DR Joel Wallach PDF Epigenetics The Death of The Genetic Theory of Disease Transmission

08/10/2020 E il S i i - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1 Edi i n
Epigenetics: The Death of the Genetic Theor of Disease

Transmission 1st Edition
CHAPTER ONE
Evil Spirits
The fai e hi g e ca e e ie ce i he e i .
Albe Ein ein
The W d A I See I
J fea a e ae ih e ac ifice a d e e hi g i acc i hed b agica e ai

ha f ee he f fea a d i ae a i agi a i . I a f agica e ( fe d
ff a d c e di ea e ) ha i age e e ca ed, e e e i e , ic a ed a d b ic
e e ec ed.
K Seligmann
The Hi f Magic a d he Occ
We a k ha a e a e be efice a d a e, i bec e be efice a d .
Xenophon
Xenophon (428 354 BC): Hi o ian. An a ocia e of Soc a e , Xenophon fo gh in C a m

again C olde b o he , A a e e , in he Ba le of C na a in 401 BC. C a defea ed
and killed. Xenophon ad en e in eaching G eece f om he mid of A ia af e he defea a e
doc men ed in hi Ma ch f he Te Th a d. He al o o e a hi o of G eece en i led He e ica,
he memoi of Soc a e , Me abi ia, a ell a a dialog e on e a e managemen ,
en i led Oec ic .
F om he beginning of ime, h man fea ed n een e il pi i and he condemna ion and e il pell
of all-po e f l pe na al being . To p o ec him elf, man de eloped magic, pell , and i e o
p e en di ea e and ffe ing, p e en ca a ophic e en of na e, and o epel e il and ini e
being .
A K Seligmann de c ibe in The Hi f Magic a d he Occ , i eemed o he fi h man

ha e il pi i ha ca e pain, di ea e, and dea h co ld be fo nd behind e e ock and ee and
l king in e e blade of g a :
Spi i l ked e e he e. La ae and lem li ed benea h he ea h; ampi e e caped f om he

dead o a ack he li ing; Nam a (pe ilence) and Idpa (fe e ) plag ed he ci ie . Nigh a led b
he demon of e il, of he de e , of he ab , of he ea, of he mo n ain , of he amp, of he
o h ind. The e e e he cc bi and he inc bi, ca ie of ob cene nigh ma e ; he na e-
e ing Ma kim; he e il U oq, d elle of he de e ; he b ll demon Telal; and Alal he de o e .
h ://d c lib.inf /gene ic /e igene ic /1.h ml 1/22

Geologi (G eek fo alke abo he ea h ) belie e ha he ea h i 4,500,000,000 ea old.

The e ha e been fo Ice Age , hen glacie co e ed la ge po ion of he ea h No he n
Hemi phe e, and fo global a ming . The la global a ming and glacial e ea a 10,000 o
15,000 ea ago.
A Decembe 5 h 2013 a icle in he Wa S ee J a epo ed ha gene ici f om he Ma Planck

In i e fo E ol iona An h opolog in Ge man e ac ed he olde kno n h man DNA, da ing
back o mo e han 300,000 ea ago, f om a fo il fem ob ained f om a ca e haf loca ed in
no he n Spain. The Sima de lo H e o ( he pi of bone ) con ained he kele al emain of 28
ancien h man f om a pecie ne e befo e epo ed.
Ph icall , he e ea lie h man looked like Neande hal . Ho e e , a gene ic anal i epo ed in
he jo nal Na e e ealed ha hei ma e nal DNA e ac ed f om bone ma o mi ochond ia a
diffe en f om ha of bo h Neande hal and mo e mode n h man . Thei DNA a mo e clo el
ela ed o a ela i el nkno n h man pecie he Deni o an .
An h opologi heo i ed ha he people in he Sima ca e co ld ha e been a di inc h man pecie

ha had in e b ed i h he Deni o an ; he ma ha e been di ec l ela ed o he ance o of he
Deni o an o he ela i e of bo h Deni o an and Neande hal , o e en ela ed o a pecie of
h man ha had occ pied pa of E ope and A ia, incl ding Homo heidelbe gen i .
The e i e idence ha he fi comm nica ion of info ma ion b h man , incl ding p imi i e
ob e a ion of di ea e, a onom , and ma h, a e da ed befo e 35,000 BC.
T en -fi e ho and ea ago, C o-Magnon a i enciled imp e ion of hei hand on he

all of mo e han en ca e in no he n Spain, I al , and o h e e n F ance.
The Ga ga Ca e in he F ench P enee ha he mo handp in f om mo e han 150 diffe en

infan , eenage , and ad l , and mo a e lef hand . C ea ed d ing he la e Ice Age, he
majo i of he o line e e c ea ed i h ea h pigmen blo n h o gh a eed o anned kin be,
hich ma e plain h he lef hand a he p edominan bjec .
Man of he enciled hand a e m ila ed b he emo al of e e al join of a lea o finge .

C ea ing pla e ca of he hole fo nd in he m d all and ceiling of he Ga ga Ca e e ealed
ha he hole had been c ea ed b finge ha e mina ed bl n l in ca - i e b lge . Thi
e idence ho ha he finge had been delibe a el nca ed, pe hap fo a medical o eligio
i al o b ing good l ck, fend-off di ea e, o o a i f he h n ing god . Ano he heo i ha he
amp a ion e e in ended o ep e en he band animal o em o heal h g a dian .
We ha e in en ed no hing! Pablo Pica o e claimed a he eme ged f om F ance famed La ca

Ca e. In ide he ca e, Pica o had e amined ome of he mo inc edible a in he o ld i i
da ed back o 17,000 ea ago! In 1868 he fi of ch p ehi o ic a a di co e ed in Al ami a,
Spain, and nbelie ing i i o o he ca e a e ed ha he pain ing e e no mo e han en
ea old, and di mi ed hem a he e p e ion of a medioc e den of he mode n chool.
La e di co e ie of addi ional ca e pain ing in Spain and F ance ca ed he di belie e o ha e a

e e al of opinion: fo me c i ic began ooning o e he ancien a i inc edible alen . Onl
one of he e ne di co e ie o ld i al he ca e of Al ami a fo hee b illiance of alen he
La ca Ca e, hich a di co e ed acciden l b a bo ho a looking fo hi lo dog.
The La ca Ca e ho e 600 pain ing , app o ima el 1,500 indi id al eng a ing on one, and
man pa e n of do and geome ic de ign ha an ali e he ie e . The ceiling and all a e
co e ed i h he d of animal , incl ding a och (ea l fo m of ild ca le), bi on, eindee , ho e ,
and o he pecie ha a e ho n nning, fleeing, galloping, and cha ging a he ie e .

Wo king in he flicke ing ligh of o che and fa -b ning lamp and emplo ing a ick, plan fibe ,
o finge - ip, he ancien pain e of La ca fi o lined and hen colo ed-in hei animal a . Af e
ho and of ea , he La ca pain ing ha e con in ed o main ain hei o iginal b illiance.
Mode n chemical anal i of he pain ho ed ha he a i had de eloped and efined a diffic l

kill o c ea e pigmen fo op imal cla i , abili , and b illiance. The po de ed, g o nd, and
mi ed hei ma e ial , combining i on and mangane e o ide i h ea l mo a o c ea e ed, black,
and ello pigmen ; hen he mi ed he po de i h a e befo e he in ed he all pain ing .
In ome ca e he mi ed in addi ional binding agen , incl ding blood, ine, fa , fi h gl e, egg
hi e, and a m l i de of plan j ice . To enhance ce ain colo o o c ea e b n one , he
oa ed he pigmen i h b ning coal . The p oce a he fo e nne of ha i oda con ide ed
ind ial chemi .
The ancien a i of he La ca Ca e deal i h he concep of dep h and h ee-dimen ion b

emplo ing na al ock o c opping and o e lapping d a ing of animal of diffe en i e o
p o ide he a i ic dep h. Man of hei ea l echniq e o ld no be ec ea ed b a i fo
ho and of ea .
Ca e and ock a and d a ing a e fo nd all o e he o ld; i i a p ehi o ic fo m of

comm nica ion ha pa e on me age . The ea lie ca e d a ing a e da ed in he Uppe
Paleoli hic pe iod of abo 30,000 o 10,000 BC. Man of he ca e d a ing e e connec ed o i al
magic ha a ked fo fe ili , heal h, plen , and cce a h n ing.
An elemen of a eq e fo fe ili i fo nd in ome of he d a ing . The d a ing gge ce ain

depic ion of h man and food animal , ch a bi on and ild ca le, ha e e i ho o nd o
pie cing b pea o a o , e e in ended o a k he good pi i o inc ea e he n mbe of food
animal and h man .
The aming of fi e b man b o gh he ma e of me al ha e en all led o h man p og e

and ci ili a ion. I on a he p ima ke of hi an i ion, hich ai ed he q ali of h man life
f om a b i h animal-like h n e ga he e e i ence o ci ili a ion. Thi ea l hi o of he fe o
me al a eno gh o gi e i on a pecial pe na al q ali . Addi ionall , he fi p ified i on a
e ac ed f om me eo ha fell f om he hea en .
The ancien Eg p ian efe ed o i on a he me al f om he k , and he A ec efe ed o i on a

he gif of hea en. The ea lie kno n i on ool and eapon da e back pa he hi d millenni m
BC. Hi o icall , in 150 BC, am le of me eo ic i on e e placed in he omb of T ankhamen o
gi e him heal h in he af e life and p o ec him f om e il pi i .
In 1848 he k ll of an ea l man a di co e ed in a ca e in Gib al a . B he ime i a i ed in

England in 1856, a f ll kele on of he ame pe of being al o a i ed. I had been nco e ed in a
ca e in he Neande Valle nea D eldo f, Ge man h e plaining he name Neande hal.
Since he o iginal di co e ie of Neande hal , he emain of Neande hale ha e been nco e ed

in Spain, F ance, Belgi m, R ia, C echo lo akia, Y go la ia, and I al . The Neande hal a e
da ed back o 75,000 ea ago b an h opologi ( he G eek o d fo alke abo ha man i
made of ).
In 1931 and 1932 a eam of Ame ican and Engli h e ea che di co e ed o adjoining ca e on
Mo n Ca mel in ha a hen Pale ine (no I ael) in hich he fo nd he emain of el e
h man and n me o one ool .
The bone f om one ca e called M gha e e Skh l ( he Ca e of he Yo ng Goa ) e e a mi e of

mode n men and Neande hal . Bone f om he adjacen ca e e e one h nd ed pe cen
Neande hal. I a de e mined ha he mode n men and he Neande hal had cohabi ed fo ome
ime, had ma ied and bo n child en, ho hen bo e mo e child en.

Gene ici (G eek fo bi h follo e ) ag ee ha if hi cena io i co ec , hen he e o

people had o be gene icall he ame pecie of man. I o ld ha e been gene icall impo ible
fo hem o be on epa a e e ol iona pa h and cce f ll p od ce babie h o gh c o -
b eeding.
The academic comm ni of an h opologi no belie e ha he e a onl one pecie of man a

fa back a 150,000 ea ago, and he a fo nd o e E ope, A ia, he So h Pacific, and Af ica.
The e a e di inc ph ical diffe ence be een he people of Scandina ia, R ia, he Midea ,
Af ica, and La in Ame ica. Man of he e niq e cha ac e i ic ill immedia el iden if he e in he
o ld an indi id al famil had o igina ed f om.
Sk ll e e di co e ed in a ca e in Fon eche ade, F ance, ha fo all p ac ical p po e looked like

mode n F enchmen. Ho e e , i h hem e e he kele on of o oi e and hinoce o e ha e e
f om he a ming pe iod be een he hi d and fo h Ice Age .
A he la Ice Age d e nea i end, i i ho gh ha e e al diffe en people immig a ed in o he

Neande hal e i o , incl ding he C o-Magnon. Fi e C o-Magnon kele on e e di co e ed in he
C o-Magnon ca e in o h cen al F ance. The e e e ample of one of he o pe of people
appea ing e e he e ome 15,000 ea ago, and he looked imila o he mode n da S ede
and No egian .
The o n of Abbe ille, F ance, i fo nd he e he Ri e Somme mee he Engli h Channel. In 1830

Jacq e Bo che de C e ecoe de Pe he held he po of c om office in Abbe ille. He had
plen of pa e ime be een he coming and going of hip , o he a able o ead abo geolog
and o i e o ie , pla , and book ela ed o go e nmen eg la ion .
D ing an af e noon oll along he bank of he Somme Ri e , de Pe he came ac o o kmen,

and a he opped o ob e e hem he no iced an n al one ne led in he g a el of he i e
bank. He had di co e ed an ancien a e, o nd on one end and a flaked blade poin a he o he
end. He came back o he i e bank in hi pa e ime and fo nd he bone of ancien elephan and
hinoce o e he e he had p e io l fo nd he a e.
I a i een ea la e ha de Pe he fini hed hi book ho ing ha he e had been ool-making

men on Ea h fif o a h nd ed ho and ea ea lie , b i ook an addi ional fif een ea fo he
academic comm ni o accep hi finding !
In he Middle Ea he e he co n of I aq i loca ed, flo ed o i e , he Tig i and he

E ph a e , ha b o gh a e and mine al- ich il o a g een bel ea of Eden kno n a he
Fe ile C e cen he Ga den of Eden! Thi g een bel c led o a d he e o a d he S ian
beache of he Medi e anean Sea and o h a d o he e he Biblical ci of Je icho o ld be b il .
Thi Fe ile C e cen i he e ci ili a ion and ag ic l e a e kno i came o be and flo i hed
ome 10,000 ea ago.
On he hill along he o i e ild hea and ba le g e , and ild animal incl ding goa ,
heep, ca le, pig , ho e , and dog e e fo nd in he lo e meado . The people ho mo ed in o
he Fe ile C e cen became fa me and he d men in ead of h n e -ga he e , and b 9,000 BC
he e e ending hei he d and flock and dome ica ing, plan ing, and ha e ing hea and
ba le .
I i belie ed ha i en hi o in o d i abo 5,000 ea old and ha h man a e kno

hem ha e been a o nd fo abo 500,000 ea ; he efo e, app o ima el nine nine pe cen of
he pe iod of ime ha h man ha e been on ea h i p ehi o ic!
The Beginnngs of As rolog and Medicine

Ea l p ehi o ic people aking ho and d eam e e filled i h e il pi i and de il ha

an omed heal h and afe fo high- al e ac ifice and con an p a e . P ehi o ic people
ffe ed nimaginable e en ha he pe cei ed e e be ond hei con ol, incl ding infe ili and
bi h defec (mon e ) of e e de c ip ion. Do n S nd ome, ce eb al pal , clef lip and pala e,
mi ing limb , e a limb , c clop ic e e, pina bifida, he nia , hea defec , c ic fib o i ,
m c la d oph , conjoined in , d a f , and gian , a ell a inbo n e o of me aboli m
ca ing PKU and congeni al e en ha p od ced ne plainable conf ion like homo e ali ,
plag ed hem. The ffe ed f om a a ion, epidemic , and plag e and f om he cannibal ha
a e hem and hei child en, a ell a f om ecological and na al di a e ha eemed o appea
in an endle eam.
P ac ice ha e e cond c ed b haman and heale a e ho gh o ha e o igina ed in Paleoli hic

(Old S one Age) ime . The e e de igned o fend off he offending e il pi i and beg help fo
p e en ion and e ol ion of a m iad of p oblem , incl ding heal h and di ea e p e en ion and
c e f om a be of bene olen pi i .
Relic of Me oli hic (Middle S one Age) hamani m ha e been nco e ed in I ael. An old oman
ho e b ial i e da ed back o 10,000 BC a ob io l ho gh o be ni ed i h na e and
animal , fo he a b ied i h peciall a anged one diag am , fif o oi e hell , a h man
foo , and kele on of bi d (incl ding eagle ), boa , leopa d , and ca le.
In 8000 BC, he hea en bomba ded he Me opo amian o ld i h an np edic able del ge of
e en be ond man capaci o compe e. The concep of a fo m of ella con ol a a na al
e l of man a e no hing j happened, fo e e hing a con olled b he god . The a
e e he mbol of di ini in he ancien S me ian c l e; he p edic able a in he clea nigh
k became he mo he and fa he of ha i called a olog .
In he ea lie age of a olog he plane , he n, and he moon e e each gi en a ela ion hip
i h a god, ho a a ocia ed i h he po e o con ol life a i a kno n on Ea h:
Me c a a q ick, c nning, bi e al god, and a gif ed i h a calc la ing i dom.
Ma a e in place a he le of iolence and a .
J pi e a looked pon a he king-like le of men.
Sa n a ie ed a a di an cooling n in e ile and a een a being q ick- empe ed and

c el.
O e ime, he e ela ion hip and connec ion be een ella e en and man became gene all
accep ed, and he e e me ged in o ha i oda called a olog . S die of Ice Age c im ha
ho clea l ha man a familia i h l na c cle b 30,000 BC. F agmen of doc men f om
he eign of Sa gon of Agade (2870 BC) eco d ho p edic ion e e made f om he po i ion of he
n, he moon, he fi e kno n plane , and a collec ion of o he doc men ed phenomena, incl ding
come , eclip e and ligh ning o m . Since he beginning of a olog and he appea ance of
a ionali m h ee h nd ed ea ago, a onom and a olog ha ed o e lapping and la e ed fac
and impo ance.
The Chaldean e e famo fo hei acc a e ob e a ion and ma hema ical kill . The no ed ha
he plane a bodie and a in he kie adhe ed o a p edic able pa e n. The ob e ed ha he
a a eled in a fi ed o de ac o he hea en and he plane a eled eccen icall and in he
ame plane a he en i e ella co mo .
The fi cha of plane a mo emen (epheme ide ) e e c ea ed, and he fi epheme ide da e
back o he ime of he A ian king A banipal d ing he mid-7 h cen BC.

In p epa ing hei co mological cha and map , he Chaldean ed he 12 p ima con ella ion
h o gh hich he n and he moon p edic abl a eled and hich became he ea l Zodiac.
E e o ho he con ella ion o ld change hei po i ion in he k b 30 deg ee , o one-
elf h of he comple e ci cle. Fo cen ie , all a onomical ob e a ion emained ied o he i ing
and e ing of ella bodie i hin he co mo . The e a a econd e of el e di i ion ,
epa a e of he fi kno n a ho e . The e e n mbe ed f om he ea do n a d nde he
ho i on and ep e en ed a io a pec of life: 1 Life, 2 Po e / iche , 3 B o he , 4 Pa en , 5
Child en, 6 Illne /heal h; 7 Wife/h band, 8 Dea h; 9 Religion, 10 Digni ie , 11 F iend hip, 12
Enmi . The plane e e iden ified b ha ho e he e ided in and al o b hei ela ion hip o
each o he and hei in e ec ing angle hich o ld e eal he infl ence he o ld ha e.
A clo e ela ion hip ha al a e i ed be een heal h, medicine, and a olog ; n il he 18 h

cen he op i e e o e lapping and mi ed, i h kno ledge of a olog an e en ial pa
of a doc o ba ic aining and a map o hi ea men plan. An a ological cha o ld be c ea ed
o de e mine hen he pa ien o ld e i e each e ening, hen o e pec he di ea e peak o i e o
a c i i , and ha he apie o p e c ibe.
The diffe en pa of he pa ien ana om e e ho gh o be nde he infl ence of pecific Sign

and plane ha e e al o ela ed o pecific di ea e . The pa ien heal h and i ali e e ho gh
o be hea il infl enced b hi Bi h Cha , and i a ho gh i h he co ec ca e and ea ing he
co ec die , he co ld a oid di ea e.
H cM dc
A ological medicine a fi o gani ed in he o k of He me T i megi o , he name ha he

G eek ga e o he Eg p ian god, Tho h, and al ho gh ome limi ed amo n of he ea men i
ecommended a e ill p ac iced, hi em heo i ed ha man ep od ced him elf in minia e
(mic oco m) and he c e of he ni e e (mac oco m). I en on o poin o ha diffe en
di ea e e e pecific o he diffe en decan o en deg ee di i ion of he Sign . Fo e ample,
omach i e e e indica ed in he fi decana e of Vi go.
T F H
The G eek ph ician/philo ophe Hippoc a e (460 BC) po la ed ha a man cha ac e and heal h
e e ela ed o a balance of he fo h mo : blood, phlegm, black bile, and ello bile. The fo
h mo e e loo el connec ed h o gh a olog i h he iplici ie , he fo g o p of Sign :
fie , ea h , ai , and a e .
A ph ician i ho kno ledge of a olog ha no igh o call him elf a ph ician.
Hippoc a e
C lpepper s Herbal Remedies
The A ab e e he fi o link he healing and c a i e na e of he b i h pecific a ological

ign and plane . A a ie of em e e emplo ed o de e mine hich plane affec ed an he b
picall h o gh an in e p e a ion of he iplici ie . The C e e He ba b Nicola C lpeppe
(1616 1654) li he b acco ding o he di ea e he elie ed o c ed. Fo e ample, ag imon
a good fo li e complain , J pi e le he li e ; he efo e, J pi e le ag imon . Each plane
a de igna ed a lo d of a da (S n/S nda , Moon/Monda , and o fo h). The efo e he b
ga he ed on hei plane da , e peciall in he fi and eigh ho , e e a hei mo efficien :
A B ion (p ging, c amp , i che ); C o foo (d a ing a bli e ); Hone ckle (bilio ne );
Ne le (ple i , o e h oa ); Rh ba b (mild p ga i e).
Ta A ack ( elling of he h oa ); Bean ( he a e good fo he comple ion; half a bean ill

op a c bleeding); Elde ( oo c e adde ing; flo e boiled, a e calm nb n).

G Ca o (help concep ion); Fe n ( ollen pleen; make oin men fo c o p ickle );

Ha e foo (dia hea and d en e ); La ende (headache, oo hache; fain ing, apople and
d op ).
Ca c Fla (inflamma ion, mo ; di ea e of he che and l ng ); P i e ( o e mo h, ea ing

o e ); Sa if age ( omach eakne , c amp , con l ion ; he lea e gi e a good fla o o ine).
L Ba (be ie good fo cold, he ma i m; he migh il e pel he ind); Celandine (pile and

haemo hoid ); Waln (pain and inflamma ion of he ea ).
V Ca a a (help dige ion, ha pen he e e igh ); Ho eho nd (con mp ion, pain in he ide,
ello ja ndice); M le ( op he pi ing of blood; dia hea and d en e ).
L b a A pa ag (e pel he one; i e h p l ); Che n ( he co gh); Dai (ple i and

pne monia); Ga den min (hicco gh ).
Sc B oom (clea he che ); F e (ja ndice, cleaning he kidne ); Hop (clean e he blood;
c e ene eal di ea e); Tobacco ( he ma ic pain; oo hache; po de ed kill lice).
Sa a Be on ( emo e po f om face and hand ); Bo age (cla ifie he blood; fo ifie );

Dandelion (clean he ina pa age ); Mo (ea e inflamma ion).
Ca c Ama an h ( op all bleeding); Bee (b n , eal , bli e ); Hemlock ( oa ed, good

fo go and inflamma ion; e dange o ); Onion (co gh ; ea ache; inc ea e he pe m).
A a Hea ea e (good fo con l ion in child en); Hemp (e pel he ind, b make men
e ile; kill o m ); Medla ( op mi ca iage ); Q ince ( o e mo h ).
P c Dock (clean he blood, eng hen he li e ; ake a a f eckle ); ( emo e a ,

chilblain ); Sage (blacken he hai ; c e headache ); S cco ( d i e fo h chole a ).
Ancien Prescrip ions
S anle Finge , a ne o cien i and a medical hi o ian, a ed ha The a e ion ha he b ain

ma ha e been gi en a pecial ole in highe f nc ion p io o he ad en of he g ea ci ili a ion i
ba ed on he fac ha k ll i h hole delibe a el c o bo ed in o hem ha e been fo nd in a
n mbe of Neoli hic (Ne S one Age) i e .
The p oced e of d illing a hole in he k ll b c ing, d illing, and c aping i called epana ion and
a common in ancien ime . In p ehi o ic age he e ci ed bone pl g a of en o n a a cha m
o am le o fend off e il pi i . I i ho gh ha epana ion a emplo ed b ancien haman o
a d off c ippling headache and ei e and allo e il pi i o flee. A a ingle F ench b ial
i e, da ed back o 6500 BC, app o ima el a hi d of he 120 p ehi o ic h man k ll e hibi ed
epana ion hole .
T epana ion ha been idel p ac iced h o gho he o ld, incl ding Af ica, p e-Col mbian
Me oame ica and ac o E ope. Mo e han 10,000 epana ed k ll ha e been nea hed f om
ancien Pe ian e ca a ion i e .
In 1991 a h man bod (named O i ) a eco e ed f om he O ale Alp of So h T ol a he

10,600 foo al i de. He la he e co e ed b glacial ice fo 5,300 ea . He a a da k- kinned
male, aged be een en -fi e and fo ea . Hi b ild and a e e e ha of he La e Neoli hic
pop la ion of I al and S i e land (DNA anal i confi med link o No he n E ope). Hi facial
hai a ha ed. A f ll bod can ho ed ha he had black l ng e l ing f om he inhala ion of
campfi e moke, a e io cle o i , a h i i (in hi neck, igh hip, and lo e back), and healed ib
f ac e f om a ma ha had occ ed long befo e hi dea h.

O i had m l iple bl e a oo in he fo m of pa allel line and mall c o e on bo h ide of hi

lo e back, calf, ankle , and inne a pec of hi igh knee. The e ma k a e ho gh o be
he ape ic ign o epel e il pi i . Hi belonging fo nd i h he bod incl ded a coppe a e, a
180 cm bo of e ood, a dee kin q i e con aining fo een bone and one poin ed a o , a
ha p flin -bladed knife, collec ion of an aga ic ee-f ng kno n fo an ibio ic p ope ie , i on
p i e, cha coal and flin (fi e a ing ool ), and i e i lea he hoe ( i h lace hole ) in la ed
ih a . A adioca bon da ing of O i and hi belonging indica e ha he li ed d ing 3300 BC.
In Ma ch 2013 a d in La ce epo ed he e l of f ll bod CT can on 137 m mmie : one

hi d (44) ho ed ad anced a c la calcifica ion. The m mmie o igina ed f om Eg p , Pe , he
o h e e n U.S., and he Ale ian I land , and he e e da ed a 2000 BC.
Cardio asc lar disease is no gene icall ransmi ed as doc ors of he 20 h and 21s
cen ries o ld ha e o belie e; a he , ca dio a c la di ea e i a collec ion of di ea e ha
a e ca ed b f ee- adical damage o he lining of he a e ie (inflamma ion) and n i ional
deficiencie (e.g., ca diom opa h / eleni m deficienc ; conge i e hea fail e/ hiamine deficienc ;
co ona h ombo i /omega-3 deficienc , ane m /coppe deficienc , a ial
fib illa ion/degene a i e di c di ea e, and o he ).
The magic-filled Ebe Pap , da ed back o 1550 BC, con ain a ba e of pe i io ecipe
incl ding incan a ion fo fending off di ea e-ca ing demon and e il pi i .
Li ed in he Ebe Pap a a p e c ip ion fo he e e, o be emplo ed fo all ailmen of he

e e: h man b ain, di ide in o o hal e , mi ed one half i h hone , mea on he e e in he
e ening; d he o he half of he b ain, ma h, if , mea on he e e in he mo ning.
Jackie Campbell a he KNH Cen e fo Biomedical Eg p olog a he Uni e i of Manche e in

England ha comple ed an e ha i e d of he ing edien ancien Eg p ian ph ician
ecommended fo hei pa ien . She de e mined ha o hi d o ld ac all ha e o ked:
Acco ding o Ma indale E a Pha ac eia (1977) i - o pe cen of he Eg p ian choice of

ing edien li ed in he pap i e e ill emplo ed in he 1970 . Man , in hei o iginal fo m o in
n he ic fo m a e ill ed oda .
To p epa e hei emedie , he Eg p ian ed p oce e kno n o 20 h cen pha maci . The
kne ho o concen a e emedie b boiling hem, hen o dil e hem, and b mace a ing o
g inding p od ced mo e of he medicinal b ance . The Eg p ian e e killed a e ac ing ac i e
b ance f om plan and p od cing a e and alcohol inc e .
Compa ed o he 1973 B i i h Pha ac gica C de i - e en pe cen of he ancien Eg p ian

emedie complied i h anda d and p o ocol i h he e cep ion of injec able emedie , he
Eg p ian p od ced and i ed he ame ca ego ie of medicine a mode n pha maci .
The medical pap i ho ed ha he Eg p ian ed enema , d a gh and inc e , lo ion and

linimen , c eam , oin men , and mo h a he . The Eg p ian emplo ed e e d op admini e ed
h o gh a bi d fea he haf , pill , po de , and po l ice , and fo g necological p oblem ed
pe a ie ; fo na al conge ion, ph ician ecommended emedie o be po ed on ho one and
he eam inhaled ia a hollo eed. The o inel p epa ed and di pen ed ppo i o ie b mi ing
he ac i e agen in o a hea animal fa , olling he mi in o a pill olid eno gh fo in e ion and
hich hen o ld mel a bod empe a e.
The opi m popp ha hi o icall been connec ed i h he c l e of he Nea Ea incl ding

T ke ; ho e e , he e i a pecie of P. ife ha o igina e f om o he n F ance, Spain,
and no h e e n Af ica.

The e i an ancien ca e da ed back o 5500 BC ha in addi ion o man a ifac fo nd he e e e

in ac cap le of opi m popp di co e ed in a eligio a ifac . In he S i Lake illage da ed
back o he Ea l B on e Age (300 BC), o e of popp eed and p e cake e e fo nd along i h
collec ion of fla (Li .), ba le (H de .), einko n, emme , and b ead hea (T i ic
.).
I i no ag eed pon he he he popp a a emi-c l i a ed eed o a c l i a . The S i Lake

d elling e e nea hed in he S i Fo eland be een he Alp and he J a Mo n ain . The e a e
loca ed he e he i e o igina ing in he highland and mo n ain d ained in o he lo land ,
fo ming lake and he head a e of he majo E opean i e ch a he Rhine, Rhone, Po, and
he Dan be.
I i no kno n b ha mean o o e he people o poppie a i ed f om Ibe ia o S i e land.

