Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by Nurhasan
CHAPTER I
A. Introduction
Language is a means of communication among people by language we are able to obtain a
lot of knowledge and experiences. Therefore language is really important for human being.
English is a foreign language for Indonesian which should be taught to the students from
elementary school up to university, it has now bwcome a required lecture that needs to be
taught towards all student. It can function as a generally basic or particulary basic lecture.
In this way, students are expected to be able to communicate in English well. English
consist of four language skill. Those are listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Among the four languages skills, speaking is the real challenge to most students, why is
that so? Because it needs paints taking effort to use appropriate vocabularies orally in order
that the message is able to be understood by others correctly. Schoot Thorn burry in his
book titled how to teach speaking ; stated “Speaking represent a real challenge to most
language learners, speaking is a skill and such need to be develoved and practiced
independently of the grammar accuracy” (2005:1).
According to the statement above, it is better for students to develop and practice their
speaking independently of grammar accuracy. There are a lot of ways to develop students
speaking ability, including speaking skill on procedure text, procedure text is a kind of text
that it’s purposes is to give some procedures or tips to make or to do something.
The process of teaching English speaking will be success if there are supported by some
factors such as qualified teacher, supplementary materials, teaching method and teaching
aids, each of those factors must have function in teaching learning process. The funtion of
teaching aids is for helping teacher to deliver their idea or knowledge in order that it can be
understood easily by students.
In this paper, the writer chooses the topic, teaching speaking procedure text through
pictures. Procedure text is the text that has purpose to give clues or steps, ways or method
to make something. Thus the writer chooses pictures as visual aids in helping students in
learning speaking procedure text. The writer to choose pictures as teaching, pictures can be
helpful for students to develop their ideas in speaking it will help students to arrange some
tips or clues correctly.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
A. Teaching Speaking
1. Definition of teaching
Generally teaching is not only transferring knowledge or tough to the student, but it is
guiding the students in order that they are able to be success. The process of teaching has
three main components, the components are teacher who teacher, students who accept the
knowledge and the last is material or knowledge it self which is taugh. Menwhile R,
kohlshocker and Herber in their book “Teaching involves the ability to entertain the class,
keep the student alert, and show them as a good interesting aspect of what they are
supposed to learn” (2000:29).
From the statement above shows that teaching is the unique way to create the good
situation in teaching learning process; teacher will keep students paying attentions about
what teacher is conveyed. Thus, the material can be easier obtained by students.
Teaching also one of the effort of teacher in guiding the students in learning and also
facilitating everything which has related to he material. Teaching also can be defined as
creating the condition for learning. As H. Douglas Brown states in his book “Teaching is
guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn getting the condition for
learning (2000:7).
2. Definition of speaking
Speaking is one of the branch English skill which should be mastered by student. By
speaking student may convey themselves in basic interactive skills such as greeting,
apologizing, thanking, interoducing, asking or offering for something. Some people suppose
that somebody master English well if he or she have a good performance in speaking.
Speaking is the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal symbols,
in variety of contexts. This definition explain that focusing speaking should have partner,
thus somebody can share their mind and thought to each other so the communication
among of them will occur.
B. Genre
The Definition of Genre
Genre is kinds of which has comunicative purposes, text schematic or structural and
particular linguistic characteristic. According to the statement that is really important for
students to learn and comprehend the kind of genre, if genre is mastered by students, they
will easier catch the purpose or social function of text. More over Pardiyono stated in his
book “ Genre is really necessary comprehended by students as frame of reference when
they want to make a certain text though the text will be easier understood by others”.
Rudi Hartono adds in his book “ Genre is used to refer to particular text types, not to
traditional varieties of literature. It is a type or kind of text, defined in terms of its social
purposes, also the level of context dealing with social purpose”. (2005:4).
CHAPTER III
Finding Data
1. Types of classroom speaking performance
a. Imitative
A very limited porton of classroom speaking time may legitimately be spent generating
“human tape recorder” speech, where, for example, learners practice an intonation contour
or try to pinpoint a certain vowel sound. Imitation of this kind is carried out not for the
purpose of meaningful interaction, but for focusing on some particular element of language
form.
b. Intensive
Intensive speaking goes step beyond imitative or include any speaking performance that is
designed to practice some phonological or grammatical aspect of language. Intensive
speaking can be self-initiated or it can even form part of some pair work activity, where
learners are “going ever” certain forms of language.
c. Responsive
A good deal of student speech in the classroom is responsive short replies to teacher or
student –initiated questions or comments. These replies are usually sufficient and do not
exted into dialogues.
d. Transactional (dialogue)
Transactional language carred out for the purpose of conveying or exchanging specific
information, it is an extended form of responsive language. Convensations for example may
have more of a negotiative nature to them than does responsive speech.
e. Interpersonal (dialogue)
The other form of conversation in the previous one was interpersonal dialogue, carried out
more for the purpose of maintaining social relationships than for the transmission of facts
and information.
f. Extensive (monologue)
Finally, students at intermediate to advanced levels are called on to give extended
monologue in the form of oral report, summaries, or perhaps short speeches. Here the
register is more formal and deliberative. These monologues can be planned.
e. Explanation
The social function of this text is to explain how something works or state reasons for some
phenomenon. Explanation answer the question “how”or “why” . the generic of this text is a
general statement to position the reader and a sequenced explanation of why or hoe
something occurs.
