Network

Passive Active

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 Network Circuit

To differentiate between a circuit and a network, we may regard a network as

an interconnection of elements or devices, whereas a circuit is a network
providing one or more closed paths.

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Passive Networks:
A passive component is an electronic component which can only receive
energy, i.e. it can either dissipate, absorb or store it in an electric field
or a magnetic field.

Passive elements do not need any form of electrical power to operate.

As the name ‘passive’ suggests – passive devices do not provide gain or
amplification. Passive components cannot amplify, oscillate, or
generate an electrical signal.

Examples of passive components include:

Resistance
Capacitance
Inductance
Transformer

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Active Networks:
The network which contain active electronic components.

An active component is an electronic component which supplies energy

to a circuit.

Active elements have the ability to electrically control electron flow.

All electronic circuits must contain at least one active component.

Examples of active components include:

Voltage sources
Current sources
Generators (such as alternators and DC generators)
All different types of transistors (such as bipolar
junction transistors, MOSFETS, FETs, and JFET)
Diodes (such as Zener diodes, photodiodes, Schottky
diodes, and LEDs)
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Network Theorem:

 Superposition Theorem

 Thevenin’s Theorem

 Norton’s Theorem

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Reciprocity Theorem

Compensation Theorem
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Thevenin’s Theorem :

Any two terminal linear network can be replaced by a voltage source equal
to the open circuit voltage between the terminal in series with the output
impedance seen across the two terminal.

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Norton’s Theorem :

Any two terminal linear network can be replaced by a current source equal
to the short circuited current between the terminal in parallel with the output
impedance seen across the two terminal.

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Two port devices:

A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a network is

known as a port.

Two terminal devices or elements (such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors)

results in one – port network.

Most of the circuits we have dealt with so far are two – terminal or one – port
circuits.

+
V Linear network
-

One – port network

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• A two – port network is an electrical network with two separate ports for
input and output.
• It has two terminal pairs acting as access points. The current entering one
terminal of a pair leaves the other terminal in the pair.

Two – port network

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Box representation:

I1 I2

+
+
Linear network V2
V1
-
-

I1 I2

• Network may be specify by voltage, V1 current I1 at port 1 (input port) and

voltage V2 current I2 at port 2 (output port) .
• Out of four variable V1 , V2 , I1 , I2, we may select any two as independent
and express the remaining two in the terms of these independent
parameters.
• This leads to a variety of two port parameters, out of which the following
three are more important.
• The various term that relate these voltages and currents are called
parameters.
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1. Open circuit impedance parameter (z -parameter).
2. Short circuited admittance parameter ( y- parameter).
3. Hybrid parameter (h- parameter).

z-parameter:

The terminal voltage can be related to the terminal current as:

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