Ho e e , he no h a d pa h along he Rhone Ri e eem he mo pla ible, and i i ho gh ha
fa ming c l e a i ed f om he Balkan b e plo ing he Dan be.
Ini iall , he popp plan a c l i a ed in S i e land in la ge q an i ie a a food eed ha a

p e ed fo oil and milled in o flo ; he e i no e idence ha he popp a moked o ed a
medicine in ea l We e n E ope.
F om 1600 o 1200 BC, he popp ade a pa of he no he n E opean ambe and in ade

o e and a a e l p ead ea a d f om S i e land, and bo h in en ionall and acciden l a a
indblo n eed p ead o he ea e n Medi e anean. Then in he La e B on e Age, poppie a e
finall li ed in G eek eco d , incl ding in Home I iad, he e he popp a la ded and o inel
emplo ed a a po en medicinal he b (Theoph a and Di coide ) and he e poppie and
pomeg ana e (P nica) e e commonl emplo ed in a and je el .
F om he G eek ci a e , poppie p ead in o he c l e of C e e, Eg p , he Middle Ea , and

he Nea Ea , he e he plan began o be ed a a na co ic opi m. In ancien C e e, he e
appea o ha e been a popp godde ho o e a c o n ado ned i h h ee popp eed cap le .
Some indi id al ook on he e pon ibili o call on good pi i and god o defend and heal he
ic im of e il pi i . A illage , ocie ie , and kingdom de eloped, he c l e i che ,
magician , p ie , ph ician , and god-king ook high po i ion o became p eme dei ie o
p o ec hei people and e en a emp o con ol global and ella e en .
P ie , ph ician , and god-king began o b ild emple and o e o fo mali e hei

comm nica ion o pi i bo h good and e il. The mapped o he a and con ella ion , and
he chan ed and ang hei p a e o he pi i of Hea (Ea h) and Ana (Sk ). The kne he
pi i and god changed hei mind like he ind changed hei di ec ion , o p a e (in all i
fo m ), he b ning of ac ifice (incen e, goa , and h man ) e e ho gh o be eq i ed o keep
in good g ace i h hei good and e il pi i al ma e . The o ld pe hap chan : Remembe
him ho make ac ifice . Ma fo gi ene and peace flo fo him like mol en b a . Ma hi man
da be i ified b he n! Spi i of he Ea h, emembe ! Spi i of he Sk , emembe !
D ing he e ime of b e ience o e il, maleficen , and al o beneficen pi i and god , he i e

ibe of he Tig i and E ph a e flo i hed. The S me ian de eloped he lo e E ph a e alle
5000 ea BC; he black Akkadian domina ed Bab lon 3000 BC; he Elami e , he ea l Pe ian ,
a e aced f om he fo h millenni m; he a -ga ing con ella ion e pe , he Bab lonian ,
became fo nde of a Wo ld Empi e ; he A ian , a e an of Bab lon, conq e ed e e n
A ia and Eg p ; and he Mede e e a pe ennial c l e ho e e onl la e in ime defea ed b
a m of Pe ian ho e en all conq e ed all of A ia.
The Flo rishing of Ancien Eg p ian Medical Pap ri
In 1822 he an la ion of he Ro e a S one led o he an la ion of ancien Eg p ian hie ogl phic
in c ip ion and pap i, incl ding man ha e e ela ed o Eg p ian medical pap i.
The 19 h cen in e e in Eg p olog led o he di co e and an la ion of man e of

comple e medical doc men , incl ding he Ebe Pap , he Ed in Smi h Pap (1550 BC), he
Hea Pap (1450 BC), he Be lin pap (12000 BC), he London Medical Pap , and o he
da ing back o 3000 BC.
The Ed in Smi h Pap i a e book on ge and de ail ana omical ob e a ion and he
e amina ion, diagno i , ea men , and p ogno i of n me o di ea e . I i ho gh o ha e
been i en in 1600 BC; ho e e , i i ho gh o be a cop and mma of e e al ea lie medical
e . The medical info ma ion i con ain i kno n f om 3000 BC.
Imho ep, in he 3 d d na , i c edi ed a he o iginal a ho of he pap e , and i con ide ed

he fo nde of ancien Eg p ian medicine. The ea lie epo ed ge a pe fo med in Eg p in
2750 BC.
The ancien Eg p ian e e con cio l a a e of he impo ance of die , bo h in balance and
mode a ion. Eg p a ich i h fe ile land beca e of he mine al- ich il deli e ed b he ann al
Nile Ri e flood . Ho e e , he poo , landle , and he h ng e e a con an fea e of Eg p ian
ocie .
The p ima ancien Eg p ian c op incl ded emme hea and ba le , hich e e con med a
loa e ha e e p epa ed b baking and fe men a ion i h ea . T picall one Eg p ian fa me
ppo ed en people and hei li e ock.
The ba le a al o fe men ed o b e bee , and a la ge a ie of ege able and f i e e

commonl g o n. Oil a p od ced f om he fla (lin eed) plan , and he e e e he b and pice
ha e e g o n, aded, and impo ed b fa me and me chan .
Mea (m on, lamb, goa , pig, bi d , e c.) a plen if l and a ailable o o al , he eal h , and
fa me . Fi h a gene all con med b he ma e .
The e a e ome i ing ha indica e ha he Eg p ian follo ed ome fo m of food e ic ion

and p ohibi ion ; fo in ance, He odo decla ed ha he pig a nclean. To gain he fa o of
king and membe of he o al co , i a no n al o b ing offe ing o ho app ecia ion.
Reco ded offe ing o King Una (2494 2345 BC) incl ded milk, h ee pe of bee , fi e diffe en
ine , en loa e , fo of b ead, en of cake , fo pe of mea of diffe en c , join , oa ,
pleen, limb, b ea , q ail, goo e, pigeon, fig , en pe of f i , h ee a ie ie of co n, ba le ,
pel , fi e kind of oil and f e h plan . . .
Ancien e (3300 BC) f om he Middle Ea eco d he e of biological eapon . The ancien

doc men no e ha he Hi i e empi e, hich co e ed he e i o f om T ke o no he n S ia,
hipped la emia-infec ed am o hei enemie . T la emia ( abbi fe e ), a deadl bac e ial
di ea e, i ill ed a a bio e o eapon in he 20 h and 21 cen ie .
I i belie ed ha la emia, he Hi i e plag e, hich oa ed h o gh he Middle Ea in he 14 h

cen (1335 BC) a ini ia ed b a ing fac ion . In le e o he Eg p ian King Akhena en, he
be ieged ci of Sim a, a Phoenician ci nea he bo de be een Lebanon and S ia, he ci i en
complained of he man-made pe ilence.
Eg p ian c ibe of he Ne Kingdom ga he ed and compiled ancien pap i de o ed pecificall o

medicine. The Ebe Pap (1550 BC) con ain man incan a ion and fo l applica ion de igned
o fend off di ea e-ca ing demon , and addi ionall i con ain 877 p e c ip ion fo pecific
di ea e . The Ebe Pap o line a ema ic medical p oce : li ening o pa ien complain ,
f aming a diagno i ba ed on ph iological heo ie , and making a clinical e amina ion. I i ho gh
o be he ea lie medical di ec i e achie ed in Eg p ian medicine, and i al o i ho gh o con ain
ome of he ea lie eco ded no e on mo :

When ho e amine a pe on ho ffe f om an ob c ion in hi abdomen and ho finde

ha i goe -and-come nde h finge like oil-in-a- be, hen a ho : I all come f om hi
mo h like lime! P epa e fo him:
F i -of- he-Dompalm
Di ol e in Man Semen
C h, cook in Oil and Hone
T be ea e b he Pa ie f f i g .
Af e a d e hi be ea ed i h d ied, c hed, a d e ed a g ai .
When ho e amine he ob c ion in hi abdomen and ho finde ha he i no in a condi ion o

leap he Nile, hi omach i ollen and hi che a hma ic, hen a ho o him: I i he Blood
ha ha go i elf fi ed and doe no ci c la e. Do ho ca e an emp ing b mean of a medicinal
emed . Make him he efo e:
Wo m ood 1/8
Elde be ie 1/16
Sebe en 1/8
Sa da-chip 1/8
C k i Bee - ha -ha -bee -b e ed-f - a -i g edie , ai i e, h gh a d e he

Pa ie d i k.
Thi emed d i e o blood h o gh hi mo h o ec m hich e emble Hog Blood hen-i -i -

cooked. Ei he make him a po l ice o cool him in f on , o ho do no p epa e him hi emed ,
b make fo him he follo ing eall e cellen Oin men compo ed of:
O fa
Saff on eed
Co iande
M h
Aage - ee
C ha da a a ice.
When ho e amine a pe on ho ha ha dening, hi omach h him, hi face i pale, hi hea

h mp ; hen ho e amine him and finde hi hea and omach b ning and hi bod ollen,
hen i i he e en-illne in he Dep h and he fi e i con ming him. Make him a emed ha
q enche he fi e and emp ie hi bo el b d inking S ee -Bee - ha -ha - ood-in-d -Do gh. Thi
i o be ea en and d nk fo Fo da . Look e e mo ning fo i da follo ing a ha fall f om
hi ec m. If e c emen fall o of him like li le black l mp , hen a o him: The bod -fi e ha
fallen f om he omach. The a i-di ea e in he bod ha dimini hed. If ho e amine him af e
hi ha come o pa and ome hing ep fo h f om hi ec m like he hi e of bean and d op
hoo fo h o of him like ne -of- epa , hen ho a e : Wha a in hi abdomen ha fallen
do n. Make Fo Him Thi Remed So Tha Hi Face Ma Cool. S and he ca ld on o e he fi e,
hen make a mi e in i and cook i in he al a .
To D i e A a he Ha dening in he Abdomen:
B ead-of- he-Zi ph -Lo I

Wa e melon I
Ca d ng I
S ee Bee I
Wine I
Make i ea da a a ice.
The medicine of he ancien Eg p ian i eco ded f om he beginning of i en hi o and

ci ili a ion (3200 BC). Th o gh and n il he Pe ian in a ion of 525 BC Eg p ian medical p ac ice
en nchanged and e e con ide ed e ad anced. The incl ded ge , bone e ing, and a
comple e and ide- anging pha macopoeia.
Home in 800 BC a ed in he Od e : In Eg p , he men a e mo e killed in medicine han an of

h man kind and he Eg p ian e e killed in medicine mo e han an o he a .
The G eek hi o ian He odo i i ed Eg p in app o ima el 440 BC and o e e en i el of hi

ob e a ion of hei medical p ac ice .
Plin he Elde al o o e fa o abl of hem in hi o ical e ie . Hippoc a e , con ide ed he fa he

of medicine, a ell a He ophilo , E a i a , and la e , Galen, died a he emple of
Amenho ep and ackno ledged he con ib ion of ancien Eg p ian medicine o G eek medicine.
Magic a a do ble-edged o d. I co ld be an all-po e f l p o ec o , and i co ld be con e el a

e ible and icio de o e . So ce e became independen agen ho ac ed be ond he la of
eligion , god , and king , and ho co ld fo m la e pell (fo good o e il) ha co ld a e o kill fo
a p ice.
C neifo m in c ip ion f om he o al lib a a Nine eh, hich in he e en h cen BC King

A h banipal had compiled f om he ancien Akkadian e , a e an e ample of o ce e
incan a ion de igned o kill:
The imp eca ion ac pon man like an e il demon. The c eaming oice i pon him. The maleficen
oice i pon him. The malicio imp eca ion i he ca e of hi di ea e. The maleficen
imp eca ion angle hi man a if he e e a lamb. The god in hi bod made he o nd, he
godde gi e him an ie . The c eaming oice, like ha of he h ena, ha o e come him and
ma e him.
Indi id al o ce e e e belie ed o po e he e il e e ha empo e ed hem o kill b me el

glancing a an indi id al. O he o ce e man fac ed doll o image of hei ic im ha he
b ned o abbed i h needle o kni e , inflic ing a io le el of damage depending on ha
le el of ickne o dea h a de i ed:
He ho fo ge he image, he ho enchan The pi ef l face, he e il e e;
The mi chie o mo h, he mi chie o o d .
Spi i of he Sk , emembe !
Spi i of he Ea h, emembe !
Incan a ion e e fo m la ed again black magic and biq i o demon of di ea e, hich en e ed

ho e like nake o inflic infe ili pon omen, kill child en i h di ea e, and decima e field like
hoa d of A ian a mie :
The fall on one land af e he o he .
The ai e he la e abo e hi ank,

The ca he f ee oman o of he ho e he e he ga e bi h,
The ca he o ng bi d o of hei ne in o emp ine ,
The d i e he o en befo e hem, he d i e a a he lamb,
The e il, he c nning demon .
The call fo peace e e of en ai ed in he mid of chao and d ead h o gh h mn , p a e , and

incan a ion fo peace. F agmen of ch incan a ion e e di co e ed on a b oken able :
The ga land . . . e al ed hephe d . . . on he h one and al e . . . he ma ble cep e . . . e al ed

hephe d, King, hephe d of he people .
The h mn and p a e of peace o ld end hen Nam a , he e ible demon, o ld nfold hi black
ing o p ead di ea e and pe ilence, and e en ong and cce f l h man o ld make
offe ing , ac ifice lamb , and p a o he god and pi i o a e hei familie and hem el e
f om ickne and dea h:
Spi i of M lge (ma e of hell), Lo d of he co n ie , emembe .
Spi i of Nin-gelal (Ea h), Lad of he co n ie , emembe .
Spi i of Ninda (Sa n), migh a io of M lge, emembe .
Spi i of Pak (Me c ), blime in elligence of M lge, emembe .
Spi i of En-Z na (moon), on of M lge, emembe .
Spi i of Ti hk (Ven ), Lad of he ho , emembe .
Spi i of Ud , King of J ice, emembe .
E il being and demon e e able o icken and kill bo h man and hi flock ; ho e e , he co ld
no end life on Ea h comple el , no co ld he comple el o pe manen l di p he c cle of
na e ( he ide , ea on , and o fo h). An eclip e of he n o moon co ld p od ce panic o be
blamed fo di ea e, b in ho o de he n and moon eappea ed a mbol of o de and
p od ce of life.
The Beliefs of he Chaldean People
A h man ocie ie mo ed fo a d o e ime he de eloped be e la and in e p e a ion of

ign . The Chaldean , Semi ic people ho e led in o he n Bab lonia in he a ea of mode n I aq,
and led Bab lonia f om 625 539 BC, died he a and con ella ion in nigh k and he
Chaldean p ie ecogni ed a S p eme god.
The Chaldean S p eme god a con ide ed a c ea i e god ied o e e nal la . T o ho and ea
ea lie a ca e of p ie had been c ea ed, o hom all occ l kno ledge a en ed. The e
p ie became ma e in he magic and p e cience of he da and e e aken o p edic ing he
f e f om he li e and in e ine of animal ac ifice and f om he fi e and moke and he
pa kling fi e eflec ed in p ecio je el . The o ld p edic f e e en f om he noi e
emana ing f om b bbling p ing and n al hape of lea e and plan . The o ld comm nica e
i h nake , and bi h defec in bo h man and animal co ld be ed fo hei p edic ion of he
f e of animal , h man , and na ion . D eam e e looked a a p edic o of he f e heal h
and fo ne of men and na ion .
Wea he e en ch a ain, clo d fo ma ion , ind, and ligh ening o ld be in e p e ed fo

p edic ion of bad heal h and plag e . E en he pli ing and c acking of f ni e and ooden
paneling e e belie ed o p edic he f e. S ch defec e e efe ed o a A ap o p ophe ic

oice . Flie and appea ance of o he in ec and dog of a io colo e e me enge of

fo hcoming heal h a and e en .
The p ie con an l looked o he nigh k , a , and con ella ion fo la of ha mon , and
h o gh ob e a ion he ecogni ed he e a o de in he hea en ha a p edic able. A
compila ion of hi cele ial o de p od ced ha e call oda a olog ; he p ie in e p e ed hi
c cle a a ha monio pla . The eco ded ho e en in he hea en con olled e en on Ea h,
ch a he ide ind . The p ie looked a hi cele ial hie a ch a he pe io ling o e he
infe io Ea h. In o he o d , he a -god in he hea en led and con olled all ea hl e en
belo .
Me al ha e al a been ela ed o he nde o ld ince he e e fo nd in he hidden eache of

he Ea h he e ligh f om he n, moon, and a ne e fell on hem. Ho e e , he Chaldean
a ologe a a ela ion hip be een me al and he plane a concep hich d o e he medie al
alchemi and ph ician .
Chaldean belie ed ha gold a he me al of he n, il e a he me al of he moon, lead a

Sa n, in a J pi e , i on a Ma , and coppe a in Ven .
Sac ed n mbe a e pa of he a onome o ld and he ool of he a ologe . The e n mbe

a e di ec l and indi ec l ela ed; he eem o ppo and a i one ano he and a e ed o
make p edic ion . The belie ed he n mbe 7 occ in he main a of he G ea Bea , he Le e
Bea , in he Pleiade , and in O ion. The n mbe 7 al o fi he da of he moon q a e and he 7
Plane of an iq i .
The e a e he 12 odiacal mbol , 30 i he n mbe of a moon pe iod, and 30 a e he n mbe of

ea of Sa n o bi a o nd he n. The p od c of 12 and 30 i abo he n mbe of da in a
ea .
The a id a ologe find fe ile field in cele ial n mbe fo hei q e ion and p edic ion . Along
i h a olog , he idea of m ical n mbe fo nd ppo , and h n me olog ha fo nd dail
e b pa iona e de o ee . The Chaldean e e acc a e ob e e of he a and plane , and
man of hei belief e e de i ed f om ha e no call me eo olog , ph ic , chemi , and
medicine.
A olog i a mi of m h, cience, and eligion. The a ho of The Hi f Magic a d he Occ ,

K Seligmann, a e , In i a domain he e i no i hmen fo bo h pi i and o l, and he e
can be no do b ha a olog o e i longe i o i p chic a he han o i in ellec al al e.
A olog and n me olog a e ch p ofo nd di co e ie ha no gene a ion o ime ha been

i ho hei effec .
Chaldean o al concei ed and b il he emple o e kno n a he igg a . The o e fea ed

ep ha e p e ed he ela ion hip be een he cele ial o ld abo e and he Ea h belo .
The igg a ep e en ed a minia e o ld and a kno n a he mo n ain of Ea h.
In Bab lon he o al and p ie b il he El-Temen-An-Ki o he ho e of he fo nda ion one of

Hea en and Ea h. Thi mon men a called he To e of Babel in he Bible. The o e had e en
age ha ep e en ed he e en plane , and i angle ep e en ed he fo co ne of he o ld
poin ing o Akkad, Sab , Elam, and he e e n land .
The e en ep of he o e e e pain ed diffe en colo ha ep e en ed he plane . The heigh

of El-Temen-An-Ki a eq al o i leng h. The e l ing q a e a di ided in o e en, and e
e pec ed he ancien belief of he fo fold o ld. Fo he fi ime in hi o n mbe ep e en ed
he o ld o de .

A legend de c ibe P hago a a elling o Bab lon, he e he a gh he onde and m e of

n mbe . An ea lie oodc depic a lea ned man apped in a doc o cloak placing hi foo on
he fi ep of he o e o a ain he kno ledge of God.
B a cending he e e en ep he doc o o ld a ain he kno ledge of God, hich o ld be

fo nd a he eigh h deg ee he h e hold of God hea enl d elling. In L ll book O he A ce ,
he e en ep a e one, fi e, plan , animal , man, a hea en , and he angel .
The Bab lonian common eal h a ope a ed acco ding o he la ha p ie had fo m la ed f om

ob e a ion of he ni e e. The belie ed ha no hing co ld di p he o ld and i la o he
han he impie of man. Once p o oked, he god o ld lea e he emple and choo e o mo e o
a fo eign co n (ma be e en an enem a e). Then chao o ld le and Chaldea o ld become
a ic im of e il men and e il pi i . The emple o e e e he mbol of he epo i o of all
ancien i dom. Wi h he belief ha hei kno ledge a o be alid fo e e , he king had
con c ed he o e in ch a fa hion ha he o ld e i he a age of ime and la fo e e .
The igg a ne e a ained a heigh abo e 300 fee . The o al eal a on each b ick, and he king
ho b il hem claimed he o e e e like Hea en and b il o be he eq i alen a of
pe h man. In he mbolic lang age of A ia, he o e b ilde aid, Come, le b ild
o el e a ci i h a o e , ho e op hall each o he Hea en , o ha e ma no be
ca e ed o e all he Ea h.
Incl ded in he eb il emple o e b Nabopala a ( ho eigned 625 604 BC) a he To e of

Bab lon. An in c ip ion dedica ing hi e en ead :
A fo he emple o e of Bab lon, El-Temen-An-Ki, hich befo e m ime had become eakened
and had fallen in, Ma d k he lo d commanded me o la i fo nda ion in he hea of he Ea h and
o ai e i e o Hea en. I ca ed n me o o kmen o be a embled in m land o ca
hem. I e o o k, I made b ick , I man fac ed b n b ick . Like he do npo of Hea en hich
canno be mea ed, like he ma i e flood, I ca ed he A ab o ca bi men and pi ch. Wi h he
help of Hea, i h he in igh of Ma d k, i h he i dom of Nebo and Ni aba . . . I came o a
deci ion. B mean of e o ci m, in he i dom of Hea and Ma d k, I clea ed a a he place and on
he o iginal i e I laid i pla fo m fo nda ion.
The eb il o e again degene a ed in o in. King Neb chadne a , Nabopala a on and

cce o ( ho eigned 605 562 B.C.), efe oi e o a ion in an in c ip ion: The emple of
Bab lon I ha e e o ed. A fo El-Temen-An-Ki, i h b ned b ick and b igh gn - one I ai ed
on high i e .
E en all he e famo o e di appea ed i h he la i hne and glo of Bab lon.
Earl Medicines: An ido es and C ra i es
Shamani m, he p ac ice of con ac ing pi i h o gh d eam o k and medi a ion ( ance ), i

ho gh o be one of he olde eligion and i ill p ac iced in man p imi i e c l e e en in
mode n ime . B mean of fa ing and medi a ion, haman alked he pi i pa h o ga he
kno ledge. Shaman collec ed kno ledge and de eloped kill of magic enhanced b magical ool
like a le and bone , and hei i al incl ded pla ing d m , chan ing, inging, dancing, and
making ac ifice a o nd a fi e.
The Cel (350 BC) of We and Cen al E ope c ea ed he D id , a p ie l cla . Like haman ,
D id acc m la ed kno ledge abo he pi i al o ld and he became peciali ed a heale
(doc o ), mid i e , and leade i h nde anding of i al , ea he , la , and a olog .
In 371 AD, he Roman Empi e adop ed Ch i iani a he official a e eligion. Roman oldie
enfo ced he official a e eligion and killed local p ie ho defied hem. Thi c el p ge incl ded
he D id ho e e decima ed and killed.

I a 400 BC hen Hippoc a e and membe of hi adical G eek mo emen ea ed he a of

medicine f om he loin of magician and p ie . I i no clea he he Hippoc a e him elf
a ho ed he Hi c a ic C . Ho e e , he e i ing ho ha a mall band of G eek
ph ician commi ed hem el e o a ne and e ol iona ho gh : Di ea e p ang f om na al
and o ph ical ca e f om he pa ien en i onmen , die , and dail habi a he han Di ine
p ni hmen o e il pi i .
P io o E clid, geome a ili a ian a p ac iced; i a c ea ed o mee a pa ic la need in

e ing o a onom . The ancien Eg p ian kne ho o calc la e he a ea of a ci cle. The
Bab lonian kne ho o mea e a ea and ol me . I a n n il he Helleni ic pe iod, a o nd
300 BC, ha he a e of geome (G eek: geome ia o mea e he ea h) changed fo e e ih
he o k of a ma hema ician named E clid.
E clid p bli hed hi e ol iona o k in geome in a e ie of book i led The E e e f

Ge e . The e ie p e en a collec ion of a iom and, f om he e ded ce p opo i ion and
heo em . Al ho gh E clid o k a no a ne ho gh , he a he fi o ho ho he e
heo em co ld fi in o a comp ehen i e and ded c i e em. Acco ding o E clid a iom , an
o poin can be connec ed b a aigh line; an aigh line ho e leng h can be de e mined
can be e ended in a aigh line; a ci cle can con ain an cen e and an adi ; all igh angle
a e eq al o each o he ; he fif h a iom ela e o he in e ec ion of line in a plane.
Since he beginning of ime, h man ha e been fea f l of poi on . In ancien Rome poi on e e
ed o facili a e a a ina ion and a e-dec eed e ec ion , hich gene a ed he ea ch fo a
ni e al an ido e. T o idel kno n an ido e , hich e e ho gh o p o ide p o ec ion again a
ide a ie of poi on , e e Mi h ida i m, de eloped in 100 BC, and The iac, de eloped d ing he
fi cen AD. The n mbe of he b , me al , and elemen ha comp i ed he e fo m la i
be ond comp ehen ion.
Mi h ida i m i ho gh o ha e been fo m la ed b Mi h ida e VI, King of Pan (T ke ) ho a

a mi of Pe ian, G eek, and Macedonian ance . The King c ea ed he fo m la, hich con ained
mo e han 45 b ance , o of fea of a a ina ion b poi oning f om animal enom and m ic
poi on . He e ed he effec i ene of hi fo m la on la e and condemned c iminal .
In he fi cen AD, And omach he Elde , ph ician o Roman Empe o Ne o, pda ed

Mi h ida i m i h he addi ion of ipe fle h and inc ea ing he do age of opi m. The e l ing
fo m la a efe ed o a The iac. In he elf h cen i a al o called Venice T eacle and a
kno n o con ain a lea 64 ing edien , incl ding mine al , poi on , animal fle h, he b , flo e ,
ea onion ( q ill ), and hone .
The iac a ho gh o be a p o ec an and an ido e again poi oning and al o a belie ed o be a

ea men fo a ple ho a of di ea e incl ding b bonic plag e. B he Middle Age , The iac con ained
mo e han 100 ing edien and eq i ed e e al ea o ma e. Th o gho E ope, The iac a
ill idel a ailable ell in o he en ie h cen .
Acco ding o John G iffin, The o ancien p od c , Mi h ida i m and The iac And omach , held
cen al place in he ape ic fo nea l o millennia. Conce n fo he q ali of he e p od c a
he im l fo eq i ing he p blic compo nding of he e p epa a ion , la e ( hi p ac ice a )
eplaced b in pec ion of man fac e and e amina ion of fini hed p od c . . . Pe hap in he final
anal i , he con ib ion of Mi h ida i m and The iac o mode n medicine a ha conce n abo
hei q ali im la ed he ea lie concep of medicine eg la ion.
In he ea 1000 AD, a ange fa e befell he m mmie of ancien Eg p . The people of E ope

omeho go he idea ha b con ming a d ied po de de i ed f om Eg p ian m mmie he
co ld gain mi ac lo healing po e and longe i .

Fo man cen ie , E opean had ed a c a i e po de de i ed f om a da k, pi ch-like b ance

called bi men. O iginall , bi men a fo nd oo ing o of he c ack in he ock of ce ain
mo n ain in di an Pe ia.
Af e i a d ied and ha dened, bi men a g o nd in o fine pa icle ha co ld be con med

o all o ed a a opical medicine on o e , lce , and o nd . The do n ide a ha Pe ian
bi men a ca ce and p ice .
Eg p ian m mmie ha had been oaked in pi ch e e da k and b i le. A ne ade de eloped.

H nd ed of ho and of m mmie e e d g p. The p ima o ce of he e m mmie a he
ma g a e of he ha il m mmified poo . Thei bodie , hole o di membe ed, e e hen
hipped o apo heca ie o d g ade of E ope, he e he e e g o nd in o a black b men
po de !
Po de ed m mm a ed fo e e ailmen and ickne . I a aken b mo h a a emed fo

conc ion , pa al i , epilep , lce , co gh , and headache , and a an an ido e fo poi oning.
D ied m mm a applied opicall o b i e and b oken bone , and i a belie ed o p e en
infec ion and op hemo hage.
King F anci I, ho led F ance in he 1500 , ne e a elled i ho hi po ch of g o nd m mm

po de ho ld he fall f om hi ho e o ha e ome nfo e een inj .
People of E ope belie ed ha bi men c ed man ill and ha Eg p m mmie con ained
bi men. Pi ch and bi men a e chemicall e imila , and o he e o ld ha e been ome eal
healing benefi f om he co p e mine al con en .
The o d m mm o igina ed in Pe ia a he o d m m and he A abic o d m mi ah, bo h of

hich an la e o mean bi men. A a e l of he pe cei ed benefi , he o ld ann al demand
fo d ied m mm g e e e onge fo man cen ie .
B he 1600 , o man of he ancien Eg p ian ma g a e pi had been obbed and pilfe ed ha ,

a a e l , he e a n eno gh g o nd m mm medicine o mee he demand p ice oa ed!
Ag i l ade de eloped o mee he demand; he bodie of animal , c iminal , begga , di ea e

ic im , and he f e hl dead e e con e ed in o in an m mmie b oaking hem in pi ch o
a phal and le ing hem d q ickl in he de e n.
O e ime, he o d of he m mm fac o ie and he ide- p ead f a d of he m mm ade

p ead, ale d opped and b he mid-1700 , he o ld demand fo g o nd m mm began o fade.
The m mm fac o ie adap ed and old hei in an g o nd m mm a bone meal and fe ili e o
B i i h fa me .
G o nd m mm a al o ed a an ing edien in he mi ing of a i pain fo po ai in he

belief ha o k of a and he bjec o ld li e longe . The o n and di colo ed linen apping
f om m mmie e e old in E ope and Ame ica, and b he 1800 , he pape mill in Ame ica
began o e he e in- oaked linen o man fac e b o n pape . In Eg p he poo de e people
ed he e in- oaked linen bandage fo f el.
The pe ec ion of Je i h ph ician and heale and hei colleag e i a pe a i e con in m in

he hi o of medicine. In 1161, eigh - i Je e e b ned ali e a p ni hmen fo an alleged
plo b Je i h ph ician o poi on he ci i en of Bohemia in cen al E ope. In 1348 man Je
e e e e mina ed fo ppo edl ca ing he Black Dea h in E ope, de pi e he fac ha man
Je died d ing he a age of he plag e.
Acco ding o p ono ncemen of he medical fac l of he Uni e i of Vienna (1610), Je i h la

fo ced Je i h ph ician o m de e e en h Ch i ian b mean of poi oning.

