone or something ‫تمسخر‬
is stupid or silly
emigres refugee ‫مهاجران‬
antagonistic Hostile ‫خصومت امیز‬
assassin killer ‫قاتل‬
to officially
confiscation take private property away from ‫مصادره‬
someone, usually as a punishment
papal territories ‫سرزمینهای پاپ‬
less than is needed of ‫کمبود‬
paucity
something SYN lack
pilgrim ‫زائر‬
exacerbation to make a bad situation worse ‫تشدید‬
Passage No. Title

426 London's National Gallery

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to describe something or someone

depict in writing or speech, or to show ‫شرح دادن‬
them in a painting, picture etc
literature ‫ادبیات‬
Subsequent ‫متعاقب‬
the act of getting land, power, ‫مالکیت‬
acquisition
money etc
Passage No. Title

427 The health of the people
a chronic problem is one that
chronically continues for a long time and
cannot easily be solved
amid among ‫در میان‬
existing or happening in many
widespread places or situations, or among ‫بطور گسترده‬
many people
a large amount of
pile something arranged in a shape that ‫اندوختن‬
looks like a small hill
o say that something is not true, or
deny that you do not believe ‫رد کردن‬
something → denial
Passage No. Title

428 Chimpanzee Communication
facial expressions ‫حاالت چهره‬
more powerful, important,
dominant or noticeable than other people or ‫غالب‬
things
aggressive offensive ‫خشونت آمیز‬
in a less important position than ‫تابع قرار دادن‬
subordinate
someone else
submissive ‫مطیع‬
crouching ‫خزنده‬
rump
squeaks ‫جیر جیر‬
something that is said or done
which makes someone
reassurance feel calmer and ‫اطمینان‬
less worried or frightened about a
problem
to put your arms around someone
embrace and hold them in ‫در اغوش گرفتن‬
a friendly or loving way SYN hug

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Passage No. Title

429 Electrons
nucleus core ‫هسته‬
a putting out of a base runner who
force-out is forced to advance to a base at
which a fielder is holding the ball
electron flow ‫جریان الکترون‬
imbalance disbalance ‫عدم تعادل‬
Passage No. Title

430 Recommended Books

reveal previously secret or unknown OPP ‫آشکار ساختن‬
conceal
essence ‫ ماهیت‬،‫ذات‬
shoelaces ‫بند کفش‬
Passage No. Title

431 Life in the UK
unique ‫منحصر بفرد‬
alongside ‫در کنار‬
time when you are not working or
leisure studying and can relax and do ‫اوقات فراغت‬
things you enjoy
Passage No. Title

432 Sharks have personalities
personality character ‫شخصیت‬
eager to go to new places and ‫بی پروا‬
adventurous
do exciting or dangerous things
behaviour patterns ‫الگوهای رفتاری‬
Passage No. Title

433 Brave New World
essentially ‫اساسا‬
having
justified an acceptable explanation or reaso
n

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philosophical principle ‫اصل فلسفی‬

reasonably wisely ‫منطقی‬
Passage No. Title

434 Tackling Truancy
truancy ‫غایب بودن بی دلیل از مدرسه‬
diverse various ‫ متنوع‬،‫گوناگون‬

multi-faceted ‫چند وجهی‬
whilst whereas ‫در حالی که‬
made or done specially for
tailored someone’s particular need or
situation
overweight ‫اضافه وزن‬
embarrassed ashamed ‫خجالت زده‬
to laugh at someone and
make jokes in order to
tease have fun by embarrassing them, ‫ کسی را دست انداختن‬.‫اذیت کردن‬
either in a friendly way or in
an unkind way
Passage No. Title

435 The workforce plan
purpose goal
workforce ‫نیروی کار‬
objective target ‫هدف‬
to start using something such as a
putting into action
plan or idea
to start something, usually ‫راه اندازی‬
launch
something big or important
to find new people to work in a
recruit company, join an organization, do ‫استخدام کردن نیروی تازه‬
a job etc
to keep something or continue to ‫حفظ کردن‬
retain
have something
cost minimization ‫به حداقل رساندن هزینه‬
to increase or improve something ‫زیاد کردن‬
boost
and make it more successful
productivity ‫بهره وری‬
wage ‫دستمزد‬
Passage No. Title

English rules the world of
436
languages

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dawn ‫اغاز شدن‬
fortnight once every two weeks ‫هر دو هفته یکبار‬
Passage No. Title

Globalization and financial
437
institutions
dimension ‫ اندازه‬،‫ ابعاد‬،‫بعد‬
Stabilization ‫پایدارسازی‬
Adjustment ‫تعدیل‬
respectively ‫به ترتیب‬
spectrum ‫طیف‬
o understand someone or
see someone or something in a
something in a different way [than
new light
before]
Passage No. Title

438 History as commemoration
school curriculum ‫برنامه آموزشی مدرسه‬
considerable significant ‫قابل توجه‬
to become involved in
an argument, fight, or ‫مداخله کردن‬
intervene
other difficult situation in order to
change what happens
debate ‫مناظره‬
To take satisfaction in, be proud of,
take pride or highly value something one
owns, has done, or is renowned for
Passage No. Title

439 Space X (different version)
trajectory pathy ‫مسیر‬
orbital flights ‫پروازهای مداری‬
Passage No. Title

440 The discovery of the universe
to think about something that you
are not sure about ‫تعجب کردن‬
wonder
and try to guess what is true, what
will happen etc
distant times ‫زمان های دور‬

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journey ‫سفر‬
dome ‫گنبد‬
dot a small round mark or spot
specks of light ‫نقاط نور‬
millennia ‫هزار سال‬
accommodate ‫تطبیق نمودن‬
to say that something will happen, ‫پیش بینی کردن‬
predict
before it happens → prediction
Passage No. Title

441 Sociable animals
a sea animal that looks similar to
porpoise
a dolphin and breathes air
to gradually change
your behaviour and attitudes in ‫سازگار شدن‬
adapt
order to be successful in a new
situation
reproduce ‫تکثیر کردن‬
threat ‫تهدید‬
Passage No. Title

442 Musical theatre
if you combine two or more different
things, or if they combine, they ‫ترکیب کردن‬
combine
begin to exist or work
together → combination
to go or make progress at the same
keep pace with speed as (someone or something
else)
a change, discovery, ‫پیشرفت‬
advance
or invention that brings progress
spectacular very impressive ‫ تماشایی‬- ‫دیدنی و جذاب‬
Passage No. Title

443 Integrated ticketing
If you travel across country,
travel across you travel through country areas,
avoiding major roads and towns.
ferry ‫کشتی‬
Passage No. Title

444 Studying finance

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to calculate what something will be

project in the future, using the information ‫طرح ریزی کردن‬
you have now
expenditure cost ‫هزینه‬
insight ‫ درون بینی‬،‫ بصیرت‬،‫بینش‬
relating to money, especially all the
money in a particular country
to use something for a ‫مورد استفاده قرار دادن‬
utilize
particular purpose
money that is provided by
funding an organization for a
particular purpose
Passage No. Title

445 Careless human exploitation
Antarctic ‫قطب جنوب‬
unthinkable ‫غیرقابل تصور‬
sums of money a quantity of money
wilderness desert ‫بیابان‬
the development and use
exploitation of minerals, forests, oil etc for ‫بهره برداری‬
business or industry
Fragile ecosystems include deserts,
semi–arid lands, mountains, ‫اکوسیستم شکننده‬
fragile ecosystem
wetlands, small islands and certain
coastal areas
maintain (something) in its original ‫حفظ کردن‬
preserve
or existing state.
not officially allowed to meet, exist, ‫ممنوع ساختن‬
banned
or be used
Passage No. Title

446 Film as social practice
a description of events in a story, ‫روایت‬
narrative
especially in a novel
to make a film or story about
a real event, changing ‫بصورت داستان در اوردن‬
fictionalize
some details and adding some ima
ginary characters
Passage No. Title

447 Culture, media, and language
mass-communications ‫ارتباطات جمعی‬
conceptualize to form an idea ‫مفهوم سازی کردن‬

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criticize someone or something, or to talk ‫انتقاد کردن‬
about their faults OPP praise
linearity ‫خطی بودن‬
structured conception ‫تصور ساختار یافته‬
sustained continuing for a long time ‫پایدار‬
the expression of thoughts or feelin ‫بیان‬
articulation
gs in words
distinctive specific ‫متمایز‬
distribution ‫توزیع‬
modality ‫چگونگی‬
Passage No. Title

448 End to cattle curbs
if a belief, custom, situation etc
prevail prevails, it exists among a group of ‫غالب شدن پیروز شدن چیره شدن‬
people at a certain time
draft rules ‫پیش نویس قوانین‬
to imagine a particular situation or
conceive to think about something in a ‫تصور کردن‬
particular way
the past tense and
sought
past participle of seek
withdraw ‫صرف نظر کردن‬
cattle ‫احشام و اغنام‬
slaughter ‫ذبح کردن‬
cruelty injustice ‫ظلم و ستم‬
livestock ‫دام‬
surreptitiously ‫به طرز حیرت انگیزی‬
to make it difficult or impossible for
throttle
something to succeed
agenda ‫دستور جلسه‬
restricting legitimate ‫محدود کردن قوانین‬
dietary habits ‫عادت های غذایی‬
to deliberately get involved in
interfere a situation where you are not ‫مداخله کردن‬
wanted or needed SYN meddle
Passage No. Title

449 Lifelong learning
be associated (with to be related to a particular subject,
somebody/something) activity etc
to help something ‫ترویج کردن‬
promote
to develop or increase

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Social mobility is the movement of

individuals, families, households, or
social mobility
other categories of people within or
between social strata in a society.
to help to make something
contribute
happen → contributory
equality being equal
Passage No. Title

450 Drug-injecting rooms
be strung out be nervous or tense.
o pull something out of water or
fish out take something out of a bag or
pocket
dental ‫دندانی‬
to improve something
inject by adding excitement, interest etc ‫تزریق کردن‬
to it
substances ‫مواد‬
to make it easier for a process or ‫تسهیل کردن‬
facilitate
activity to happen
criticism ‫انتقاد‬
heroin-relate deaths ‫مرگ و میر ناشی از هروئین‬
Passage No. Title

America's children Nutrition
451
Program
supportive giving help or encouragement
obesity ‫چاقی‬
reauthorization ‫مجوز‬
combat fighting, especially during a war ‫مبارزه کردن‬
Passage No. Title

452 The benefits of breastfeeding
breastfeeding ‫شیر دادن‬
cohort group ‫گروه‬
socioeconomic status ‫وضعیت اقتصادی‬
confounded used to show that you are annoyed
Passage No. Title

453 Professor phoenix

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dean head of ‫رئیس‬

the quality of deserving to be ‫ قابل قبول بودن‬.‫اعتبار‬
credibility
believed and trusted
if something symbolizes a quality, ‫نماد چیزی بودن‬
symbolize
feeling etc, it represents it
technological advance ‫پیشرفت تکنولوژی‬
Passage No. Title

454 Neanderthals
nickname ‫نام مستعار‬
growth disorder ‫اختالل رشد‬
wrist ‫مچ دست‬
a member of an imaginary race
hobbit similar to humans, of small size and
with hairy feet
an extinct species of human that
was widely distributed in ice-age
Europe between c. 120,000 and
Neanderthals
35,000 years ago, with a receding
forehead and prominent brow
ridges.
Passage No. Title

455 Contaminated micro biomes
when things are arranged in an
sequencing order, especially events or ‫ترتیب دهی‬
actions SYN ordering
mosquito ‫پشه‬
coral mucus ‫مخاط مرجان‬
often changing, and not staying the
floating
same
contaminant ‫آالینده‬
a substance or mixture for use in
reagent chemical analysis or other
reactions.
tissue ‫بافت‬
fecal ‫مدفوع‬
be or remain hidden so as to wait in ‫کمین کردن‬

lurk
ambush for someone or something.
Passage No. Title

456 Famous people

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rocket move very rapidly. ‫با سرعت از جای جستن‬

spotlight ‫نور افکن‬
brief short duration; not lasting for long ‫مختصر‬
show reverence and adoration for ‫عبادت کردن‬
worship
(a deity)
fancy Luxury ‫تجملی‬
Passage No. Title

457 Guided tours
for instance as an example
glance Overview ‫نظر اجمالی‬
indicate point out; show ‫نشان دادن‬
panoramas vision ‫چشم انداز‬
a specific point location that
points of interest someone may find useful or
interesting
highlight draw special attention to
Passage No. Title

458 Climate change
devastation great destruction or damage ‫ خرابی‬،‫ویرانی‬
insatiable impossible to satisfy ‫سیر نشدنی‬
a natural desire to satisfy a bodily ‫ میل‬،‫اشتها‬
appetite
need, especially for food
having very little connection with or ‫ بعید‬،‫دور دست‬
remote
relationship to
restrict put a limit on; keep under control ‫محدود کردن‬
Passage No. Title

