Fundamentals of Accounting

Learning objectives

Forms of Business Organization

- Sole Proprietor

- Partnership

- Corporation

- Cooperative

Types of Business Organization

- Merchandising (Trading)

- Manufacturing

- Service

What Is Accounting?

Functions of Accounting

- Recording

- Classifying

- Summarizing

- Analysis and Interpretation

- Communication

Purpose of Accounting (The Language of Business)

Objectives of Accounting

Users of Accounting Information

Questions Asked By Internal Users

Questions Asked By External Users

Accounting Process
Classification/Branches of Accounting

Financial Accounting

Features of Financial Accounting

- Past Transactions and Other Economic Events

- Financial Accounting Process

- Financial Statement

Overview of Financial Accounting

Overview of Managerial Accounting

Distinctions of Financial Accounting and Managerial Accounting

Auditing

Cost Accounting

Accounting Theory

1. Accounting Assumptions

2. Accounting Concepts

3. Accounting Principles

Sources of Accounting Principles

Accounting Principles

- Economic Entity

- Monetary Unit

- Time Period

- Cost

- Revenue

- Objectivity

- Conservatism
- Materiality

- Full Disclosure

- Consistency

- Going Concern

- Matching

4. Accounting Procedures

Basic of Accounting

- Cash Basis

- Accrual Basis

Account and Chart of Accounts

Double Entry System

Increases and Decreases in Owner's Equity

Normal Balances

The "T" Account

Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet) Account Classification

A. Assets

- Current Assets

- Investments

- Fixed Assets

- Intangibles

- Other Assets

B. Liabilities

- Current Liabilities

C. Capital
D. Stockholder's Equity

Approaches in Determining Income

Forms of Income Statement

- Multi-step Form

- Single-step Form

Statement of Comprehensive Income (Income Sheet)

A. Revenue

B. Cost of Sale

C. Expenses
 Business and Organization
BUSINESS

ATTRIBUTES OF BUSINESS

KINDS OF BUSINESS OR CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

1. Commerce

- Retail or Wholesale

- Domestic or Foreign

2. Industry

- Genetic

- Extractive

- Manufacturing

- Construction

INDUSTRY GROUP

A. Genetic Industry

- Agriculture

- Forestry

- Fish Culture

B. Extractive Industries

- Mining

- Lumbering

- Hunting

- Fishing

C. Manufacturing Industries

- Food Processing
- Beverage

- Tobacco

- Textile

- Footwear

- Wearing Apparel

- Paper Product

- Printing

- Leather

- Rubber

- Chemicals

- Cement

- Handicraft

- Machinery

- Electrical Appliances

D. Construction Industries

- Commercial Projects

- Residential Projects

- Mix-Used Development Projects

- Government Infrastructures Project

3. Service

- Recreation

- Personal

COMMUNICATION

- External Users
- Internal Users

ORGANIZATION

1. Structural Factors of an Organization

- Men

- Materials

- Machines

- Methods

- Money

2. Basic Considerations in Developing an Organization

3. Principles of Organizational Design

CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIZATION

- Formal Organization

- Informal Organization

4. Structural Forms of Organization

A. Line Organization

B. Functional Organization

C. Line and Staff Organization

D. Matrix-structured Organization

FORMS OF ORGANIZATION

A. Line/Scalar Type

B. Functional Type

COMPARISON OF LINE AND FUNCTIONAL TYPE

C. Line and Staff Type

D. Matrix Type
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURAL FORMS OF ORGANIZATION

ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

WHY ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT?

THE CHANGING ORGANIZATION

WHEN IS THE ORGANIZATION READY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT?

 Organization Development
About Organization Development

Start Point

Focus

Orientation

- Diagnosing

- Taking Action

- Re-Diagnosing

- Taking New Action

Definition(s) of OD.

History of OD

Four Major Stems of OD

- T Group

- Survey Feedback Technology

- Action Research

- Sociotechnical and Socio clinical Approaches

Revolutionary Values and Beliefs of OD

Sound-Generation OD

Models and Theories

- Seven Stage Model Representing the Consulting Process

- Five Critical Leverage Points (tracks) For Organization Change

- The Burke-Litwin Model of Organizational Change

- Porras and Robertson Model of Organizational Change

Systems Theory
Participation and Empowerment

Teams and Teamwork

Parallel Learning Structures

Normative - Reeducative Strategy of Change

Applied Behavorial Science

Action Research

Managing the OD Process