Ma in L he , he Ge man heologian o e, If he ( he Je ) co ld kill all, he o ld gladl

do o . . . The do i of en, e peciall ho e ho po e a ph ician . L he , al o enco aged hi
follo e o b n do n hei nagog e .
Se e al pope in he E opean Middle Age fo bade Ch i ian f om eeking help f om Je i h

ph ician , and la e in he e en een h cen , he cle g of Hall in W embe g decla ed ha , i
e e be e o die i h Ch i han o be c ed b a Je doc o aided b he de il.
In 1905 Albe Ein ein, a 26- ea -old Je i h pa en cle k in Be n, S i e land, fi p bli hed in a
pape hi finding kno n a he ecia he f ea i i hich made e of o ke ph ical
idea ha e e kno n p e io l : he p inciple of ela i i and he con an peed of ligh .
P io o Ein ein Theo of Rela i i abo he con an peed of ligh , ph ici belie ed ha
elec omagne ic a e mo ed h o gh a medi m called e he , imila o he p oce of ocean
a e mo ing h o gh a e . The looked a e he a a backg o nd again hich all mo emen
ook place, belie ing all ma in mo ion mo ed ela i e o he e he .
Ein ein fel ha i a a mi ake o a me he e i ence of e he , hich had no been e ified

e pe imen all .
In hi heo of ela i i , Ein ein did a a i h he concep of e he comple el , a ming onl

ha he la of ph ic , incl ding he peed of ligh , o ked he ame no ma e ho he ob e e
a mo ing. The ma hema ical con eq ence of Ein ein heo e e no le han Ea h- haking,
and he ha e been e pe imen all e ified. The e p e ion of he heo i : a an objec mo e
i h a eloci ela i e o an ob e e , he objec ma inc ea e and i leng h con ac .
P obabl he mo famo con eq ence of he heo i he eq i alence of ma and ene g ha i
e plained in he imple eq a ion: E = mc2.
The pecial heo of ela i i al o demon a ed a ba ic link be een pace and ime: fo -
dimen ional f ame o k efe ed o a he pace- ime con in m. Thi con in m con i of h ee
dimen ion ep e en ing pace p/do n; lef / igh ; fo a d/back a d; and a ingle dimen ion
ep e en ing ime.
Ein ein heo i ho gh o be pecial beca e i applie he p inciple of ela i i onl o he

pecial ca e in hich he mo ion of objec i nifo m.
In pi e of he e ao dina con ib ion of Je i h cien i , doc o , and o he p ofe ional , in

1938 Ge man e oked he licen e of Je i h ph ician . The e l an doc o ho age ca ed
Ge man o ed ce he pe iod of medical aining b o ea .
In he ea j befo e Wo ld Wa II, q o a limi ed he n mbe of Je i h medical den and

ph ician a Ame ican medical chool . To j dge he medical chool applican Je i hne ,
admini a o e amined den name and a ked abo eligio affilia ion on medical chool
applica ion . In 1940 he dean of Co nell Uni e i medical college limi ed he n mbe of Je
allo ed o en e each cla , and he applica ion of Je i h candida e a Yale Medical School e e
ma ked i h an H fo Heb e . The head of Col mbia Uni e i Ne ological In i e a
in c ed in 1945, o fi e all he Je in hi depa men o e ign. He e igned!
In mode n ime Je i h doc o con in e o be bjec ed o fic i io allega ion . In 1988 a Chicago
ma o al a i an cha ged ha Je injec ed he AIDS i in o Af ican Ame ican , and in 1997 a
p ominen Pale inian ep e en a i e gge ed ha he I aeli injec ed Pale inian child en i h
HIV.
Th o gh he pan of 28,000 ea , f om he ime of he La ca Ca e d a ing o he medical

obo ic of he 21 cen , h man de eloped h nd ed , if no ho and , of heo ie o e plain
he ca e and an mi ion of di ea e, o ola and ea he e en , and ph ical la . The

n mbe of people ho e e o ed and killed in he p i of an e o q e ion of cience

and medicine n mbe ed in he million , and in mo ca e li le o no p og e a achie ed.
The fe indi id al ho da ed o q e ion he hinking of he p ie and ph ician paid he highe

p ice. B he e e e ho e ho e e able o ea e he p e ailing heo ie in o hei ne hinking
o mo e h mani fo a d and p od ce ne cience incl ding alchem , medicine, and pha mac a
e kno hem oda .
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National Woman s Part marching in Washington D.C. Ma 21, 1922.
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08/10/2020 M h a d Alchem - E ige e ic : The Dea h f he Ge e ic The f Di ea e T a mi i 1 Edi i
Epigenetics: The Death of the Genetic Theory of Disease

CHAPTER TWO
Myths and Alchemy
Gold Cooks
Pa a a a c b a , b d ; a ,
; Ea , d a ;a d a , a ,
.
D R
a a c ,A a N , ca acc d a a a
a d Ea a a, d dPa a .A a, ba A ,
D c d a dP Ed , ad a , aa a d a dc c . A
d a a aa a d a dc c d , a a a,b
A a a d a a a a .F P a a a b
c c a aa a d d E a d Bab .W ad b
A ad a d d O a b ,a ddd d c a b
aa a d a c c .T dda b a ab
a d a .
K rt Seligmann
T H Ma c a d Occ
Ac a -
b a c a d a a d a b a c a c a
ca a a a .T ac a a d b a c a ab
b c a , b d b d . T ca d a ( )
Ca ,H a ,a d d C a a a D , a G d. A ca ,J
, a d c b da a a dc ( a ac a, a a c, dc ca ca,
c.), a a - , a d a a ca . I a , a
a a a ... Ab a , c b d: I a a , a
; a d; ad a a c a d a ab
ab a d ; d ; a d
a . (C.G. J ng, Collected Works, Vol. 14, par. 770; Princeton Uni ersit Press, 1963.)
Ed ard C. Whitmont, MD
T Ac H a :P c a dS a
Elixir of Life
The ord eli ir originates from the Arabian ord aliksir, and in ancient Greek chemical ritings
translates to the transm ting agent, b hich base metals co ld be t rned into gold and sil er.
E ropean alchemists referred to the Philosopher s Stone hich as generall belie ed to possess
h ://d c lib.i f /ge e ic /e ige e ic /2.h ml 1/16
ni ersal c rati e po ers, as the Eli ir of Life. Man ancient scholars recorded that the eli ir co ld
be concocted from other stones not identical to the philosopher s stone. A notation in the U a
L c b H. Zedler, an eighteenth cent r reference, defined the ord eli ir as a dark-colo red
medicine, composed of man ingredients dissol ed in a strong sol ent.
A belief in a panacea or ni ersal remed for all diseases can be traced back to the ancient times
hen the immortalit of the gods as e plained b their cons mption of special foods and drink
the nectar and ambrosia of the Greek gods. It as generall belie ed that the Eli ir of Life and other
panaceas co ld be created from a mi t re of rare ingredients like gold, pearls, and a ariet of
je els.
D ring earl cent ries AD, Ale andria as the center for the secret doctrine that promised to
con ert imp re metals into gold and conc rrentl to con ert h mans into p re sages. And the grand
goal for their alchemical beliefs as to be able to prod ce the ni ersal remed the panacea.
The theor posed that if in fact the philosopher (alchemist) had achie ed a le el of e pertise s ch
that he co ld become an e pert in metallic transformation b t rning base metal into gold, he sho ld
be able to emplo these skills for sol ing the problems of h mans, incl ding all diseases. This is
here the loft goals of the Western and those of the Chinese came together. There are m ths and
legends of a great Chinese master of the secrets of alchem of the second cent r AD, Wei Po-Yang,
ho is said to ha e become immortal along ith one of his disciples and his dog, hich had
accidentl eaten the lefto ers of the magical panacea.
In E rope the h nger for gold created a single-minded obsession, and as a res lt the interest in
s ntheti ing and transm ting base metals into gold as raised to a fe erish pitch and spoken of
more freq entl than the original loftier goal of searching for the Eli ir of Life.
T picall , medicines are form lated to treat or c re a specific disease; ho e er, the alchemist s
ltimate goal as the creation of the panacea that o ld c re all maladies and prod ce immortalit .
The theor that o ld s pport the loft goal incl ded the concept that all diseases had a common or
ni ersal etiolog that as a dist rbed balance of the elements and h mo rs. Therefore, if it ere
possible to find an agent able to redress this balance, the ni ersal remed o ld be fo nd.
N mero s alchemists had claimed to ha e created the panacea, incl ding Paracels s and Jan Baptist
an Helmont (1577 1644 AD). In the ritings of Paracels s s follo ers, the medical alchemists ho
c red disease b means of inorganic compo nds rather than dr gs, there are n mero s references
to a m sterio s c or Philosopher s Tinct re. One of the ritten orks of 1560
points o t that b emplo ment of the art of the tr e alchemist the tinct re is concocted, and that
the tr e aim of the tr e medical men is the res rrection and regeneration of nat re.
In a ritten te t attrib ted to Paracels s and p blished initiall in 1570, entitled D T c a

P c (O T c P c a ), is fo nd: This is the tinct re b hich some of the
first ph sicians in Eg pt, after ards, p till o r times, ha e li ed for 150 ears. The li es of man of
them lasted for some cent ries, as histor clearl teaches, altho gh this does not seem to be tr e to
an bod : beca se its force is so mirac lo s, that it is able to enlighten the bod . . . and to
strengthen him to s ch a degree that he ill remain free of all diseases and altho gh afflicted b old
age, ill appear as it had been in his o th. Therefore the tinct re ph sicor m is a ni ersal remed
hich de o rs all sicknesses like a fire de o ring ood. Its q antit is tin , b t its force is might .
More than an other ancient c lt re, the Greeks sed ind cti e reasoning and a mi of poetr and
m tholog . Nat ral phenomena ere looked at thro gh the prism of the higher realms of the mind
hich ere tho ght to partake of the di ine. This process of reasoning ma e plain h the Greeks
failed to p rs e e perimental in estigations to pro e or dispro e theories or m ths.

Despite the Greeks legendar feats of logic, the proposed er eak and nscientific theories for
the e planation of nat ral e ents. This process and the Greek rejection of e perimentation res lted
in an nq estioning acceptance of a thorit itho t e perimental proof. Western doctors acq ired
this nscientific proced re from Hellenic philosoph . Thro gho t the Middle Ages, d ring the
Renaissance, and e en et toda , the nat ral sciences and the medical arts se ind cti e reasoning
and a thorit to arri e at and s pport their ersion of tr th rather than facts and ded cti e
reasoning.
It appears that the practice of alchem migrated to the West at the beginning of the second cent r
of the Christian era. The most belie able e idence came from Plin the Elder (AD 23 79), ho
de oted a considerable ol me of his ritings to metall rg . The ariet of information and beliefs
concerning metals and their treatment noted b Plin sho that he s pported the se of alchem .
Despite the general belief of alchemists that their art is an ancient Eg ptian practice, it is a fact that
alchem is the o ngest of magical isdoms. The belief that alchem as idel emplo ed in the
time of the pharaohs has been dashed.
It as in the fo rth cent r , d ring the icio s battles that Christianit aged against pagans, that
alchem became generall pop lar.
Zosim s of Panopolis, a scribe and riter of the time became a historian of the alchemical arts. His
ritings are tho ght to be the most acc rate and complete of the ealo s belie ers.
Zosim s stated that an e pertise and the se of metals, precio s stones, and scents ere recorded
in the ritings of Genesis in the Old Testament: The sons of God sa the da ghters of men, that
the ere fair. The men named as the sons of God ere tho ght to be fallen angels ho had
mated ith the omen of antedil ian times.
These angels are tho ght to ha e trained these omen ario s skills and arts, incl ding ho to
create je elr , fashionable clothes, and perf mes.
The sages of the Christian era belie ed that the fallen angels ere e il per erters of morals and
manners. Zosim s felt these e ents ere the beginnings of alchem .
Zosim s names the legendar and m sterio s Chemes, an earl master of the alchemical arts, as
one of the fo nders of gold-makers. It as generall accepted that Chemes had ritten a book
entitled C a, and that fallen angels had sed the book to train the da ghters of men.
The Greek ord Chemia, the earl name of the art of alchem , is tho ght to ha e been deri ed from
Chemes and his book C a. Arabs then added the prefi al and the art then became alchem .
Fo nd in a concept al man script (this man script holds great importance to the belie ers and
st dents of alchem ), a priestess ho identified herself as Isis rote to her son Hor s that she had
gained her kno ledge of alchem from Amnael, the first of the fallen angels and prophet. Isis noted
that Amnael had re arded her ith the kno ledge of alchem for se al fa ors.
An additional book, ritten b a oman ith the pse don m of Mar the Je ess, is also
considered to be a man script of e traordinar al e. Mar , a Greek, is tho ght to be the first
alchemist of the West. M ch of her ritings are fo nd in fragments beca se of the ra ages of time,
b t she is identified b Zosim s as a sister of Moses called Miriam.
The alchemist Ol mpiodor s, ho li ed in the fo rth cent r of the Christian era, q otes a famo s
note in Miriam s book that s ggests she as a Je ess: Do not to ch it (if o are not of the
Abrahamitic race), nless indeed o are of o r race.
Another female alchemist, a oman ho called herself Cleopatra, rote a book

entitled C a (G d-Ma ); a third oman, Theosebia, the sister of Zosim s rote n mero s
tracts on alchem in the third cent r of the Christian era.

There are additional earl Greco-Eg ptian te ts s ch as the ell-kno n Le den and Stockholm
Pap ri, hich date back to AD 300.
Scholarl ritings of Zosim s (fo rth cent r ), Stephan s (se enth cent r ), Ol mpidor s (fo rth
cent r ), and S nesi s (fifth cent r ) cannot be impeached.
While in some instances alchem embraced religion, there ere also some of the alchemic scholars
ho crossed s ords ith religion. Along ith magic and other forbidden arts, alchem as tho ght
to be shared ith h mans b fallen angels, the betra ers of God s secrets.
The practitioners of the forbidden arts had to be c rsed and p nished.
E perimentation in the orks of nat re ere deemed to be sacrilegio s. St. A g stine cens red the
ain and c rio s desire of in estigations referred to as kno ledge and science.
L creti s (98 53 BC) in his book O Na T to ted, Th s is religion trod do n, b a

j st re erse; ictor makes s akin to gods. Then he adds, Do not think that I ish to teach o
the principles of impiet , or to lead o to the path of crime.
In 167 BC the Roman general Aemili s Pa l s conq ered and ro ted King Perse s of Macedonia and
decimated the d nast that as a descendent of Ale ander the Great and his father King Philip.
Perse s and his three sons ere sent to Rome in chains and paraded thro gh the streets of Rome
behind the tri mphal chariots.
Follo ing the practice of national kleptocrac , Aemili s Pa l s shipped agons f ll of pl nder to the
Roman treas r , keeping for himself a single trib te the defeated king s librar . This act as to be
a displa of the cro ning glor of the conq ering general s personal fort ne and the incredible al e
he placed on Greek c lt re, literat re, and kno ledge.
It became a fashion statement for ealth Romans to collect large pri ate libraries in their homes
and illas. Books co ld also be bo ght from booksellers in so thern Ital and Sicil here the Greeks
had established cities s ch as Naples, Tarent m, and S rac se.
The grammarian T rannion as legendar for his acc m lation of 30,000 ol mes; Seren s
Sammonic s, a ph sician ho became an e pert in the emplo ment of the magical form la
Ab acadab a to fend off illness, is rep ted to ha e collected 60,000 ol mes. Rome had become
addicted to books, a penchant that as described as the Greek fe er.
O Na T b L creti s is the ork and ritings of a disciple of Epic r s, ho as

collecting and p blishing ideas and tho ghts that had been espo sed cent ries earlier. Epic r s,
L creti s s philosophical messiah, as a philosopher and pol math, born at the end of 342 BC on
the Aegean island of Samos, here his father, a poor Athenian schoolmaster, had immigrated. Man
Greek philosophers, incl ding Plato and Aristotle, ere born of ealth families and fla nted their
disting ished ancestr .
Epic r s s philosophical opponents tr mpeted their o n personal social s periorit and pointed
fingers at his h mble famil backgro nd. He sed to accompan his mother hile she made ro nds
reading charms and omens. L creti s and n mero s others fostered him as godlike in his isdom
and co rage. The center piece of his ision can be traced back to a single tho ght h le, the
Greek ord for st ff.
Epic r s belie ed that e er thing that has e er e isted and e er thing that ill e er e ist is p t
together o t of indestr ctible b ilding blocks, irred cibl small in si e, nimaginabl ast in
n mber.
Epic r s claimed, Moreo er, the ni erse as a hole is infinite, for hate er is limited has an
o termost edge to limit it, and s ch an edge is defined b something be ond. Since the ni erse has
no edge, it has no limit; and since it lacks a limit, it is infinite and nbo nded. Moreo er, the

ni erse is infinite both in the n mber of its a and in the e tent of its oid.
Epic r s li ed ntil 270 BC and rote more than 300 books on topics ranging from moral philosoph
to ph sics and epistemolog . He ta ght that the h man so l does not s r i e the bod s death and
that the gods, e en tho gh the e ist, do not go ern fate or destin .
The Greeks had a ord for these in isible b ilding blocks, the particles that, as the tho ght of
them, co ld not be di ided into an smaller particles called atoms. This notion of atoms (the
Greek: can t be c t ), hich had come to life in the fifth cent r BC ith Le cipp s of Abdera and
his protige Democrit s, as in its beginnings, a ild spec lation. The proof o ld not come for
more than t o tho sand ears.
The pre ailing tho ghts of the time incl ded the theor that the core matter of the ni erse as fire,
ater, air, and earth. Others posed that if one co ld see the smallest particle of a man, o o ld
see a tin man, and the same o ld be tr e for a horse, ater, or a leaf. Others belie ed that the
order of the ni erse as itself e idence of an in isible mind or spirit that caref ll p t the pieces
together in a pre-orchestrated grand plan. Democrit s s conception of endless n mbers of atoms
that e hibit no special talents other than small si e, shape, and eight particles that are not
miniat re ersions of hat e can see, b t constr ct hat e see b combination ith others in a
ide ariet of shapes as a fantasticall daring sol tion to a problem that engaged the great
intellects of his orld.
It took man cent ries of restling ith the concept of atoms to de elop a niform theor . Epic r s
began at the age of t el e, hen his teachers co ld not define the meaning of chaos. Democritt s s
earlier theor of atoms filled the missing piece and pro ided the missing cl e. At the age of thirt -
t o he established a school, and there in a garden in Athens, Epic r s concei ed an entire theor of
the ni erse and a philosoph of h man life.
He theori ed that atoms, in constant motion, collide ith one another, and the o ld join to form
more comple and larger bodies. He concept ali ed that the largest bodies, the s n and the moon,
are made of atoms, as are h mans, aterflies, and grains of sand, meaning there are no s per
categories of matter: no hierarch of elements. He belie ed hea enl bodies are not di ine beings
that ha e a po er to control and shape h man destin for good or e il and the do not mo e
thro gh space nder the g idance of gods the are simpl part of the nat ral order, giant
combinations of atoms s bject to the same la s of creation and destr ction that go ern all things. It
as felt that e en if the nat ral order is nimaginabl ast and comple , it is nonetheless possible
to nderstand something of its basic constit ti e elements and its ni ersal la s. Indeed, s ch
nderstanding is one of h man life s deepest pleas res.
Thro gho t the first cent ries of o r era, the tree of kno ledge of the Old Testament book of
Genesis remained the s mbol of sinf l alchemic in estigations. Alchemists belie ed that b eating
the forbidden fr it man had gained God s le el of the kno ledge of good and e il.
The Ophites orshipped the serpent of the Bible as a beneficent being, after all, didn t the serpent
gi e man (access to) the kno ledge that onl God kne ?
The tree of kno ledge and the serpent became the most re ered and cherished s mbols of
alchemists and ph sicians.
The first alchemists ere treated as badl as heathens. Their persec tion as initiated hen the art
as still centered in Ale andria. The st d and practice of medicine and alchem occ pied b ildings
ne t to the Serape m, the temple of Serapis.
Theophil s, the archbishop of Ale andria, ordered the destr ction of the temple, and hen he met
ith local resistance the Emperor Theophil s directed the scholars to retreat and the temple as
destro ed. The librar of Ale andria, alread b rnt b rioting Christians nder the r le of Caesar,

as spared, allo ing medical and alchemic practices to contin e in the attached m se m ntil the
m rder of the oman-philosopher H patia (415 AD). Her death bro ght pagan st dies to an end in
Eg pt. The persec ted pagan practitioners, ph sicians, and alchemists fled to Athens.
When alchem first de eloped in the earl cent ries after Christ, it as able to dra on the
scientific achie ements of the Ancient World: in the pre io s 3000 ears man crafts and
processes had become highl organi ed, and h ge ol mes of kno ledge and e perience had been
recorded in man crafts and specialties.
Metal ork and glassmaking, the c lt re of d es, perf mes, cosmetics, dr gs, poisons, and
chemical-mi ing gained s a thro gho t the orld thro gh commercial enterprises and trade.
In Eg pt, craftsmen created collectables for ealth c stomers o t of gold, sil er, and precio s
stones. With eq al eal the prod ced for the greater n mbers of the less ealth , imitations of
gold-h ed allo s that ere good eno gh to pass for gold and colored glass gems.
In 529 AD J stinian ordered the official s ppression of the ancient learning of medicine, science, and
philosoph . As a res lt, Pagan c lt re came to an end, b t medicine and alchem s r i ed b
m tating. A major setback as inflicted pon the s r i ors b Theodosian ho created a ne la
that req ired that all books of alchem and related medical books be b rned p blicall in the
presence of a Bishop.
Ne follo ers of alchem and medicine practiced the beliefs of the c rsed, blending orthodo
religio s elements into their doctrines, hich made their practices fa orable in the e es of the
emperors. Stephan s of Ale andria dedicated his N L C a to Heracli s, Emperor of
the East (575 641AD). An e pert in the philosoph of Pathagoras and Plato, et a Christian m stic,
Stephan s made the bridge bet een medicine and ancient alchem and the ne E rope.
B antine monks translated and copied ancient man scripts for cent ries tr ing to reassemble the
isdom that earl fanaticism had destro ed. Nicephor s (758 829 AD) as interested primaril in
Greek a thors. In the ele enth cent r Psell s restored Platonic ritings. The reclaiming of the earl
medical and alchemic literat re bro ght ne follo ers and de otes, incl ding the Christian
Philosopher, the pse don m for a monk ell ersed in the dark practices and ho melded Christian
c lt re and theolog ith pagan st dies, medicine, and alchem .
Women medical a thors and alchemists, ho had hidden behind pse don ms to a oid persec tion,
became re ered practitioners and philosophers.
It is tho ght that the fe man scripts that did s r i e and ere transported to E rope o ld not
ha e pre ented E rope from pl nging into ignorance it as the in ading Arabs that bro ght the
ancient isdom and practices of medicine and alchem to E rope.
Alchemists state that t o principles, the theor of the composition of metals and that of their
generation, ser ed as the heart of their belief s stem. The belie ed that metals ere allo s of
nrelated s bstances, et all metals contained s lph r and merc r , and it as the ar ing
proportions of each one that determined hether the metal o ld become gold, sil er, copper, tin,
or other metals.
For instance, gold as s pposed to be composed of a large amo nt of merc r and small amo nts of
s lph r; copper contained eq al amo nts of merc r and s lph r; and tin contained an imperfect
blend of imp re merc r and a large q antit of s lph r.
The alchemic st dents and theorists likened the process of transm ting one metal into another to
the generation (reprod ction) of animals and egetables therefore, to find the secret to the
prod ction of metals it o ld be necessar to disco er their seed.

The belie er of alchem as fi ated on the theor that there as no inorganic s bstance and all
s bstances ere ali e. The belie ed that life and its f nctions ere g ided b the stars hich ere
contin o sl mo ing metals to ards perfection to gold!
From the t elfth cent r , alchemists had prono nced that for their transm tations to reach
completion an agent as necessar . The agent had man names and manifestations, for instance
the philosopher s stone, philosopher s po der, the great eli ir, and the q intessence. When the
philosopher s stone to ched a liq id metal it o ld be transm ted into gold.
Paracels s describes the philosopher s stone as solid and dark red; Berigard of Pisa describes the
stone as the color of poppies; Ra mond L ll stated that the stone as the color of a carb ncle;
Hel eti s held the stone in his hands and claimed it as bright ello ; the Arab Khalid rote, This
stone nites ithin itself all the colors; it is hite, red, ello , sk -bl e and green. Is the
philosopher s stone perhaps an opal?
At the age of si teen Paracels s entered the ni ersit in Basel and is tho ght to ha e gone to
W r b rg to st d ith Hans on Trittenheim, a recogni ed scholar of magic. When he became
t ent -t o ears old, Paracels s as emplo ed b the mining school of Sigism nd F gger, a ell-
kno n alchemist. Paracels s then ent on hat co ld be described as an od sse thro gh
German , Ital , France, the Netherlands, England, Scandina ia, and R ssia.
At the age of thirt -three Paracels s as hired to the position of to n ph sician and professor of
medicine. Paracels s q ickl made enemies of the to n officials and ph sicians b sa ing, If o
ill not learn the m steries of p trefacti e fermentation, o are n orth of the name of
ph sicians. For the remainder of his ears Paracels s andered thro gh do ens of cities and
co ntries, riting books and papers in a mi of German, Latin, and made p ords of his o n
design. He sed the Arabic ord for black e e make p (al-kohl) and sed it to describe the spirits of
ine, hich became the ord alcohol. Paracels s created the ord inc, and from the German
ord all-geist he created the ord alkahest that is the ni ersal alchemic sol ent ith the
po ers to con ert all things into their liq id primar matter. For his o n brand of alchem , primaril
designed for healing disease, Paracels s coined the term spag ric.
Paracels s as not alone, ho e er. Another ph sician b the name of Henr Corneli s Agrippa of
Nettesheim, ho ser ed as a soldier in German , tra eled thro gh France, Spain, Ital , England,
and S it erland, and d ring his brief life of 49 ears as a professor, co rtier, theologian, la er,
doctor, and alchemist.
Agrippa s philosoph as o tlined in T Occ P (1510 AD), his legendar book on magic
he rote hile in England. His philosoph as that man is made in the image of God. He sa God
as the hole ni erse, and it as simpl reason that man then as a miniat re replica (a sort of
mini-me ) of the Uni erse.
Agrippa belie ed that, j st as man s bod as filled ith his spirit, so all material s bstances are
permeated b a Uni ersal Spirit. He belie ed this spirit as er ab ndant in the celestial bodies
and tra eled to earth ia the star s light and energ ra s. He belie ed that ario s earthl materials
s ch as gems, metals, plants, and animals ere nder the infl ence of a partic lar star or planet.
Agrippa also belie ed the materials ere infl enced b the spirit of that star. He strongl
ad ocated charms of all kinds hich o ld be orn on the bod bo nd to an part of it or h ng
aro nd the neck, changing sickness into health or health into sickness . . . When an star ascends
fort natel take an herb and a stone that are nder that star, make a ring of the metal that is
congr o s there ith, and in that fi the stone ith the herb nder it.
Emperor R dolf II, the king of Prag e, Bohemia, as an enth siastic alchemist. His laborator filled
t o rooms; the eq ipment incl ded three great f rnaces that ere designed to smelt ore, heat a
ater bath (bain-marie), and distill olatile liq ids and nco ntable n mbers of glass are, incl ding
glass phials, pe ter f nnels, ho rglass of different si es, spoons, spat las, and kni es.
The alchemists ho ere in ited to ork in this laborator li ed on Olden Lane bet een Saint
George s ch rch and Saint Vit s Cathedral. On September 3, 1584, Dr. Thadde s Hajek, the co rt
ph sician, recei ed t o isitors from England: Dr. John Dee and his assistant Ed ard Kelle . The
arri ed to gain s pport from the Emperor for a Polish co nt (Albert Laski) ho anted to be king of
Poland. The co nt belie ed the alchemic skills of Dee and Kelle o ld ca se R dolf to become an
all .
Earl in 1582 Kelle sho ed p at Dr. John Dee s ho se, abo t the same time as Dee had beg n his
e periments in scr ing (cr stal-ga ing) ith a cr stal sphere and a disc of polished black obsidian
that had been bro ght back from Me ico. Dee called these t o objects his she stones. Kelle
became a skillf l scr er, and the t o spent e er spare min te in raising- p isions of spirits and
angels.
While abroad, Dr. Dee had been spreading his ision of religion and scientific beliefs. He as
considered one of the foremost thinkers of his age, and his ideas carried considerable a thorit .
Dee s ie s, ho e er, ere not on the same track as those of the Catholic Ch rch, and in the spring
of 1586 ord came to Dee and Kelle that the Ch rch had made the decision to bring charges
against them. The left Prag e and learned later that the had left j st in time, as the Pope s
representati e had acc sed them of conj ring and practicing black magic and had ordered
Emperor R dolf to arrest them and send them to Rome for interrogation b the Catholic Ch rch.
Modern chemistr deals ith the str ct re, composition, and reacti e properties of elements nder
different circ mstances. Before arri ing at a theor or concl sion, a chemist ill rer n an e periment
man times nder e actl the same conditions, keep reliable records and come to a repeatable
concl sion.
Until the 16th cent r , the alchemist s primar interest in basic elements as the ingredients in, and
the make p of, the philosopher s stone. Alchemists ere not moti ated to do more in estigation as
the alread had their ans er as to the nat re of s bstances. This as primaril Aristotle s theor of
the fo r elements, and then in the di ision of elements into s lf r and merc r or the di ision of
s lf r, merc r , and salt of later alchem . Their belief in a m stical, hermetic philosoph , ith its
ideas of occ lt s mpathies bet een objects, allo ed them to engage in bi arre occ lt s mpathies
bet een objects, enco raged them to ild flights of fanc and spec lation, often on the basis of a
single obser ation. As a res lt, n mero s e perimental facts and theories ere recorded b
alchemists, b t each e isted in isolation and rarel as fo nd to be generall sef l.
It as Paracels s ho thro gh nintended e ents began the decline of alchem and the march
to ard modern chemistr . A giant 16th cent r ph sician, he p t his arms aro nd both the practical
and the m stical aspects of alchem . He insisted that the tr e p rpose of m stical alchem as to
de elop secret po ers ithin the h man so l, and the ltimate goal of practical alchem as to find
medical c res. The follo ers of Paracels s regarded these t o beliefs as too far afield from their o n
original training.
Man alchemists began to de ote more energ to their spirit al gro th. Others, happ to be
released from the q est to find the philosopher s stone, began e perimentation g ided b facts, and
as a res lt, the re ealed man ne basic re elations. Finall the fo ndation as p t together for
the creation of a , or medical chemistr , and for the science of basic chemistr .
Some alchemists belie ed that the philosopher s stone as a diamond since it had attained the
pinnacle of bea t and perfection eq al onl to that of gold among metals and the S n among
planets. One of the diamond s mbols of alchemists as the Shameer, a niq e diamond that had
been snatched from the beak of a rooster before it as s allo ed. It is said that the Shameer as
emplo ed b Moses to c t the precio s stones for the priestl Je ish estments (the ephod) and it is
also tho ght to be the stone that as sed b Solomon for his isdom.