459 Flower attract insects
petals ‫گلبرگ‬
a lustrous rainbowlike play of color
iridescence caused by differential refraction of ‫نمایش رنگین کمان‬
light waves
shimmery shimmering or seeming to shimmer. ‫براق‬
beetles ‫سوسکها‬
nectar ‫شهد‬
Passage No. Title

460 The Rules of Investing

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draw up ‫ترسیم‬
valuation ‫ ارزیابی‬.‫ارزش گذاری‬
(of an investment) involving a high
speculative
risk of loss
portfolio ‫نمونه کارها‬
renown ‫شهرت‬
treble ‫سه برابر‬
rare not occurring very often ‫نادر‬
consistent firm ‫استوار‬
a sum of money paid regularly
(typically annually) by a company to ‫سود سهام‬
dividend
its shareholders out of its profits (or
reserves).
reinvest ‫سرمایه گذاری مجدد‬
Passage No. Title

461 Animal Consciousness
assimilate become similar ‫ همانند ساختن‬،‫جذب‬
resemble ‫شباهت داشتن‬
novel interestingly new or unusual ‫بدیع‬
the action or state of keeping
vigilance careful watch for possible danger or ‫هوشیاری‬
difficulties.
scary ‫ترسناک‬
secrete conceal; hide ‫پنهان کردن‬
help or encourage the development ‫پرورش دادن‬
nurture
of
social bonding ‫پیوند اجتماعی‬
aggression ‫پرخاشگری‬
a male chimp ‫یک شامپانچه نر‬
ideology ‫ایدئولوژی‬
harm material damage
Passage No. Title

462 Hippocrates
Hippocrates ‫بقراط‬
(of a person, emotion, or action) ‫خالص‬
genuine
sincere
symptom ‫ عالمت‬،‫نشانه‬
evaluate ‫ارزیابی کردن‬
prescribe ‫تجویز کردن‬

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a person actively engaged in an art,

practitioner discipline, or profession, especially ‫متخصص‬
medicine
spread Expand ‫گسترش‬
ancient world ‫جهان باستان‬
Passage No. Title

463 Changes in Ocean Currents
interrupt (an event, activity, or
disrupt process) by causing a disturbance ‫مختل کردن‬
or problem.
ocean currents ‫جریان های اقیانوسی‬
drop fall vertically
dramatic exciting or impressive
Passage No. Title

464 Fish Farms
Coastal ‫ساحلی‬
marine ecosystems ‫اکوسیستم های دریایی‬
trout ‫ماهی قزل آال‬
Passage No. Title

465 wolf
willow ‫درخت بید‬
cottonwood ‫چوب پنبه‬
(of an animal) feed on (grass or ‫چریدن‬
graze
grassland)
elk ‫گوزن شمالی‬
beaver ‫سگ ابی‬
a community of animals or plants of
one kind living close together or
colony
forming a physically connected
structure
come or make larger or more ‫توسعه دادن‬
expand
extensive
Passage No. Title

466 consciousness
consciousness ‫ هوشیاری‬،‫آگاهی‬
wound ‫زخم‬

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developed to a high degree of ‫پیچیده‬

sophisticated
complexity
acute ‫حاد‬
Passage No. Title

467 Gauss
prodigy ‫شگفتی‬
anecdotes story ‫حکایات‬
a smartness or skill that's achieved
precocity
much earlier than usual
integers ‫اعداد صحیح‬
geometry ‫هندسه‬
Passage No. Title

468 recruitment
spoken communication as a means
word of mouth
of transmitting information.
the action of finding new people to
recruitment join an organization or support a ‫استخدام‬
cause
yield ‫ثمر دادن‬
causing anger or another strong ‫محرک‬
provocative
reaction, especially deliberately.
disillusioned ‫سرخورده‬
diminishing make or become less
boon a thing that is helpful or beneficial ‫مزیت‬
alternative ‫جایگزین‬
arrive in overwhelming amounts or
flood
quantities
Passage No. Title

469 The Romans
territory ‫قلمرو‬
extremely surprising or impressive; ‫عجیب‬
astonishing
amazing
military ‫نظامی‬
peninsula ‫شبه جزیره‬
to use someone or something in
draw upon someone or something some beneficial way; to extract
from a resource, reserve, etc.
innovative ‫خالقانه‬
command order ‫فرمان‬

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allies ‫متحدان‬
including all the services or items
inclusive
normally expected or required
overcome and take control of (a ‫مغلوب کردن‬
conquer
place or people) by military force
logistical bases ‫پایگاه های لجستیکی‬
become larger in distance from side ‫وسیع کردن‬
broaden
to side; widen
vital ‫مهم‬
continuous ‫مداوم‬
cultural superiority ‫برتری فرهنگی‬
force (an unwelcome decision or ‫تحمیل کردن‬
impose
ruling) on someone
On top of all ‫مهمتر از همه‬
Passage No. Title

470 A popular tree
a large area of buildings that are
sprawl spread out in an untidy and ‫گسترش‬
unattractive way
Metropolitan ‫شهر بزرگ‬
concentrations ‫جمع شدگی‬
a sudden large increase in the
spike
number or rate of something
increasing or increased in quantity,
cumulative degree, or force by successive ‫انباشته‬
additions
blow in arrive casually and unannounced
to continue to exist,
linger be noticeable etc for longer than ‫ماندن‬
is usual or desirable
having such a great effect on you
overwhelming that you feel confused and do not ‫غافلگیر کننده‬
know how to react
profound very great or intense ‫عمیق‬
vividly ‫به وضوح‬
menaces threat ‫تهدیدات‬
quirks a sudden twist, turn, or curve ‫تغییر ناگهانی‬
Passage No. Title

471 Ecosystems
narrowly closely or carefully.
depend on with full trust or
rely
confidence

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sustain ‫تحمل کردن‬

purifying ‫تصفیه کردن‬
regulating Arrange ‫تنظیم کردن‬
treat or regard (someone) with ‫تخریب کردن‬
degrade
contempt or disrespect
Passage No. Title

472 Giant exoplanets
Giant exoplanets ‫سیارات فراخورشیدی غول پیکر‬
orbit move in a circle

astronomers ‫ستاره شناسان‬
extrasolar ‫خارج از قطب‬
nearness in space, time, or ‫نزدیکی‬
proximity
relationship
Jupiter ‫سیاره مشتری‬
Passage No. Title

473 State schools
a decline in economic, business, or ‫رکود‬
downturn
other activity
make (an idea or situation) clear to
explain someone by describing it in more ‫توضیح دادن‬
detail or revealing relevant facts
an area or portion that is distinct ‫بخش‬
sector
from others
Passage No. Title

474 People
an excessively abundant supply of ‫اشباع‬
glut
something
liquidity ‫سیالیت‬
existing or available in large ‫فراوان‬
abundant
quantities; plentiful
inflationary ‫تورم‬
tighten make or become tight or tighter. ‫محکم کردن‬
reduce or decrease in speed or ‫سست کردن‬
slackening
intensity
asset prices ‫قیمت دارایی‬
Passage No. Title

475 Employment

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teach (someone) new skills to
retrain
enable them to do a different job
stale ‫کهنه‬
strong and barely controllable ‫اشتیاق و عالقه شدید‬
passion
emotion
follow or chase (someone or ‫دنبال کردن‬
pursue
something).
productive ‫سازنده‬
make (something) necessary as a ‫ضروری‬
necessitate
result or consequence
alternate another term for alternative ‫متناوب‬
Passage No. Title

476 The Australian maritime
connected with the sea, especially
maritime in relation to seaborne trade or
naval matters.
give or order the giving of
(something) as an official payment, ‫اعطا کردن‬
award
compensation, or prize to
(someone).
Renewable capable of being renewed ‫تجدید پذیر‬
Passage No. Title

477 Science
artificial intelligence ‫هوش مصنوعی‬
evolutionary psychology ‫روانشناسی تکاملی‬
the state of being aware of and ‫هوشیاری‬
consciousness
responsive to one's surroundings
property that is or may be inherited; ‫میراث‬
heritage
an inheritance.
Passage No. Title

478 Network
seek ttempt to find (something).
regularity the state or quality of being regular. ‫منظم بودن‬
in every case or on every occasion;
consistently
invariably.
talent ‫استعداد‬
Passage No. Title

479 Research

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the action of investigating
something or someone; formal or ‫تحقیق و بررسی‬
investigation
systematic examination or
research.
experts ‫کارشناسان‬
discipline ‫رشته‬
decisive or critical, especially in the ‫حیاتی‬
crucial
success or failure of something.
Passage No. Title

480 Deforestation
Deforestation ‫قطع درختان جنگلی‬
interrupt (an event, activity, or
disrupt process) by causing a disturbance ‫مختل کردن‬
or problem.
devastating ‫ویرانگر‬
vast wide ‫گسترده‬
break up, come apart, or ‫از هم پاشیدن‬
fall apart
disintegrate.
Passage No. Title

481 Coral reefs
Coral reefs ‫صخره های مرجانی‬
an activity of a specified kind,
pursuit especially a recreational or sporting ‫حرفه‬
one.
beautiful in a dramatic and eye- ‫ تماشایی‬- ‫دیدنی و جذاب‬
spectacular
catching way
halve reduce or be reduced by half. ‫دو نصف کردن‬
Passage No. Title

482 Flowers
suppose to be the case, without ‫فرض کردن‬
assume
proof
to have a plan that you can use if
have a trick up your sleeve
you need to
too attractive and tempting to be ‫مقاومت ناپذیر‬
irresistible
resisted.
insect ‫حشره‬
colleagues ‫همکاران‬
fake ‫جعلی‬

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a substitute, especially a person

surrogate deputizing for another in a specific ‫جانشین‬
role or office.
combination ‫ترکیب‬
Passage No. Title

483 Journal of design
give all or most of one's time or
devote
resources to (a person or activity).
interface ‫رابط‬
Passage No. Title

484 Demand for food
millennium ‫هزار سال‬
steadily ‫به طور پیوسته‬
the action of diversifying something
diversification or the fact of becoming more ‫تنوع‬
diverse.
Passage No. Title

485 Synthetic t-shirts
(of a substance) made by chemical
synthetic synthesis, especially to imitate a ‫مصنوعی‬
natural product.
stink ‫بوی بد دادن‬
hang out ‫مسکن کردن‬
stench A nasty smell ‫بوی زننده‬
fill (a receptacle or space) tightly ‫انباشتن‬
stuff
with something.
sniff ‫بو کشیدن‬
armpit ‫زیر بغل‬
flock ‫گرد امدن‬
(of a child, animal, or plant) grow or ‫شکوفا شدن‬
thrive
develop well or vigorously.
Passage No. Title

486 Synthetic biologist
Conservation ‫حفاظت‬
make an effort to achieve or ‫تالش‬
attempt
complete (something difficult).

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gradually but firmly establish (an ‫اهسته القاء کردن‬

instill
idea or attitude) in a person's mind.
Archipelago ‫مجمع الجزایر‬
revive or revitalize (something that ‫احیا کردن‬
resurrecting
is inactive, disused, or forgotten).
extinct ‫منقرض شده‬
interaction reciprocal action or influence. ‫اثر متقابل‬
Passage No. Title

487 Satellites
come together; assemble or
gather
accumulate.
quirks ‫عادات رفتاری عجیب و غریب‬
Interior internal ‫داخلی‬
the showing of politeness in one's
courtesy attitude and behaviour towards ‫حسن نیت‬
others.
make (someone) feel admiration ‫تحت تاثیر قرار دادن‬
impress
and respect.
the action of exploring an unfamiliar ‫اکتشاف‬
exploration
area.
a tool or implement, especially one ‫وسیله‬
instruments
for precision work.
Passage No. Title

488 Microbes
sufferer ‫مبتال‬
cause (an event or situation) to
trigger
happen or exist.
a localized physical condition in
which part of the body becomes
inflammation reddened, swollen, hot, and often ‫التهاب‬
painful, especially as a reaction to
injury or infection.
inhabit ‫ساکن بودن‬
the refusal to accept or comply with ‫مقاومت‬
resistance
something.
unpleasant ‫ناخوشایند‬
phages short for bacteriophage. ‫باکتری خوار‬
sequence arrange in a particular order. ‫ترتیب دادن‬
of the nature of, caused by, or ‫ویروسی‬
viral
relating to a virus or viruses.
set someone or something in ‫به رقابت وا داشتن‬
pit
conflict or competition with.

