HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr.

DEEPAK SHARMA

Introduction
CHAPTER-1

Department of Mechanical Engineering Prepared By:

National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, (H.P.) Dr. Deepak Sharma
HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Energy of a liquid into

s Turbines
ert mechanical energy
o nv
hc
hic
W
Machine Uses liquid as
Hydraulic Machines
working fluid
Wh
ich
tra
nsf
ers Mechanical energy of
Pumps
moving parts into liquid

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

HYDRAULIC MACHINES Classification

According to the type According to the direction According to the head at According to the
of energy at inlet of flow through runner the inlet of turbine specific speed of turbine

Impulse Tangential Flow High Head High Specific Speed

Radial Flow Medium Head Medium Specific Speed

Reaction

Axial Flow Low Head Low Specific Speed

Mixed Flow

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

HYDRAULIC MACHINES
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
(I) According to the type of energy at inlet:
(a) Impulse Turbine: If at the inlet of the turbine, the energy available is only kinetic energy, the turbine is
known as impulse turbine. Ex- Pelton
(b) Reaction Turbine: If at the inlet of the turbine, the water possesses kinetic energy as well as potential energy,
the turbine is known as reaction turbine. Ex- Francis & Kaplan
(II) According to the direction of flow through runner:
(a) Tangential flow turbine: If the water flows along the tangent of the runner, the turbine is known as tangential
flow turbine. Ex- Pelton Turbine.
(b) Radial flow turbine: If the water flows in the radial direction through the runner the turbine is known as
radial flow turbine. Ex- Francis Turbine.

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

HYDRAULIC MACHINES
(c) Axial Flow Turbine: If the water flows through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of

the runner, the turbine is called axial flow turbine. Ex- Kaplan Turbine.

(d) Mixed Flow Turbine: If the water flows through the runner in the radial direction but leaves in the direction

parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner, the turbine is called mixed flow turbine.

(III) According to the head at the inlet of turbine:

(a) High Head Turbine: When head is above 250 m. Ex- Pelton Turbine

(b) Medium Head Turbine: When head is above 60 - 250 m. Ex- Francis Turbine.

(c) Low Head Turbine: When head is above 15 - 60 m. Ex- Kaplan Turbine.

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

HYDRAULIC MACHINES
(IV) According to the specific speed of turbine:

(a) High Specific Speed Turbine: When specific speed is 100 or more. Ex- Kaplan Turbine

(b) Medium Specific Speed Turbine: When specific speed is in the range of 10 - 100 m. Ex- Francis Turbine.

(c) Low Specific Speed Turbine: When specific speed is in the range of 1 - 10 m. Ex- Pelton Turbine.

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Heads Efficiencies

Hydraulic Efficiency

Gross Head Net Head Volumetric Efficiency

Mechanical Efficiency

Overall Efficiency

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

HYDRAULIC MACHINES
Definitions of Heads & Efficiencies of a Turbine:

(i) Gross Head: The difference between the head race level and tail race level
when no water is flowing is known as gross head. It is denoted by 𝐻g.

(ii) Net Head:

❖ It is also called effective head and is defined as the head available at the inlet
of the turbine.
❖ When water is flowing from head race to the turbine, a loss of head due to
friction between the water and penstock occurs.
❖ Though there are other losses also such as loss due to bend, pipe fittings, loss
at the entrance of penstock etc. yet they are having small magnitude as
compared to head loss due to friction.

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

HYDRAULIC MACHINES

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

HYDRAULIC MACHINES

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES

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HYDRAULIC MACHINES (MED-412) Dr. DEEPAK SHARMA

Thank You

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