Of all of the precio s and semiprecio s stones, the star r b is tho ght to be the most magical. It is
tho ght to represent the creati e energ of the S n (the creator star) and the pentagram (the star
of magic). The star of the pentagram has been emplo ed for cent ries to call forth angels, demons,
elementals, and spirits.
Tra tmansdorf claimed to ha e disco ered a bean-shaped philosopher s stone that glo ed in the
dark. This ersion of the philosopher s stone as often compared to the Indian Brahman s Pentarbe,
a magic stone that as ie ed b Apolloni s of T ana, ho remarked, In the night time it glo ed
like fire, for it is red and emits ra s; and if o look at it, it smits o r e es ith a tho sand gleams.
And this light ith in it is a spirit of m sterio s po er, for it absorbs to itself e er thing in its
neighborhood.
Thro gh histor , the assignment of different je els to people according to their birth date as
calc lated in relationship to the planet s infl ence thro gh the Zodiac. Each of the t el e different
stones ere gi en to the planets assigned b the birth date. Modern astrolog has maintained this
tradition and belief of the l ck birthstone.
It as belie ed that in addition to ha ing the po er to transm te metals, the philosopher s stone
had other m stical benefits. It co ld c re all diseases and e tend life far be ond its nat ral limits it
as the panacea!
The Chinese belie ed that gold as immortal and hen cons med b a h man it co ld make
h mans immortal. Their problem as that the had to find or make the onder preparation of
medicine beca se gold po der co ld not be absorbed; it came thro gh the intestinal tract
nabsorbed. Therefore the needed to find a process to dissol e gold into a mar elo s po der,
hich o ld then be spread mistil like ind dri en b rain thro gh the fi e organs. It as
belie ed that s ch a po der co ld onl be obtained thro gh an alchemical proced re. This ni ersal
medicine, referred to as h atan c red its ser of all Earthl miseries and disease.
Like prod ces like is the ancient ma im of magic, meaning the most perfect and imperishable
metal ill prod ce immortalit and perfection. The Chinese alchemist emplo ed magical form las to
promote his trade, and he looked to the stars for fa or and s ccess of his efforts.
The West belie ed, incorrectl , that the Chinese stro e to make tr e gold. B t in realit , the Chinese
belie ed that artificial gold, not tr e gold, as endo ed ith great magical po er. The sed the
merc r ore, cinnabar, and additional metals. In fact the Chinese conscio sl intended to make
allo s that appeared to be gold!
The Chinese belie ed it as s fficient to eat meals each da from plates made of allo s that looked
like gold to gain immortalit .
There is a legend that tells of the great Wei Po-Yang (100 150 AD), ho hen he as able to create
the tr e gold medicine, he and his st dent Y became immortal. Additionall the sage s dog had
eaten the scraps on the plate and had also attained immortalit .
The Chinese aimed onl to rej enate and attain immortalit . The concept of the alchemist
philosopher s gold as not kno n to the Chinese.
Paracels s, born Phillipp s A reol s Theophrast s Bombast s on Hohenheim, as a S iss

ph sician, andering m stic, and alchemist. He pioneered the se of chemicals and minerals in
medicines. Science jo rnalist Philip Ball reports, Paracels s li ed from 1493 to 1541 he as a
f lcr m of estern histor , the da n of the modern age. This as a orld here magic as real,
here demons l rked in e er dark corner, here God presided o er all creation, and et it as also
a time hen h mankind as beginning to crack nat re s codes and map the geograph of hea en
and earth.

Paracels s is famo s for his railing against the ancient ideas of Hippocrates and Galen, both of hom
s ggested that illness as the res lt of an imbalance of fo r h mors (liq ids): blood, black bile,
ello bile, and phlegm. Paracels s, b contrast, belie ed that disease res lted from the bod being
attacked b agents o tside the bod or b other abnormalities that co ld be treated ith chemicals.
In 1527 Paracels s p blicl b rned the standard medical te ts of the da , hich incl ded the orks
of Galen and A icenna. This b rning of the masters ritings and tho ghts on a h ge log fire, lit b
st dents, co ld be ie ed as a t rning point in the histor of medicine, according to a thor, H gh
Crone. Ph sicians of the da had to destro the er fo ndations of Galenic medicine, be free to
q estion a thorit , and emplo c rrent obser ations and rational e periments hile at the same
time look for ne medicines.
One of Paracels s s primar ideas as to doc ment the occ pational ha ards of metal orks and
mining. As a res lt he is often times referred to as the father of to icolog . He rote, All things are
poison, and nothing is itho t poison onl the dose permits something not to be poisono s. He
also proposed the concept of like c res like, and that if a poison ca sed a disease, then the same
poison might be sed as a c re if administered in the proper dosage and form. His ideas ma ha e
been one of the forer nners of the science of homeopath here, Like treats Like.
Faith m st take first place among all the other la s of philosoph , stated a Jes it spokesman in
1624, so that hat, b established a thorit , is the ord of God ma not be e posed to falsit .
The statement as a strict arning to restrict nnecessar spec lation: The onl thing necessar to
the philosopher, in order to kno the tr th, hich is one and simple, is to oppose hate er is
contrar to Faith and to accept that hich is contained in Faith.
While the Jes it did not name a specific heretic to hich the arning as directed, his
contemporaries o ld ha e certainl nderstood that his remarks ere specificall h rled at the
a thor of a scientific paper entitled T A a b Galileo Galilei.
Galileo as alread in hot ater ith a thorities beca se he sed his o n obser ations of the
hea ens to s pport the Copernican belief that the earth as in an orbit aro nd the s n. Galileo had
bo ed to the a thorit of the Inq isition b pledging to drop his claims s pporting the earth s orbit
aro nd the s n. Ho e er, his book T A a , printed in 1623, re ealed that Galileo as
nrepentant and contin ed to preach the dangero s theor .
As a follo er of L creti s, Galileo defended the oneness of the celestial and terrestrial orld: there
as no essential difference, he claimed, bet een the nat re of the s n and the planets and the
nat re of the earth and its inhabitants. Like L creti s, he belie ed that e er thing in the ni erse
co ld be nderstood thro gh the same disciplined se of obser ation and reason. Like L creti s, he
so ght to ork thro gh this testimon to ard a rational comprehension of the hidden str ct res of
all things. And like L creti s, he as con inced that these str ct res ere b nat re constit ted b
hat he called minims or minimal particles, that is, constit ted b a limited repertor of atoms
combined in inn merable a s.
Galileo had po erf l friends of great stat s and credibilit . T A a as dedicated to none other
than the highl respected ne l -elected pope, Urban VIII, born Maffeo Barbarini, and ho as
Cardinal had endorsed Galileo s research and theories of the ni erse.
As long as the pope as s pporting Galileo, he o ld be able to p rs e his stellar research.

Ho e er, the pope as besieged b the Jes its to restrain Galileo from e pressing his heresies. On
A g st 1, 1632, the Societ of Jes s prohibited and condemned the theor of atoms. The prohibition
in of itself co ld not ha e initiated a condemnation of Galileo, as T A a had been appro ed
eight ears earlier. Ho e er, Galileo s printing of the D a C c T C W d
S in 1632 ga e his opponents the opening that the had been pra ing for: the promptl
reported Galileo s transgression to the Congregation of the Hol Office hich as also kno n as the
Inq isition.
On J ne 22, 1633, the Inq isition p blished its erdict, We sa , sentence, and declare that o
Galileo, b reason of the e idence arri ed at in the trial, and b o confessed as abo e, ha e
rendered o rself in the j dgment of this Hol Office ehementl s spected of heres . Ho e er,
beca se of Galileo s fa or ith the pope he a oided tort re and e ec tion, b t as sentenced to life
imprisonment nder ho se arrest.
Grad all , hermetic beliefs in the nit of the cosmos lost s pport, and scientists began to look for
ne theories to embellish or replace Aristotle s beliefs. Thro gho t the 17th and 18th cent ries
alchemists contin ed to belie e in the possibilit of transm ting base metals into gold. B t the ere
too b s , either ith e amining their o n so ls and spirit al p rs its, or ith their laborator
e periments to chase transm tation; the prod cing of gold b cooking base metals became the song
of those ho anted to generate ealth or to mislead others, hich as a great depart re from the
spirit al p rs its of the original alchemists.
Scientific tho ght from other specialties grad all began to tear apart the position of alchem in the
16th and 17th cent ries. Francis Bacon, the English essa ist and scientific philosopher ho died in
1626, igoro sl s pported the proper organi ation of e periments and acc rate recording of data
and res lts so the co ld be repeated and confirmed. Open disc ssions that incl ded ell-respected
scientists and thinkers from all o er E rope began to replace the m sterio s persona of the
alchemist.
In England in1660, Charles II s pported the formation of the Ro al Societ of London. Robert Bo le,
one of the societies original members, as instr mental in setting chemistr p as a science,
separating it from the transm tation of metals and from the creation of medicines.
In 1661 Bo le p blished the Sc ca C , and in it he dismissed as being nscientific the

Aristotelian theor of the fo r elements and the alchemist s notion of the three principles of salt,
s lf r, and merc r .
In 1669 Hennig Brandt, a German alchemist, had tried to transm te insignificant materials into gold
the most noble of metals. Brandt reasoned that nothing co ld be more noble than the h man
bod and materials connected ith it. So perhaps it o ld be possible to change something
connected ith the noble h man bod into the noble metal gold.
Brandt combined h man rine ith common beach sand, then heated the mi in an o en. The soft
hite resid e glo ed in a dark room and Brandt named it phosphor s (Greek for I bear light ).
Bo le proc red a sample of Brandt s phosphor s and began to man fact re it in large q antities and
sold it thro gho t E rope. Altho gh Bo le s scientific infl ence as strong, man contin ed to
embrace Aristotle s ideas ntil late in the 18th cent r , and in an effort to preser e their theories
the retreated from the stage of science to m sticism.
A c rio s manifestation of alchemical m sticism as the stor of the Rosicr cian fraternit , a secret
order that claimed to hold great po ers and to co nt among its members the greatest alchemists of
t o cent ries. The total of hat is kno n of the Rosicr cian fraternit is fo nd in three anon mo sl
p blished pamphlets that appeared in German bet een 1614 and 1616. The pamphlets contain the
strange lang age and s mbolism that is emplo ed and embraced b m stical alchemists.
No one as able to determine hether the Rosicr cian brotherhood act all e isted, hether it had
been created to con e alchem in s mbolic terms, or hether it as a hoa designed to discredit
ealo s st dents of alchem and the occ lt. The pamphlets prod ced e treme e citement and ild
spec lation thro gho t E rope. Man follo ers attempted to get in to ch ith the a thors b
printing their o n pamphlets in repl . The fe er pitch and interest lasted for the entire 17th cent r
and incl ded highl regarded scientists and philosophers e en Descartes and Leibni e pended
considerable effort in an attempt to re eal the tr th.

The first pamphlet, Fa a F a a , describes the tra els of Brother C.R.C. ho is in search of
alchemic e pertise and isdom. C.R.C. as generall tho ght to be an abbre iation for Christian
Rosenkre , hich translates to Ros Cross. Rosenkre established himself in German and ith
three other monks fo nded the Rosicr cian Order, or Fraternit of the Ros Cross. The small
fraternit of monks recorded e er thing C.R.C. had learned the kno n skills in science, magic, and
the healing arts, and the grad all gre in n mbers to eight. The e ent all disbanded after
pledging to keep the secrets of the fraternit for 100 ears.
In 1615 the second pamphlet sho ed p. It as ritten in the identical alchemic lang age of the
Fa a, and it enco raged alchemic scholars to join the fraternit , b t the pamphlet ga e no
instr ctions on ho to accomplish the contact.
The third pamphlet, T C ca W dd , as printed in 1616, and its contents left no do bt

that it as a tool of alchem . It contained ell-kno n alchemic s mbols and other information that
resonated ith the Renaissance magician, incl ding mathematical p les, descriptions of niq e
mechanical to s, and the most strange Fig res, and dark Sentences and Speeches. Man ears
later an eminent German theologian, Johann Valentin Andreae of W rtemberg, confessed that he
had ritten T C ca W dd as a schoolbo joke. It as ne er determined hether he as
also the a thor of the t o additional pamphlets. Altho gh he had confessed to his joke, man
faithf l s pporters contin ed to belie e in the contents of the pamphlets. Man c ltists belie ed that
the pamphlets contained coded alchemical and hermetic secrets. Others looked at them as ha ing a
deeper p rpose thro gh a reformation in science, not nlike the L theran reformation in religion.
The m sterio s c rtain of alchemical s mbolism enabled alchemists to in ent their indi id al
translations of the s mbols and recipes. Some s mbols ere looked at as segments of the laborator
process or as steps for the progress of the so l, or both. Alchem emplo ed a ide palate of
s mbolism, incl ding astrolog , religion, and magic.
Alchemists had from the beginning taken e er effort to preser e the secrec of their form las and
methods. There as no niformit in the alchemical lang age, hich freq entl emplo ed h ndreds
of different s mbols that might ha e been sed for a d al p rpose, so the co ld be sed to
remember stages of an e periment or a recipe itho t riting them o t.
The 17th cent r as an era of rapid progress in scientific tho ght and disco er ; ho e er,
n mero s pioneers of tr e science ere also solid belie ers in alchem . One of the most famo s of
these as Sir Isaac Ne ton, ho had p t forth the a a . He spent a considerable amo nt
of time st d ing alchem and the magical nat re of the orld. His mathematical in estigations ere
sed to confirm his belief in the m stical harmonies of the Uni erse.
In addition to Ne ton, Descartes, ho is tho ght b man to be the father of modern philosoph ,
as serio sl interested in alchem . A more eccentric personage ha ing this interest as Johann
R dolf Gla ber. Born in German in 1604, he became a ph sician and chemist and as a passionate
belie er in alchem . He made man al able obser ations and disco eries, partic larl in the
chemistr of ine-making and the science of the distillation of spirits. While e amining the chemical
content of a healing mineral spring here he had isited to take a c re, he identified the s bstance
as sodi m s lfate. He became er e cited and anno nced that he had at last fo nd one of the ital
constit ents of the philosopher s stone. Cr stalli ed sodi m is kno n as Gla ber s salt. Ho e er, it
is sed, not as the Eli ir of Life, b t as a la ati e.
Thomas Jefferson, a ealth Virginia plantation o ner, possessed fi e Latin editions of O

Na T b L creti s ith translations of the poem in English, Italian, and French. It as
one of Jefferson s fa orite books, confirming his belief that there is nat re alone and that nat re
consists onl of matter.

L creti s contrib ted to Jefferson s belief that ignorance and fear ere not necessar components
of h man e istence, and Jefferson sed the theme of this ancient poem to create a go ernment
hose goal as not onl to g arantee the li es and liberties of its citi ens, b t also to g arantee
the p rs it of Happiness. The atoms that L creti s and Epic ri s had en isioned had contrib ted
significantl to the content of America s D c a a I d d c !
On A g st 15, 1820, the se ent -se en ear old Jefferson penned a letter to former president, John
Adams, ho as eight -fi e: I feel: therefore I e ist. I feel bodies hich are not m self; therefore,
there are other e istencies then. I call them matter. I feel them changing place. This gi es me
motion. Where there is an absence of matter, I call it oid, or nothing, or immaterial space. On the
basis of sensation, of matter and motion, e ma erect the fabric of all the certainties e can ha e
or need.
I am Jefferson penned to a riter ho enq ired on his philosoph of life, an Epic rean. Jefferson
belie ed in atoms!
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Na a W a Pa a ch g Wa h g D.C. Ma 21, 1922.
Whatever ou are, be a good one.
― Ab aha Li c
Was an American politician and la er ho served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until
his assassination in April 1865.

D c ib 2015-2019 / Hi ica Lib a / P i ac P ic

08/10/2020 Wi che , S ce e , a d Magic - E ige e ic : The Dea h f he Ge e ic The f Di ea e T a i i 1 Edi i

CHAPTER THREE
Witches, Sorcerers, and Magic
In many groups around the world, shamans or sorcerers are thought to possess the twin abilities to
hurt or heal, kill or cure. Where they exist, shamans often possess detailed knowledge of the local
psychedelic plants. They use (the herbs) in healing rituals and to commune with the supernatural ....
It is in the powerful figures of shamans and sorcerers that we find the predecessors of our white-
coated physicians ... whom we, like our ancestors, imbue with great powers.
R be Adle
Scie ce j ali
For thousands of years humans were oppressed—as some of still are— by the notion that the
universe is a marionette whose strings are pulled by a god or gods, unseen and inscrutable. Then
2,500 years ago, there was a glorious awakening in Ionia: on Samos and the other nearby Greek
colonies that grew up among the islands and inlets of the busy eastern Aegean Sea. Suddenly there
were people who believed that everything was made of atoms; that human beings and other animals
had sprung from simpler forms; that diseases were not caused by demons or the gods; that the
Earth was only a planet going around the Sun. And that the stars were very far away. This
revolution made Cosmos out of Chaos.
Ca l Saga
Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
It is probably part of the human condition that cosmologists (or shamans of any age) always think
they are knocking on eternity s door, that the final secret of the universe is in reach. It may also be
part of the human condition that they are always wrong. Science, inching along by trial-and-error
and by doubt, is a graveyard of final answers.
De i O e b e
Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: The Scientific Quest for the Secret of the Universe
I he a cie ld f d ali m, he e f ligh a d da k e e e belie ed i a d hi ed

i h he ame le el f e e g . The a a e e al e g h f b h g d a d e il a e i he mi d
f h ma he ma b e ed he d ali m f a e a d c m a ed he i g f ce i hi
life.
Ea l ma ec g i ed ha he a i habi ed b i g f ce , beca e i h gh a d ac i ,
g d a d e il a e igh l c ec ed ha he c ld al a ell hich a hich. Addi i all ,
g di e i ca f e ime e l i e il, a d c imi al h gh c ld be a l f g d. B h
h ://d c ib.i f /ge e ic /e ige e ic /3.h 1/29

he e b e ai eemed be e e ial, a d i a eb h ligh a d da k e ha e hei

f ci .
I he ea , g d ai fall a d m e c g h a d e ha ce he la d, hile i he e
de c i e ai a i e b i gi g ca a hic fl d . The h i d d i e e ile ce a d fe e
ahead f i elf, hile h i d ee he ai clea a d d i e a a di ea e a d c fail e.
O e ca de a d h imi i e me ld c j e g d a d e il i i all a d him elf.

K i g ha he e i i e e he e, ma ld c j e hem , fla e hem, ell lie hem,
a d e e e me h d hich he c ide fa able d ce a fa able e l a d i h e al
e e g a id he ega i e e l . O f fea f e i al a d di a e me icall aid m e
a e i e il i i . Whe he h e failed b i g h me mea , he fail e a a ib ed e il
f ce a he ha a lack f kill, eed, e g h.
A ci ili a i g e , ma became m e ldl a d de d ha he had e al e gh a d

e al e ibili ie . The Chaldea a eligi eached ha g d l ck a d di a e a e
ha ha a d ha e i g ha de e ded he him f g d a d e il i i , a he he e e e
a ec lled b hea e l b die ha e d g d a d e il acc di g im eachable ma hema ical
la .
P imi i e ma belie ed ha he a e le figh he de i e f he cele ial di i i ie . Ye a

ime e , i e me f e ed e hic a d elf-de e mi a i i ma fa e belie i g he ill f
he a c ld be al e ed. Ma eff e e a gel i e i ed i h he deci i f he a
a d ma lea ed f he gi e a d ake be ee hea e a d ea h.
Be ef Mag c Defea I e
Magic a d eligi e ei e i ed i he Eg ia dail life. E il g d a d dem e e belie ed

be he ca e f ma di ea e , c fail e , a d i fe ili f h ma , fl ck , a d he d .
Eg ia di ea e ea me a d ma ageme alm al a bega i h a e a d ce em ie

ha e e de ig ed gai he hel a d fa f g d a d la e . Eg ia heale ha e e
a c i ed b a h i ie e e m l i- a ke : he e did eem be a clea di i c i be ee
ie a d h icia . The heale , ie f Sekhme , e e e ec ed e i ca a i a d
magic a a f hei he a ie .
The ide ead e f he mi f eligi , medici e, a d magic b he Eg ia a d he ea l

ci ili ai , a e h gh ha e de el ed beca e f a e f l laceb effec . Th e h
belie ed i he ea me a d he ie / h icia ca aci c mm ica e i h he g d ecei ed
ai elief a d he heale - ie e e c edi ed i h he a ie ec e a d i al.
The c ce a i f he eff f magic i di ec l ela ed he elec i f he ell a d

emedie ed. Selec ed i g edie e e de i ed f m a eleme , la , a imal ha had
fea e ha l ked like ac ed like m m ig f he di ea e ill e i he a ie . Thi
Eg ia c ce a ba ed he belief ha imila imilib like ea like. Thi a cie
Eg ia c ce ha fl i hed a d i ed i m de da h me a h . F i a ce, a ich
egg hell he k ll b e f a h ma a imal ld be ed ea a k ll i j a da
am le i h he like e f a hedgeh g ld be ed ea bald e .
Am le e e i e all em l ed b Eg ia ie , h icia , a d heale f all calli g f

magical a ache heali g di ea e . The e heali g a d ec i e am le e e i h ee
e a a e cla e : (1) h me e ic he e am le a ed a imal a f a imal ha he
e a ed gai , i cl di g e g h, eed, fe ili ; (2) h lac ic he e am le ( ch a
he E e f H ) ec ed agai he e il a d de a a i g effec f de c i e g d a d dem ;
(3) he h ic he e e e e e e a i f Eg ia g d , a d he e e all c c ed f
b e a ached a lea he a .

I he 7 h ce BC he ki g f A ia, A h ba i al, e hi a e he a Si i :
S eak, a d he a ma a i hee,
J dge, gi e hi e acle,
Acce he ai i g f m ha d, ha ke m im eca i .
Take a a he e cha me , bl m i .
A ell had bee la ched agai he le , h he a ked him elf he he he de e ed hi

mi f e beca e he had c mmi ed a i . The fa f he a i a ked f l em e
he ell, b al e a e he e il deed. I hi ca e Si i i add e ed a he me e ge f highe
g d h ill a i him a d h e ill he m e .
I i h gh ha i a i A h ba i al ime ha Z a e , he Media he , decla ed ha

e il, hile e f la de e e e , ca be a ided a d e e all e c me. Z a e cla ified
he a cie belief i he h f g d a d e il i i le f he d ali ic i e e. He aced
he e legi back hei igi : O ma d (Ah a Ma da), ki g f ligh ; a d Ah ima (Ah a
Mai ), i ce f da k e . The g d dem f lde adi i e e de h ed b Z a e .
H e e , i ce he c ld be all elimi a ed f m c mm belief , he e e all ed a lace
i he a k f e il i i .
Led b Ah ima , he e i i l ge ed g d i cha ic a m . The ki gd m f e il

became ga i ed like ha f g d. The a mie e e ma haled i ba le ii , m ch like
he game f che he e he black a d hi e iece e each he i e al e g h, a d he
i i f g d a d e il, ligh a d da k e c f each he . Vic i a e ba le i
e ma e he a be ee g d a d e il age f e e i .
N all f he ac ed b k f Z a ia i m ha e bee e e ed, a d l a mall a f he

i i g ec i ca be a ib ed Z a e e al ii g , ch a he 17 alm
Ga ha . The le a d la f hi a d ac ifice a e f m ea lie ime . Addi i al b k f he
Magia c l a e he h m , he dail a e , a d he li gie . The b k called Vendidad,
acc m la i f a i-dem iac l e, e e c m iled af e he middle f he fif h ce BC. The
c ai i al ha a e m e f a el magical f m; he d gma ic he a d he l g f
Z a ia i m i e e iall eligi . H e e , he i al f deali g i h dem i magic.
I he 17 h cha e f he Vendidad he e i a e c i i de ed a i g f ail a d cli i g f

hai , hich a a he a e e a a ed f m he b d bel g he e il ea h e f
clea li e . Hai a d ail c llec ed f m he dead a e ed i he fable he me h d f
Z a e f c e i g he al famil he e d c i ea dh he h a ed a l agai hi
life.
Acc di g he lege d, c ie had hidde b e , hai , a d ail c llec ed f m he dead i hi

m. Z a e , acc ed f i a d , a c dem ed dea h b ha gi g. A he ame ime he
ki g h e fell ill. I leg had e e ed i b d . F ee me, aid he he , a d I ill e e e
leg. Z a e f eed m a g a ed, a d he leg came f h. L d, aid Z a e , if h il
emb ace m c eed, I ill e e he ec d leg. Af e he Ki g c e i , he emai i g leg
e e al e ed, b l af e he emai i g membe f he al famil a d he c had
bec me Z a ia .
Hai a d ail , hich e e ed b i a d c j e he dead, e e h gh li e a life

a a f m he b d . Hai a d ail lack he e e f e e, hea , c ld, a d ai a d a e
eemi gl dead, e he g ,a dg m e a idl ha he i e f m he b d i elf. Thi
al a e f g h a d lack f e e e led i a d a d i che l k a he e
bl dle i e a i di id al a a ie g i g li i g bei g like a a i ic la :

1. Za a h a (Z a e ) a ked Ah a Ma da (O ma da): O Ah a Ma da, m be efice

i i , make f he ma e ial ld, h h l e. Which i he m deadl deed he eb a ma
i c ea e he m balef l e g h f he dae a , a he ld d b ffe i g hem ac ifice?
2. Ah a Ma da a e ed: I i he a ma he e bel , c mbi g hi hai ha i g i ff

a i g hi ail , d hem i a h le i a c ack.
3. The f a f he la f l i e bei g b e ed, dae a a e d ced he ea h hich e

call lice, hich ea he c i he c field a d he cl he i he a d be.
4. The ef e, O Za a h a, he e e , he e bel h hal c mb h hai ha e i ff,

a e h ail , h hal ake hem a a e ace f m he fai hf l, e ace f m he fi e,
hi ace f m he a e , fif ace f m he c ec a ed b dle f ba e ma (h l ig ).
5. The h hal dig a h le, e fi ge dee if he ea h i ha d, el e fi ge dee if i i f;

h hal ake h hai d he e a d h hal a al d he e fie d- mi i g d : f hi
i Ma da made la g .
6. The e h hal d a h ee f i h a k ife f me al a d he h le, i , i e,

a d h hal cha he Ah a Vai a h ee ime , i , i e.
7. F he ail , h hal dig a h le, f he h e, a dee a he j i f he li le

fi ge ; h hal ake he ail d he e a d h hal a al d he e fie d- mi i g d : The
d a e hea d f m he i i h li e a d g d h gh .
Z a e de ailed a ach he ha dli g a d di al f hai a d ail ga e he

im a ce f he e i al . Hi fle i he face f h e h c ide ed he hai a d ail
i al a c mm e i i . Simila hai a d ail i e de aili g he ha dli g a d di al f he e
i e a ef d h gh ma imi i e c l e , e e i he 21 ce .
Hai a d ail a e c mm l i eled a a b imi i e c l e , i me i a ce b gh

ac ed i e be ed b ed, h e e i g hem f m fi di g hei a i he c d f
ce e h ld he em l hem a l c j e e il ell e i e kill he
igi al h ma ce. The e belief a e c mm am g ma ibe leadi g he fea f bei g
be i ched ia he ell i flic ed hai a d a ed ail .
I i c mm f imi i e c l e c ff he hai f a i e bef e he a e e f ee

beca e he hai i held a a h age, a g a a ee f a ia e beha i i he elea ed
i e . Fail e adhe e he e m f e de e l i he i hme f he elea ed
i e f m afa he i hme i flic ed he igi al e f he hai .
T da , i he 21 ce , hi Z a ia belief i f ll ed i E e. The Ame ica Chilea

ga ch a d he T k h a d hei hai i all ace ; A me ia hide hei h hai i ch che ,
h ll ee , a d c l m ; F e ch ea a h li e i he V ge M ai b hei hai al g
i h ee h i a ecific hidde l ca i ha he e ke c ld be eclaimed he da f
e ec i .
I he I i h illage f D mc a h he e i a belief ha hei hai e e all mbe ed b he

Almigh , a d he a e e ec ed ha e acc f each hai he da f j dgme . The
e le f Liege, Belgi m, a e a gh em e each hai ca ef ll f m hei c mb a d b he
e e he hai f m c mi g i he ha d f a i ch dem .
Z a e belief ha hai a d ail c ld ge e a e i ec a d he a imal a igi al

him. Thi belief i lde ha he a i fI a a d a c i ed h gh he i ee h ce f
he Ch i ia e a.
W me hai ha had bee b ied i ca le d g a h gh ge e a e ake .

The C e ica em, bli hed i 1543 b he P li h a me Nic la C e ic , laced he

a he ce e f he la em, e i g e i belief, l f he c m , b al f
ma ai i hi he i e e. P i C e ic , he e aili g belief a he P lemaic
em. I hi ie f he i e e, Ea h a a he ce e a d a e e embedded i a la ge
cele ial he e a d addi i al la e e ei malle he e i be ee .
P lem em i cl ded e ic cle , malle ci cle i hich he la e m ed hile he bi ed

he Ea h, i de e lai he a a e e e em i ha he la e me ime e hibi ed.
C e ic de c ibed hi em f he hea e b i i g ha he m i f hea e l b die

a e if m, e e al, a d ei he ci c la made f e e al ci cle e ic cle . He aid he ce e
f he i e ei ea he ,a da d he , i a ecific de , a e Me c , Ve , Ea h
a di m , Ma , J i e , Sa , a d he fi ed a . I k 200 ea f he C e ica m del
e lace he P lemaic m del.
I 1603 a F e ch j dge, He i B g e , bli hed a b k i chc af ha c ai ed e f mS.

