Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference

Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search

Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Unit III – Design Principles

Disuniting of structures- Design of cross section based on efficiency of material used –Problems
in design because of joint flexibility – Allowance for joint deformation.

1.Disuniting of structures:-

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 1
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 2
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 3
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 4
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 5
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 6
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 7
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

2. Design of cross section based on efficiency of material used:-

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 8
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 9
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 10
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 11
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 12
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 13
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

3.Allowance for joint deformation:-

The collapse of a structural element compromises the stability of the entire building and everything it
contains creating high risk to the safety of persons and objects. Below are some problems regarding the
possible techniques for connecting non-structural elements with prefabricated structures.

Connection with welded elements:

Very often roofing elements for prefabricated structures are connected by cast-in steel angle braces,
which are welded with a metal bar (or steel rod) with a diameter of 20-24 mm. This type of connection is not
suitable, because it is excessively rigid, so much so that it does not allow thermal deformation for connected
elements, which for roofing elements, for example, subject to considerable daily and seasonal thermal
variations may generate displacements of about a millimetre. Due to very high rigidity, it is probable that the
welding becomes damaged, making the connection inexistent and so inefficient in contrasting horizontal
forces generated in an earthquake.

Connection with embedded profiles and bolted joints:

The connection of prefabricated elements with embedded profiles and bolted joints requires high
precision during installation and it is possible that the restraint may cause weakness. Application by only
friction. Generally, resting horizontal elements (beams or roofing elements) on vertical elements (columns)
is by simple contact placing a neoprene element in between to prevent direct contact. The elements at the
ends of prefabricated buildings have load bearing elements with anchor bolts that anchor roofing elements to
the main beam with a bolt and washer, a metal plate and a sheet of neoprene. In this way the horizontal
forces are countered only by friction generated where rested, but this does not comply with new seismic
laws. The neoprene sheet between the two concrete elements is to prevent direct contact between concrete
structures, which could generate negative bending moments for which the beams are not sized for and it is
needed to absorb related rotations between the beam and column induced by seismic movement.

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 14
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

Specialised manpower is not required for connections made with resin. The main limit found in the
application of epoxy resin is the fact that the connection is too rigid, indeed the epoxy resin with small
deformations provokes breaks in the support material. Physical integrity. In addition, polyurethane products
do not have mechanical properties able to deal with stress that comes in to play in connections between
prefabricated elements (shear resistance values were found to be equal to 10 % compared to shear resistance
found when epoxy resinis used).

Connection with polyurethane products:

The connection of non-structural elements using polyurethane adhesives or foams is incorrect as

polyurethane based products are very sensitive to UVA rays, which considerably reduce mechanical
properties and compromise

Connection with epoxy resin:

The use of epoxy resin has some advantages, such as:

Ease of use (no tools or equipment is needed, except for a dispensing gun to apply the product);
Speed (the two components of the resin mix perfectly inside the spiral in the nozzle);
Extreme precision in positioning of elements to be connected is not required: the connection is by simply
overlaying the items.

Connection with mechanical elements:

It is possible to extend the solution used for connections of structural elements to connections of non-
structural elements, i.e. the use of mechanical fixings. This solution would be excellent from the point of
view of mechanical properties but it cannot be used for the following reasons:
For non-structural elements the dimensions and thickness of the parts to connect are often very low (about
4÷6 cm thick);
Drilling and inserting the bolt may disrupt the integrity of the support in question;
The application of mechanical fixings should respect the installation conditions, such as the
minimum distance from the edge and the minimum distance between two adjacent bolts, which in this case
cannot be satisfied due to the small dimensions.
The use of mechanical elements makes the connection “visible” underneath the roof, which
for aesthetic reasons is not acceptable.

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 15
Name of the subject : 080100060 – Chapter Reference
Prefabricated Structures details : Google Search
Hour : / 9
Date of deliverance : VSA Educational and Charitable Trust’s Group of Institutions,
Teaching Aid : PPT
Salem – 636 010
Department of Civil Engineering

In the previous photos the failure of concrete supports connected with epoxy resin with partial
deformation is visible: the concrete failed at deformations of 0.8 - 1 mm. As seen in the following diagram,
also with small deformations (0.2 mm) considerable forces are generated between the connected elements.
The dissipation capacity of the element is also limited. It is not possible to make connections for
prefabricated structural elements using only epoxy resin, since the thermal deformation that normally takes
place between prefabricated elements is around a millimeter and if the connection is with epoxy resin the
force generated is so high that the elements themselves are damaged (in experiments elements 6 cm thick
connected with epoxy resin were failed).

Prepared by Mr.R. YUVARAJA & Mr.K. Sri Ram Gopal, Assistant Professor / Civil Page 16