• Quantum mechanics is a physical science dealing with the behavior of

matter and energy on the scale of atoms and subatomic particles / waves.

• It also forms the basis for the contemporary understanding of how very
large objects such as stars and galaxies, and cosmological events such as the
Big Bang, can be analyzed and explained.

• The acceptance by the general physics community of quantum mechanics is

due to its accurate prediction of the physical behavior of systems, including
systems where Newtonian mechanics fails.

• Through a century of experimentation and applied science, quantum

mechanical theory has proven to be very successful and practical.

• Wave function, in quantum mechanics, variable quantity that

mathematically describes the wave characteristics of a
particle.

• The value of the wave function of a particle at a given point of

space and time is related to the likelihood of the particle’s
being there at the time.

• In other word, A wave function in quantum mechanics is a

description of the quantum state of a system. The wave
function is a complex-valued probability amplitude, and the
probabilities for the possible results of measurements made
on the system can be derived from it.

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• The wave function of a single particle, like its probability cloud, assigns an
amplitude to all possible positions of the particle. Wave function is an
assignment of a complex number to every point in space, at each time.

• The particle does not occupy a definite position at each time; instead, it is
assigned a probability cloud that extends over all space.

• The density of the probability cloud at a point represents the relative

probability of finding the particle at that point. Thus, the particle is more
likely to be found where the density of the its probability cloud is high, and
it is less likely to be found where the cloud’s density is low.

 Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon where two particles are quantumly

linked to each other regardless of how far apart they are. Disturbing one of the
particles also disturbs the other. This principle has been used to encrypt
information as any attempt to intercept one of the particles will disturb the
other, which can then be detected.
 Quantum computing uses the property that quantum particles can exist in
multiple states at the same time so can be used to carry out many calculations
in parallel. Currently, very small quantum computers have been created, but at
present there are technical difficulties involved in building bigger systems.

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In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation
that describes how the quantum state of a quantum system changes with time. It
was formulated in late 1925, and published in 1926, by the Austrian physicist Erwin
Schrödinger.

In classical mechanics, Newton's second law (F = ma) is used to make a

mathematical prediction as to what path a given system will take following a set of
known initial conditions. In quantum mechanics, the analogue of Newton's law is
Schrödinger's equation for a quantum system (usually atoms, molecules, and
subatomic particles whether free, bound, or localized).

It is not a simple algebraic equation, but in general a linear partial differential

equation, describing the time-evolution of the system's wave.

Ĥ is the Hamiltonian operator (which characterizes the total energy of any given wave
function and takes different forms depending on the situation).

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There is a general equation that describes this wave-like behavior and, with the
appropriate potential energy and boundary conditions, will predict the results of
the experiments. The equation is called the Schrodinger equation and it forms
the foundations of quantum theory.

As a fundamental equation, Schrodinger‘s has been found to successfully predict

every observable physical phenomenon at the atomic scale. Without this
equation, we will not be able to understand the properties of electronic materials
and the principles of operation of many semiconductor devices.

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In three Dimension:

These wavefunctions are called the Eigenfunctions (characteristic functions) of the

system, and they determine the behavior and energy of the electron under steady-
state conditions.
The eigenfunctions are also called stationary states.

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The first boundary condition is that ψ must be continuous.
 The second is that dψ /dx must be continuous.

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Inserting 1st boundary condition:

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Inserting 2nd boundary condition:

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Normalization

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