Th ma , h h gh ha e ick ca ( a e l m a e a d) i ake .
Pa acel had aid, Nihil e i e e ma e, mea i g hi g e i ih eme . Thi ld belief
f a e ge e a i i ed i he e ch f Leib i a d Ne .
Im e fec a imal ch a ake , b g , f g , lice, a d flie e e h gh e d ce i he

e e ce f c i dec m ii a he ha eme . Thi li e f hi ki g ela ed he
a a e a e a ea a ce f he e a imal a ela i hi i h i fe al e a he
ha a e m a d egg fe ili a i .
Im e fec i f h ma fle h, i cl di g bi h defec (m e ), e e a ib ed di ec l e il

ell di ec ed e all f m he de il acc di g Ch i ia i a d la hi ki g f he ime .
I a belie ed ha he e il e e e a ea i a e fec h ma f m: Ei he he lim ha a
h e h f, ( h ) be a i g hi e a e.
Wi che , a Pa acel , gi e hei hai Sa a a a de i he c ac he make i h

him. B he e il ed e a e hi hai , f he c i mall a d mi e i i h he
e hala i f m hich he f m hail; h i ha c me a ha e di a il fi d li le hai i
hail.
The belief ha hai i a ef ge a e celle ce f de ili h ell a ha ed b he e ec f

i che . Bef e bei g d agged he e chambe , me h gh be i che had hei hai
c ff, a ac ice hich ca ed ma a i ch c fe h l ac ice e e bef e e a
i flic ed.
Jea B di (1530 96), a F e ch legal e e ec ded ha i he ea 1485, f i che i

he I al c fe ed hei c ime a a g af e ha i g hei hai h . B di ed ha
A ll i f T a a had hi l ck h he he Em e D mi ia had him a e ed f i a d .
A ece l a W ld Wa II, i libe a ed F a ce, a a e e i f hi a cie belief, me h
had c ed i h he Ge ma had hei hai ha ed ff b F e ch a i .
I AD 77 Pli he Elde dedica ed hi b k a al hi he Em e Ti , a d hile

ec g i i g he e f l im ac f magic ma ai i he a a d e e , Pli decla ed
ha magicia a e ick e f l h ed c i e e e c ea ed f m he c em he ha e
f ma ki d. He claimed ha magic i a i a d e e a d ha h ma i a i deb ed he
R ma g e me f ab li hi g ha m magical i e, he h ma ac ifice, hich a
c ide ed be he l ima e ffe i g ag di e f fa a d ble i g .
Pli claimed ha he f de f magic a he Pe ia , Z a e , b ig ed he fac ha

Z a ia de i ed h ma ac ifice. I i i e e i g e ha de i e Pli c f ha
i alid a d em i d m, hi ii g e e hea il im eg a ed i h magical efe e ce a d

f ll ed he R ma adi i f ai i g he be efi f he b , e , a imal , am le , a d

cha m .
While ai i g a g me agai magic, Pli efe e ce he Em e Ne , h had e f med

ma cc l e e ime ,b e e e deemed be cce f l. Pli he e ha he
Em e Tibe i e ed magicia i Ga l. I fac , ma f he R ma em e e e
agg e i el ed magic, a d Pli , a admi al f he R ma flee , f d i f g ea li ical
al e ag ee.
Ne , h m Pli li am g he a a e f magic, a blicl agai magic a d hil h ,

die ha he deemed illegal, a i g he e e f i l a d e ed a a e e f h e h
i hed k he f e. Ne belie ed ha magic a da ge he g e me , a d i fac
i ld ha e bee , if ci i e e e all ed ead i he a he de i ha a ai ed he le .
The a migh edic c i acie . Ne ife, P aea, had a di i e i e ide ce i he h e

aff, a d a gaggle f a l ge cc ied he i a e chambe . A d Ne , de i e hi fficial blic
ii magic, ill c l ed magicia i li ical deci i . The a l ge Babil ead f m
he a he ame f Ne e emie , a d ba ed he e cele ial di ec i e , Ne had he
e emie ded a d e ec ed i h ial.
Tibe i , h m Pli c edi i h he de ci f magic i Ga l, f e ime c l ed i h he

a l ge Th a ll . Thi a l ge edic ed he ele a i f Tibe i he h e. Tibe i , i
de e Th a ll belief i hi edic i , had decided e ec e he a l ge if he
edic ed i c ec l . Tibe i he dema ded ha Th a ll edic hi de i , he e
Th a ll decla ed him elf be i immedia e da ge . Tibe i he a ed, Tha i e, a d he
e ac e f he hec g a a ee he e c ce i g m e . Tibe i he c mf ed he
embli g he a d emb aced him.
I he b k Isis and Osiris, Pl a ch (AD 45 126) a ed ha he S hi mb li e he ec e f

he cc l i d m. He f he de c ibe he S hi a a mag ifice c ea e ha i g i g f e e
cha gi g h e. Whe di ec ed a d he , he i g gli e like g ld; he he a e ed
a d he cl d , he hi e i h he c l f he ai b . Ye , i h all hi i e iga i e kill
Pl a ch failed c e he c m le e mea i g a d m e ie f he g ea S hi .
F ld mbe f ea , he S hi d a he ec f he ec e f Eg ia magic.
I hei de i e lea he ec e f he S hi , a a ade f G eek hil he , i cl di g S l ,
Thale , P hag a , E d ,a dL c g e ed Eg c fe i h he ie .
E g h W che
Whe a eli g h gh he ea e c ie f E gla d ( ch a Ea A glia, E e , a d he ),

e ca eg la l fi d m me f he ic im f eligi a d medical e ec i f m he eig
f Ma I i he fi half f he 16 h ce . D i g ha ime 277 h e ef d g il f
i chc af a d ce e eb a he ake. The ima bjec i e f he Ref me ( eligi ,
al, a d medical) a he elimi a i f he ac i i e f magic a d ce .
I he ea 1563, The Eli abe ha Wi chc af Ac a a ed i la . Thi la im ed he e al

f dea h f m de b ce , a d he ill a d im i me f -le hal i chc af . The fi
e be i hed af e he ac a e ac ed a a i - h ee ea ld ma b he ame f
Ag e Wa e h e h a ha ged i Chelm f d i 1566 f he c ime f be i chi g William F ee
dea h. He c -defe da a he familia , a ca amed Sa a .
The fi f he ic im f hi ac a like h e h f ll ed he , a ea a . The affl e ,

h icia , a d al e e ec ed b hei eal h f m bei g acc ed f i chc af . The c ime
f hich he g il e e i hed e e im le maleficia, balef l ac ela ed he jeal ie a d
i dic i e e f i che . The c f E e became he ce e f he i ch h e ec i ,
i h he maj mbe f he e ial cc i g i 1566, 1579, 1582, a d 1589.
A e ami a i f he ld c ec d e eal ha he b eak f i ch ma ia i Ea A glia

had all f he cha ac e i ic f ma h e ia. The e i e b k f i ch f lkl e a d i chc af a
l dged agai he acc ed al g i h m ed- e ide ce.
The acc e i he e hea f hi c i ac e e he illage h a e , efe ed a

C i g Me a d C i g W me h e e i ch d c a d h icia h f eel a d a l
de ced hei c m e i . Thi had bee hei habi i ce he begi i g f E gli h hi .
O igi all he i hme a limi ed eccle ia ical i hme he d a i g f he i ch
bl d e ali e he ell. Wi h he a e bei g he fficial i ch h e , i fl e ial
h icia e e em e ed b he g e me gi e a diag i ha g a a eed mi e , e
a d dea h each a d e e e f he acc ed.
Ha db k f magi a e , i cl di g Michael Dal Country Justice (1618), a d Richa d

Be a d Guide to Grand Jurymen (1627), ed ha he ima e ide ce f g il f i chc af
a he e i f a a imal familia (a ca , d g, m e, he e ). B a fide h icia ,
a fallible a hei fficial allie , he C i g Pe le, e e ge e all e a ed diag e ma f
he ill e e ha he e e able c e a ca ed b i chc af .
The e f i di id al be diag ed a a i ch ha bee f hi ical i e e he chia i

Si Cha le Oma , he hi ia , h di ided i che a d i a d i f ca eg ie : he c ci
cha la a , he malig a e h l belie ed he c ld ha m hei e emie , he hee l a ic,
a d h e h e e hem el e he ic im f ea dd e .
O e Ne ma ke ma h belie ed ha he e ad a a familia i i a i i ed b D .
William Ha e , a h icia f Ki g Cha le I a d he igi al ill a f he c m le e a a m f
he ci c la i f h ma bl d.
D . Ha e killed a d di ec ed he ad, h dem a i g ha he ad a c ed iha

al a a m h i l g . Ha e a c ide ed be ma ea ahead f hi fe i al
c lleag e , h e e e c mf able i i i g a fi ge a i chc af a a alibi f di ea e
i flic ed hei a ie ha he hem el e c ld c e.
F e ch W che
The a ea a ce f i chc af i E e, a i de el ed i he e i d f g ea e ec i , a
f di diffe e f m . The fi a de c ibed a c age i d i chc af hich em l ed
ell a d i e f m black hi e magic. The ec d a f amed i he belief ha i che
e e he h ck a i f he de il.
The i ch a l ge a im le i e- ma , h c ld d ce a heali g ea me cha m a

ell a a i he i ch (male female) a f ll de ed e il a d had c ci l
j i ed he c ed a m f Sa a .
I he begi i g f he age f i che , he F e ch i ch a he m fe b e ed. The age

d e hea il he acc a i a d i c imi a i hea ed he e ical ec . The g il f he
i ch a c fi med b i g leadi g e i acc ed i che a d i g hem il a
c fe i a e ac ed. The g il a he e i ed i fi ge a he a i che , h
e e he e i ed a d ed il he c fe ed.
The c fe i a d he g ea a i ie f i f ma i e e e ed b he e ec a da
di i c ic e f i ch beha i a d i ch belief a acc m la ed. I a a ge a , hi
ie a ac ed ma le i be k ha he e e i che .
A ce al heme f he e i ch eligi a he Sabba h, he mee i g d i g hich he De il a

hi
ed. The fi acc ha ha e i ed f hi cc e ce came i 1335 f m T l e, i
he h f F a ce. A ma , A e-Ma ie de Ge gel, c fe ed ha a all da k ma , h had
fie e e a d a cl hed i ki , a ea ed he hile he a a hi g. He a ked he gi e

he elf ( e all ) him a d he ag eed. He b ea hed i he ea , a d he f ll i g Sa da ,

me el b illi g i , he a meh ake he i che mee i g. The mee i g a e ided
e b ag a , hich a gh he ec e a k e il. She had ed he e ec e e e i ce
a d had d e all he ha m he c ld.
A e-Ma ie de Ge gel a ed, G d led i hea e a d Sa a ea h. The e ee al a e ,

l cked i c flic h gh he age ; h e e , he belie ed ha Sa a ld i m h.
A he ma , Ca he i e Del , claimed ha e e Sa da he fell i ac i lee i hich

he a a ed he ga he i g f i che . The e he hi ed he g a a d bmi ed he
b d him a d he he i che . The ked e il b ili g ha e a d killi g ca le, a d a
hei mee i g he fea ed he b die f babie .
The F e ch magi a e a d i ch-h e , Pie e de La c e, de ed he la ea f hi life

ac i el i g e ide ce, eal imagi a , f de il- hi a d i chc af . He b agged
ab ha i g c ig ed 600 i che he flame . I hi Tableau de l inconstance des mauvais
anges (Description of the Faithlessness of Evil Angels) bli hed i 1612, he ec d hi e al
acc f hi i ch h i he Ba e egi f F a ce.
The g ea e de a ce f he acc a i agai i che ac ice a d beha i a he Sabba h

had i he begi i g bee la ched agai -Ch i ia he e ical ec ha e e acc ed f he
hi f he De il a d hi a imal f m ( familia ), he b ce e ki , he i le ha ed f
Ch i ia i , he ca ibali m f ea i g babie , a d he mi c g .
I he begi i g f he f ee h ce e e he K igh Tem la e e acc ed f hi i g

he De il b am li g c cifi e , c la i g i h dem , a d b ce e ki i g. I he f ee h
a d fif ee h ce ie he e e e a i ial f im a i di id al , ch a J a fA ca d
Gille de Rai , i hich cha ge f i chc af e e fea ed a d la ed a a i c ea i g he ide
ead belief ha he e e e la ge mbe f i che h gh he la d.
E e ek fJ a f A c, b fe k ha he a b ed a he ake af e bei g f d
g il f ac ici g i chc af . The i i f he j dge a he ial i 1431 a ha he i i
e e hle . The de ied he he gif f hec , acc ed he f ce , a d ab e all
ce ed he he e ical ide hich i d ced he belie e ha he a a e able l G da d
G d mi i e ea h.
Whe a he ial J a a cha ged a a ce e a d a i ch, he e e e a i g acc f he

backg d, i cl di g ha he a a illegi ima e da gh e f L i d O lea a d Q ee I abea ,
id f Cha le VI, a d he ef e he half- i e f he Da hi , Cha le II. Al h gh he e i me
deba e a he he he e claimed bi h igh a e c ec , i i a fac ha he Da hi ga e
he a al c a f a m , a a e hield, a d a il e d i h g ld g i , hich ca ied a g ld
c a d g ld fle -de-li a hea d f h f a ed ca ed ea a gi l. I i
belie ed ha he h i ha he a he da gh e f cce f l a d ell- -d ea a f m he
illage f D m em i L ai e, cl e he b de f he ki gd m f F a ce, hich a ha e i d
a he l ca i f Pa i a d a bei g ma a ded a d l de ed b he E gli h.
J a dde i e fame a d e he c ic i ha he al e c ld deli e F a ce f m he

E gli h, a e hich he belie ed a di i el c fe ed he f hi e. J a
claimed ha a ge ice he ide ified a h e f S . Gab iel, S . Michael, S . Ma g e i e, a d S .
Ca he i e bega c mm ica i g i h he he he a l hi ee . I he hade f a fai ie
ee he had made a f a celiba e life. I i iall he ice i c ed he a el F a ce, b
he he e f he ci f O lea bei g de iege, eached J a i D m em , he a he
ld e c e he ci .

A a mall child J a a ld f he ki gd m f F a ce ha had bee l b a e il Q ee I abea

h had defec ed F a ce e emie a d ha a i gi ld eclaim F a ce. The e a a he
ha igi a ed i he begi i g f he 15 h ce ha a ld he egi child e : A
h a e amed Ma ie d A ig had g e he Ki g a d ld him ha he c a ab
be a aged b a ,b ha a maid ld c me a d lead F a ce ic .
I 1429 J a a ked a ffice i c mma d f he a ea, R be de Ba d ic , gi e he a h e

a d mili a e c g a k f a a die ce i h he Da hi e. Af e he a ked f a d ecei ed
a e ci m f m a l cal ie , he ffice c m lied. N a med i h a i d ci he
Da hi e, J a a elled ac cc ied F a ce Chi .
J a a able a h gh ad bl ck , amb he , e ie , a d high a bbe . Whe he

a i ed, he c mi i e f Chi e e e i l c ce ed a d i g f hi g ma
h claimed he a e b ai a d a gel a d G d. J a ag eed be i e ie ed b a
e e i e eccle ia ical a embl a P i ie , a d he a ed he e a d c i ced he cle ic .
S b e e l , i h Cha le , J a decla ed ha he ld figh a d d i e F a ce e emie f m

hei e i h gh he g ace f S . Michael. Cha le a fficie l c i ced ha he ided
J a iha m a d a d di a ched he T . He a da d b e he image f he Ki g f
Hea e h ldi g a b i h he d Je Ma ia. She ga he ed he a d headed j i he
F e ch a m a Bl i f he elief f O lea .
He mili a cam aig e e cce f l, he iege f O lea e ded, a d he E gli h e e cha ed

back h me; Cha le a c ed a Rheim a J a had edic ed. The f ll i g ea J a a
ca ed a d ed e J h f L emb g, he B g dia c mma de , h ld he he
E gli h.
Af e a em a e ca e, J a a e he E gli h mili a facili f R e a d laced

de igh g a d i he ca le. J a ial f ce a d he e bega i he ea 1431. F
li ical ea , he E gli h e e de e mi ed ha J a ld be c ic ed a d am f
a m c ld a e he .
J a a i he c d f a a gl hile Bi h , Pie e Ca ch , h had a ked f he ffice

f j dge f e al be efi ; he he elec ed a ib al ha ld g a a ee a c ic i . The
e i ha he ial a de ig ed a e a he he i a G d he De il h g ided
he .
The he l gia f he Ch ch, he cle ic , a d ma e f he U i e i f Pa i e e i ag eeme

ha J a had ed i chc af . I a aid ha he j dge had f ha J a a a magicia , a
he e ic, a chi ma ic. I a cha ged ha he ice he claimed he had hea d e e he e l f
he c m i f ma d ake, a he b ha d ce a a c ic-like b a ce ha ca e deli i m
a d ha magical e , i cl di g he effec f hea i g ice , a d J a a k ca
ma d ake i he b dice. He j dge i i ed ha , he a a i i e e i fac i fe al i i , ha
he ice e e a a ic i e e i , ha he em i i e e i chc af a d ha he
( cce f l) ba le e e diab lical c ime .
The e ac cha ge agai J a a ha he a e ii ,a h a e , a id la e , a

i ke f de il , a bla heme agai G d a d hi ai . The i dic me d ced a li f he
de e able a d icked c ime a d i a f i f he d i i . The I i ii ef ed
belie e ha ai had ei he ke he i i ed he , a d he belie ed ha Cha le VII
c ai had bee a k f hell beca e J a had e ked e il i i . The I i ii f he
e ed ha J a a e fidi ,c el, a d ai ed i h h ma bl d. The U i e i f Pa i
affi med ha J a a a ma f Balial, Sa a , a d Behem h.

T all he e cha ge J a a f d g il f he e a d ld be b ed a he ake le he

bmi ed. T all a a l beca e f he e dic a d i hme , he eca ed he claim a d a
gi e a e e ce f i .
S me ime la e , J a eca ed he c fe i a d a b ed a he ake Ma 30, 1431, a a

ela ed he e ic. Af e he fi e had c med he b d , he e ec i e a de ed em e
he a he a d e e he cha ed b d . The e ec i e he c e he bell a d che a d
de ed he e ail . He a c mma ded h J a hea a d he a he i he L i e
e e a mi acle- ki g iece be claimed a d ed e e he .
D i gJ a ial, l Jea Ge , Ma e f he U i e i , had defe ded he a d decla ed he

i ce ce. I 1456 emi e j dge claimed he i e i ie f he fi ial a d J a i ce ce,
ea e ed he h d a d admi able me i , a d f he a lled he j dgme f 1431.
I 1909, alm fi e ce ie la e , J a a bea ified, a d i 1920 he a ca i ed b he

R ma Ca h lic Ch ch. J a a S.J a f A c! She became he l i ch e e ha e
bee ele a ed he le el f ai h d.
Ge a W chc af
D mi a i g he c ci e f i ch h e d i g he e i d f he E ea e ec i a
he belief ha i a he G d-gi e d f Ch i ia e c e he e ic a d aga f m he
eakable fa e ha a ai ed hem af e dea h. Ea lie , S . A g i e had a ed hi ii ha
l e e aga , b ha e e Je , he e ic a d chi ma ic ill g he e e al fi e . . .
le bef e he e d f hi life he be ec ciled a d e ed he Ca h lic Ch ch.
The e l f S . A g i e blic a i de a he c ea i f a li i g hell Ea h f h a d

e le i h he e f a i g hem f m he e f hell i he e ld. The e
i flic ed b he e ec i e ec ide ed be e i Ge ma ha i a he a f
E e. Wi ch ial bega i Ge ma i he mid-fi h ee h ce i h he g ea e mbe
cc i g af e 1570, d i g he e i d f he C e Ref ma i , he he R ma Ca h lic
Ch ch e i l bega back he i e f P e a i m a d all f m f he e a d i chc af .
Be ee 1609 a d 1622 m e ha 300 Ge ma e e e ec ed f ac ici g i chc af i he a e

f Bambe g al e. The acc ed e e me cile l ed i h c ce f age ge de . I 1614
a e e -f - ea - ld ma died hile de g i g me he hi d g ade.
Be ee 1623 a d 1632 he Ge ma a e f Bambe g a de c ibed a he h i e f h . Thi

ae a led b P i ce-Bi h G f ied D heim, a fa a ical i ch-ha e h a k a
he Wi ch Bi h . He ga i ed a agg e i e i ch-h i g ga i a i de he leade hi f
S ff aga Bi h F ied ich F e , h a ed b a c cil f la e . Wi ch i e e
e abli hed; he m hle a he He e ha , he Wi che H e. S ec ed i che e e
i e ga ed a d ed i he He e ha , a d i i belie ed ha a lea 600 h ma e eb
a he ake af e hei c fe i .
I a c ide ed ma da ha he acc ed c fe ac ici g i chc af , a d all eff e e

em l ed b ai he c fe i . E eme ech i e f e e e em l ed, i cl di g
a i g ( he acc ed) a i chai , e di g he fle h i h ed-h i che , c hi g he leg ,
di l ca i g he h lde , a d a l i g h mb c e .
I a e da ge f a e e i he e l f he e i e ga i b he c
beca e he f ie d a d em l ee f he c a i ha ce cha ged i h i chc af e f
he acc ed ld be f di ce a d c ld a id bei g b a he ake. The ki dl D .
Ha , Vice-Cha cell f Bambe gh, h had dem a ed ki d e a d acc ed i che , a
him elf acc ed a a i ch. B mea f e, he a ca ed admi g il a d ame fi e f hi
leadi g b g ma e a fell ce e . I 1628 he h ma i a ia Vice-Cha cell , hi ife, a d
da gh e e eb ed a he ake a i che .
Af e he ea 1630 he Ge ma i ch h a ed ced i c ea di e i .I ha ea Bi h
F e died, a d ea la e hi ma e , he Wi ch Bi h , died. The i a i f Ge ma b
G a Ad l h , he P e a Ki g f S ede , di ac ed he eff f i ch h i g he
c i i ked b he cc ai f Ge ma b a a ch-he e ic Ca h lic il. B 1630
e ec i f i che e e ed ced 24 a d he he e ea he e e e e .
The e f Ge ma i ch h i g e e ca ied b P e a a ell a R ma Ca h lic . I

i ell d c me ed ha Be edic Ca , a L he a , admi ed de i g he e ec i fm e
ha 20,000 c fe ed i che i Sa !
I a a W chc af
The i che f I al e e fam f bei g ma e f hei c af a d he m cce f l f he

i ch c e fE e. The i he i ed he adi i f he R ma a d he E ca i che a d
e e cce f l ha e e i he 21 ce he a e ill a f ce be eck ed i h i Sicil
a d he he i f he I alia e i la.
La Vecchia ( he Old Religi ) i he ame gi e he b a che f ha i called black a d hi e

i chc af ha i ill ac iced i I al a d Sicil . The e f m f I alia i chc af ha e hei
f da i i he ac ice a d belief f he hi ical c l i e .
G eek, E ca , a d Eg ia ac ice a d ce em ie e e f lded i he a c i ed R ma

eligi . A l g ,a g , a d di i a i e ec l ed bef e fficial licie e e decided .
Paga e b ke de ced he da k ide f magic a fe e l a did he I i ii c .

All ce e e ea i k f bei g d i e f m R me if a acc e made cha ge ha he e ea
da ge he a e he em e b i e f hei e il e .
I alia i chc af fea ed igh - ime ce em ie de ig ed c j e he e il i i a d g d

backed b a de il, i h he c ci f a like e e i hich eedle e e h a dk
e e ci ched igh h ai i flic i , e al fail e, a d dea h. A d eed he e il i i
effec , he I alia i che e ed ick ac i g i . If he R ma c f d he acc ed
g il he ld be i hed b c cifi i bei g fed he li i he c li e m.
H ace, he cla ical R ma e (100 BC), e e e al de ailed ea i e he g e me

ac ice f black a d hi e magic. A he cla ic R ma i e , A lei (2 d ce AD),
d c me ed he e il a a d c af f g a led ld me i The Golden Ass, he ale f a ha d me
g ma h i i ke i g i h i chc af a d h gh a e ie f h ible mi ake he i ed
i a a .
The i e ga e imila e am le a d acc f he h f I alia i chc af ha e e

de c ibed agai 1400 ea la e he h e acc ed f i chc af e e ed, c cified, a d
b a he ake.
The Apologia, a ec d b k i e b A lei , made a eff e a a e e il a d ha a

c ide ed be eficial magic f a l g , medici e, a d c j i g i i lea de ail a d
c me f he f e. The R ma i ch strix” ( c al bi d), saga” ( i e ma ), a d
la ica ( igh fl e ), e e he ea lie f m f he I alia i ch called he strega, h e
e ible e ec i , c cifi i ,a db i g la ed f m he 15 h he 18 h ce ie .
D i g he ea l ea f Ch i ia i all i a e magic ce em ie e e ba ed a d blic i e

e e e ic ed b la a g . I he 5 h ce , he O g h (A ia Ch i ia ) led b
The d ic i aded I al a d li ed di i a i a a f m f illegal aga i m ha a i hable b
dea h. I 500 AD ce e e e cha ed f m R me de he h ea f im i me dea h. I
600 AD he L mba d i aded I al a d ded a d ld magicia i la e ega dle f
he he hei magic a be efice .

Ma ce ie e e e i ed a bef e he g ea e mbe f I alia ea a fa me all

emb aced Ch i ia belief a d ac ice . I a a l ce ededica e aga em le i
Ca h lic ca hed al , a d e e he Ch i ia i a c ide ed be a e ee ha ma ked he ld
i chc af c m . L cal ie e e fe ed ca ed a d a be e i f med ha hei
c g ega i . E ide ce c llec ed b he I i ii i dica ed ha aga i m a d Ch i ia i
e e ble ded i a a ad ical fai h.
The i ch h fE e a ea ed i I al i he mid-15 h ce , i h he he ae ea
Ge ma bei g he affec ed. The m e he I i ii l ked a d ed, he m e i che i
di c e ed. A Pa al B ll f hb I ce VIII i 1484 AD e ff a lag e f abid I i ii
i e iga ; i he f ll i g ea af e i blica i f - e e le e e b ed a he ake a
i che .
Ed i Smi h Pa Hysterical e ha i Na le a d R me he e a ea ed a ch ch
ice ha cha ged, Wi che mbe ed Ch i ia belie e ! Thei f ll e e ded be he
e ed ca ed a d he f e e l died di i a i a da l g , alchem , medici e, a d
a m . I 1510, 140 i che e eb ed a he ake i B e ica, a d 300 e e ac ificed b
fi e i C m f ea la e . O la di h ale ci c la ed ha 25,000 a e ded a black Sabba h ea
B e ica. Se e addi i al i che h had c fe ed a he ha d f he I i ii e eb ed
i Valca ica, a d a I i i he e b agged ha he e e e 5,000 addi i al acc ed i che
de i e iga i .
Ve e ia ci il leade c m lai ed beca e hei a ea f e ibili e e h ea e ed i h

de la i a a e l f he I i ii a d i ch h ! The ci il a h i a ed ca
he j dgme a d i hme dema ded b he I i i i . The I i ii a gi e he igh
e c mm ica e c membe if he did ca he e e ce f b i g, beheadi g,
ha gi g, he i hme i ed agai h ef d g il f i chc af a d he e . The
Ve e ia C cil f Te c e ed i h a e ligh e ed e l , a i g The i ch h e g eed f
m e a d e e e ed a e f m bei g f di ce a d if ma f he ig a
ea a e ei e he had eed f eall g d eache a he ha e ec .
E e i he e ime f m f I alia i chc af c ld be ide ified. The fi e e he i e

me h i ci ed l e a d heali g b e , a d he ec d e e h e h e ided i he al
eache , ld ell e f e, ga he he b b m ligh f g d a d e il, a d cha di ec
he deci i f i i g d a d e il.
I he e ime high- file i che , h e h e e acc ed f i chc af f he i i e

e , e eh g b a he ake, hile he ie , ea a i e ma i ed i he
da k a ic f he belie e h me .
Acc di g Man, Myth, and Magic: The Illustrated Encyclpopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the
Unknown, edi ed b Richa d Cae di h, Alm m e ha a he e el e i m de E e, he
e le i he I al a d Sicil ill e ai he c m f La Vecchia. The E il E e i fea ed a d
he hallic ig i ked de i e . Wa hea a d image a e ck i h i , a d i e
me c l ed f cha m make e le fall i f l e, a d gai l ck l e icke
mbe .
A e ca W che
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem i ch ial e e a e ie f hea i g a d ec i f e le acc ed f i chc af i

c l ial Ma ach e be ee Feb a 1692 a d Ma 1693. De i e c mm l bei g de c ibed a
he Salem i ch ial , he i i ial hea i g i 1692 e e c d c ed i Salem Village (Da e ),
I ich, A d e , a d Salem T .

The m h ible f he ea l ial e e held b he C f O e a d Te mi e i 1692 i Salem

T . Acc di g R be Calef, h ed C Ma he a d e a b k de ci g he
Salem Wi ch T ial i led More Wonders of the Invisible World, a e e f he ime de c ibed he
ial hi a :
A d Ni e ee e ha i g bee ha g d, a d e e dea h, a d eigh m e c dem ed,

i all T e a d Eigh , f hich ab e a hi d a e e membe f me f he Ch che f N.
E gla d, a d m e ha half f hem f a g d C e ai i ge e al, a d e clea d; ab
Fif ha i g c fe hem el e be Wi che , f hich e E ec ed; ab e a H d ed a d
Fif i P i ,a dT H d ed m e acc ed; he S ecial C mmi i f O e a d Te mi e
c me a e i d...
I 17 h ce c l ial N h Ame ica, he e a al a a f e e da life, a d he e a a

bi i belief ha Sa a a d hi e il age f i che , ce e , a d magicia e e
e e he e a d ac i el m i g e il e e , ch a di ea e, dea h, a d e i me al calami .
The e belief e e bi hed i E e i he 15 h ce a d he ead N h Ame ica a i
became c l i ed.
Wi ch af , ac iced a hi e magic, i h cha m a d he bal medici e e e ed b b i e ce

ea a fa me e e e al heal h, fe ili f hei fl ck a d he d , a d cce f l c
ield . G ad all he ac ice f a ii ea d ac i e hi e magic e l ed i da k black
magic, he f m f i chc af ha i a cia ed i h dem , e il i i , a d hei e il deed ha
b call c mma d a e la ched agai heal h, life, he d , fl ck , c , a d he la d.
Be ee 1560 a d 1570, black magic a d i a i ac ice e e e a i ei c l ial Ame ica.