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complete the military conquest of

mop something up (also mop up) an area by capturing or killing
remaining enemy troops.
foes ‫دشمنان‬
Passage No. Title

489 Disposal of trash
bend one's head and body in fear
cringe or apprehension or in a servile ‫چاپلوس کردن‬
manner.
1. an invertebrate animal of the
arthropod large phylum Arthropoda, such as
an insect, spider, or crustacean.
the action or process of getting rid
disposal
of something.
conflicting with or running counter ‫علیرغم‬
Contrary to
to.
biodiversity ‫تنوع زیستی‬
gobble up use or waste a lot of something
admirer ‫تحسین کننده‬
strive to gain or win something by
compete defeating or establishing superiority ‫رقابت کردن‬
over others.
rat ‫موش‬
Passage No. Title

490 A noisy restaurant
distract divert (attention) from something. ‫حواس پرت کردن‬
a continuous rattling sound as of
clatter hard objects falling or striking each
other.
To cover, obscure, or hide by being
drown out
louder than.
bland ‫نامطلوب‬
recruit ‫استخدام کردن‬
munch or chew noisily or
chomp
vigorously.
interfere ‫مداخله کردن‬
crunchy foods ‫غذاهای ترد‬
cause (someone) to have a wrong ‫گمراه کردن‬
mislead
idea or impression.
nuts insane ‫احمقانه‬
Passage No. Title

491 Summer

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a valuable object that has belonged
heirloom
to a family for several generations.
ripen become or make ripe. ‫رسیده‬
compounds ‫ترکیبات‬
Passage No. Title

492 Dogs
sniff ‫بو کشیدن‬
contraband ‫قاچاق‬
the activity of hunting with ferrets,
ferreting
typically for rabbits.
bird flu ‫آنفوالنزای مرغی‬
feces ‫مدفوع‬
twofold having two parts or elements.
odor ‫عطر‬
Passage No. Title

493 Celebration
imbibe drink (alcohol).
lack of moderation, especially in ‫اضافی‬
excess
eating or drinking.
give a misleading or false account ‫تحریف کردن‬
distort
or impression of.
hangover hangover
nausea ‫حالت تهوع‬
fermentation ‫تخمیر‬
a minor chemical constituent,
especially one which gives a
congeners distinctive character to a wine or
spirit or is responsible for some of
its physiological effects.
toxic effects ‫اثرات سمی‬
Passage No. Title

494 Violence
Violence ‫خشونت‬
steady constant ‫ثابت‬
persistent continuous ‫مداوم‬
the deliberate killing of a large
genocides group of people, especially those of ‫نسل کشی‬
a particular nation or ethnic group.

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slap with one's open hand or a flat

spank object, especially on the buttocks
as a punishment.
homicide the killing of one person by another. ‫ادمکشی‬
Passage No. Title

495 Family and marriage research
the making of a long, high-pitched ‫ناله‬
whining
cry or sound.
Apparently ‫ظاهرا‬
foregoing Priority ‫مقدم بودن بر‬
ethnic ‫قومی‬
Passage No. Title

496 Evolution
an animal that naturally preys on ‫درنده‬

predator
others.
(among men) a colleague or a ‫رفیق‬

comrade
fellow member of an organization.
reconstruct ‫نوسازی کردن‬

ancestor ‫اجداد‬
skull ‫جمجمه‬
not physically existing as such but

virtual made by software to appear to do ‫مجازی‬
so.
mandible ‫فک پایین‬

hominin a primate of a taxonomic tribe
complement ‫متمم بودن‬
consonant ‫حرف بی صدا‬
convey ‫انتقال دادن‬
dense rainforests ‫جنگل های بارانی متراکم‬
pave ‫صاف کردن‬
completely developed or ‫تمام عیار‬
full-fledged
established; fully fledged.
Passage No. Title

Eating Insects (Edible Insects-
497
Different Version)

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If something dies out, it becomes

die out less and less common and
eventually disappears completely.
recipe books )‫کتاب های دستور العمل(کتاب اشپزی‬
sentience consciousness ‫هوشیاری‬
fit to be eaten (often used to

edible contrast with unpalatable or ‫خوراکی‬
poisonous varieties).
Passage No. Title

Are Dogs More Intelligent than
498
Cats?
equal in value, amount, function, ‫معادل‬

equivalent
meaning, etc.
complicate ‫پیچیده‬
virtually nearly; almost. ‫تقریبا‬
control or influence (a person or

manipulate situation) cleverly or
unscrupulously.
paw ‫پنجه‬
numerous ‫بیشمار‬
extinction ‫انقراض‬
intelligent ‫هوشمند‬
Passage No. Title

499 Virtual Classrooms
passionately ‫با اشتیاق‬
(of a product, idea, etc.) featuring

innovative new methods; advanced and ‫خالقانه‬
original.
inspiring respect and admiration; ‫معتبر‬

prestigious
having high status.
intensive ‫شدید‬
collaboration ‫همکاری‬
interaction reciprocal action or influence.
Passage No. Title

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500 The Process of Delegating

entrust (a task or responsibility) to

delegate another person, typically one who is ‫وکالت دادن‬
less senior than oneself.
anticipate predict ‫پیش بینی کردن‬

constructive ‫سازنده‬
Passage No. Title

501 A trip to India
volunteer ‫داوطلب‬
pilgrimages ‫زیارت‬
destination country ‫کشور مقصد‬
infrastructure ‫زیر ساخت‬
Aside from ‫جدای از‬
Passage No. Title

502 Crime Statistics
reforms ‫اصالحات‬
cause (a process or action) to

initiate
begin.
crime rates ‫آمار جنایت‬
plan or invent (a complex

devise procedure, system, or mechanism) ‫تعبیه کردن‬
by careful thought.
a widespread occurrence of an
epidemic infectious disease in a community ‫بیماری همه گیر‬
at a particular time.
(of a species) seriously at risk of

Endangered
extinction.
regulations and laws ‫مقررات و قوانین‬

fatality rates ‫نرخ مرگ و میر‬
legislators ‫قانون گذاران‬
conduct the policy, actions, and

govern affairs of (a state, organization, or ‫فرمانداری کردن‬
people) with authority.
auto inspections ‫بازرسی های خودکار‬

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Passage No. Title

503 Idling Car Engines
stationary ‫ثابت‬
give support, confidence, or hope to ‫تشویق کردن‬

encourage
(someone).
lasting or intended to last or remain

permanent
unchanged indefinitely.
cause (someone) to believe firmly ‫متقاعد کردن‬

convince
in the truth of something.
intervention ‫مداخله‬
Passage No. Title

504 Urban Trees
to spread something out, or to
lay out arrange things so you can see them
easily
geospatial ‫جغرافیایی‬
pay-off a final outcome or result.
densely ‫متراکم‬
Passage No. Title

505 Price fixing
subsidies ‫کمک هزینه‬
comprise consist of; be made up of. ‫شامل بودن‬
restoring ‫ترمیم‬
Passage No. Title

506 The British academy
transition ‫ گذر‬،‫انتقال‬
voice express (something) in words.
deficit shortfall ‫کمبود‬

gloomy dark
settling an issue; producing a ‫قاطع‬

decisive
definite result.
remedy ‫اصالح کردن‬

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hoosing a change for yourself and

drive change clearing the obstacles for others to
internally choose the change too.
try earnestly or persistently to

urge persuade (someone) to do ‫ مصر بودن‬- ‫خواستن‬
something.
Passage No. Title

507 Competition for land
vital ‫حیاتی‬
Alongside ‫در کنار‬
fertilisers ‫کود‬
yield produce or generate ‫ثمر دادن‬
complementary alternatives ‫گزینه های مکمل‬
pesticide ‫سموم دفع آفات‬
preserve ‫حفظ کردن‬
sustain protect ‫محافظت‬
Passage No. Title

508 Re-engineering Houston
metropolitan area ‫منطقه شهری‬
outsized exceptionally large.
offshore ‫دریایی‬
concentration ‫تمرکز‬
petrochemical ‫پتروشیمی‬
refine purify ‫خالص کردن‬
liquefied natural gas ‫گاز طبیعی مایع‬
Passage No. Title

509 The Language of Law
a direct or natural consequence or ‫نتیجه‬

corollary
result.
the theory of knowledge, especially

with regard to its methods, validity,
epistemology
and scope, and the distinction
between justified belief and opinion.

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written or spoken communication or ‫مباحثه‬

discourse
debate.
linguistic ‫وابسته به زبانشناسی‬

unconscious ‫ضمیر ناخوداگاه‬
anthropologists ‫انسان شناسان‬
precisely in exact terms; without vagueness. ‫به درستی‬
Passage No. Title

510 Writing and Teens
artistic ‫هنری‬
closely connected or appropriate to ‫مربوط‬

relevant
what is being done or considered.
a call to someone to participate in a

competitive situation or fight to ‫بمبارزه طلبیدن‬
challenge
decide who is superior in terms of
ability or strengt
curriculum ‫برنامه های درسی‬
Passage No. Title

511 Massive Social Experiment
the manner in which an

conduct organization or activity is managed ‫اداره کردن‬
or directed.
observer ‫نظاره گر‬
difference in size, degree,

inequality circumstances, etc.; lack of ‫نابرابری‬
equality.
income distribution ‫توزیع درآمد‬

quadruple ‫چهار برابر‬
Demography ‫شرح حال‬
involving or relating to serious ‫علمی‬

scholarly
academic study.
make (something bad) less severe, ‫ کم کردن‬،‫تسکین دادن‬

mitigate
serious, or painful.
content satisfy (someone). ‫راضی کردن‬

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a fixed regular payment earned for

wage work or services, typically paid on a ‫دستمزد‬
daily or weekly basis.
Passage No. Title

512 The Platypus
a semiaquatic egg-laying mammal
Platypus which frequents lakes and streams
in eastern Australia.
the offspring of two plants or

hybrid animals of different species or ‫ترکیبی‬
varieties, such as a mule.
beaver ‫سگ ابی‬

reptile ‫خزندگان‬
otter ‫سمور دریایی‬
hasty and therefore not thorough or ‫باسرعت و بیدقتی‬

cursory
detailed.
resemble look or seem like ‫شباهت‬

waterfowl ‫مرغ ابی‬
minuscule extremely small; tiny. ‫کوچک‬
crustaceans ‫سخت پوستان‬
(of the feet of a swimming bird or

webbed other aquatic animal) having the
toes connected by a membrane.
paddle ‫پارو‬
Passage No. Title

513 Active' video games
sedentary ‫غیر متحرک‬
the state of being grossly fat or ‫چاقی‬

obesity
overweight.
Passage No. Title

514 Conflict expression
a serious disagreement or
conflict argument, typically a protracted ‫تعارض‬
one.

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harsh words ‫کلمات خشن‬

permanently forever ‫برای همیشه‬
express ‫بیان کردن‬
Passage No. Title

515 Mass migration
Mass migration ‫مهاجرت گسترده‬
(especially of a vehicle) begin to ‫سرعت بخشیدن‬

accelerate
move more quickly.
surprise or impress (someone) ‫متعجب ساختن‬

astonish
greatly.
a sum of money sent in payment or

remittance
as a gift.
be greater in number or size than (a

exceed quantity, number, or other
measurable thing).
make (suffering, deficiency, or a ‫کم کردن‬

alleviate
problem) less severe.
a dangerous, difficult, or otherwise ‫گرفتاری‬

plight
unfortunate situation.
put off ‫عقب انداختن‬
Passage No. Title

516 Radioactive waste
the amount or number of a material

quantity or abstract thing not usually ‫ کمیت‬،‫ مقدار‬،‫تعداد‬
estimated by spatial measurement.
repositories ‫مخازن‬
a place, amenity, or piece of

facility equipment provided for a particular ‫امکانات‬
purpose.
Passage No. Title

517 The future of plant science
a channel for conveying water or ‫مجرا‬

conduit
other fluid.