The language feature of this text is focusing on generic, non human participants. Use mainly
of material and relational processes. Use mainly of temporal and causal circumstances and
conjunctions. Some use of passive voice to get theme right, use simple present tense.
f. Description text
Social function of this text focus our attention on the characteristic features of a particular
thing. While descriptions can occur as stand alone text, they are often part of longer text,
such as the description of character or setting in a story or biography. Although they might
not always be seen as a distinct text type, it is felt that the ability to describe some one or
something in detail is an important skill that can contribute to a number of different text
types.
4. Procedure text
Procedure text is the text which describes how something is accomplised through some
sequence of actions or steps so the students will easier do that job. In the text of
procedure, there are a lot of steps or instructions to do to make something and the
instruction explains systematically and usually in imperative sentence and uses simple
present tense in order that the readers understands what something should do. Procedure
text is really impotrant for people, it always appears in the pack of foods or in the pack of
the electronic goods, by comprehending the instructions, people can operate the electronics
correctly.
Based on the social function of this text, procedure text has three different types, recipes
give the information how to make or to do something, second on is games instructions give
the information about the rule of the game. The lasdt is scientific experiment gives the
informations about steps to do experiment.
As a kind of genre, procedure text also has generic structure or schematic structure and
language feature. Generic structure is contained by goal (something that will be done)
materials needed for completing the procedure, this may be a list, paragraph. A sequence of
steps in the correct order, the step usually uses numbers to show the steps, for example
first, second, third and so on.
Porocedure text usually uses imperative sentence or verb action such as add, rotate, pour
the water and so on, and adverb of manner such as directly, slowly, carefully, orderly,
correctly etc.
CHAPTERT IV
DATA ANALISYS
1. Speaking Procedure text
Speaking procedure text is making the steps or instruction orally in doing or making
something. As stated above procedure text has funtion that is giving information for
listeners about the action steps and intructions how something is able to be accomplished.
Every kind of text must have the generic structure and grammatical features. Rudi Hartono
stated in his book “Schematic structure is the distinctive beginning-middle-end structure of
genre” (2005:5).
Before telling procedure text, it is better for the speaker to recognize schematic or generic
structure of the text it’s self. The first the speakers should have to goal. It can be the title of
the text for example “ Mushroom soup, here is recipe you need to make Mushroom soup.
And the secvond is to decide the material, bacause it is really necessary for procedure text
as Anderson mark stated “ Materials needed for completing the procedure, this may be a
list, this may be a paragraph, this may be left out in some procedures”(2007:29).
Material are important for completing the text it can be ingredients or some equipment to
do something. If we decided the goal to make Mushroom soup, the material needed are : 12
ounces mushroom, 4 eggs yolks, ½ teaspoon grated nutmeg, 2 tablespoon chopped
parsley, 1 ½ teaspoon salt, 6 teaspoons cream, ¼ teaspoon pepper, 2 point chiken stock.
The last step are the instructions command to acheve the goal. The steps to make
Mushroom soup are as following :
1. Prepare mushroom and place in frying pan with melted butter
2. Cover and cook for 10 minutes and stock
3. Season with salt, papper and nutmeg
4. Bring to boil and then simmer for 30 minutes
5. Sieve and blend until smooth, with remaining ingredients
6. Return to pan and heat. Remove pan from stove and cool
7. Add beaten egg yolk and cream, stirring gently. Do not boil
8. Garnish with chopped parsley and serve
2. Pictures As Teaching Aids
Process of teaching has three mains components. The components are teachers, students
and instructional material, the two other components that are not the main ones, but those
are very important, namely : paces and instructional which is very necessary for delivering
the massage and information which is conveyed by teacher. Agood teacher should have a
great deal of knowledge in using teaching aids when they are teaching, teacher also had
better know any kind of teaching aids or media in order that their activity are more
effective.
The use of teacher aids in the class is able to entertain during teaching learning process,
thus teacher had better apply teaching aids so the situation in the class is more enjoyable
and motivate students to study and complete their knowledge.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
After doing the analyzing the data, the writer concluded that pictures are able to develop
student speaking skill and the writer would like to give suggestions in correlation with
teaching procedure text.
1. The use of pictures in teaching procedure text should be taken into account as any
teaching strategies. It should be use appropiately an effectively.
2. When selecting a picture, some points should be kept in mind. The colored pictures are
more effective than black and white ones and can be use for many purpose, the picture
should tell the learner something familiar to connect it with real life.
3. Teaching speaking procedure text through pictures needs to be implemented and used in
a consistent manner so those students could take the benefit the process and facilitate their
learning.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hartono, Rudi, m.Pd. S.s. 2005. Genres of texts. Semarang English Departement Faculty of
language and art State university. Semarang
Anderson Mark and Anderson Kathy. 2007 Text Types in English. South Yarra
MACMILLAN EDUCATION AUSTRALIAN LTD.
Brown douglas. H. 2000. Principle of Language Learning and Teaching.
Sanfrancisco : Addison Wesley Longman
Scott Thornburry, 2005. How to Teach Speaking. Oxpord : Longman
Brown, H. D. (2006). Principles of language learning and teaching. NJ: Englewood Cliffs,
Prentice Hall.