Wi ch h , e ec i , a d e ec i e e e e da e e !
I Against Modern Sadducism, i 1668, J e h Gla ill claimed ha he c ld e he e i e ce f

i che a d gh f he e a al ealm. Gla ill i i g add e ed he de ial f he b dil
e ec i , a d he [ e a al] i i . I hi blica i he claimed ha i ge i me
h ld belie e i i che a d a a i i ; if he d b ed he eali f i i , he l de ied
dem , b al he almigh G d.
Gla ill a ed e ha he e a al c ld be de ied; he claimed h e h did de

a a ii e ec ide ed he e ic f i al di ed hei belief i a gel . W i e e a d
eeche b Gla ill a d C Ma he ied e hei f ll e a d a e h ld li e
ha dem e e ali e, hich li e all d ced a ma h e ia i h e h belie ed ha
dem e e ac i el c lli g e e ea h.
Me a d me i Salem belie ed ha all f hei e al a d c mm i mi f e a d e

he e il k a d ell f he de il. Whe i fa dea h, c fail e , a d e l i i l i g
ch ch c g ega i cc ed, he e e blamed e le h e e h gh be ac ici g
i chc af black magic a d c i i g i h e il f ce .
Bef e he c i i al hea al f he 1680 , he g e me f Ma ach e had ima il

bee filled i h a d d mi a ed b P i a ec la leade . P i a , i fl e ced b Cal i i m,
ed ma f he ce em ial adi i f he P e a Ch ch f E gla d, i cl di g he Book
of Common Prayer, he e f ie l e me f ca a dg d i g e ice , he e f he
H l C d i g ba i m, a d k eeli g d i g he ac ame all f hich c i ed P e .
H ile licie f Ki g Cha le I a d ac i e e e i b A glica Ch ch fficial f he e

di e i g -A glica ie accele a ed i he 1620 a d 1630 , e l i g i a ma mig a i f
P ia a d he eligi mi i ie N h Ame ica.
The e immig a e abli hed ma c l ie i Ne E gla d, f hich he Ma ach e Ba

C l a he la ge a d m ec micall iable. Self-g e a ce fi hei hil h f life
beca e b ildi g a elf-g e ed c l ba ed hei eligi belief a hei i i . Thei
c mm i leade e e elec ed b he f eeme f he membe f he ch ch, h e eligi

belief e e f mall e ami ed, a d he he e e f mall admi ed i a P i a c g ega i f
he c l . The c l ial leade hi e ded be ell h gh f membe f hei C g ega i ,
a d e ek c l eg la l i h he l cal mi i e he im a i e ha ld
c f he c l .
I Salem Village, a i he mai c l , dail life a di ec ed b he ece f he ch ch, hich

a Cal i i i he e eme. M ic, da ci g, a d a ici a i i h lida celeb a i f Ch i ma
a d Ea e e e ab l el f bidde , a he edl had hei i aga i m.
The l m ic all ed i he c l ie a he acc m a ied i gi g f h m . E e i he 17 h

ce , he f lk g f he da gl ified l e a d a e, a d e e he ef e h gh b belie e
be agai G d. T , e eciall d ll , e e f bidde a d e e i e all c ide ed f i l
a da a e f ime.
Sch li g f child e a limi ed eligi die a d Bible li e ac . All membe f he c l

e e e ec ed a e d h ee-h e m e e Wed e da a d S da a he c mm i
mee i g h e. Village life ce e ed he mee i g h e he e a c i ed mee i g a d e e
k lace.
P i 1692, he e had bee e f i chc af i li g h gh eighb i g Salem Village a d

he .C Ma he , a ell-k mi i e f B N h Ch ch ( be c f ed
i h he la e A glica N h Ch ch f Pa l Re e e fame), a a lific i e f am hle a d a
l d m e e f a i g f i chc af .
I hi b k Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions (1689), Ma he

de c ibe hi ac la b e ai a dh e d i chc af had affec ed he child e f
B ma J h G d i . Ma he ill ae h G d i elde child had bee em ed b he
de il a d le li e f m he a he ma Ma Gl e .
Gl e a a ha ld ma h m he h ba d had f e de c ibed a a i ch. Thi i

e ha a c ib i g fac h he a acc ed f ca i g ell he G d i child e .
Af e he i i ial i chc af acc a i , f f he i G d i child e bega ha e a ge
beha i , ha me b e e efe ed a he di ea e fa i hme .
The m m f he afflic ed G d i child e i cl ded eck a d back ai , feeli g a h gh

hei g e e e bei g d a f m hei h a , a d l d edic able c eam . O he ed
m m i cl ded hei b die bec mi g lim , bi d-like fla i g f hei a m , a em i flic
elf-ha m, a d ac i i flic h ical ai he .
The child e e eb gh he l cal h icia , amel e D . William G igg , h decla ed ha

he c ld heal he child e , a hei afflic i e ed e he ell f i chc af ! I a D .
William G igg ceme a d diag i f i chc af a bei g he ca e f he G d i
child e afflic i ha ld f el he Salem c a e f i ch h i 1692.
A h ime la e i Salem Village, i he i e f 1692, i e- ea - ld Be Pa i a d he ele e -

ea - ld c i Abigail William , he da gh e a d iece f he Re e e d Pa i , bega di la i g
ig f fi de c ibed a be d he e f E ile ic Fi a al di ea e b J h Hale, a
mi i e f m ea b Be e l .
The afflic ed gi l c eamed, e ed a ge d , h e di he a d he m, c a led de

f i e, c ed hem el e like e el , a d c m lai ed f bei g i ched a d icked b i .
Agai , D . William G igg , ec ded hi , a i g ha he c ld fi d h ical e ide ce f a
di ea e a d decla ed he ca e f he gi l afflic i be i chc af !

The fi h ee e le be acc ed a d a e ed a i che a d cha ged i h afflic i g he g

a ie Be Pa i , Abigail William , el e- ea - ld A P am, J ., a d Eli abe h H bba d e e
Sa ah G d, Sa ah O b e, a d Ti ba ( h a a la e).
Sa ah G d a a l cal h mele begga ; Sa ah O b e a el a e ded ch ch a d a c ide ed

be h beca e he ma ied a i de ed e a ; a d Ti ba a a la e h a a
f e elle h led g gi l a a b elli g hem f e cha i g ie f Malleus
Maleficarum (e il ell ). All h ee f he e me fi he de c i i f al ec f
i chc af acc a i a d e came f a d defe d hem.
B Ma 1692 acc a i f i chc af bega i Salem Village a h i ie . U il ha

i , he ceedi g a d a e e e l i e iga i e. H e e , Ma 27,1692, William Phi
de ed he e abli hme f a S ecial C f O e a d Te mi e f S ff lk, E e , a d Middle e
c ie ec e he ca e f h e i jail.
Ma me h d e e em l ed gai c fe i f a ici a i g i i chc af f m h e acc ed,

i cl di g maki g a i ch cake. The cake a made f m e meal a d he i e f he ic im f
i chc af ce , a d he a fed a d g; he he d g a e he cake, he i che hem el e
ld feel ai a d c eam . The c ce f he i ch cake a ba ed Ca e ia D c i e f
Effl ia, hich a ed ha i che afflic ed hei ic im b mea f e m a d malig a
a icle ha e e ejec ed f m he e e.
A he e ba ed effl ia, a d ed ide if a i ch, a he ch e f m he Old

Te ame a d a ed agai i A d e i Se embe 1692. If he acc ed i ch ched he
ic im hile he ic im a ha i g a fi me f m f a ack a d he fi cea ed, ha mea ha
he acc ed a he i ch h had afflic ed he ic im.
O he e ide ce i cl ded he c fe i f he acc ed (e e c fe i e ac ed h gh

e), he e im fa e h had c fe ed bei g a i ch ide if i g he a bei g a
i ch, he fi di g f b k f almi a dh c e , f i me heali g he b i he
h me f he acc ed, a d he di c e fa i che ea he ki f he acc ed i he f m f
a m le blemi h ha a i e ii e ch.
Wa a e ei ed f hi - i m e e le, i h m e e ami a i f ig f i chc af

(i cl di g e) aki g lace i Salem Village. Whe he C f O e a d Te mi e c e ed a
he e d f Ma , he mbe f h e acc ed f i chc af a d i c d had i e i !
I A g g a d j ie i dic ed Ge ge B gh , Ma Ea e , Ma ha C e , a d Ge ge Jac b ,
S ., a d ial j ie c ic ed Ma ha Ca ie , Ge ge Jac b , S ., Ge ge B gh , J h Willa d,
Eli abe h P c , a d J h P c . Eli abe h P c a gi e a em a a f e ec i
beca e he a eg a .O A g 19, 1692, Ma ha Ca ie , Ge ge Jac b , S ., Ge ge
B gh , J h Willa d, a d J h P c e e e ec ed.
I Se embe , g a d j ie i dic ed eigh ee m e e le. O Se embe 19, 1692, Gile C e

ef ed lead a a aig me , a d a bjec ed peine forte et dure, a f m f ei hich
he bjec i e ed be ea h a i c ea i gl hea l ad f e , i a a em make him
e e a lea. F led g il a d ele e he e e ied a d f d g il f i chc af .
O Se embe 22, 1692, eigh m e e e e ec ed, Af e E ec i M .N e i g him he

b die , aid, ha a ad hi g i i ee Eigh Fi eb a d f Hell ha gi g he e.
Beca e f he l gd ai a d ide ead a e f he Salem i ch h a d ial , he

hi ical a d c ib i g fac f he e ma h e ia a e h i e iga i g.
Hi ia Cla e ce F. Je e i cl ded a li f e le e ec ed i Ne E gla d i The Memorial

History of Boston: Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts (1630–1880). He e:

The f ll i g i he li f he 12 e h e e e ec ed f i chc af i Ne E gla d bef e

1692, he 24 he e e e e ec ed i Salem, h e ame a e ell k .I i ible
ha he li i c m le e; b I ha e i cl ded all f hich I ha e a k ledge, a d i h ch
de ail a ame a d da e a c ld be a ce ai ed; 1647 Ma ga e J e , f Cha le ,a
B . 1648 Ma J h , a Ha f d, 1650 He Lake ife, f D che e . 1650 M .
Ke dall, f Camb idge. 1651 Ma Pa , f S i gfield, a B . 1651 G d ife Ba e , a
Fai field, C . 1653 G d ife K a , a Ha f d. 1656 A Hibbi , a B . 1662 G dma
G ee mi h, a Ha f d. 1662 G d ife G ee mi h, a Ha f d. 1688 G d Gl e , a B .
O Feb a 21, 1693, G e William Phi aid:
Whe I a e d he C he e e e a lea fif e i i i g ea mi e b ea

f he e eme c ld a d hei e ,m f hem ha i g l ec e e ide ce agai hem a d
hei mi im e bei g defec i e, I ca ed me f hem be le ba le a d he
J dge c ide a i fa a elief he a d e e hem f m e i hi g i i ,
hich me f hem e e c i ced a d ack ledged ha hei f me ceedi g e e
i le a d g ded a igh f da i ... The he fi me h d f ceedi g
ha h di i a ed he black cl d ha h ea e ed hi P i ce i h de cci ; . . .
Whe he Salem i ch h had e ded 150 had bee acc ed, 62 had bee im i ed, 19 had
bee e ec ed b ha gi g, 4 died i i a d e eigh - ea - ld ma had bee c hed dea h
b e e af da e i df ef i g e e a lea.
The eci i a i g e e ha d ced, ha i e ha he m h ible e am le f a ma h e ia

i Ame ica, a he ifica i fD . William G igg , h diag ed he a ge beha i a d
afflic i i eigh P i a gi l a d g me a be i chme , he e l f i chc af .
Beca e f he eligi a d li ical e i me ha e aded Ne E gla d a he ime, D .
G igg diag i f i chc af had he ame effec a elli g fi e i a c ded hea e .
A a i al e la a i f he a ea a ce f m m f he ic im f i ch c af i Ne E gla d
i he c ami a i f ed g ai i h e g , he e i f a m ld ha ca e c ic i f
a c la m cle e l i g i he lack f ge i he b ai a ell a he i e .
Hi icall , he c m i f g ai , a ic la l e, a d b ead c ami a ed i h he f g

called e g ( c ck Claviceps pupurea) e l ed i c l i e a d ga g e m m
d ced b he e i l e gic acid die h lamide (LSD). Dil ed i c e f c ck (e g )
e e ed b alchemi a d ea l h icia eed child bi h a d a m bleedi g.
The i i ial i fe a i f e g i he eed head f g ai ca e he fl e ejec a ee , ell -

igme ed m c ( h e de ), hich c ai he f gal e ha he ead he i fe a i .
The g i gf g he i ade he de el i g g ai i h a eb f filame ha bec me a
li h-black cle a. Scle a a e all h gh be la ge h e c l ed g ai f e.
The cle a c ai e g alkal id , i cl di g l e gic acid ( he ce f LSD) a d e g ami e,

fe ed a a ea me f mig ai e headache . The alkal id ha e a di ec effec he ce al
e em a d d ce c ac i f m h m cle i he a c la em a d he i e al
ga .
I i ell d c me ed ha c mi g e g -c ami a ed f d ill d ce c l i , e e e

m cle a m , mi i g, del i , hall ci a i , a d c ee c a lie de he ki
(f mica i ), all f hich e e e ed i he ic im f he acc e f he Salem i chc af ial .
E g ill life a e i a m, dam , a d ai i ga d mme ea he he e e e e ac l he

e i me al c di i ec ded i Salem i 1691. All f he acc e li ed i he e e a f
Salem Village, a ec em f am mead ha ld be a e fec b eedi g g df e g .
A he ime, e a he a le g ai f Salem e ide . The e c ld ha e bee c med i

he fall a d i e f 1691 1692 j he he acc e ic im m m e e e ed. The

mme f 1692 a d , hich i h gh be he e la a i f he dde e d f he
be i chme .
S m m i cl ded ai f l ei e a d a m , dia hea, a e he ia (i chi g a d ickli g),

f mica i (a feeli g ha a a e c a li g de he ki ), mi i g, ma ia, ch i ,
hall ci a i , headache , e ig , a d i i . D ga g e e i he e l f a c ic i
i d ced b he e g ami e-e g c i i e alkal id d ced b he f g .
The ga g e e i ca ed b he effec fe g he m l a c la i ed c e f he
b d i cl di g ea , fi ge , a d e . Ad a ced m m i cl de de ama i eeli g f he
ki , eak e i he al l e, e i he al e a hie , edema, a d al l f affec ed i e .
The ea lie efe e ce e g i m i 857 AD a e f di he Annales Xantenses: a G ea lag e

f lle bli e c med he e le b a l a h me , hei limb e el e ed a d fell ff
bef e dea h.
I 944 AD, i he F a ce 40,000 e le died f e g i m. I he Middle Age , he ga g e

lag e a called ig i ace ( h l fi e ) Sai A h fi e. The 12 h ce ie ,
Ge ff d B e il f Vige i , e ed he m e i b eak i he Lim i egi i F a ce,
he e he ga g e f m fe g i m a a cia ed i h he l cal Sai Ma ial a m ch a Sai
A h .
Ge g a W ch H
I 1977, hile ki g a a a h l gi a he Ye ke P ima e Re ea ch Ce e , Em U i e i i

A la a, Ge gia, Wallach di c e ed he fi -h ma ca e f c ic fib i i a g he
m ke .
Wallach fi di g e e c fi med b e e i he field f c ic fib i a h l g ; he e e

i cl ded D . R be Beale, a MD h ld la e bec me he di ec f he C ic Fib i
F da i .
Whe Wallach a ced ha c ic fib i a a ge e ic di ea e, b a he a c ge i al

deficie c f he ace mi e al ele i m i he emb ea l a al life, Wallach a
mma il e mi a ed i A il f 1978 f m hi ii a Ye ke ih he abili defe d hi
b e ai a ld be he ca e f a PhD ca dida e.
I 1978 Wallach a hi ed b S . L i U i e i be he Di ec f he Lab a A imal

Re ea ch c l i he medical ch l. H e e , af e lea i g f hi e mi a i f m he Ye ke
facili b Em U i e i a d he NIH, he a mma il e mi a ed bef e he e e m ed i
hi e ffice .
I J e 2, 2005, a a icle a ea ed i he International Laboratory Animal Research Journal (ILAR

Journal) b W. R. M a d K. S i dle i led Se e di i I igh I l i g N h ma
P ima e :
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Em U i e i (1978) e ed ha a cla ic e b k ca e f c ic fib i a f d i h ma

had bee ide ified i a h ma ima e, a a imal i hich he di ea e had bee de c ibed
e i l .A a i a ee i a a h l gi ( h e ame Wallach a i hheld b Em )
e ec edl di c e ed he di ea e d i g he i ea f a 6-m h- ld male he
m ke ha had died f k ca e . The diag i a c fi med b D . Vic Na a , a
Em edia ic a h l gi a A la a G ad Mem ial H i al, a d b D . J h Ea e l , a
a h l gi a he Chicag L i g-i H i al a d a i al a h i c ic fib i . The m ke ,
e fag bei g died f he ace g am, i ead ided he fi h ma ima e
m del f c ic fib i .
Ne ada Witch H nt
I J l f 2011 Wallach a d R e e e al ca e e f child e ha had ec e ed f m

m c la d h (b f ll i g Wallach die a d leme al c l) Je Le i
P d ci i La Vega , NV. The ca e e h ed e clea l ha a i i al leme
g am a d a ecial die had e e ed he m m f MD i e e al child e .
Wallach a d R c ac ed Le i h gh hi e al a i a Vi le a d ale ed him f he fac

ha a bable c e f m c la d h had bee di c e ed. The did a kf m e ,b
a he had a ked if Le i ld like be he e h made he a ceme ha a maj
b eak h gh had bee di c e ed ha c ld e l e he childh d lag e m c la d h a
la !
Le i became e ci ed, k he da a he medical c mmi ee f he MD F da i . Af e Le i

i i ed ha he gi e e i c ide a i Wallach a d R claim , Je Le i a fi ed b
he MD F da i .
Je Le i e al a i a Vi le c fi med ha If i e e M . Le i he ld c i e
a ici a e i a d h he M c la D h Tele h .
North Carolina Witch H nt
F ll i g he blica i f he Fle e Re (i i ia ed i 1914 b he R ckefelle I i ea d

A d e Ca egie F da i de e mi e hich g fd c a d heale a d hich
e dee i ), a e dle i ch h had bee e e a ed agai he al e a i e heale i
Ame ica b he medical a cia i a he ci , a e, a d fede al le el he e bei g
clea e Ame ica f all medical c m e i i f he M.D. medical em b al e a i e heale . A
cla ic e am le f he medical i ch h i Ame ica a he ial f a Wi e W me b he ame f
Belle H a d.
I 1992 Wallach a ec i ed be a e e i e f he defe e i a bi a e ial ha a a

20 h ce i ch h . The defe da a a fif - me hi g i e ma , a he bali b he
ame f Belle H a d. H a d a cha ged i h e - h ee fel ie i cl di g m de , ac ici g
medici e i h a lice e, a d f a d, e c.
Wallach had bee ec i ed b a defe ea e , William M e f Sa a ah, Ge gia, h a

al a medical d c h a fam f hi cce f l defe e f al e a i e heale a d d c
f all hil hie .
Wallach had bee ec i ed b he defe e f hi kill a a i e iga i e c m a a i e a h l gi .

The g e me c e i a ha H a d had ea ed a mili a e e a f ca ce ea
bef e hi dea h a d ha he ea me had ke him a a f m life- a i g medical ced e ha
he h ld ha e g e f m he VA h i al a d a a e l he had died ece a il f m a
ea able ca ce .
U a i al i Fa e e ille, NC, Wallach a e e ed i h a le e ha a i e ae

le e head f m he a e medical e ami e claimi g ha he a ie had died f m a ea able
ca ce . Wallach immedia el e e ed he i e a e , i e lide , a d i e
chemi e l ha had bee c llec ed f m he a ie a . I addi i , Wallach e e ed
he e mi al VA h i al admi i ec d f he a ie .
The j dge e a ae e c llec all f he e e ed ma e ial a d ece ed he ial il he

a ia e a e a d ma e ial e e c llec ed a d e ie ed b Wallach behalf f he defe e.
Ac l k a he i e lide a d a e ie f he ea me ec d h ed ha he a ie did
die f m a ea able ca ce , b i ead had died f m he c m lica i f l - ha mac a d
flag a d g e d e .

If he VA medical d c had j b ied he a ie a d ig ed he dea h ce ifica e i h he ca e

f dea h li ed a ca ce e ld ha e aid a a e i .B he i ge id f a
h i hei ide a g d a . The c ld ge id f hi li le ld i e ma h a
di i g hem b blami g he a ie dea h he he bali !
The medical c mm i h gh ha he e eg i g ge a -fe b deflec i g blame f m

hem el e a d a he ame ime ge i g id f he he bali !
Whe he ec i g a e called hi e e i e , he a e medical e ami e , he a ked he

al e i , i cl di g i hi he a e , did d he a he decea ed,
a ie , e c.
Whe he medical e ami e a ed e M e, he defe e a e , he i e a

e e ed i h a c f he PDR ( he Physician s Desk Reference) ha Wallach had e a ed f
hi e m me .
The PDR a ma ked f he e e d g ha had bee ed ea he a ie d i g hi e mi al

admi i . Each d g a ea -ma ked a d he a i g highligh ed. M e a ked he medical
e ami e a e he ame f he d g, ha i a icall ed f , a d ead he c e i he
high-ligh ed black b a i g .
Af e c m l i g i h M e e e h gh he fi ma ked e c i i , he medical
e ami e ca gh he di ec i f he e i i g. Wallach had ec g i ed ha he e e d g
ed ea he a ie h ld be em l ed a he ame ime: f e e ai elie e a d
h ee f he d g e e eda i e .
The black b a i g a ed ha each f he d g ed ea he a ie h ld be

c c e l em l ed i h he he beca e f a addi i e effec hich c ld be fa al he
a ie .
B he hi d ma ke he medical e ami e de d ha he a bei g ed e e he g

f hi c lleag e . He d i he i e a d, lammed he PDR he j dge be ch, a d
decla ed, I ill ead a m e f m hi b k!
The j dge ba ged hi ga el i a ge a d aid l dl , Si , ill i d a da e M .M e

e i I ill h ld i c em fc . The medical e ami e a d a d h gh hi
ea a d bbi g he ead he e f he ma ked a d highligh ed age l d he j .
The j delibe a ed f l a da a d f d Belle H a d i ce f all e - h ee fel

cha ge . The e ial f a a i al i ch h agai al e a i e heale had bee de ailed.
Montana Witch H nt
I N embe 2012 Wallach a i Mi la, M a a, gi i g e f hi 300 e ea f ee lec e

he he i ch h me ali ai ed i gl head agai . Wallach a bei g i e ie ed li e b
Pe e Ch i ia l cal a i KGVO (T S a e Media), m e Wallach lec e i Mi la
ha e e i g.
D i g he i e ie , a ma ide if i g him elf a D . ****** called i a d aid, P Wallach he

li e, a a e l belie i g he a a e- - e h ec ec i i h Wallach a he ha li e
he ai . He aid, I am D . *******. I am he a e he i f he ****** gical g i
Mi la, a d I am elli g , Wallach, h i eme ge c m c ci ,
hich Wallach e ded, Si , a e h ea e i g kill me? A ha m me e f hi aff
ale ed he d c he fac ha he a a e , li e adi h a d he h g ( he adi
ai ef ed gi e he di c f he i e ie he Wallach eam).
Washington Witch H nt

I Feb a 2013 Wallach a i Walla Walla, Wa hi g , gi i g e a he f ee heal h lec e. A

he mee i g ha igh , e a e dee ale ed he eam he fac ha a l cal, ell k a ,
d i g hi S da e m , had adm i hed hi fl ck a e d Wallach lec e a i a
acke a d i e ded def a d hem.
Se e al da la e F ida , Feb a 22, 2013, i he Walla Walla Union-Bulletin, D . D Ca eb l

(f he Union-Bulletin) e:
D c a e ac e e
D . DON CASEBOLT
F THE UNION-BULLETIN
Y ca f l all f he e le me f he ime, a d me f he e le all f he ime, b ca

f l all f he e le all f he ime. Thi li le ji gle came m mi d a I h gh ab D . J el
Wallach i i Walla Walla ched led f ea lie hi eek.
I fi hea d f Wallach me e ea ag hile li i g i Fa mi g , NM. I had lea ed ab

hi b k (a d a di ca e e a e) Dead Doctors Don t Lie, a d beca e I a i ig ed b he i le I
b gh a c . Af e e i g he b k i a m i i ha he a -ei he ig a fc e
cie ific e ide ce he a delibe a el ig i gi.
B he ime ead hi , he mee i g al ead ill ha e ake lace, b I a ake he

i ief ea .
O ei ha me e le ma ha e lef hi mee i g c i ced ha he eeded b he d c

d c he m e . The ec d ea i ale f lk he e i e ce f he eb i e Q ack-
a ch, hich i de ed deb ki g fal e medical claim .
O e f Wallach claim i ha he a e age age a dea h f d c i 58. I k e ha a e

f m eadi g he bi a c l m i he Journal of the American Medical Association f a mbe f
ea . N l ha , b I k e f m m medical ch l cla ha a ig ifica mbe f m
medical ch l cla ma e a e ill ali e, a d e all a e e 80 ea ld.
I a e e ai b Wallach I acce ed hile e a i g f hi c l m , I hea d him a ha he had

d e 3,000 a ie h ma . He i a e e i a d c a da a a h. I k f h i al
m a i hi c ha ld all ei he e e i a ia a ah d a ie
h ma .
I he ame e e a i , he ed f m he U.S. Se a e D c me 264, hich ld ha e bee

e e ed d i g he 74 h C g e , ec d e i , i 1936.
F ll i g a e i f ha d c me : The ala mi g fac i ha f d bei g ai ed milli

f ac e f la d ha ca l ge c ai e gh f ce ai mi e al a e a i g
ma e h m ch e ea . N ma f da ca ea e gh f i a d ege able l hi
em i h he mi e al he e i e f e fec heal h beca e hi mach i big e gh h ld
hem.
Lab a e e ha f i , ege able , g ai , egg a d e e he milk a d mea f da a e

ha he e e a fe ge e a i ag i i bad e lea f m leadi g a h i ie ha
99 e ce f he Ame ica e le a e deficie i he e mi e al .
Wha Wallach failed me i c ld ha ha e bee delibe a e? a ha al h gh hi a i he

C g e i al ec d ha he i f ma i did c me f m a g e me al e ea ch.
I a igi all i ed i a 1936 i e f Cosmopolitan maga i e a d a i e ed i he

C g e i al ec d b a Fl ida e a .

I i m de a di g ha membe f C g e a e f ee ha e hi g he a e i e e ed i
i e ed i he C g e i al mi e . I eed be em ha i ed ha j beca e me hi g ha
bee e e ed i he C g e i al mi e d e mea ha i i fficial, ha i e e e
g e me al a al ha i e e e g d cie ific die .
The Q ack a ch a icle Wallach me i a mbe f he a eme he ha made, ch a

ha he ha c ed Al heime di ea e i ig . O ha 50 e ce f Ame ica 70 ea ld ha e
Al heime di ea e. (The e fig e i m ch l e i ha age g .) O ha facial i kle a d
g a hai a e ca ed b c e deficie c .
F mm k ledge f Wallach, i a ea he did c me Walla Walla f hi heal h b beca e

he ha d c ell.
O e f he hi g he ell i c ll idal mi e al a e . S me e eed a k him ide

efe e ce f m e ec ed cie ific j al ha h he be efi f c ll idal mi e al a e .
A mbe f he c m a ie a e eddli g he e a e . M f hem c me f m hale de i i

U ah. O e f he e c m a ie i e edl g i g $3 milli e m h. Thi make i d like
le f e le a e b i gi he aga da he e c m a ie bli h. The e ha e bee
e ed ad e e effec f m i g h e ae .
A a fi al e, a e i ha bee ai ed ab e hic . I eem iea ia e me f

me e a k Wallach h e hical i i f him m e d c ha ha e bee
cie ificall bee e .
O F ida Ma ch 1, 2013, Wallach e ded i he Union-Bulletin Ca eb l acke

acc a i i h a eb al a icle e i led Dead D c D Lie! ( hich i e i ed ih
e mi i b he Union-Bulletin):
DEAD DOCTORS DON T LIE!
D . Ca eb l a ga a i de (bei g a fa ec ed m l ) e mea e Ame ica hi ki g.

D . Ca eb l h ld l k i he mi a d a k him elf H ma e le did I kill d i g m
ca ee ?
O T e da Feb a 26, 2013, F Ne Se ice e ed he e l faJ h H ki d

bli hed i he Journal of the American Medical Association ha e ealed ha : Each ea i
Ame ica, medical d c make 190,000 diag ic mi ake i hei i a e ac ice e l i g i
he dea h e i i j ie f 150,000 a ie .
I hi Walla Walla Union-Bulletin a icle, D . Ca eb l i fi a ed Wallach 1993 Dead Doctors

Don t Lie a di ca e e hich ed ha ba ed 200 JAMA bi a ie Ame ica medical d c
a e age age a 58 ea . H e e , he fail e ha a f ll - d bli hed i me
medical j al i 1999 b medical d c , ed ha he a e age age f medical d c i
Ame ica a 56 ea .
D . Ca eb l , e i ha Wallach had d e 3,000 a ie i h ma beca e He i a

ee i a d c a da a a h. Agai D . Ca eb l a i de i ha l medical d c ha e
he igh e he h. A a g ad a e de i c m a a i e a h l g a he U i e i f
Mi i, hile ill a e e i a de , Wallach had a ici a ed i m e ha 200 h ma
a ie a d h a d f a imal a ie . I e d h gh The Ce e f he Bi l g f
Na al S em (f ded b he Na i al I i e f Heal h), Wallach a a d c al fell , did
m e ha 20,000 a ie (17, 500 i m e ha 454 ecie f a imal a d 3,000 h ma
de he a chf l e e f D . Malc m Pe e , he a h l gi f Ba e H i al, Sch l f
Medici e, Wa hi g U i e i i S . L i . The e l e e bli hed i he b k (1983: W.B.
Sa de ) The Diseases of Exotic Animals(a 1, 200 age efe e ce b k ha i h ed i he
Smi h ia I i e a a Na i al T ea e ).