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humanity ‫بشریت‬
environmental degradation ‫تخریب محیط زیست‬
in a way that involves detailed

intimately
knowledge.
agricultural expansion ‫توسعه کشاورزی‬

habitat destruction ‫تخریب محل سکونت‬
waterway pollution ‫آلودگی آبراه‬
Passage No. Title

518 Free trade agreements
framework ‫چارچوب‬
Tariffs ‫تعرفه گمرگی‬
Trade barriers are government-
trade barriers induced restrictions on international
trade.
the process of coming into

emergence
existence or prominence.
become or make larger or more ‫توسعه دادن‬

expand
extensive.
Passage No. Title

The Significance of Face
519
Recognition
evolve develop gradually. ‫تکامل یافتن‬
face-recognition ‫تشخیص چهره‬

accurately ‫به درستی‬
derive (an idea) from a body of ‫استخراج کردن‬

extract
information.
not expected or regarded as likely ‫غیر منتظره‬

unexpected
to happen.
the relative position or direction of

orientation
something.
rarely ‫به ندرت‬
put upside down or in the opposite ‫وارونه‬

invert
position, order, or arrangement.
Passage No. Title

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520 Selfies
identity ‫هویت‬
comb search carefully and systematically. ‫جستجو کردن‬
ethnicity ‫قومیت‬
prevalence ‫ رواج‬،‫شیوع‬
involving large numbers or a large ‫در مقیاس بزرگ‬

large-scale
area; extensive.
empirical Trial ‫ازمایشی‬

overwhelming ‫غافلگیر کننده‬
demographics ‫جمعیتی‬
bring or recall (a feeling, memory,

evoke
or image) to the conscious mind.
merely ‫ فقط‬- ‫صرفا‬
Passage No. Title

521 What is Biodiversity?
conserve ‫نگه داری کردن‬
diverse various ‫ متنوع‬،‫گوناگون‬
collaborators ‫همکاران‬
an impressive display or range of a

array
particular type of thing.
desirable ‫مطلوب‬
terrestrial ‫زمینی‬
appoint (someone) to a specified ‫تعیین کردن‬

designate
office or post.
try earnestly or persistently to

urge persuade (someone) to do ‫اصرار کردن‬
something.
Convention ‫مجمع‬
Passage No. Title

522 Lake Turkana
archaeologists ‫باستان شناسان‬
piles mass
ancestors ‫اجداد‬

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Passage No. Title

523 Use of Active Video Games
support or actively encourage (a

promote cause, venture, etc.); further the ‫ترفیع دادن‬
progress of.
aim goal ‫هدف‬

expenditure ‫هزینه‬
obtain get, acquire, or secure (something). ‫به دست آوردن‬
bibliographic ‫ فهرست کتب‬- ‫کتابشناسی‬

elicit ‫استخراج کردن‬
intensity ‫شدت‬
relating to the system of methods

methodological used in a particular area of study or
activity.
(of a conclusion or agreement)

definitive done or reached decisively and with ‫قطعی‬
authority.
Passage No. Title

524 Freedom of the press
recognize or treat (someone or ‫وجه تمایز قائل شدن‬،‫تشخیص دادن‬

distinguish
something) as different.
(of a product, idea, etc.) featuring

innovative new methods; advanced and ‫خالقانه‬
original.
leading most important. ‫برجسته‬
widely ‫به طور گسترده ای‬

notable significant ‫قابل توجه‬
Passage No. Title

525 Animal Tracks
slippery ‫لغزنده‬
dense closely compacted in substance. ‫متراکم‬

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plants considered collectively,

vegetation especially those found in a ‫زندگی گیاهی‬
particular area or habitat.
swamps ‫باتالق ها‬

thick ‫غلیظ‬
Passage No. Title

526 Study Location
quiet ‫ساکت‬
(of a space) full of people, leaving

crowded little or no room for movement; ‫شلوغ‬
packed.
optimal best or most favourable; optimum. ‫بهینه‬
distraction ‫حواس پرتی‬

Internet surfing ‫اینترنت گردی‬
Passage No. Title

527 The Rise of the Machines
labour work ‫کار‬
secretarial ‫وابسته به منشیگری‬
flourish develop rapidly and successfully. ‫شکوفا شدن‬
duplicate make or be an exact copy of. ‫کپی کردن‬
a mass of people or things moving

stream
continuously in the same direction.
Passage No. Title

528 Regular physical activity
regularly ‫به طور منظم‬
(of an illness) persisting for a long ‫مزمن‬

chronic
time or constantly recurring.
stroke ‫سکته مغزی‬

moderate-intensity ‫با شدت متوسط‬
preferably ‫ترجیحا‬
obtain get, acquire, or secure (something). ‫به دست آوردن‬

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Passage No. Title

529 Fossil footprints
footprints ‫ردپاها‬
the process by which different kinds

of living organism are believed to ‫سیر تکاملی‬
evolution
have developed from earlier forms
during the history of the earth.
disarray ‫بی نظمی‬

wisdom Knowledge ‫دانایی‬
remove or be removed by breaking, ‫از هم جدا کردن‬

split
separating, or dividing.
direct descent from an ancestor; ‫اصل و نسب‬

lineage
ancestry or pedigree.
keep or restrict someone or

confine something within certain limits of ‫محدود کردن‬
(space, scope, or time).
ape’s ‫میمون‬
turn out prove to be the case. ‫معلوم شدن‬
explanatory ‫توضیحی‬
obtain (information) from various ‫جمع آوری کردن‬

glean
sources, often with difficulty.
Proceedings ‫اقدامات‬
Passage No. Title

530 Balancing
turtle ‫الک پشت‬
draw ‫گرفتار کردن‬
cause (someone) to lose their ‫بی نظم‬

disorient
sense of direction.
torn past participle of tear
Passage No. Title

531 Western firms
outlet ‫پریز‬
subsidiary ‫فرعی‬

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far-off remote in time or space.
wholly ‫کامال‬
indeed actually ‫در واقع‬
employ a firm or person outside

subcontracting one's company to do (work) as part ‫قراردادهای فرعی‬
of a larger project.
principle ‫اصل‬
Passage No. Title

532 Antarctic Birds
emperor ‫امپراتور‬
giant of very great size or force; gigantic. ‫بزرگ‬
relating to or of the nature of an ‫نمادین‬

iconic
icon.
breeding cycles ‫چرخه های پرورش‬

chick-rearing ‫پرورش جوجه‬
relating to the region immediately

subantarctic
north of the Antarctic Circle.
(of a young bird) develop wing

fledge feathers that are large enough for
flight.
mate ‫جفت‬
incubate Sleeping on eggs ‫روی تخم خوابیدن‬
whilst ‫در حالی که‬
feather ‫پر‬
Passage No. Title

533 Transport problems
without being affected by; in spite ‫با وجود‬

Despite
of.
frequent ‫مکرر‬
including or dealing with all or

comprehensive nearly all elements or aspects of ‫همه جانبه‬
something.
the range of things that a subject,

scope
activity, book etc deals with

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a suggested scheme or plan of

proposition action, especially in a business ‫قضیه‬
context.
subsequent ‫متعاقب‬
matters ‫موضوع‬
Passage No. Title

534 Cheating
extensively ‫گسترده‬
contemporary culture ‫فرهنگ معاصر‬
involving or creating favourable

circumstances that increase the ‫سودمند‬
advantageous
chances of success or
effectiveness; beneficial.
the action of distorting or the state

distortion
of being distorted.
become aware or conscious of

perceive (something); come to realize or ‫درک کردن‬
understand.
cheater ‫متقلب‬
misperceive perceive wrongly or incorrectly. ‫گمراه کننده‬
deception the action of deceiving someone. ‫ تقلب‬،‫فریب‬
deceive ‫گول زدن‬
Passage No. Title

535 Psychoanalytic and behaviorist
Psychoanalytic ‫روانکاوی‬
approaches ‫رویکردها‬
bridge join, link ‫اتصال دادن‬
consistent ‫ پایدار‬،‫استوار‬
categorize ‫دسته بندی کردن‬
compare ‫مقایسه کردن‬
Passage No. Title

536 Pullman
residential portion ‫بخش مسکونی‬

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have or hold (someone or

contain
something) within.
Passage No. Title

537 Pewter
Pewter ‫ترکیب قلع و سرب‬
the action of making or

manufacturing from components or ‫تولید‬
production
raw materials, or the process of
being so manufactured.
alloy ‫آلیاژ‬
consisting ‫شامل‬
tin ‫قلع‬
copper ‫مس‬
lead ‫سرب‬
antimony ‫سنگ سرمه‬
harden make or become hard or harder. ‫سخت شدن‬
durable long-lasting ‫بادوام‬
Passage No. Title

538 Mini helicopter
overhead ‫هوایی‬
inspiration ‫الهام‬
scaled-down reduced in size or extent.
mimic imitate, copy ‫تقلید کردن‬

efficient impressive ‫کارآمد‬
become or make smaller in size or

shrunk(past participle of shrink)
amount.
stable ‫پایدار‬
in an accepting manner, without ‫منفعالنه‬

passively
active response or resistance.
beaten having been defeated.
maple ‫افرا‬
be carried slowly by a current of air

drift
or water.

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autorotation ‫چرخش خودکار‬

copter ‫هلی کوپتر‬
strengthen or support physically or ‫ نگه داشتن‬،‫متحمل شدن‬

sustain
mentally.
Passage No. Title

539 Iceland
volcanic ‫آتشفشانی‬
lava ‫ مواد مذاب اتشفشانی‬،‫گدازه‬
(of a volcano) become active and ‫فوران کردن‬

erupt
eject lava, ash, and gases.
geological hypothesis ‫فرضیه زمین شناسی‬

submarine ‫زیردریایی‬
eruptions ‫انفجار‬
extensive covering or affecting a large area. ‫گسترده‬
Passage No. Title

540 Cardona Salt Mountain
low-density ‫چگالی کم‬
surrounding all round a particular place or thing. ‫اطراف‬
dome ‫ طاق‬،‫گنبد‬
(especially of a smell) spread

pervade through and be perceived in every ‫ پخش شدن‬،‫نفوذ کردن‬
part of.
belonging to the category that is

savory
salty or spicy rather than sweet.
pile ‫توده‬
translucent semi-transparent ‫نیمه شفاف‬
clay ‫خشت‬
exterior ‫خارجی‬
exploit ‫استخراج کردن‬
bolster support or strengthen. ‫تقویت کردن‬
prosperous and growing; ‫پر رونق‬

thriving
flourishing.
a large machine for digging and

excavator moving earth.//a person who
excavates an archaeological site.

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innards ‫قسمتهای داخلی‬

mineral export ‫صادرات مواد معدنی‬
sculpture ‫ مجسمه‬،‫مجسمه سازی‬
pastry ‫ شیرینی پزی‬،‫شیرینی‬
Passage No. Title

541 Granular materials
resembling or consisting of small

granular
grains or particles.
skill at entertaining, theatrical ‫نمایشگری‬

showmanship
presentation, or performance.
stunt ‫شاهکار‬،‫شیرین کاری‬

physicist ‫فیزیکدان‬
transpire occur; happen. ‫رخ دادن‬
a person who is present at an event ‫تماشاچی‬

bystander
or incident but does not take part.
lack of variety; uniformity or ‫یکنواختی‬

sameness
monotony.
narrow of small width in relation to length. ‫ تنگ‬،‫محدود‬
deny ‫رد کردن‬

demonstration display
of undisputed origin and not a copy; ‫ موثق‬،‫معتبر‬

authentic
genuine.
Passage No. Title

542 Human remains
discover (something hidden, lost, or

unearth kept secret) by investigation or
searching.
curator ‫ نگهبان‬،‫موزه دار‬

anthropology ‫علم انسان شناسی‬
so far to a certain limited extent. ‫تا حاال‬
colonists ‫استعمارگران‬
settlers ‫مهاجران‬

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the action of sailing in a ship or

sailing
boat.
Passage No. Title

543 Ann Cotton
rural ‫روستایی‬
struck (past and past participle of
strike.)
plight ‫گرفتاری‬
in order to ‫ برای اینکه‬.‫به منظور‬
huts ‫خانه کوچک‬
striving to achieve or attain

struggling something in the face of difficulty or ‫تقال کردن‬
resistance.
Passage No. Title

544 The national park movement
the policy of taking land out of

set aside production to reduce crop
surpluses.
geothermal ‫وابسته به حرارت مرکزی زمین‬
exceptional scenery ‫مناظر استثنایی‬

set up ‫بر پا کردن‬
proclamation ‫اعالمیه‬
Passage No. Title

545 Changes in Eating Habits
(of food) sold ready or almost ready
ready-made
to be served.
eating habits ‫عادات غذا خوردن‬
Demand request ‫تقاضا‬
not disputed or called in question; ‫غیرقابل انکار‬

undisputed
accepted.
Passage No. Title

546 Different Plants

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symbiotic ‫همزیستی‬
species ‫گونه ها‬
evolve develop gradually. ‫نمو کردن‬
inducible ‫القایی‬
comprise consist of; be made up of. ‫شامل بودن‬
barriers ‫موانع‬
provide or give (a service, help, ‫ارائه دادن‬

render
etc.).
tissue ‫بافت‬
unpalatable difficult to put up with or accept.
invader ‫مهاجم‬
the outer layer of tissue in a plant,

epidermis except where it is replaced by
periderm.
a protective and waxy or hard layer

cuticle covering the epidermis of a plant,
invertebrate, or shell.
puncture make a hole in
the active immature form of an

insect, especially one that differs
larva greatly from the adult and forms the ‫نوزاد حشره‬
stage between egg and pupa, e.g.
a caterpillar or grub.
relating to or affecting a gland or ‫وابسته به غده‬

glandular
glands.
prevent (something or someone)

immobilize from moving or operating as ‫از جنبش و حرکت باز داشتن‬
normal.
trap ‫بدام انداختن‬
Passage No. Title

547 Desert Habitat
survive ‫زنده ماندن‬
make (something) suitable for a ‫سازگار شدن‬

adapt
new use or purpose; modify.
evaporation ‫تبخیر‬

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emerge ‫پدیدار شدن‬
Passage No. Title

548 Saving Animals
take part join in an activity; be involved.
battle ‫نبرد‬
wildlife ‫حیات وحش‬
(of a species) seriously at risk of ‫در معرض خطر‬

endangered
extinction.
edge ‫مرز‬
intense and selfish desire for

greed something, especially wealth, ‫طمع‬
power, or food.
flesh ‫گوشت‬
Passage No. Title

549 The story of man’s mastery
a piece of evidence or information ‫سرنخ‬

clue
used in the detection of a crime.
primitive ‫اولیه‬
chase run after
deliberately ‫عمدا‬
conscious alert ‫آگاه‬
spear ‫نیزه‬
giant big
Passage No. Title

550 Personality Research
vary differ ‫فرق داشتن‬
alike same ‫به طور یکسان‬
(of a habit, belief, or attitude) firmly

ingrained fixed or established; difficult to
change.
in-depth comprehensive and thorough.