I a he d Wallach did 1,700 a ie h ma child e de he age f 10 ea i

Ke ha P i ce Chi a. Ke ha Di ea e i a im le deficie c di ea e f he ace mi e al
ele i m e l i g i dea h b h e hic ca di m a h ( dde hea dea h). The e a
ee if a f he e child e e e al afflic ed i h c ic fib i , a di ea e l g h gh be
ge e icall a mi ed b he medical em. Wallach, h e e , had di c e ed he fi -
h ma ca e f c ic fib i i ima e (1977) a he Ye ke P ima e Re ea ch Ce e , Em
U i e i , A la a, Ge gia. Wallach a fi ed mma il af e Em U i e i had dl
a ced he di c e (c fi med b e e i CF a h l g ) i h bei g all ed defe d hi
fi di g hich e e c fi med b a c ea a d li e bi ie i ame aged cage ma e .
Wallach c ime a ha he a ed ha he e ide ce h ed clea l ha c ic fib i a a

di ea e f i i al deficie c f he ace mi e al ele i m i he emb ckli g i fa
(Wallach, J.D., Ge mai e, B.: C ic Fib i : A Pe i a al Ma ife a i f Sele i m Deficie c . I :
Hem hill, D.D. (ed): Trace Substances in Environmental Health XIII. U i e i f Mi iP e ,
C l mbia.1979. . 469-476).
The Wallach Ke ha d (1,700 h ma a ie ) dem a ed ha 35% f h e child e d i g

f Ke ha Di ea e (a k ele i m deficie c di ea e) had a c ea ic a d li e le i c i e
ihc ic fib i (Wallach, JD, La , M., Wei Ha Y , B -Qi G , Fe g Te g Y , G dda d, RF (1990):
C mm de mi a i he e i l g a d a h l g f i ce al le i fc ic fib i a d Ke ha
di ea e. Biol Trace El Res. 24:189-205.)
D . Ca eb l al di ed Wallach efe e ce U. S. Se a e D c me 264 hich a a

ag ic l al e ha a e e ed i he c g e i al ec d f he 74 h C g e , ec d
Se i , 1936 a d did e e e ha i i fficial, ha i e e e g e me a al
ha i e e e g d cie ific die . Medical d c ha e li le ai i g i ii .
Wallach i a g ad a e f he Sch l f Ag ic l e f m he U i e i f Mi i, C l mbia, Mi i
(1962) a d hi maj a i a imal h ba d a d ii .
I A il 16, 2012, he j al Food Chemistry, a e ell e ec ed e ea ch j al ha l k a

he i i al le el a d ll i l ad i am le f Ame ica f d c , e ed ha ell
k bab f d a d i fa f m la ma c ai le ha 20% f he e i ed mi e al a d
mic ie ( i ami ) e i ed b i fa . I c a , d g f d, lab a a elle , chicke
feed a d li e ck feed c ai 100% f he a imal i i al e i eme .
Wallach ecei ed he 2011 Kla Sch a C mmem a i e Medal (a i e a i al a a d e i l

l a a ded medical d c a d PhD , Wallach i he fi e e i a ia a d fi a a hic
h icia (ND) ecei e he a a d), a d acc di g he a a d c mmi ee f he Bi l gical
T ace Eleme Re ea ch I i e: F m a hi ical e ec i e, Wallach i be ega ded a e f
he fi ac i i e , if f de , f epigenetics, he e e ea ch di ci li e ha i e iga e
he i able al e a i i ge e e e i ca ed b mecha i m he ha cha ge i DNA
e e ce.
Wallach al ed i DDDL ha Al heime di ea e c ld be ge e ic beca e e ea ch e ed

i 1992 b he Salk I i e a d UCSD dem a ed ha leme a i ih l i ami E
dem a ed mea eable im eme i ad a ced Al heime a ie . Wallach f ll ed hi
e ea ch elea e i h he a eme , The ef e, Al heime di ea e c ld be ge e ic, f
leme a i i h a i ami ca cha ge h a e ge e icall a mi ed di ea e ma ife
i elf.
I a e - ea d ble bli d, a d mi ed G ld S a da d d elea ed i 2004 b J h H ki

Sch l f Medici e, he e ha b leme i g i h i ami C a d E a d f ll i g a ic
die e ca ed ce hei i k f Al heime di ea e b 78 e ce . B c a ,i a d e ed
i 2012, b f ll i g he c e medical a ach Al heime di ea e, he e e edic ha

he mbe f ca e ill i le 18.3 milli b 2050. I 2012 he FDA al elea ed a i g ha

he e f a i ch le e l-l e i g d g i c ea ed he i k f Al heime di ea e a d e2
diabe e ha dl a e im he he f ge e ic a mi i f Al heime di ea e.
D . Wallach ha c ed (i e eek) a ca e f deme ia/Al heime di ea e ha a diag ed b

a ima ca e h icia a d c fi med b e l gical ecial cli ic a d he head f he
de a me f e l g i he Medical Sch l f N h Ca li a. A a ie had bee diag ed i h
Al heime di ea e eigh ea bef e hi i e called Wallach a d a ked f hel (he a e mi al
a ha i a d bei g e a ed f h ice).
Wallach al a ea all f f m f deme ia diag i im l a e l a 65% f he ime he

d c ge he g diag i i hi ca e he a ei a diag ed i h Al heime di ea e;
h e e , he a afflic ed i h K ak ff d me, a di ea e f a i gle i ami deficie c
( hiami B1) fi diag ed a d l ed i he la e 1700 b a Ja a e e a al ge . Beca e
mega d e f hiami e e e i cl ded i he ea me , he a ie a c ed i a eek if he had
c i ed ea ed l i h Al heime d g g am he ld ha e died f he c m lica i
f Al heime !
D . Ca eb l dl The Q ack a ch a icle Wallach ha di e Wallach a eme

ha i kle a d g a hai a e ca ed b a c e deficie c . I i ell d c me ed ha c e i a
e i ed ie a d c fac ece a f he heal h d ci f ed bl d cell , h id
h m e , ki a d hai c l , a d d ci a d mai e a ce f heal h ela ic fibe i he ki ,
bl d e el , a d he i e al ga .
Ma c mm di ea e a e ca ed b a c e deficie c , i cl di g a emia, g i e , l f ki a d
hai c l ( i ilig ), ide ei , a ic e ei , hem h id , a e m , i kled ki , e d i i ,
BSE (mad c di ea e, C i feld Jak b di ea e), a d he .
Q ack a ch, aka C mmi ee agai medical f a d i a i a e g igi all e abli hed b
f a ga medical d c f he e f e e i g chi ac a d a a hic
h icia f m c m e i g i h medical d c . The a belie e he a e a g e me
age c , b he a e j a b ch f g h a a fa ec ed m l decided e a gla
f i e ha a e hei c m e i i . T f he igi al f f de , Vic He be , MD a d J h
Re e , MD a e dead. O l Dead D c D Lie!
D . Ca eb l f he a e , i a ea he (Wallach) did c me Walla Walla f hi heal h b

beca e he ha d c ell. I fac Wallach gi e h ee h d ed f h d ed f ee lec e
heal h each ea , a d ha bee d i g h f i e ac i e adi heal h M da h gh
F ida f i e ee ea . The g am a f he calle ele h e call i h ll f ee mbe .
Wallach ecei e m ie f m he ale f a f he i i al d c . Hi le ei
ed ca e Ame ica be able e e a d elimi a e di ea e i h ma h gh ii ha
he medical c mm i belie e , fal el , a e ge e icall a mi ed.
D . Ca eb l a e , S me e eed a k him ide he efe e ce f m e ec ed cie ific

j al ha h he be efi f c ll idal mi e al a e . Wallach ha had 75 ee - e ie ed a d
efe eed j al a icle bli hed he deficie cie f he e ie , ha bee he c -a h f
le ha f m l i-a h e b k ace mi e al a d a e ea h a d a he b k, Rare
Earths: Forbidden Cures, hich i he fi al d a d he l ima e c llec i f efe e ce c ll idal
mi e al a d he di ea e ha e l f m hei deficie cie .
La l , D . Ca eb l a e ha O e f h e c m a ie ( ha ell c ll idal mi e al ) i e edl

g i g $3 milli e m h. Thi make i d like le f e le a e b i g i he
aga da he e c m a ie bli h. The e ha e bee e ed ad e e effec f m i g h e
ae .

I a Se embe 2012 he highl ega ded I i e f Medici e e ed ha $750 billi (3/4 illi
d lla ) i medical fi a cial a e e ea i a fac a d ha 30 ce f each medical d lla aid
Ame ica d c each ea i f f a d a d ece a ea me l DEAD DOCTORS DON T
LIE!
I 2012 Wallach e e ed i a ag eeme i h Clem U i e i I i e f N ace ical

Re ea ch. Clem U i e i i e f he a i m mi e a d e ec ed academic
i i i . The I i e f N ace ical Re ea ch (INR) i he a i al leade i i i al
e ea ch a d e f i mi i i ide c me g ea e c fide ce i d c ali ,
afe , a d efficac .
Wi h e 100 cie i ki g i a i field f medici e, i i , a d cie ce, INR i f c ed

i gi a k ledge ba e, i ai a d c i g edge ech l g , a d e e ie ce
acc a el a e he al e f a i i g edie a d ace ical .
F e 17 ea ,Y ge i (a Wallach f ded c m a ) ha c i ed a adi i f e celle ce

a di ai i h i N ace ical d c b c mmi i g i elf e ea ch a d cie ce. I c e
me age f 90 F L fe, de el ed b ld- e ed cie i a d e ea che , D . J el Wallach,
ha e a ed i h a d e ha ced he li e f milli h gh i cli icall - ed hil h f
he c ela i f ecific ie e all heal h a d ell e .
W ki g cl el i h he field m able bi chemi , medical fe i al , ii i ,a d

g e me ga i a i ch a he F d a d D g Admi i a i (FDA), Y ge i ha
i ee ed he e f ii a d leme a i aid i he f heal h a d defe e f he
b d m debili a i g heal h c ce .
I d e (LTB4 a d PGH2 e - -i flamma e e i h ma cell li e ): Taki g heal h

h ma cell li e im la e hei diffe e ia i / he Be d Ta g Ta ge i e a d Ul ima e Cla ic
( li id c ll idal mi e al m l i- i ami /mi e al d c ) e ami e i flamma
e e , Le k ie e B4 (LTB4) a d PGH2; he e a e i dica f i flamma e e.
Re : Whe Be d Ta g Ta ge i e a d Ul ima e Cla ic e e admi i e ed heal h h ma

cell li e , he did i d ce c ea e a i flamma e e i le el ab e a d bel he
ec mme ded d age.
I d (IL-6 AND RAW 264.7 Te P ec i f m I flamma i ) IL-6 i a imm e em

m d la . I ig al he b d e da d ec i elf agai i flamma i . Whe he e i a
e e ce heigh e ed e e ce f IL-6, he b d i h gh be i a ec i e a d hieldi g
e e i flamma i . Be d Ta g Ta ge i e a d Ul ima e Cla ic e e admi i e ed a d
le el f IL-6 d ci a e ami ed.
Re : Be d Ta g Ta ge i e i d ced a d i c ea ed he le el f IL-6 he he e a
i flamma i i he b d , heigh e i g he b d ec i e e e ible i flamma i . A
a i c ce a i ab e a d bel he ec mme ded d age, Be d Ta g Ta ge i e i d ced
a ec i e e e b elea i g le el f IL-6 i he b d . The Be d Ta g Ta ge i e e e
a m e ig ifica ha he Ul ima e Cla ic e e.
USA TODAY WITCH HUNT
The J e 19, 2013, USA TODAY headli e ead Ide if a d ec elf f m acke a d
he e e , Li S ab e D . A h Ca la , he head f he di i i f bi e hic a NYU
La g e Medical Ce e i Ne Y k Ci , Ma e le fall ic im cha i ma ic ack he
he e a hei m l e able a d de e a e, beca e he al ed ea e e i l ill. If a
D c eall had c ed h a d f e le, he he all gh be a a c e i , Ca la
a .

If me e a ha he mai eam i i g hide hi f m , ha h ld be ead a Im a

c k, Ca la a .
D . Pa l Offi , Chief f I fec i Di ea e a he Child e H i al i Philadel hia a ha , Li le

k i k , (a e) ed b me f m f al e a i e medici e, a l el eg la ed i d ha
i cl de e e hi g f m he bal leme c al heali g a d ac c e.
Offi h ld l k i he mi a d a k him elf h ma i fec i ha ca e dea h a d e a da

fh i al a cc each ea i hi h i al im l beca e f he ech i e a d fail e
a h ha d a d e l e ili e i me b hi aff.
I J e f 2013 a d b he U i e i f Wi c i a ed ha The e le f Philadel hia

C had he be medical facili ie a ailable i Ame ica; h e e , he e le f Philadel hia
c had he heal h f a c i Ame ica.
I di id al like Ca la a e he ea e le eek al e a i e f m f heali g. Ca la i

ig a a d a da ge ec f he medical m l beca e he ha he c edibili fa
h icia . A ece l a e ea ag i a e hical f medical d c ad e i e. T da
medical d c , cli ic , h ice , a d h i al ad e i e i e a e , maga i e , adi , TV, a d
billb a d i h he aba d fa ed ca ale ma . Each ea , acc di g a Feb a 5, 2007
i e f he USA Today e a e ha ed he Journal of the American Medical Association a d
he fede al Ce e f Di ea e C l i A la a, Ge gia, medical d c kill, i j e a d i fec 15
milli Ame ica i h i al a d cli ic .
Acc di g he U.S. De a me f Heal h a d H ma Se ice , Office f he I ec Ge e al, a

2008 e i led Ad e e E e i H i al : Na i al I cide ce Am g Medica e Be eficia ie ,
b Da iel R. Le ,I ec Ge e al, N embe , 2010 (h :// ig.hh .g / ei/ e / ei-06-
09-00090. df) gi e a i ic ad e e e e , mea i g ha m a a ie a a e l f medical
ca e ch a a i fec i a cia ed i h he e f a ca he e . The fi di g a ha 13.5 e ce f
h i ali ed Medica e be eficia ie e e ie ced ad e e e e d i g hei h i al a a d a
addi i al 13.5 e ce f Medica e be eficia ie e e ie ced e e d i g hei h i al a ha
e l ed i em a ha m.
The e aid h icia e ie e de e mi ed ha 44 e ce f ad e e a d em a ha m

e e e e clea l likel e e able. The ef e medical d c e e e ible f a
e ima ed 1.5 e ce f Medica e be eficia ie e e ie ci g a e e ha c ib ed hei
dea h , hich jec 15,000 e i a ie each m h (180,000 e ea ), ibl i cl ded
he dea h f A d R e f m 60 Minutes, Dick Cla k f m American Bandstand a d Neil
A m g, Ame ica a a .
Acc di g he CDC, medical d c i fec 2 milli e le each ea al e i Ame ica h i al

f hich 90,000 die; acc di g he FDA (i 2007) ad e e e e e f i i al
leme (he b , i ami , a d mi e al ) aled 600 a d f he ame ea ad e e e e
e f e c i i d g aled 483,000; acc di g he Ma ch 2012 i e f he m hl
AARP B lle i , medical mi ake i h i al kill 6,000 a ie each m h (72,000 e ea ) al e
f m im le mi ake .
D . Wallach a fi ed f m he Ye ke P ima e Ce e i 1978, af e di c e i g he fi -h ma

ca e f c ic fib i , beca e he aid he c ld e d ce he di ea e a ill a i a a im le
i i al-deficie c di ea e a he ha a ge e icall a mi ed di ea e a a ge e all h gh .
Wallach a all ed defe d hi fi di g ; a he he a mma il e mi a ed b Em
U i e i . A a e l , h d ed f h a d f Ame ica kid ihc ic fib i ha e died
ece a il .

Je Le i a fi ed a he a i al ke ma f he M c la D h F da i a al
ele h beca e he b gh Wallach a d R da a c ed m c la d h kid he
medical c mmi ee a d i i ed a e i e ie f he da a. THEY FIRED JERRY LEWIS!!!
I 2013 T dd H., a 24 ea ld ma , j i ed D . Wallach ii em f 90 ie l e a

ele i m. T dd had bee diag ed i h m c la d h he he a h ee ea ld. Af e e
ea he i i al leme g am, T dd a able d ble hi h ical m c la
a d c me ed film he Def i g M c la D h eb i e.
P i em l i g D . Wallach i i al g am, T dd, hi m he , a d hi cle ( h al a

i a heel chai a a m c la d h a ie ) had a ed a -f - fi ga i a i called,
Def i g M c la D h (DMD). The e f he ga i a i a l ka g am ha
c ld hel m c la d h a ie a d di emi a e i f ma i hel he .
The DMD had al ead ai ed $50,000 d a FDA a ed d f a elec ical m cle

im la ha c ld e ha im e m cle e ghf m c la d h a ie .
D . Wallach gi e 300 f ee lec e he ge e al blic each a d e all ake fe i al

fee f a ki d, e e e f ma ale f hi i i al f m la . (D e D . A h Ca la
k f f ee?) Wallach f m la a e ba ed billi f d lla - h f d ble bli d, a d mi ed
g ld a da d a imal a d h ma e ea ch.
A 74 ea ld, D . Wallach c i e figh f he Ame ica e le a d hei igh ha e

ch ice i heal h ca e b ed ca i g Ame ica f f ee ha he d ha e ec mical, afe a d
effec i e ea me i da ge , e e i e, a d i effec i e medical ea me a db
elimi a i g he ec ed medical m l he Ame ica blic ill be be e ff. The age- ld l
f i ch h em l ed b he medical em b hei c m e i i a he ake m e d!
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― Ra h Wa d E e
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movement of the mid-19th centur .


08/10/2020 Ph ician - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1 Edi i n
E :T D a G T D a
Ta 1 E
CHAPTER FOUR
P a
W a (H a ) a , a a b a a
a G a . . .. T a a b
H a C , a a a a a a a a
a a .A a a a ,
a a G R a , R a
M a M a E .
Robe Adle
Science jo nali
In 4000 BC S me ian ph ician eco ded a me hod fo a inal i on cla able , and in ancien
India ph ician e e able o diagno e ha e efe o oda a diabe e beca e he affec ed
indi id al ine a ed ee and o hich an e e a ac ed.
The ancien Eg p ian e m fo doc o o ph ician i aba . Thi i le, aba , ha a long hi o .
The ea lie kno n ph ician a He -Ra. He p ac iced in Eg p and a he Chief of Den i
and Ph ician o King Djo e , ho eigned in 2600 BC.
The lad Pe e he (li ing a o nd 2400 BC) i con ide ed he fi ecogni ed oman doc o . She i
ho gh o ha e been he mo he of Akhe ho ep, and on a ela dedica ed o he in hi omb he i
efe ed o a im - n , hich ha been an la ed a Lad O e ee of he Lad Ph ician
( n i he feminine of n ).
The e e e man pecial ie , ank , and limi in he field of Eg p ian medicine. Ro al emplo ed
hei o n n , e en hei o n peciali . The e e e doc o in pec o , o e ee , and chief
doc o . Kno n ancien Eg p ian peciali a e oph halmologi , ga oen e ologi , p oc ologi ,
den i , doc o ho pe i e b che , and in pec o of li id ( e ing fl id fo poi on ). The
ancien Eg p ian e m fo p oc ologi , , an la e o hephe d of he an .
The ancien Eg p ian ed fla -linen fibe and animal fibe ( h ed of endon ) o e o nd a
ea l a 3000 BC.
The fi epo ed a ificial e e a da ed back o 2800 BC. The e e a di co e ed in a i -foo - all

oman in he B n Ci in ancien I an. The e e i hemi phe ical in hape and i made of a
mi ed i h animal fa . I face i co e ed i h a hin enee of gold, eng a ed i h a ci c la i i
and gold line pa e ned o mimic he n a . I i ho gh ha he oman a a p ophe e and
he e e a de igned o gli e and gi e he pecial po e . S die of he e e ocke ho ed ha
he a ificial e e a o n fo he oman life ime.

A eda i a adi ional medicine ha i ho gh o ha e o igina ed on he Indian bcon inen

abo 2000 BC d ing he Vedic Pe iod of India. A eda de eloped o e ho and of ea ;
ho e e , he compendi m C a a a Sa a and S a Sa a, and a la e compendi m of he
ph ician Bhela, a e made p of he ea lie info ma ion ela ed o diagno i , he ap , die , and
gene al heal h le . A a, a San k i o d, an la e a he cience of life, and he em
emplo he b , pice , alchem , oil , ma age, oga, and medi a ion.
Eg p ian medical pap i a e ancien Eg p ian e i en on pap o an mi a e of accep ed

medical p oced e o all ph ician of he ime. The pap i gi e ob e a ion and collec ion of
info ma ion deemed al able and effec i e b he a ho . The pap i gi e de ail on pecific
di ea e , diagno ic ign and e , and emedie anging f om magical pell , am le , he bal
medicine , and ge ie .
Medical kno ledge in ancien Eg p enjo ed an e cellen ep a ion o ld- ide. R le of di an

empi e of Af ica, E ope, and A ia o ld a k he Eg p ian pha aoh o end hei fine pe onal
ph ician o ea and heal hei lo ed one . Eg p ian had he mo ad anced kno ledge of h man
ana om . In he m mmifica ion p oce he p ie and echnician ho p e e ed he m mmie
lea ned ho o in e a long hooked implemen h o gh he no il o b eak h o gh he hin k ll
bone of he b ain ca e and e ac he b ain, and h o gh he lef g oin he e e able o emo e
he in ac o gan of he abdominal and ho acic ca i ie .
Eg p ian ph ician e e a a e of he p l e and he connec ion of he bea ing of he hea and he

p l e. The o iginal Eg p ian a ho of he Smi h Pap kne of he ca dio a c la em, b
he ho gh i a nimpo an o di ing i h be een blood e el , endon, ligamen , and ne e .
Eg p ian ph ician de eloped hei heo ie of channel ha an po ed ai , a e , and blood o
he bod b c ea ing analogie i h he Ri e Nile. If he i e e e o become blocked, he c op ,
land, and li e ock o ld all ffe o if a pe on a nheal h one of he he apie he o ld
e a a la a i e o nblock he channel .
In addi ion o p a e o he god and kindl pi i , he Eg p ian ph ician ecommended ha one

co ld a heal h b p ac icing good pe onal h giene. Thi incl ded he a hing of he bod and
he ha ing of hai , incl ding he hai of he head, bod , and nde he a m .
S ge of ome fo m a a common p ac ice of Eg p ian ph ician fo epai ing ph ical inj .

The ecogni ed h ee ca ego ie of inj ie : ea able, con e able, and n ea able.
T a ma deemed o be ea able a co ec ed ickl . Con e able inj ie e e ho e f om hich

he pa ien co ld i e i ho ge , o ho e p in hi ca ego e e ini iall ob e ed, and if
he pa ien i ed, gical a emp co ld be pe fo med fo f nc ional o co me ic ea on a a
la e da e. S geon of he da ed kni e , hook , d ill , fo cep , pince , cale , poon, a , and
a a e i h b ning incen e o fend off e il pi i .
Ci c mci ion of male a he no m in ancien Eg p , a ill a ed b He odo in hi H .

The nci c mci ed c l e e e f e en l no ed in i ing , and he nci c mci ed Libe ian e e
f e en l efe enced, and ho e oldie ho e ned f om mili a campaign o ld o inel
b ing home nci c mci ed phalli a ophie . The onl kno n depic ion of he p oced e in The Tomb
of he Ph ician, he b ial i e of Ankh-Maho a Sa a a, ho adole cen o ad l , no
infan , nde going he p oced e.
P o he ic , incl ding a ificial oe and e e ball , e e commonl con c ed and ed; picall
he e e mo e fo co me ic ea on han f nc ion. In p epa a ion fo b ial p o he ic pa e e
ed o eplace ho e lo d ing life.
The common p ac ice of ge , m mmifica ion, and a op fo medical and eligio p ac ice
b o gh he Eg p ian a a kno ledge of h man ana om and o gan f nc ion. The f nc ion of
mo majo o gan e e co ec l mi ed and eco ded. Blood a co ec l de c ibed a a

an po a ion medi m fo i ali (o gen and food) and a e (ca bon dio ide). The e cep ion o
he e co ec ob e a ion of o gan and i e f nc ion a he hea and b ain, ho e f nc ion
e e i ched.
Den i a an impo an field of medicine in Eg p , and a an independen heal h p ofe ion

da e back o 3000 BC. The Eg p ian die a picall high in ab a i e beca e of he milling
p oce of g ain ed in b ead making. Be een 4000 BC and 1000 BC he deg ee of o n ee h
ignifican l declined beca e of imp o emen in he milling e ipmen .
All m mmified Eg p ian ha e ee h in poo a e of ana omical heal h. Den al di ea e co ld ha e

di ec o indi ec pa icipa ion in he indi id al ca e of dea h. Djedmaa e ankh a a m ician
f om Thebe ho died a he age of hi -fi e f om e en i e den al di ea e, incl ding ab ce ed
ee h.
The In c ion of Ankh he hon con ain he ma im The e i no oo h ha o e a in place.

The e a e no doc men ha ho he p oced e fo he gical e ac ion of ee h, no a e he e
an kno n Eg p ian in men ha o ld be e i ed o emo e ee h. Den e ha e been
fo nd; ho e e , i i no clea if he e e ed d ing life o if he e e ed onl fo af e dea h
co me ic . Pain o ld ha e been ed ced b mean of opi m opicall applied o allo ed a pill .
Ancien Eg ian Medical Te
Kah n Pa , called he Ka G a Pa , i da ed back o 1800 BC. I i ho gh o

be he olde medical e . I a di co e ed a El-Lah n b Flinde Pe ie in 1889, an la ed b F.
G iffe h in 1893, and p bli hed in T P Pa :H a Pa Ka a G b. The
pap con ain hi -fi e epa a e pa ag aph ela ing o omen heal h i e , incl ding
g necological di ea e , fe ili , p egnanc , and con acep ion.
Rame e m Pa i con i of e en een indi id al pap i ha e e fo nd in he g ea emple of

he Rame e m. The e concen a e on di ea e and e amina ion of he e e , g necolog ,
paedia ic , m cle and endon .
The Be lin Pa i he la ge d of he Eg p ian medical pap i and a ca ied o b

Be lin Uni e i and en i led M a A (M A E ).
The G ea e Be lin Pa , al o kno n a he B Pa (3038 BC) a di co e ed b

Gi eppe Pa alac a. I con i of 24 page and i e imila o he Eb Pa .I a la e
old o F ied ich Wilhelm IV of P ia (1827) along i h o he an i i ie fo he Be lin M e m.
The G ea e Be lin Pap a an la ed in o Ge man in 1909.
The Ed in Smi h S gical Pa i he olde kno n gical doc men (1600 BC). I i named
fo he Eg p ian a cheologi ho p cha ed i in he 1860 . I i i en in he ancien Eg p ian
hie a ic c ip and i con ain p oced e i en f om mo e han1000 ea ea lie . I i he onl
i ing cop of pa of an ancien Eg p ian e book on a ma ge . The doc men con i of
en o page (17 page on he ec o and 5 page on he e o). Fo -eigh a ma ca e a e
e amined, each i h a de ailed de c ip ion of he ph ical e amina ion, diagno i , ea men , and
p ogno i . An e emel impo an fea e of he e i ha i demon a e ha he hea , la ge
blood e el a ached o he hea and li e , li e , pleen, kidne , e e , and bladde e e all
familia ana om o he Eg p ian .
Imho ep, ho gh o be he fi ph ician named, i c edi ed i h he a ho hip and con en of he

pap . Ho e e , he pap i ho gh o be he e l of he combined effo of man people.
The Ebe Pa a al o p cha ed b Ed in Smi h in 1862. I ge i name f om Geo g Ebe

ho p cha ed he pap in 1872. The e i elf da e back o 1550 BC and con i of 700
emedie (mo of hich a e plan ) on 110 page and e che 20 me e in leng h, making i he
longe of he Eg p ian medical pap i. The Ebe Pap co e man bjec incl ding mig aine

headache , de ma olog , ga oin e inal and dige i e di ea e , men al di o de , demen ia,

dep e ion, pa a i e , mo , a ma, den i , and g necological di ea e and i make man
efe ence o ea ing ome di ea e i h eligio incan a ion and pell .
Specific emedie f om he Ebe Pap incl de:
Aloe e a b n , ga ic lce , kin di o de and alle gie
Ba il hea emed
Bal am Apple (Apple of Je alem) la a i e and li e im lan
Ba be dia hea, lce and hemo hoid
Ca a a oo hed dige ion and b ea h f e hene
Colchic m (C ) al o kno n a meado aff on, a ed fo he ma i m and

ed cing elling and inflamma ion
Dill emplo ed fo i la a i e and di e ic p ope ie
Fen g eek p e c ibed fo e pi a o di o de , o clean e he omach and calm he li e and

panc ea
F ankincen e p e c ibed fo o e h oa , la n infec ion , o op omi ing, and op bleeding
Ga lic a p e c ibed fo he Heb e la e a a onic
Lico ice ed a a mild la a i e, e pec o an , and o elie e che and e pi a o p oblem
Onion aken a a p e en ion fo cold and ca dio a c la ailmen
Pa le p e c ibed a a di e ic
Th me p e c ibed a a pain elie e
T me ic p e c ibed fo open o nd
Popp p e c ibed fo pain, ane he ia and in omnia
Co iande p e c ibed fo ina complain and c ii
Pomeg ana e oo and kin of he f i p e c ibed fo nake of he bell o ape o m ; he

alkaloid in he pomeg ana e pa al ed he o m and he co ld hen be e pelled.
Pe ian henna p e c ibed fo hai lo
The Hea Pa a old o he Hea Eg p ian E pedi ion in 1901. I i da ed a 2000 BC.
The Hea Pap a p bli hed fo he gene al p blic in 1905; ho e e , con o e ill
o nd he a hen ici of hi pap i. The e concen a e on ea men fo ina em
di ea e , blood di ea e , hai and calp i e , and bi e of in ec and e min.
The London Medical Pa i loca ed in he B i i h M e m and da e back o he eign of

T ankham n. I e foc e on he ea men of di ea e b mean of magic pell and
incan a ion .
The Ca l be g Pa i he p ope of he Ca l be g Fo nda ion. I e foc e on he

di ea e of he e e and p egnanc .
The Che e Bea Medical Pa i named af e Si Alf ed Che e Bea ho dona ed

nine een epa a e pap i o he B i i h M e m. The emedie no ed in he e e a e de o ed o
magic a a he ap fo headache and anal ec al afflic ion .