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a person's or animal's nature,

temperaments especially as it permanently affects ‫ خوی‬،‫مزاج‬
their behaviour.
having no parallel or equal;

unparalleled
exceptional.
traits ‫صفات‬
hereditary ‫ارثی‬
imitate the appearance or character ‫شبیه سازی کردن‬

simulate
of.
attributes ‫ویژگی ها‬
stem originate in or be caused by.
infancy ‫شیرخوارگی‬
crucial ‫حیاتی‬
Passage No. Title

551 Flood in Venice
the occurrence, rate, or frequency

incidence of a disease, crime, or other ‫وقوع‬
undesirable thing.
controversial ‫بحث برانگیز‬
go ahead proceed or be carried out.
tide ‫جزر و مد‬

nuisance ‫ مایه تصدیع خاطر‬،‫مزاحمت‬
(of wind, water, or other natural

erode agents) gradually wear away (soil, ‫فرسایش‬
rock, or land).
assault make a physical attack on. ‫تجاوز یا حمله کردن‬
restrict put a limit on; keep under control. ‫محدود کردن‬
having an extremely unpleasant

foul-smelling
smell.
(of a body of water or the

atmosphere of a confined space)
stagnant having no current or flow and often ‫راکد‬
having an unpleasant smell as a
consequence.

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Passage No. Title

552 Outdoor entertainment
the action of providing or being

entertainment provided with amusement or ‫سرگرمی‬
enjoyment.
arenas ‫میدان مسابقات‬

surroundings environment
imposing restrictions on someone's ‫محدود کننده‬

restrictive
activities or freedom.
(of a place) lacking fresh air or

stuffy
ventilation.
starry full of or lit by stars.
eardrum ‫پرده گوش‬
Passage No. Title

Essentials about Tintin and
553
Hergé
suffer (something painful or difficult) ‫تحمل کردن‬

endure
patiently.
examine and make corrections or

revise alterations to (written or printed ‫تجدید نظر کردن‬
matter).
closely connected or appropriate to ‫مربوط‬

relevant
what is being done or considered.
gather together or accumulate (a

amass large amount or number of material ‫گرد اوردن‬
or things) over a period of time.
Passage No. Title

The Growing Impact of Social
554
Media
feast eat and drink sumptuously. ‫جشن گرفتن‬
evoke ‫ بیرون کشیدن‬،‫تحریک کردن‬

debates ‫بحث و گفتگو‬

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violent or rowdy behaviour by

hooliganism young troublemakers, typically in a ‫حیله گرایی‬
gang.
rival ‫رقیب‬
prevalent Conventional ‫مرسوم‬
reputed ‫ خوشنام‬،‫مشهور‬
very great in amount, scale, or ‫عظیم‬

tremendous
intensity.

strain something to an extreme or ‫فشار‬
damaging degree.
tease or laugh at in a scornful or ‫مسخره کردن‬

mock
contemptuous manner.
rowdy noisy and disorderly. ‫خشن‬
instil (an idea, attitude, or habit) by ‫ فهماندن‬،‫تلقین کردن‬

inculcate
persistent instruction.
rectify put right; correct. ‫اصالح کردن‬
emulate Imitate ‫تقلید کردن‬

virtue ‫تقوا‬
curb ‫تحت کنترل دراوردن‬
Passage No. Title

555 Oldest human footprints
make one's way quickly or

awkwardly up a steep gradient or
scramble
over rough ground by using one's
hands as well as one's feet.
volcanic ash ‫خاکستر آتشفشانی‬

trails ‫مسیرهای پیاده روی‬
descent ‫نزول‬
the steep slope ‫شیب تند‬
wolve ‫گرگ‬
Passage No. Title

556 Boris Johnson
transition evolution
priority ‫اولویت‬

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a thing that is granted, especially in ‫امتیاز‬

concession
response to demands.
move out of or away from ‫پدیدار شدن‬

emerge
something and become visible.
of great value; not to be wasted or ‫گرانبها‬

precious
treated carelessly.
regulatory ‫نظارتی‬
a positive declaration intended to ‫اطمینان‬

assurance
give confidence; a promise.
insufficiently ‫ناکافی‬
proponents ‫طرفداران‬
come face to face with (someone) ‫ روبرو شدن با‬- ‫مواجه شدن‬
confront
with hostile or argumentative intent.
ratification ‫تصویب‬
Passage No. Title

557 Black War
a serious disagreement or
conflict argument, typically a protracted ‫کشمکش مغایرت‬
one.
take part in a violent struggle

fought past and past participle of
involving the exchange of physical
fight.
blows or the use of weapons.
a member of a small independent

group taking part in irregular
guerrilla
fighting, typically against larger
regular forces.
claim cause the loss of (someone's life).
annihilating destroy utterly; obliterate. ‫نابود کننده‬
the occurrence, rate, or frequency

incidence of a disease, crime, or other ‫وقوع‬
undesirable thing.
to cause an argument, fight, etc to

spark a debate/protest
start happening
genocide ‫قتل عام‬

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escalation a rapid increase; a rise. ‫تشدید‬
cause someone to take a course of ‫بفعالیت واداشتن‬

prompt
action.
،‫ اظهار داشتن و کردن‬،‫اعالم کردن‬

declare
‫ اعالن کردن‬،‫شناساندن‬
military government, involving the ‫قانون نظامی‬

martial law
suspension of ordinary law.
protection or exemption from

immunity something, especially an obligation ‫جواز معافیت‬
or penalty.
a line or circle of police, soldiers, or

cordon guards preventing access to or
from an area or building.
Aboriginal ‫بومی‬
district ‫ناحیه‬
have (a course of action) as one's

intend
purpose or intention; plan.
(of a space) restricted in area or ‫محدود‬

confined(adj)
volume; cramped.
settlers ‫مهاجران‬
shepherds ‫چوپانان‬
livestock ‫دام‬
set alight To cause to begin to burn
dawn ‫سپیده دم‬
strike hit ‫ضربه زدن‬
quarry ‫شکار‬
a person killed or injured in a war or ‫تلفات‬

casualty
accident.
Passage No. Title

558 Forests of New Guinea
(of vegetation, especially grass)

lush
growing luxuriantly.
tropical rainforests ‫جنگل های بارانی گرمسیری‬

unspoilt ‫دست نخورده‬
haven a place of safety or refuge. ‫پناهگاه‬

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disappear vanish ‫ناپدید شدن‬

pattern recognition software ‫نرم افزار تشخیص الگو‬
pair match
reconstruct recreate
degrade ‫تخریب شدن‬
the means of maintaining or

subsistence
supporting oneself.
the activity or business of felling

logging trees and cutting and preparing the
timber.
concentrated in ‫متمرکز در‬
Passage No. Title

559 Vehicle inspection
take apart (a piece of machinery or

overhaul equipment) in order to examine it
and repair it if necessary.
inspection careful examination or scrutiny. ‫بازرسی‬
widening broaden
scandal ‫تهمت رسوایی‬
suspend ‫موقوف کردن معلق کردن‬
domestic market ‫بازار داخلی‬
certify verify
attachment or commitment to a ‫تبعیت‬

adherence
person, cause, or belief.
inflame make (a situation) worse.
falsification fake
weigh on be depressing or burdensome to.
commit (a person or organization) ‫متعهد شدن‬

pledge
by a solemn promise.
drastic measures ‫اقدامات جدی‬

affiliate ‫وابسته‬
Passage No. Title

The Mystery of the Tunguska
560
Event

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a secret plan by a group to do ‫توطئه‬

Conspiracy
something unlawful or harmful.
a large bowl-shaped cavity in the

ground or on a celestial object,
crater typically one caused by an ‫دهانه اتش فشان‬
explosion or the impact of a
meteorite.
produce and discharge (something, ‫بیرون ریختن‬

emit
especially gas or radiation).
meteorite ‫شهاب سنگ‬

subsurface ‫زیرسطحی‬
the forming of a theory or ‫حدس و گمان‬

Speculation
conjecture without firm evidence.
continue with great force or

rage
intensity.
offer-up to provide (something great)
a person who is responsible for a ‫مقصر‬

culprit
crime or other misdeed.
streaked over covered a large area
break or cause to break suddenly ‫خرد کردن‬

shatter
and violently into pieces.
the upper or outer edge of an

rim object, typically something circular ‫لبه‬
or approximately circular.
Passage No. Title

561 High-heels
permanently forever
awkward ‫به شکلی نامناسب‬
feminine womanly ‫زنانه‬
slim ‫الغر‬
kneecap ‫کاسه زانو‬
Passage No. Title

562 GM crop review
a temporary prohibition of an ‫مهلت قانونی‬

moratorium
activity.

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lift dig up (plants or root vegetables).
make determined efforts to deal

tackle
with (a problem or difficult task).
enterprise ‫سرمایه گذاری‬
admit or agree that something is ‫تصدیق کردن‬

concede
true after first denying or resisting it.
modification ‫اصالح‬
clay ‫خاک رس‬
strengthen make or become stronger.
modified seeds ‫دانه اصالح شده‬
Passage No. Title

563 Pope Francis Message
elderly ‫سالخورده‬
cog ‫حقه بازی‬
consumption the action of using up a resource. ‫مصرف‬
get rid of (someone or something) ‫دور انداختن‬

discard
as no longer useful or desirable.
consumerism ‫مصرف گرایی‬

downright ‫محض‬
cease to support or look after ‫رها کردن‬

abandon
(someone); desert.
Passage No. Title

Joy through Pain (Different
564
Version)
Deep tissue massage ‫ماساژ عمیق ماهیچه ها‬
knot twist, tie
stimulate the development of (an ‫ترغیب کردن‬

encourage
activity, state, or belief).
Passage No. Title

565 The fight or flight response

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(also called hyperarousal, or the

acute stress response) is a
The fight or flight response physiological reaction that occurs in
response to a perceived harmful
event, attack, or threat to survival.
instinctive innate ‫غریزی‬
escape ‫فرار کردن‬
sweat ‫عرق کردن‬
having an ache in a part of one's ‫درد‬

aching
body.
uneasiness a feeling of anxiety or discomfort. ‫ناراحتی‬
symptom ‫عالئم مرض‬
ailment an illness, typically a minor one. ‫ناراحتی‬
towards in the direction of.

to face and deal with
responsibilities, problems, or
cope with
difficulties, especially successfully
or in a calm or adequate manner
Passage No. Title

566 Amelia Earhart's Legacy
disappear suddenly and ‫ناپدید شدن‬
vanish
completely.
make an effort to achieve or ‫تالش‬

Attempt
complete (something difficult).
sail or travel all the way around ‫پیرامون پیمودن‬

circumnavigate
(something, especially the world).
aviation the flying or operating of aircraft. ‫هوانوردی‬
tribute respect
fulfill ‫واقعیت دادن‬
(of two people or things) influencing

interactive
each other.
To soar means more than just to

fly; it means to rise swiftly, to feel
“You Can Soar" the wind slipping below you as you
ride it higher, higher, higher. Flying
is just moving through the air.
Passage No. Title

567 Marshall McLuhan

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preeminent superior ‫برتر‬
the acoustic age ‫عصر آکوستیک‬
outline give a summary of.
the world considered as a single

global village community linked by
telecommunications.
Passage No. Title

568 Education for Global Leadership
confront
cultural awareness ‫آگاهی فرهنگی‬
act in such a way as to have an ‫تعامل داشتن‬

interact
effect on each other.
Passage No. Title

569 The American People
ordinary and extraordinary ‫معمولی و خارق العاده‬
stimulating careful consideration or ‫تأمل برانگیز‬

thought-provoking
attention.
cultural background ‫پیشینه فرهنگی‬
Passage No. Title

570 Questionnaire
questionnaire ‫پرسشنامه‬
culminate or result in (a particular

led past and past participle of lead
event or consequence).
carry out ‫انجام دادن‬
Passage No. Title

571 Ageing populations
the ability of a person, animal, or
fertility plant to produce babies, young ‫باروری‬
animals, or seeds

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the possibility or likelihood of some ‫پیش بینی انتظار‬

prospect
future event occurring.
comparison contrast ‫مقایسه‬

postponing delay ‫به تعویق انداختن‬
Population ageing is an increasing
median age in the population of a
population aging
region due to declining fertility rates
and/or rising life expectancy.
the regular way in which something
Pattern
happens, develops, or is done
employment ‫بکارگیری‬
to discuss or think about something ‫اکتشاف کردن‬
Explore
carefully
Passage No. Title

572 Life Science Institute
excellence superiority ‫برتری‬
to cause (people) to join or meet :
bring together
to cause (people) to come together
leading most important. ‫برجسته‬
activity that provides mental or ‫رشته ها‬

disciplines
physical training.
accelerate ‫سرعت بخشیدن‬

breakthrough development ‫ موفقیت‬،‫پیشرفت‬
exploit ‫بهره برداری کردن از‬
collaborative ‫مبتنی بر همکاری‬
Passage No. Title

Management of Water Resources
573
(Different Version)
to talk about or mention (something
point out
that one thinks is important)
(adj)too much or too little in relation ‫نامتناسب‬
Disproportionate
to something else
food that people or animals need in ‫تغذیه‬
sustenance
order to live
When a situation is not certain
instability because there is the possibility of ‫بی ثباتی‬
sudden change OPP stability
proactively ‫فعاالنه‬
foster encourage, promote

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(verb) :to publicly fight for and

Champion defend an aim or principle, such as ‫پشتیبانی کردن‬
the rights of a group of people
if you address a problem, you start
address a problem
trying to solve it
Looking ahead ‫با نگاه به آینده‬
to be what someone is thinking
Be in/at/to the forefront of
about most, because it is very
somebody’s mind/attention
important to them
(verb): to make something,
Fuel especially something bad, increase
or become stronger SYN = provoke
Vital ‫حیاتی‬
f something is scarce, there is not ‫کمبود‬
Scarce /skers/ (adjective)
very much of it available
the repairs, painting etc. that are
Maintenance necessary to keep something in ‫نگهداری‬
good condition
a state of disagreement or
Conflict argument between people, groups, ‫تعارض‬
countries etc.
Passage No. Title

Why do moths fly towards
574
lights?
moth ‫ بید‬،‫پروانه‬
navigate (of an animal) find its way.
migratory denoting an animal that migrates. ‫وابسته به مهاجرت‬
Passage No. Title

575 Émile Durkheim
humanistic ‫انسان گرایانه‬
to start to think about or consider a
turn your attention(s) to sth/sb
particular thing or person
moral principles that govern a

ethic person's behaviour or the ‫اصول اخالق‬
conducting of an activity.
numerous ‫بیشمار‬
public appreciation for a person's or ‫به رسمیت شناختن‬
recognition
group's achievements
Passage No. Title

576 German Trip

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leisure ‫اوقات فراغت‬
take off leave the ground
destination ‫مقصد‬
Passage No. Title

577 Dog Emotion
feeling or showing confidence in
confident oneself or one's abilities or ‫مطمئن‬
qualities.
the state of a person's emotions
emotional state (especially with regard to pleasure
or dejection)
practical and realistic; not ‫سرسخت‬

hard-headed
sentimental.
rational Reasonable ‫منطقی‬
dealing with things sensibly and

realistically in a way that is based ‫عملی‬
pragmatic
on practical rather than theoretical
considerations.
desire wish, want ‫میل‬
Passage No. Title

The Australian Renewable
578
Energy Agency
(of a natural resource or source of ‫تجدید پذیر‬

Renewable
energy) not depleted when used.
award give, grant

Feasibility possibility ‫امکان پذیری‬
tidal ‫جزر و مد‬
unprecedented never done or known before. ‫بی سابقه‬
give (something, especially money)

contribute in order to help achieve or provide
something.
Passage No. Title

579 AVGs
expenditure cost ‫هزینه‬

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sedentary activities ‫فعالیتهای بی تحرک‬
of or constituting a maximum; as ‫حداکثر‬

maximal
great or as large as possible.
the action of taking up or making

uptake
use of something that is available.
vigorous strong, healthy, and full of energy. ‫ شدید‬،‫قوی‬
recommend avdise ‫توصیه کردن‬
Passage No. Title

580 how to write clearly and plainly
in a direct and honest way without ‫ساده‬

plainly
concealment or deception.
to be influenced or controlled too

a slave to spare
much by something.
unadorned not adorned; plain. ‫ساده‬
ornateness ‫زینتی‬

competent knowledge, or skill to do something ‫شایسته‬
successfully.
complexity intricacy ‫پیچیدگی‬

dizzying ‫گیج کننده‬
make great efforts to achieve or ‫کوشیدن‬

strive
obtain something.
in a way that shows wisdom or ‫معقول‬

sensibly
prudence.
baseline ‫مبانی اولیه‬
make (an idea, impression, or ‫رساندن‬

convey
feeling) known or understandable.
rhetorical stylistic
give up completely (a practice or a

abandon
course of action).
Passage No. Title

581 chemical reactions
appalling very bad; awful.

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resist ‫مقاومت کردن‬

defense system ‫سیستم دفاعی‬
Passage No. Title

582 Digital media
the act of compelling observance of

enforcement or compliance with a law, rule, or ‫اجراء‬
obligation.
a limiting condition or measure, ‫محدودیت‬

restriction
especially a legal one.
cause someone to take a course of ‫بفعالیت واداشتن‬

prompt
action.
Passage No. Title

583 Fingerprints – V2
forensics ‫پزشکی قانونی‬
a small amount of something that

residue remains after the main part has ‫باقیمانده‬
gone or been taken or used.
ridged ‫فرسوده‬
palms ‫کف دست‬
contaminating ‫اغشته‬
(of a quality or state) existing but

latent not yet developed or manifest; ‫نهفته‬
hidden or concealed.
crime scene ‫صحنه جرم‬
Passage No. Title

584 E-learning
innovative ‫خالقانه‬
passionately ‫با اشتیاق‬
(of a task) requiring much skill or

demanding
effort.
virtual ‫مجازی‬

facilitate
or easier.

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Passage No. Title

585 Economists and Ecologists
pointless meaningless ‫بی معنی‬
a time of intense difficulty or ‫بحران‬
crisis
danger.
fate ‫سرنوشت‬
Passage No. Title

586 museum
move out of or away from ‫پدیدار شدن‬

emerge
something and become visible.
(especially of a room or building) ‫جادار‬

spacious
having ample space.
an act of showing that something

demonstration exists or is true by giving proof or
evidence.
a type of decoration for clothing and

possessions characteristic of
certain North American Indian
quillwork
peoples, using softened and dyed
porcupine quills to make elaborate
applied designs.
overlook ‫نادیده گرفتن‬

rotunda ‫ساختمان گنبددار‬
an extensive or impressive ‫تجهیزات و ارایش کامل‬

panoply
collection.
have an unpleasant or disturbing

jar (verb)
effect.
witty humorous ‫شوخ‬
ivory ‫عاج‬
common distinction ‫تمایز مشترک‬
a raw material or primary

agricultural product that can be ‫کاال‬
commodity
bought and sold, such as copper or
coffee.
Passage No. Title

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587 Mapping software works

If something is inbuilt, it is an
original part of something or
In-built
someone and cannot be
separatedfrom it, him, or her
someone or something that is
Reliably reliable can be trusted or depended ‫بطرزی قابل اعتماد‬
on
molten metal or rock has been
Molten made into a liquid by being heated ‫ذوب شده‬
to a very high temperature
core ‫هسته زمین‬
Passage No. Title

588 National Responsibility
if you're in charge of a team, and
must take full responsibility you want to protect the people who
actually caused the failure.
sovereignty supreme power or authority. ‫حق حاکمیت‬
overemphasize place excessive emphasis on.
put (a decision, plan, agreement, ‫اجراء کردن‬

implement
etc.) into effect.
a direct or natural consequence or ‫نتیجه‬

corollary
result.
attune adapt ‫وفق دادن‬

in this regard ‫در این رابطه‬
recognize identify ‫تشخیص دادن‬
Passage No. Title

589 Online Game
insight perception ‫بینش‬
epidemic ‫همه گیر‬
swept past and past participle of affect (an area or place) swiftly and
sweep. widely.
role-playing participation in a role-playing game.
outbreak ‫شیوع‬
spread ‫انتشار دادن‬

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corrupted infect; contaminate.
nasty very bad or unpleasant. ‫زننده‬
flaw ‫نقص‬
(of a person or animal) not aware of

unsuspecting the presence of danger; feeling no ‫مشکوک‬
suspicion.
a state, period, or place of isolation

in which people or animals that
quarantine have arrived from elsewhere or ‫قرنطینه‬
been exposed to infectious or
contagious disease are placed.
virtually ‫تقریبا‬
Passage No. Title

590 Electronics shapes
flexibility the ability to be easily modified. ‫انعطاف پذیری‬
an event or a series of activities

Proceedings
involving a set procedure.
brittle hard but liable to break easily. ‫شکننده‬
overcome get the better of
constraint a limitation or restriction. ‫محدودیت‬
demonstrate show how something is done ‫نشان دادن‬

tiny ‫کوچک‬
curved ‫منحنی‬
make partial or minor changes to ‫اصالح کردن‬

modify
(something).
rays ‫پرتو‬
constant ‫ثابت ماندگار‬
Passage No. Title

591 Molecule of DNA
hereditary ‫ارثی‬
to give something to someone who
passed down is younger, less important, or at a
lower level than you
to a considerable extent to a great extent

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a diploid cell resulting from the

zygote fusion of two haploid gametes; a
fertilized ovum.
as a result or consequence of this;

thus
therefore.
Passage No. Title

592 registering new marriage
equal in value, amount, function, ‫معادل‬

equivalent
meaning, etc.
decline decrease
is the number of divorces occurring
among the population of a given
crude divorce rate
geographical area during a given
year.
peak ‫حد اکثر‬
led to cause
Conversely ‫متقابال‬
Passage No. Title

The Ironbridge Gorge World
593
Heritage
Heritage ‫میراث‬
Industrial Revolution ‫انقالب صنعتی‬
having important and widely ‫گسترده دارای اثر زیاد‬

far-reaching
applicable effects or implications.
incorporate include
substantial ‫قابل توجه‬
A heap formed of spoil (material
discarded during mining or
spoil heaps
excavation). The place where spoil
is dumped.
a workshop or factory for casting ‫ریخته گری‬

foundry
metal.
warehouse ‫انبار‬
known or talked about by many ‫مشهور‬

renowned
people; famous.

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especially (used to show that a

in particular statement applies to one person or
thing more than any other).
Passage No. Title

594 Sydney
eﬀective ‫مؤثر‬
unconstrained ‫بدون محدودیت‬
bring (people or groups with

particular characteristics or needs)
integrate into equal participation in or ‫ادغام‬
membership of a social group or
institution.
patronage the support given by a patron. ‫حمایت‬
consumption the action of using up a resource. ‫مصرف‬
landscape interface between town

The rural–urban fringe
and country
able to be likened to another; ‫قابل مقایسه‬

comparable
similar.
ability to be afforded; ‫توان مالی‬

affordability
inexpensiveness.
Passage No. Title

595 bilingual education
countless numerous ‫بی شمار‬
bilingual ‫دو زبانه‬
ensure ‫مطمئن ساختن‬
outperform perform better than.
outperform their peers ‫بهتر از همساالن خود‬
(of a person or society) speaking

monolingual
only one language.
dropout omission ‫حذف‬
Passage No. Title

596 the famous dictionary

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lexicography ‫ واژه نگاری‬،‫فرهنگ لغت نویسی‬
surpass be better than.
bulk Majority ‫اکثریت‬
the quality, condition, or fact of ‫درستی‬

precision
being exact and accurate.
elegantly ‫با ظرافت‬
copious abundant in supply or quantity. ‫فراوان‬
a quotation from or reference to a

citation book, paper, or author, especially in ‫استناد‬
a scholarly work.
exemplify be a typical example of. ‫با نمونه نشان دادن‬
contemporary ‫معاصر‬
abbreviated shortened; cut short. ‫به طور خالصه‬
accomplishment ‫دستاورد‬
having most appeal or influence; ‫غالب‬

prevail
prevalent.
Passage No. Title

597 the gorilla
exhibition ‫نمایشگاه‬
interfere ‫مداخله کردن‬
excerpt ‫گزینه‬
outstanding excellent
Passage No. Title

598 The Department of Fine Arts
vibrant full of energy and life. ‫پر جنب و جوش‬
supplied with all the necessary

well-equipped
equipment.
produced by or involving two or ‫مبتنی بر همکاری‬

collaborative
more parties working together.
benefit receive an advantage; profit.

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facilitate
or easier.
exposure ‫گرفتن در معرض‬
Passage No. Title

599 The koala
Conservationists ‫طرفدارحفظ منابع طبیعی‬
argue about (a subject), especially ‫مباحثه کردن‬

debate
in a formal manner.
threatened ‫تهدید شده‬
(of a problem or illness) cause pain ‫رنجور کردن‬

afflict
or trouble to; affect adversely.
assign or regard as belonging to a

class (verb)
particular category.
vulnerable ‫آسیب پذیر‬
a condition or requirement that is

stipulation specified or demanded as part of ‫شرایط‬
an agreement.
a consideration or amount that

offset diminishes or balances the effect of
an opposite one.
stay off keep off. Avoid

repercussion reaction ‫پیامد‬
For this reason therefore
Passage No. Title

600 The European landscape
castle ‫قلعه‬
a defensive wall or other

fortification reinforcement built to strengthen a ‫استحکامات‬
place against attack.
purpose aim ‫هدف‬

lay claim to or stake a claim to to
assert one's possession of or right
lay claim to to. anything that is claimed, esp in a ‫ادعای به‬
formal or legal manner, such as a
piece of land staked out by a miner.
intimidate frighten ‫ترساندن‬

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territory ‫قلمرو‬
Passage No. Title

601 The ability to walk
a thing that indicates the state or ‫شاخص‬

indicator
level of something.
participants ‫شرکت کنندگان‬

basis ‫اساس‬
An extended period of time is an
extended period of time
extremely long period of time.
longevity ‫طول عمر‬
the length of time for which a

life span person or animal lives or a thing ‫طول عمر‬
functions.
simultaneous performance or
unison
utterance of action or speech.
in order according to a particular sequence.
Passage No. Title

How much of the news is
602
biased?
unfairly prejudiced for or against

biased
someone or something.
without being affected by; in spite

despite
of.
deliberate done consciously and intentionally. ‫عمدی‬،‫حساب شده‬
manifest display
the action or state of including or of

inclusion being included within a group or
structure.
omission deletion ‫حذف‬

proximity closeness ‫نزدیکی‬
Passage No. Title

private troubles and public
603
issues
distinction Different

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emerge ‫پدیدار شدن‬

deal( past tense: dealt; past
participle: dealt cope with
)
recognize or treat (someone or ‫تشخیص دادن‬

distinguish
something) as different.
become aware or conscious of

perceive (something); come to realize or ‫درک کردن‬
understand.
Passage No. Title

604 Lyrebirds
a large Australian songbird, the

male of which has a long lyre- ‫یک نوع پرنده‬
Lyrebirds
shaped tail and is noted for its
remarkable song and display.
rainforest ‫جنگل انبوه مناطق گرم و پر باران‬
repertoire collection
mimic imitate ‫تقلید کردن‬
sophisticated ‫پیچیده‬
replicate copy ‫تکرار کردن‬
medley ‫قطعه موسیقی مختلط‬
make (someone) feel admiration ‫تاثیر گذاشتن‬

impress
and respect.
the sexual partner of a bird or other ‫جفت‬

mate
animal.
occur
take place
Passage No. Title

605 An interesting Mayan house
the action of excavating something, ‫خاکبرداری حفاری‬

excavation
especially an archaeological site.
carry out to do and complete a task
turn out prove to be the case. ‫معلوم شد‬
astronomical ‫نجومی‬

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lunar cycles ‫چرخه قمری‬
Passage No. Title

606 Meteorologists
Meteorologists ‫هواشناسان‬
to add what is need to something to
fill in the gaps
make it complete
distant ‫دور‬
rural ‫روستایی‬
Passage No. Title

607 A manakin
Ornithologist ‫پرنده شناس‬
(of an equation) be capable of

work out
being solved.
feather ‫پر‬
a thin flat piece of plastic,
tortoiseshell, or other slightly
flexible material held by or worn on
plectrum
the fingers and used to pluck the
strings of a musical instrument such
as a guitar.
sound (a musical instrument or its

pluck strings) with one's finger or a
plectrum.
instrument ‫الت موسیقی‬
Passage No. Title

608 The production of a robotic suitt
elderly ‫سالمندان‬
exoskeleton ‫اسکلت خارجی‬
Calf ‫ماهیچه ساق پا‬
artificial muscles ‫عضالت مصنوعی‬
the process of becoming stronger

and more confident, especially in ‫توانمندسازی‬
empowerment
controlling one's life and claiming
one's rights.
Passage No. Title

609 History poetry

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Throughout ‫در طول‬
care for or look after; give one's ‫گرایش داشتن‬

tend
attention to.
bride and groom ‫عروس و داماد‬
intention the action or fact of intending. ‫قصد‬
Passage No. Title

610 Christine Manfield
(of an appetite or desire) impossible ‫سیر نشدنی‬

insatiable
to satisfy.
a strong desire or liking for ‫اشتیاق‬

appetite
something.
inspiration creativity
quest ‫جستجو‬
worth remembering or easily

memorable remembered, especially because of ‫بیاد ماندنی‬
being special or unusual.
recipe ‫دستور آشپزی‬

verve taste ‫ذوق‬
not able to be controlled or ‫غیر قابل مقاومت‬

irrepressible
restrained.
enthusiasm ‫اشتیاق‬
try every possible course of action

leave no stone unturned
in order to achieve something.
Passage No. Title

611 Melina Marchetta’s first novel
swept past and past participle of
search (an area) for something.
sweep.
literary ‫ادبی‬
fiction ‫افسانه‬
taught past and past participle of give information about or instruction

teach. in (a subject or skill).
Passage No. Title

612 Hephzibah

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the power to fascinate someone; ‫شیفتگی‬

fascination
the quality of being fascinating.
fate ‫ایمان‬
to find or meet (someone or
happen on/upon
something) by chance
commemorating ‫بزرگداشت‬
narrate give a spoken or written account of. ‫داستانی را تعریف کردن‬
commentator ‫مفسر‬
precise ‫دقیق صریح‬
speak in a slow, lazy way with ‫کشیده حرف زدن‬

drawl
prolonged vowel sounds.
warmth, thoughtfulness and ‫ اندیشه و طنز‬، ‫گرمی‬

humour
Passage No. Title

613 New technologies
gradually ‫به تدریج‬
clandestinely ‫مخفیانه‬
change in character or composition,

alter typically in a comparatively small ‫تغییر دادن‬
but significant way.
change (something) radically or

revolutionize
fundamentally.
gain obtain
vista vision ‫چشم انداز‬
scarce ‫کمبود‬
prosperity the state of being prosperous. ‫کامیابی موفقیت‬
a person or thing that makes

enabler
something possible.
Passage No. Title

614 Antisocial behavior
Evidence proof ‫شواهد و مدارک‬

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Antisocial behaviors are disruptive

acts characterized by covert and ‫رفتار ضد اجتماعی‬
antisocial behavior
overt hostility and intentional
aggression toward others.
stem originate in or be caused by.
adoptees ‫فرزندخواندگان‬
heredity ‫وراثت‬
If something or someone plays a
part or plays a role in a situation, ‫نقش داشتن‬
play a role
they are involved in it and have an
effect on it
aggression ‫پرخاشگری‬
criminality ‫جنایت‬
concordance ‫مطابقت‬
In psychology, impulsivity (or

impulsiveness) is a tendency to act
on a whim, displaying behavior
characterized by little or no
forethought, reflection, or ‫تکانشگری‬
impulsivity
consideration of the consequences.
... Many actions contain both
impulsive and compulsive features,
but impulsivity and compulsivity are
functionally distinct.
Sensation seeking is a personality

trait defined by the search for
experiences and feelings, that are
"varied, novel, complex and
sensation-seeking
intense", and by the readiness to
"take physical, social, legal, and
financial risks for the sake of such
experiences."
Callous and unemotional traits (CU)

are distinguished by a persistent
pattern of behavior that reflects a
callous-unemotional
disregard for others, and also a lack
of empathy and generally deficient
affect.
trait characteristic ‫صفت‬
disorder ‫اختالل‬
gambling ‫قمار‬
substance use and abuse ‫مصرف مواد و سوء استفاده‬
informative ‫ حاوی اطالعات مفید‬،‫آموزنده‬
Passage No. Title

615 Umami

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edible seaweed ‫جلبک دریایی خوراکی‬
conduct organize and carry out.
crystallize make or become definite and clear.
seasoning ‫چاشنی‬
tongue ‫زبان‬
(of an area of land or sea) not ‫اکتشاف نشده‬

uncharted
mapped or surveyed.
predominate have or exert control or power.
wisdom knowledge
in company with or at the same

along with
time as.
Passage No. Title

the greatest environmental
616
challenge
face confront and deal with or accept. ‫مواجه شدن‬
judge ‫قضاوت کردن‬
colossal extremely large or great.
A time lag is a fairly long interval of

time between one event and
A time lag
another related event that happens
after it.
the basic physical and

organizational structures and
infrastructure facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, ‫زیر بنا‬
power supplies) needed for the
operation of a society or enterprise.
the amount of money taken by a ‫حجم معامالت‬

turnover
business in a particular period.
timeframe ‫دوره زمانی‬
imperative of vital importance; crucial. ‫ضروری‬
(of a fact or feeling) compel

(someone) to act in a particular
drive way, especially one that is
considered undesirable or
inappropriate.

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curb restrain or keep in check. ‫ تحت کنترل دراوردن‬،‫محدود کردن‬
alternatives ‫ گزینه ها‬،‫جایگزین‬
Passage No. Title

what is the difference between
617
humor and satire?
the use of humour, irony,

exaggeration, or ridicule to expose
and criticize people's stupidity or ‫طنز‬
satire
vices, particularly in the context of
contemporary politics and other
topical issues.
a person's ability to perceive

sense of humour
humour or appreciate a joke.
the feeling or state of being ‫دلخوری‬

annoyance
annoyed; irritation.
the feeling of being upset or

frustration annoyed as a result of being unable ‫نا امیدی‬
to change or achieve something.
circumstance situation
tease, laugh at, or joke about

make fun of (someone) in a mocking or unkind
way.
humorists ‫طنز پردازان‬
hopeful and confident about the ‫خوش بین‬

optimistic
future.
feeling, showing, or expressing ‫دلسوز‬

sympathetic
sympathy.
cynical ‫بدبینانه‬
a person's or animal's nature,

temperament especially as it permanently affects ‫مزاج‬
their behaviour.
coincide occur simultaneously ‫منطبق شدن‬
confront
stupidity ‫حماقت‬

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Literally, to make a gesture by

raising and dropping one's
shrug (one's) shoulders shoulders, often meaning that one ‫شانه باال انداختن‬
does not know something or is
indifferent to something.
folly plural noun: Follies lack of good sense; foolishness. ‫نادانی‬
Passage No. Title

618 Left-handed and right-handed
the tendency to use either the right

handedness or the left hand more naturally than
the other.
dominance power and influence over others. ‫غلبه‬
brain asymmetry ‫عدم تقارن مغز‬

left and right hemispheres ‫نیمکره های چپ و راست‬
crucial ‫حیاتی‬
predominantly ‫غالبا‬
immune disorders ‫اختالالت ایمنی‬
reduced life expectancy ‫کاهش امید به زندگی‬
learning disabilities ‫ناتوانی های یادگیری‬
Passage No. Title

619 Organic agriculture
To aim or direct some criticism or
verbal attack at someone or
leveled against
something. Often used in passive
constructions.
indictment ‫اتهام‬
used or intended to defend or ‫حالت تدافع‬

defensive
protect.
relic ‫یادگار‬
worship of an inanimate object for

its supposed magical powers or ‫شیءپرستی‬
fetishism
because it is considered to be
inhabited by a spirit.
credible valid ‫معتبر‬
precede come before in order or position. ‫مقدم بودن‬
Passage No. Title

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620 Computer viruses

panic anxiety ‫وحشت‬
recognizably different in nature
distinct from something else of a similar ‫متمایز‬
type.
nasty unpleasant
move or go in a furtive or stealthy ‫دزدکی حرکت کردن‬

sneak
way.
characterized by malice; intending ‫مخرب‬

malicious
or intended to do harm.
Passage No. Title

621 Utopias
Utopias ‫مدینه فاضله‬
to think of a new idea or plan,
dreamed up or dreamt up especially one that is silly or
unusual.
imagine as a future possibility; ‫تجسم‬

envision
visualize.
in common in joint use or possession; shared.
play a part make a contribution to a situation.
causing dislike or aversion; ‫شرم آور‬

distasteful
disagreeable or unpleasant.
unworkable ‫غیرقابل اجرا‬

draw up ‫ترسیم کردن‬
reconstruction ‫بازسازی‬
nightmare ‫کابوس‬
city dwellers ‫ساکنان شهرستان‬
a house, especially a farmhouse,

homestead
and outbuildings.
exploit ‫استخراج کردن‬

bought past and past participle of buy.
Passage No. Title

622 Enlightenments

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the action of enlightening or the ‫روشنگری روشن فکری‬

enlightenment
state of being enlightened.
scholars ‫عالمان‬
a person who carries a ceremonial ‫مشعل دار‬

torchbearer
torch.
quarrelsome argumentative ‫نزاع‬
the fact or quality of insisting that

insistence something is the case or should be ‫پافشاری‬
done.
the right or condition of self- ‫خودمختاری‬

autonomy
government.
incapable of making mistakes or ‫مصون از خطا‬

infallible
being wrong.
intolerance towards those who hold ‫تعصب‬

bigotry
different opinions from oneself.
hostility and ill-treatment, especially

persecution because of race or political or ‫آزار و اذیت‬
religious beliefs; oppression.
the state or quality of being ‫تعهد‬

commitment
dedicated to a cause, activity, etc.
enquiry an act of asking for information. ‫استعالم‬
Passage No. Title

623 Influence of advertising
confess to be true or to be the ‫اقرار کردن‬

admit
case.
induce (someone) to do something ‫متقاعد کردن‬

persuade
through reasoning or argument.
consciously ‫از روی قصد‬
deliberate done consciously and intentionally. ‫عمدی‬
admit to having done something

own up
wrong or embarrassing.

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practical and realistic; not

hard-headed
sentimental.
Passage No. Title

624 The first printed books
appear ‫ظاهر شدن‬
ornate elaborately or highly decorated. ‫زینت بخش‬
miniaturist ‫متخصص مینیاتور‬
grasp comprehend fully. ‫فهمیدن‬
Knowledge sharing// an activity

through which knowledge (namely,
information, skills, or expertise) is
spreading knowledge
exchanged among people, friends,
families, communities (for example,
Wikipedia)
monastery ‫صومعه‬
the exclusive possession or control

monopoly of the supply of or trade in a ‫انحصار‬
commodity or service.
biblical relating to or contained in the Bible. ‫وابسته به کتاب مقدس‬
cause (something) to become ‫معروف ومشهور کردن‬

popularize
generally liked.
Passage No. Title

625 Copyright law
set down to judge, consider, or regard
lasting or intended to last or remain ‫دائمی‬

permanent
unchanged indefinitely.
roughly approximately
encompass surround and have or hold within. ‫در بر گرفتن‬
plot story
triumph victory ‫پیروزی‬
come under be classified as or among.

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A violation of a law, obligation, or

promise. ... The failure to perform a
a breach of the law legal or moral obligation owed to a
person or to the public. The failure
to act as required by the law.
Infringement ‫نقض‬
institute or conduct legal

prosecute proceedings against (a person or ‫تعقیب قانونی کردن‬
organization).
Passage No. Title

626 Zika disease
Also called Zika fever, Zika
disease, Zika virus disease. an
illness caused by a chiefly
Zika mosquito-borne virus of the genus
Flavivirus, typically characterized
by mild fever, rash, and joint pain.
the virus that causes this illness
having a harmful effect, especially ‫هولناک‬

pernicious
in a gradual or subtle way.
move continuously or freely through

circulate
a closed system or area.
abnormal smallness of the head, a

microcephaly congenital condition associated
with incomplete brain development.
fetus ‫جنین‬
of very great extent or quantity; ‫گسترده‬

vast
immense.

strain something to an extreme or
damaging degree.
indistinguishable ‫غیر قابل تشخیص‬

[for something unpleasant] to
rear its ugly head appear or become obvious after
lying hidden.
detrimental harmful ‫مضر‬
mutation alteration ‫ جهش‬،‫تحول‬
a place that is located away from ‫مکان های دور افتاده‬

remote locations
the populated areas.

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Passage No. Title

627 Oak
prehistoric ‫پیش از تاریخ‬
primeval of the earliest time in history. ‫باستانی‬
oak ‫بلوط‬
convincingly ‫متقاعد کننده‬
fix (an object) firmly and deeply in a ‫فرو کردن‬

embed
surrounding mass.
wet spongy ground of decomposing

vegetation; has poorer drainage
peat bog than a swamp; soil is unfit for
cultivation but can be cut and dried
and used for fuel.
maintain (something) in its original ‫حفظ کردن‬

preserve
or existing state.
flourish grow
Passage No. Title

628 Museum of heating systems
high elevation ‫ارتفاع زیاد‬
imperial ‫امپراتوری‬
talk with excessive pride and self-

satisfaction about one's ‫به رخ کشیدن‬
boast
achievements, possessions, or
abilities.
dedicated ‫اختصاص داده شده‬
Passage No. Title

629 Butterflies
a broadly accurate guide or

rule of thumb principle, based on practice rather
than theory.
antennae ‫شاخک‬
rely on put trust in with confidence

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an animal organ such as an

antenna or palp that is used for
feeler
testing things by touch or for
searching for food.
liable Responsible ‫مسئول‬

tint ‫رنگ‬
slight little ‫جزئی‬
striking(adj) noticeable
if someone or something blends in,
they are similar to the other people,
blend in objects, buildings etc around them,
and so they seem appropriate or
you do not notice them.
settle ‫ساکن شدن‬
Passage No. Title

630 MPhil
a system of methods used in a

methodology
particular area of study or activity.
succeed in achieving (something ‫بدست اوردن‬

attain
that one has worked for).
Passage No. Title

how the decision might affect us
631
as individuals?
having or showing bad judgement;

wrong-headed
misguided.
filled with horror; extremely

horrified (adj)
shocked.
having the opposite of the desired

counterproductive (adj)
effect.
treating all rivals or disputants ‫بی طرف‬

impartial
equally.
blunder a stupid or careless mistake. ‫اشتباه بزرگ‬
put aside ignore
conflicting with or running counter

contrary to
to.

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glaring obvious
an effort to achieve or complete a ‫تالش‬

attempt
difficult task or action.
enter (a place, situation, or sphere

invade of activity) in large numbers, ‫تهاجم کردن‬
especially with intrusive effect.
despite regardless of
tread pass on
disastrous ‫فاجعه بار‬
a procedure adopted to deal with a

course of action
situation.
Passage No. Title

632 low-cost housing
practical ‫کاربردی‬
what is put in, taken in, or operated

input
on by any process or system.
the most important facts about a

the big/bigger picture situation and the effects of that
situation on other things
Passage No. Title

633 Light
indeed used to emphasize a description. ‫در واقع‬
a thing that blocks one's way or ‫مانع‬

obstacle
prevents or hinders progress.
particle a minute portion of matter. ‫ذره‬
lacking sense or clear, sound ‫غیر منطقی‬

illogical
reasoning.
complicated complex ‫پیچیده‬
discernable able to be discerned; perceptible. ‫قابل تشخیص‬
Passage No. Title

634 Louis Daguerre
brought past and past participle of bring.

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a darkened box with a convex lens

or aperture for projecting the image
camera obscura of an external object on to a screen ‫اطاقک تاریک جعبه عکاسی‬
inside, a forerunner of the modern
camera.
To this end in order to achieve a particular aim.
(of a quality or state) existing but

latent not yet developed or manifest; ‫نهفته‬
hidden or concealed.
vapor ‫بخار‬
mercury ‫جیوه‬
meantime for the moment
Passage No. Title

635 The word civilization
the action of establishing something ‫تشکیل‬

establishment
or being established.
against
opposed
critical crucial
buy or obtain (an asset or object) ‫بدست آوردن‬

acquire
for oneself.
priest ‫روحانی‬
bureaucrat administrator
engage participate or become involved in. ‫مشغول بودن‬
to trust someone or something and

know that that person or thing will
depend upon
help you or do what you want or
expect him, her, or it to do
narrow (superlative adjective:
precise or strict in meaning.
narrowest)
Passage No. Title

636 the Lumière brothers
a place where a particular event or
site activity is occurring or has
occurred.
commercial entertainment ‫سرگرمی تجاری‬

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To derive or originate from

trace back someone, something, or some
place.
(of a flame or light) burning or

flickering
shining unsteadily; wavering.
light up.
illuminate
mature or develop in a promising or

blossom
healthy way.
miraculous ‫معجزه اسا‬
a person who comments on events ‫مفسر اثار ادبی کهن‬

commentator
or on a text.
In fact
actually
Passage No. Title

637 Nuclear reactor accident
occur happen
a failure of an electrical power ‫خاموشی‬

blackout
supply.
coming after something in time; ‫متعاقب‬

subsequent
following.
press the media

common-cause A joint interest
a covering or coating on a structure ‫روکش‬

cladding
or material.
apparently ‫ظاهرا‬
cesium ‫سزیم‬
the action of keeping something

containment harmful under control or within ‫مهار‬
limits.
Passage No. Title

638 Anopheles mosquitoess
an organism that lives in or on an

organism of another species (its ‫انگل‬
parasite
host) and benefits by deriving
nutrients at the other's expense.

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to increase something by a large

pump up
amount
immunity ‫ایمنی‬
take (food, drink, or another

ingest substance) into the body by
swallowing or absorbing it.
jump into action to act immediately

replicate ‫تکثیر‬
salivary glands ‫غدد بزاقی‬
attempt to repair or improve

tinker something in a casual or desultory
way.
modified ‫اصالح شده‬

breed reproduce ‫تولید کردن‬
Passage No. Title

639 Malaria
offering resistance to something or ‫مقاوم‬

resistant
someone.
bite ‫نیش زدن‬
relating to or denoting an organism

that contains genetic material into
transgenic which DNA from an unrelated
organism has been artificially
introduced.
outcompete surpass in a competitive situation.
laying eggs To produce an egg
involving two parties confronting

head-to-head
each other.
to force or pressure someone out of

elbow someone out something, such as an office, post,
or status.
insecticides ‫حشره کش ها‬
an instance of being destroyed or ‫محو کردن‬

wipe out
overwhelmingly defeated.
Passage No. Title

The management of an
640
enterprise

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Decision making the action or process of making

important decisions.
enterprise ‫ پروژه‬،‫شرکت‬
implementation ‫پیاده سازی‬
distribute (resources or duties) for a ‫اختصاص دادن‬

allocate
particular purpose.
implication a likely consequence of something. ‫پیامد‬
short-term investment ‫سرمایه گذاری کوتاه مدت‬
undertake take on
particularly ‫به ویژه‬

profit advantage; benefit. ‫سود‬

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RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0 Page

‫‪http://www.farazpayment.com‬‬ ‫ثبت نام آنم ن و ماک‬ ‫‪http://t.me/pterq‬‬ ‫گرررروه سررر ا‬

‫‪http://t.me/ptepodcast‬‬ ‫کانال پادکست‬ ‫‪http://t.me/ptematerial‬‬ ‫کانال متر ال‬

‫‪http://t.me/pterobot_bot‬‬ ‫ربا راهنما‬ ‫‪http://t.me/pterq‬‬ ‫کانال تمر‬

‫‪RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0‬‬ ‫‪Page‬‬

‫‪RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0‬‬ ‫‪Page‬‬

Passage No. Title

Passage No. Title

Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed ‫ هر‬،‫صاحبان خانه های قایقی کشمیری‬

‫ شاهد ناوگان های‬،‫آبهای متخلخل دریاچه دال‬

to improve your skill at doing

RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0 Page

‫ مهارت های خود را‬،‫فروشنده های فرش‬

Boom Flourish ‫توسعه یافتن‬

Kidnap ‫آدم ربایی‬

Passage No. Title

People in the US cited financial ‫ فشار مالی را به عنوان‬،‫مردم آمریکا‬

Passage No. Title

RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0 Page

Words/ Collocations/ Phrases Definition ‫معنی فارسی‬

The Impressionists wanted to ‫امپرسیونیست ها می خواستند زندگی‬

dabbed side-by-side on the canvas ‫ضربه های کنار هم بر روی بوم‬

palette ‫جعبه رنگ نقاشی‬

Progressive ‫ترقی خواه‬

Passage No. Title

RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0 Page

stick insects ‫حشرات چوب‬

These tequila butterflies fetch ‫ هر کیلوگرم حدود‬،‫این پروانه های تکیال‬

make sense ‫توجیه داشتن‬

inadvertently accidentally ‫سهوا‬

Passage No. Title

RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0 Page

‫الماس های نانو در انفجار ستاره ای خیلی‬

Passage No. Title

RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0 Page

Passage No. Title

respond to criticism of ‫پاسخ دادن به انتقادات در مورد‬

His research includes preliminary ‫تحقیقات او شامل کاوش اولیه کیفیت‬

investigation (of/into) ‫در‬/‫تحقیق از‬

The assessment is presented in the

exciting or full of new ‫ مهیج‬،‫تحریک کننده‬

RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0 Page

Passage No. Title

contribute (to/towards) ‫ با هدف‬/‫ مشارکت کردن برای‬،‫کمک کردن‬

tolerate ‫ مدارا کردن‬،‫تحمل کردن‬

Passage No. Title

prolific productive ‫دارای حاصل و نتیجه فراوان‬

Passage No. Title

RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0 Page

‫شکل گیری صخره های مرجانی به طول‬

barrier reef ‫صخره مرجانی‬

of or relating to the areas south of

combine ‫ترکیب شدن‬

‫آب های قطب شمال و جنوب با همدیگر‬

spreading ridge ‫ گسترش مرز آب گسترش‬،‫ارتفاعات‬

geothermal vents ‫منافذ وابسته به حرارت مرکزی زمین‬

mid-oceanic ridges ‫ارتفاعات میانه اقیانوسی‬

RFIB-RWFIB Supplementary - Based on RFIB v8.0 Page

‫مواد مذاب درون زمین که بسیار گرم بوده و‬

presume ‫ محتمل دانستن‬،‫فرض کردن‬

Where magma, at temperatures ‫ درجه‬0222 ‫جایی که ماگما در دمای بیش از‬

More exciting, because it was

thrive ‫ رونق یافتن‬،‫رشد کردن‬