The B ookl n Pa foc e pecificall on nake, co pion, and a an la bi e and ho o ea

he enom . The B ookl n Pap i ho ed in he B ookl n M e m.
Bloodle ing ( he p ac ice of e ac ing blood f om a pa ien o c e o p e en a di ea e) ha been

one of he mo common medical p ac ice fo mo e han 2,000 ea . A d a ing f om an ancien
Eg p ian omb (1500 BC) ho an e ample of leeche being applied o a pa ien fo he p po e of
bloodle ing.
The ancien p ac ice of bloodle ing enjo ed a ide p ead geog aphical pop la i incl ding place
like ancien Me opo amia, he Eg p ian , G eek , Ma an and A ec , and India (d ing ancien
A edic medicine).
The p ac ice of bloodle ing became e en mo e pop la af e he ime of he G eek philo ophe and
ph ician Galen, ho a gh Hippoc a e ha di ea e occ ed beca e of an imbalance of fo
h mo (bod fl id ) of blood, black bile, ello bile, and phlegm. Galen made comple p e c ip ion
ela ing o ho m ch blood ho ld be i hd a n ela ed o he pa ien age and mp om , he
ea he , and o fo h.
In he Middle Age and he Renai ance, he ba be geon pe fo med bloodle ing i h g ea

en h ia m, and ph ician bled pa ien a e e oppo ni . An e cep ionall la ge ol me of
blood a i hd a n f om P e iden Geo ge Wa hing on b hi ph ician a he ea men fo a o e
h oa , h accele a ing he on e of hi dea h. The p ac ice of bloodle ing a ill idel ed in o
he en ie h cen and a ecommended b he highl - ega ded Canadian ph ician William
O le in he 1923 edi ion of hi medical e book.
Medical chola ace he o igin of We e n medicine o ha a con ide ed a adical mo emen

in ancien G eek ocie , hen Hippoc a e and hi follo e fi epa a ed he a of doc o ing f om
he p ac ice of i che , magician , and p ie . A cen befo e, he Fa he of S ge eme ged
f om he Ea .
The Indian ph ician S h a (600 BC) de c ibe ca a ac ge in hi book S a

Sa a (T ea i e of S h a) in hich he e ac ed needle o p h he di ea ed len back in o
he e e and o he ide o mo e i o of he line of foc . The e e co ld no longe foc he image
f om all di ec ion ; ne e hele he ope a ion a life changing and p o ided fo he e n of ome
i ion.
Hippoc a e , bo n on he G eek i land of Ko in 460 BC, ma o ma no ha e pe onall i en he

ea l G eek e of he H a C . Ho e e , i i clea f om he e man c ip ha ome
ph ician of he pe iod e e beginning o in i ha di ea e be a ib ed o na al o ma e ial
ca e , ch a o he pa ien en i onmen , die , o dail habi a he han di ine in e en ion.
One e , O Sa D a , pecificall e cl de m ical infl ence in epilep , hich he

G eek had looked a a a ange afflic ion ha eflec ed ome di ine c e o po e , in ead of
nde anding he ei e impl a a di ea e of he b ain.
Fo he fi ime, he Hippoc a ic ph ician a ib ed ho gh and feeling o he b ain. The

ged ca ef l and clo e ob e a ion of indi id al pa ien , a ell a lo i k con e a i e and
gen le he apie ha e e de igned o a gmen he bod o n healing and e o a i e po e .
Wo k of ge do appea in he la ge Hippoc a ic co p , ama ed be een 400 and 100 BC, and
h man of he Coan School e e no bo nd o hi code. Hippoc a e him elf co ld no ha e been
he ole a ho of he oa h.
The Hippoc a ic mo emen al o demanded a high le el of p ofe ionali m of doc o , a code ha

a o become a cen e piece of he legenda Hippoc a ic Oa h (430 BC). Acco ding o Hippoc a ic
Code , doc o e e o eek o ppo and ne e o ha m hei pa ien ; doc o ho ld be hone
and ell kep , p o ec he p i ac of he ho e ha he en e , and a oid an pe of co p ion
incl ding e al ela ion i h pa ien .
Belo i an Engli h an la ion he o iginal Hippoc a ic Oa h and co enan :
I ea b Apollo Ph ician and A clepi and H gieia and Panaceia and all he god and godde e ,
making hem m i ne e , ha I ill f lfill acco ding o m abili and j dgmen hi oa h and hi
co enan :
To hold him ho ha a gh me hi a a e al o m pa en and o li e m life in pa ne hip

i h him, and if he i in need of mone o gi e him a ha e of mine, and o ega d hi off p ing a
e al o m b o he in male lineage and o each hem hi a if he de i e o lea n i i ho
fee and co enan ; o gi e a ha e of p ecep and o al in c ion and all he o he lea ning o m
on and he on of him ho ha in c ed me and o p pil ho ha e igned he co enan and
ha e aken an oa h acco ding o he medical la , b o no one el e.
I ill appl die e ic mea e fo he benefi of he ick acco ding o m abili and j dgmen ; I ill
keep hem f om ha m and inj ice.
I ill nei he gi e a deadl d g o an bod if a ked fo i , no ill I make a gge ion o hi effec .
Simila l I ill no gi e o a oman an abo i e emed . In p i and holine I ill g a d m life
and m a .
I ill no e he knife, no e en on ffe e f om one, b I ill i hd a in fa o of ch men

(ba be ) a a e engaged in hi o k.
Wha e e ho e I ma i i , I ill come fo benefi of he ick, emaining f ee of all in en ional

inj ice, of all mi chief and in pa ic la of e al ela ion i h bo h female and male pe on , be
he f ee o la e .
Wha I ma ee o hea in he co e of he ea men o e en o ide of he ea men in ega d o

he life of men, hich on no acco n one m p ead ab oad, I ill keep o m elf holding ch
hing hamef l o be poken abo .
If I f lfill hi oa h and do no iola e i , ma i be g an ed o me o enjo life and a , being hono ed

i h fame among all men fo all ime o come, if I an g e i and ea fal el , ma he oppo i e
of all hi be m lo .
The ea l G eek ph ician e e mo e likel o be c af men and a eling heale han p ie and
he o gani ed Hippoc a ic medical heo ie inc ea ed he likelihood of a cce f l o come of hei
he apie . The Hippoc a ic app oach a eall good n ing ca e a he han p ie l p a e oa
cele ial god begging fo fa o in e n fo a ac ifice.
In O D , Hippoc a e ie :
Be een i dom and medicine he e i no g lf fi ed; in fac medicine po e e all he ali ie ha

make fo i dom. I ha di in e edne , hamefa edne , mode , e e e, o nd opinion,
j dgmen , ie , p gnaci , p i , en en io peech, and kno ledge of he hing good and
nece a fo life, elling of ha hich clean e , f eedom f om pe i ion, p e-e cellence di ine.
Wha he ( he pa ien ) ha e, he ha e in oppo i ion o in empe ance, lga i , g eed,
conc pi cence, obbe , hamele ne . Thi i kno ledge of one income, e of ha cond c o
f iend hip, he a and manne o be adop ed o a d one child en and mone . No ih
medicine a kind of i dom i an a ocia e, eeing ha he ph ician ha bo h he e hing and
indeed mo hing . . .
In fac i i e peciall kno ledge of he god ha b medicine i o en in o he ff of he mind.

Fo in affec ion gene all , and e peciall in acciden , medicine i fo nd mo l o be held in hono
b he god . Ph ician ha e gi en place o he god . Fo in medicine ha hich i po e f l i no in
e ce . In fac , ho gh ph ician ake man hing in hand, man di ea e a e al o o e come fo
hem pon aneo l . All ha medicine ha no ma e ed i ill ppl hence. The god a e he eal
ph ician , ho gh people do no hink o. B he h of hi a emen i ho n b he
phenomena of di ea e, hich a e co-e en i e i h he hole of medicine, changing in fo m o in

ali , ome ime being c ed b ge , ome ime being elie ed, ei he h o gh ea men o
h o gh egimen. The info ma ion I ha e gi en on he e ma e m e ea a mma .
. . . A all I ha e aid i e, he ph ician m ha e a hi command a ce ain ead i,a

do ne i ep l i e bo h o he heal h and o he ick. He m al o keep a mo ca ef l a ch
o e him elf, and nei he e po e m ch of hi pe on no go ip o la men, b a onl ha i
ab ol el nece a . Fo he eali e ha go ip ma ca e c i ici m of hi ea men . He ill do
none a all of he e hing in a a ha a o of f o of ho . Le all he e hing be ho gh
o , o ha he ma be ead befo ehand fo e a e i ed. O he i e he e m al a be lack
hen need a i e .
. . . Yo m ha e p epa ed in ad ance emollien cla ified acco ding o hei a io e , and ge

ead po e f l d a gh p epa ed acco ding o fo m la af e hei a io kind . Yo m make
ead befo ehand p ga i e medicine , al o, aken f om i able locali ie , p epa ed in he p ope
manne , af e hei a io kind and i e , ome p e e ed o a o la a long ime, o he f e h o
be ed a he ime, and imila l i h he e .
. . . When o en e a ick man oom, ha ing made he e a angemen , ha o ma no be a a

lo , and ha ing e e hing in o de fo ha i o be done, kno ha o m do befo e going in.
Fo man ca e need, no ea oning, b p ac ical help. So o m f om o e pe ience fo eca
ha he i e ill be. To do o add o one ep a ion, and he lea ning he eof i ea .
. . . On en e ing bea in mind o manne of i ing, e e e, a angemen of d e , deci i e

e ance, b e i of peech, compo e, bed ide manne , ca e, eplie o objec ion , calm elf-
con ol o mee he o ble ha occ , eb ke of di bance, eadine o do ha ha o be done.
In addi ion o he e hing be ca ef l of o fi p epa a ion. Failing hi , make no f he mi ake
in he ma e he ef om in c ion a e gi en fo eadine .
. . . Make f e en i i ; be e peciall ca ef l in o e amina ion, co n e ac ing he hing he ein

o ha e been decei ed a he change . Th o ill kno he ca e mo e ea il , and a he ame
ime o ill al o be mo e a o ea e. Fo in abili i cha ac e i ic of he h mo , and o he
ma al o be ea il al e ed b na e and b chance. Fo fail e o ob e e he p ope ea on o help
gi e he di ea e a a and kill he pa ien , a he e a no hing o elie e him. Fo hen man
hing oge he p od ce a e l he e i diffic l . Se ence of ingle phenomena a e mo e
manageable, and a e mo e ea il lea n b e pe ience.
. . . Keep a a ch al o on he fa l of he pa ien , hich of en make hem lie abo he aking of

hing p e c ibed. Fo h o gh no aking di ag eeable d ink , p ga i e o o he , he ome ime
die. Wha he ha e done ne e e l in a confe ion, b he blame i h o n pon he ph ician.
. . . The bed al o m be con ide ed. The ea on and he kind of illne ill make a diffe ence,
Some pa ien a e p in o b ee po , o he in o co e ed place o nde g o nd. Con ide al o
noi e and mell , e peciall he mell of ine. Thi i di inc l bad, and o m h ni o
change i .
Pe fo m all hi calml and ad oi l , concealing mo hing f om he pa ien hile o a e a ending

o him. Gi e nece a o de i h chee f lne and e eni , ning hi a en ion a a f om ha
i being done o him; ome ime ep o e ha pl and empha icall , and ome ime comfo ih
olici de and a en ion, e ealing no hing of he pa ien f e o p e en condi ion. Fo man
pa ien h o gh hi ca e ha e aken a n fo he o e, I mean b he decla a ion I ha e
men ioned of ha i p e en , o b a fo eca of ha i o come.
. . . Le one of o p pil be lef in cha ge, o ca o in c ion i ho nplea an ne , and o

admini e he ea men . Choo e o ho e ho ha e been al ead admi ed in o he m e ie of
he a , o a o add an hing nece a , and o gi e ea men i h afe . He i he e al o o

p e en ho e hing e caping no ice ha happen in he in e al be een i i . Ne e p a la man

in cha ge of an hing, o he i e if a mi chance occ he blame ill fall on o . Le he e ne e be
an do b abo he poin hich ill ec e he cce of o plan, and no blame ill a ach o
o , b achie emen ill b ing o p ide. So a befo ehand all hi a he ime he hing a e
done, o ho e ho e b ine i i o ha e f lle kno ledge.
. . . S ch being he hing ha make fo good ep a ion and deco m, in i dom, in medicine, and
in he a gene all , he ph ician m ma k off he pa abo hich I ha e poken, ap him elf
o nd al a i h he o he , a ch i and keep i , pe fo m i and pa i on. Fo hing ha a e
glo io a e clo el g a ded among all men. And ho e ho ha e made hei a h o gh hem a e
held in hono b pa en and child en; and if an of hem do no kno man hing , he a e
b o gh o nde anding b he fac of ac al e pe ience.
The H a N , he Yello Empe o Inne Cannon, i he olde and mo e e ed medical

cla ic in China and i ho gh o ha e been a embled b a collec ion of a ho be een 300 200
BC. The collec ion i comp i ed of o p ima o k , he S W (Ba ic Q e ion ) and L
(Spi i al Pi o ), ha each con ain 81 chap e . Acco ding o Chine e chola Pa l Un ch ld,
he H a N pla a ole in Chine e medical hi o compa able o ha of he Hippoc a ic
i ing in E ope. P og e and ignifican pa adigm change ha e ed ced Hippoc a e o he
hono ed o igina o of a adi ion ha ha become ob ole e. In con a , man p ac i ione of
Chine e medicine ill con ide he S W a al able o ce of heo e ical in pi a ion and p ac ical
kno ledge in mode n clinical e ing .
The e i compo ed of e ion p fo h b he legenda Yello Empe o and hich a e

an e ed. The fi e , he S Wen, po e medical heo ie and diagno ic p oced e ; he econd
e , he Ling Sh , i a collec ion of ac p nc e he apie .
Olde Chine e medical e highligh ed he demonic gene i of di ea e, he N , deal ih

na al ca e of di ea e incl ding die , age, life le, and emo ion . Addi ionall , he e p opo ed
o he fo ce and concep of di ea e, incl ding in and ang and i (life ene g o ene g flo ). The
Neijing addi ionall deal i h no mal and abno mal f nc ioning of he h man bod pl diagno ic
app oache and o iginal he apie .
Acco ding o he N , h man a e made p of fi e i ce a ha a e he hea , pleen, l ng ,

li e , and kidne and i bo el ha a e he gall bladde , omach, mall in e ine, la ge
in e ine, ina bladde , and T iple B ne ( he h ee one of he che and abdomen). The
o gan comm nica e h o gh me idian o channel ha a e no ph ical c e ,b a he
ene ge ic comm nica ion ha can be infl enced b he in e ion of ac p nc e needle ha can
ppo o dep e ene g flo .
Fo ho and of ea , he hi o of pha mac ( he a of compo nding and di pen ing d g )

pa alleled he hi o of pha macogno : he cience of compo nding d g f om he b and flo e .
In he fi cen AD, Pedani Dio co ide , an a m geon, acc m la ed and o gani ed all of
he kno n medical e of plan , he b , flo e , and elemen in o a man al ha a o be
an la ed and ead fo mo e han 1,500 ea . A ab e e he fi o cop and p e e e hi
ema kable collec ion of da a, hich became he ba i fo I lamic pha macolog , ha a again
e an la ed in o La in.
In mode n ime a ho pi al i ho gh of a an in i ion a b ilding f ll of doc o , n e ,

ope a ing oom , eme genc oom , and a place o ha e one babie ha i capi ali ed b p blic
f nd , co po a ion , ni e i ie , and cha i ie . In he ea l da of he ho pi al concep , he em
a f nded b eligio o de and cha i able nobili . In ancien Eg p and G eece emple e ed
a cen e fo he anc ioned healing a .

King Pand kabha a of S i Lanka (400 BC) o de ed he con c ion and ope a ion of l ing-in
home and ho pi al . King A hoka of India (250 BC) f nded n me o ho pi al ha e e
pe manen l affed i h ph ician and n e . D ing he i h and e en h cen ie he
Academ of G ndi hap in he Pe ian Empi e became one of he fi eaching ho pi al ho ing
n me o den ha e e men o ed and pe i ed b ph ician .
In 325 AD he Fi Co ncil of Nicaea ca ed he Ch ch o p o ide ca e fo he poo and a ele

b con c ing ho pi al in e e ca hed al o n. The p po e of he ea l ho pi al a o
admini e o he ick and ffe ing and o a e o l .
The Vienna Gene al Ho pi al (VGH) opened i doo in1784 and became he o ld la ge ho pi al

i h mo e han 2,000 bed . The VGH p o ided e ice in he a ea of gene al medicine, ge ,
ene eal di ea e, and con agio di ea e . I al o b agged of a l ing-in facili fo deli e babie , a
o e fo he in ane, and an o phanage.
Johann F ank, a Ge man ph ician, a an impo an leade in he ea l de elopmen of ho pi al b

enco aging hem o keep eco d . Hi Comple e S M a P , p bli hed in 1779, deal
i h h giene and p blic heal h i e .
Dio co ide , a G eek ph ician, a bo n in T ke and p ac iced in Rome d ing he eign of Ne o.

He a eled con an l , collec ing and de c ibing a man a 600 diffe en plan in a fi e ol me
o k en i led D Ma aM a (Rega ding Medical Ma e ), 70 AD, in hich he incl ded acc a e
bo anical d a ing . Hi in c ion e e p ac ical and con ained do age and ecipe fo
compo nding he final medicinal p od c and in c ion fo he pa ien .
Dio co ide de c ibed he p epa a ion and e of opi m and cannabi (ma ij ana) fo pain and
peppe min and ild blackbe ie fo imp o ing dige ion. Hi ea men incl ded concoc ion fo
lce , nema ode , and an ido e fo pecific poi on and h nd ed of o he emedie .
John Mann, a chemi , no ed, The majo i mph and no el of Dio co ide he bal (book) a hi
o de ing of plan acco ding o hei pha macological p ope ie , a he han hei bo anical famil .
Man of hi plan e ac e e ndo b edl effec i e; fo e ample, ho e of henbane and mand ake
con aining opane alkaloid (na all occ ing ni ogen-con aining o ganic molec le ), hich e e
ed fo pain elief, b hi e of hemlock i le con incing: i p e en he b ea of a i gin
g o ing la ge .
Ana omi And ea Ve ali d of ana om began i h hi goal o eco e he ancien i dom of
Hippoc a e and Galen f om he medie al lga i a ion . Ve ali , an e hnic G eek a bo n in AD
129, and in imila fa hion a hi p edece o Leona do da Vinci, ho had pe fo med di ec ion in
he e ice of cience and a , Ve ali ed e e oppo ni a a p ofe o in Pad a and la e in
Bologna o di ec cada e , of en olen f om g a e a d o he gallo .
Ve ali a onl 30 ea old hen he p bli hed hi fi book, O Fab H a B ,a

e ha con ained e en ol me and a ba ed on hi ana om lec e in Pad a. The e a
ichl ill a ed i h eng a ing f om he o k hop of he I alian pain e Ti ian. Ve ali book i
con ide ed o be an e empla of Renai ance flo e ing in cien ific lea ning, a i ic echni e and
p in ing ac men. I con ain de ailed and acc a e ela ion hip of he kele on, m c la e,
ca dio a c la em, and ina and ep od c i e ac i h label in La in, G eek, and Heb e .
The book i con ide ed an a i ic o k a ell a an ana omical landma k. D a ing depic cada e
o kele on po ed in pa o al land cape o illage cene . One cla ic d a ing, fea e a kele on
i h i face ned p o a d he hea en , leaning on a ho el and ge ing o a d a f e hl d g
g a e.
Galen of Pe gamon a bo n in he econd cen (130 210 AD), and o he han Hippoc a e , no
o he G eek ph ician ha infl enced he di ec ion of We e n medicine mo e han he. D ing he
peak of he Roman Empi e, Galen medical kno ledge, ana omical de c ip ion , and he hea

ol me of i ing domina ed hi follo e fo mo e han 1,000 ea : he n he i ed medical

o k of he Hippoc a ic , A i o elian biolog , and Pla onic philo oph , c ea ing a em of medical
heo and p ac ice ha domina ed We e n and I lamic medicine n il he 19 h cen .
Acco ding o hi i en eco d , Galen emplo ed a man a 20 c ibe a a ime o keep p ih

hi dic a ion , and hi animal di ec ion inc ea ed he nde anding of o gan em :
Upon he occa ion of m fi i i o Rome I (Galen) comple el on he admi a ion of he

philo ophe Gla con b he diagno i hich I made in he ca e of one of hi f iend . Mee ing me one
da in he ee he hook hand i h me and aid: I ha e j come f om he ho e of a ick man,
and I i h ha o o ld i i him i h me. He i a Sicilian ph ician, he ame pe on i h hom I
a alking hen o me me he o he da . Galen a ked, Wha i he ma e i h him? When
coming nea e o me he aid, in he f anke manne po ible: Go gia and Apela old me e e da
ha o had made ome diagno e and p ogno e hich looked o hem mo e like ac of di ina ion
han p od c of he medical a p e and imple. I o ld he efo e like e m ch o ee ome
p oof, no of o kno ledge b hi e ao dina a hich o a e aid o po e . A hi e
momen e eached he en ance of he pa ien ho e, and o, o m eg e , I a p e en ed f om
ha ing an f he con e a ion i h him on he bjec and f om e plaining o him ho he
elemen of good l ck of en ende i po ible fo a ph ician o gi e, a i e e offhand, diagno e
and p ogno e of hi e cep ional cha ac e .
J a e e e app oaching he fi doo , af e en e ing he ho e, e me a e an ho had in

hi hand a ba in hich he had b o gh f om he ick oom and hich he a on hi a o emp
pon he d ng heap. A e pa ed him I appea ed no o pa an a en ion o he con en of he
ba in, b a a me e glance I pe cei ed ha he con i ed of a hin anio- ang inolen fl id, in
hich floa ed e c emen i io ma e ha e embled h ed of fle h an nmi akable e idence of
di ea e of he li e . Gla con and I, no a o d ha ing been poken b ei he of , pa ed on in o
he pa ien oom. When I p o m hand o feel he la e p l e, he called m a en ion o he
fac ha he had j had a ool, and ha o ing o he ci c m ance of hi ha ing go en o of bed,
hi p l e migh be accele a ed. I a in fac ome ha mo e apid ha i ho ld be, b I a ib ed
hi o he e i ence of an inflamma ion. Then, ob e ing pon he indo ill a e el con aining a
mi e of h op and hone and a e , I made p m mind ha he pa ien , ho a him elf a
ph ician, belie ed ha he malad f om hich he a ffe ing a a ple i ; he pain hich he
e pe ienced on he igh ide in he egion of he fal e ib (and hich i al o a ocia ed i h
inflamma ion of he li e ) confi ming him in hi belief, and h ind cing him o o de fo he elief
of he ligh accompan ing co gh he mi e o hich I ha e called a en ion.
I a hen ha he idea came in o m mind ha , a fo ne had h o n he oppo ni in m a ,

I o ld a ail m elf of i o enhance m ep a ion in Gla con e ima ion. Acco dingl , placing m
hand on he pa ien igh ide o e he fal e ib, I ema ked: Thi i he po he e he di ea e i
loca ed. He, ppo ing ha I m ha e gained hi kno ledge b impl feeling hi p l e, eplied
i h a look hich plainl e p e ed admi a ion mingled i h a oni hmen , ha I a en i el igh .
And, I added impl o inc ea e hi a oni hmen , o ill do b le admi ha a long in e al
o feel impelled o ind lge in a hallo , d co gh, naccompanied b an e pec o a ion. A l ck
o ld ha e i , he co ghed in j hi manne almo befo e I had go he o d o of m mo h.
A hi Gla con, ho had hi he o, no poken a o d, b oke o in o a olle of p ai e .
Do no imagine, I eplied, ha hich o ha e ob e ed ep e en he mo of hich medical

a i capable in he ma e of fa homing he m e ie of di ea e in a li ing pe on. The e ill
emain one o o o he mp om o hich I ill di ec o a en ion. T ning o he pa ien I
ema ked: When o d a a longe b ea h o feel a mo e ma ked pain, do o no , in he egion
hich I indica ed; and i h hi pain he e i a ocia ed en e of eigh in he h pochond i m? A
he e o d he pa ien e p e ed hi a oni hmen and admi a ion in he onge po ible e m .
I an ed o go a ep fa he and anno nce o m a dience ill ano he mp om hich i

ome ime ob e ed in he mo e e io maladie of he li e ( ci h , fo e ample), b I a

af aid ha I migh comp omi e he la da ion hich had been be o ed pon me. I hen occ ed o
me ha I migh afel make he anno ncemen if I p i ome ha in he fo m of a p ogno i . So I
ema ked o he pa ien : Yo ill p obabl oon e pe ience, if o ha e no al ead done o, a
en a ion of ome hing p lling pon he igh cla icle. He admi ed ha he had al ead no iced hi
mp om. Then I ill gi e j one mo e e idence of hi po e of di ina ion hich o belie e ha
I po e . Yo , o elf, befo e I a i ed on he cene, had made p o mind ha o ailmen
a an a ack of ple i , e c.
Gla con confidence in me and in he medical a , af e hi epi ode, a nbo nded.
Galen a bo n in ha became he e e n coa of T ke . He a eled idel p io o aking p

e idence in Rome. H man di ec ion a illegal a ha ime, o hi ana omical e ea ch a ba ed
on pig , dog , and Ba ba ape (monke ). He ed li e di ec ion ( i i ec ion) o p o e he b ain
co ld con ol m cle g o p mo emen b c ing ne e . Lo of he abili o ocali e co ld be
accompli hed b c ing he la ngeal ne e. To p o e ha he kidne p od ced ine he ied off
he e e and no ed ha he kidne o ld ell i h he acc m la ion of ine ha co ld no be
pa ed in o he bladde ; and a ph ician o he gladia o , he co ld look in o he ca a ophic
o nd of ba le o ob e e h man ana om . He e en all became ph ician o he Empe o
Ma c A eli .
Galen en i ioned him elf a a gif ed diagno ician and hei o he be of he Hippoc a ic adi ion
( hen o e 500 ea old). Ho e e , no all of Galen medical philo oph , ea men , and
ana omical finding e e one h nd ed pe cen co ec : af e ponde ing Hippoc a e ie ha
di ea e a he e l of an imbalance of he fo h mo (li id ) of blood, black bile, ello bile,
and phlegm he po la ed ha an imbalance of each epa a e h mo co ld be ela ed o a h man
empe amen . In o he o d , he po la ed ha an ab ndance of black bile co ld be ela ed o a
melancholic pe onali .
Galen addi ionall inco ec l ho gh ha eno blood a c ea ed and p mped b he li e and

ha he a e ial blood o igina ed in he hea , and he belie ed ha blood pa ed f om he lef and
igh ide of he hea h o gh in i ible po e .
The p i of philo oph a an e en ial pa of he aining of ph ician . Af e he Roman Empi e

fell, Galen infl ence no onl con in ed; hi i ing and heo ie p ead h o gh he A ab o ld
and hen la e in o he E opean Middle Age and on in o he en ie h cen .
One of he mo no able ph ician in medie al medicine and of he I lamic o ld a Ab Bak

M hammad ibn Zaka i a al-Rha e (865 925 AD), ho a bo n in Pe ia (I an) and i kno n o
he We a Rha e . He o e 200 book d ing hi ac i e p ofe ional life co e ing ch opic
and pecial ie a philo oph , alchem , and medicine.
The fi of Rha e book a a o k on pedia ic and i lioni ed fo e en i e de c ip ion and

ob e a ion ha epa a ed mallpo and mea le a epa a e di ea e . He a he fi o
co ela e o nd and le ion of he b ain, pinal co d, and pe iphe al ne o em o clinical
mp om .
A ell a chola l book , Rha e o e book fo he a e age pe on ho an ed o pa icipa e in

elf-help. In hi ie on medical e hic he a ed ha The doc o aim i o do good, e en o o
enemie . . . M p ofe ion fo bid o do ha m o o kind ed, a i i in i ed fo he benefi
and elfa e of he h man ace.
Rha e a ell kno n fo con adic ing ea lie ph ician of fame, incl ding Galen, hen he
de e mined ha he e e inco ec in hei heo ie and pon ifica ion . He al o laid e e e c i ici m
on eligio p ophe and eligion , incl ding I lam. Acco ding o legend, Rha e ejec ed a

ph ician ho ol n ee ed o emo e hi ca a ac , e claiming, I ha e een eno gh of he o ld.

He died blind and gene all nhapp .
One of Rha e pi o al o k i K ab a - a a - bb (C B M , 900 AD), a

comple e collec ion of he p ac ice of medicine and ob e a ion ha hi den compiled follo ing
hi dea h. Thi book in pi ed gene a ion of ph ician of he I lamic o ld, incl ding he e e ed
A icenna, a ho of he fi e ol me Ca M .
The ba be pole, deno ed b i ed, hi e, and bl e helical ipe , ha been emplo ed fo cen ie
a a mbol and ma ke of he ba be ade. Thi adi ion da e back o a ime d ing hich a
ba be , in addi ion o imming hai , e ac ed ee h and pe fo med a io gical p oced e ,
incl ding bloodle ing, he p ac ice of d aining he pa ien blood o enco age healing.
The heo i ha he cla ic ba be pole o igina ed f om he p ac ice of hanging damp blood

bandage , picall pa iall cleaned, o ide he ba be hop on a pole, and a he ble in he
ind a o nd he pole, he e l ed in he helical pa e n ha became an ad e i emen fo he
ba be .
In 1096 F ench ba be - geon fo med an official b o he hood. In 1210, in an effo o epa a e

academic geon f om ba be - geon , he College de Sain Come e Sain Damien of Pa i
e i ed ha he academic geon ea long obe and ba be - geon o ea ho obe . The
legenda F ench geon, Amb o e Pa e began hi ca ee a a ba be - geon and h o gh d
and app en ice hip became he mo celeb a ed geon of he E opean Renai ance.
In 1540 he ba be - geon and academic geon in England combined fo ce o c ea e a ingle

g ild: he Uni ed Ba be -S geon Compan . Ho e e , he o di i ion of geon e e limi ed in
hei p ac ice . The ba be di i ion a e i ed o di pla he bl e and hi e pole, and he
ba be e e fo bidden o p o ide ad anced gical p oced e , al ho gh he e e ill allo ed o
e ac ee h and pe fo m bloodle ing. The academic geon e e e i ed o di pla pole
fea ing ed and hi e ipe and co ld pe fo m ad anced gical p oced e , b he e e
fo bidden o c hai and ha e clien .
Pa acel a one of he mo con o e ial medical fig e of he 16 h cen . He a he

con mma e o ide , ho a ha ed b he o hodo ph ician of hi ime. He ha been
ele a ed o he fi mode n medical cien i and i al o e e ed b man gene a ion of occ l i
beca e of hi in e e in and i ing abo m ici m.
Pa acel a bo n in Ein iedein, S i e land, in 1493. Hi f ll name a Phillip A eol

Theoph a Bomba on Hohenheim. The e ha been an eno mo ol me of li e a e i en
abo him. The e a e o diffe ing ie of Pa acel : he fi , i ha of medical chola , he
econd i ha of occ l i .
Pa acel fa he , Wilhelm Bomba on Hohenheim, died medicine in T bingen, Ge man , and

mo ed o Ein iedein he e he p ac iced medicine and hen o Villach in Ca in hia, A ia, and i a
he e ha Pa acel g e p.
I i belie ed ha Pa acel ea ned hi medical doc o a e in 1515 a he medical chool loca ed a

Fe a a in no he n I al . He hen p ac iced medicine n il hi dea h a age fo -eigh . O e a en-
ea pe iod, Pa acel a eled, died, and p ac iced medicine in Rome, Naple , Sicil , o he n
Spain, Po gal, Pa i , and London. He hen a eled o S ockholm, Mo co , and G eece.
Pa acel a i ed in Sal b g in1524, mo ed o S a b g, and ook p a po i ion a he o n

ph ician and P ofe o of Medicine in Ba el in 1526. Upon hi a i al in Ba el, he a called o he
ho e of a e ell-kno n chola and p in e , Johanne F obeni , ho e igh leg a
gang eno . The local ph ician co ld onl ecommend amp a ion a he co ec co e of
ea men . Ho e e , Pa acel a able o a e he man leg.

When he a i ed a Ba el, hi ep a ion fo g ea medical abili , no hodo ie , and a ho

empe p eceded him. In an l he a me i h e io oppo i ion f om bo h he local apo heca ie ,
ho e medical kno ledge and kill e e i e back a d, and f om he local medical p ac i ione ,
ho e ie e e con ide ed o be e con e a i e compa ed o Pa acel , ho e p ac ice e e
con ide ed a he e lea no hodo !
To figh back, Pa acel handed o a p in ed b och e ha anno nced ha he a going o gi e

f ee o ho lec e dail on hi o n medical e pe ience and no on he me hod of o of da e
a ho i ie .
Pa acel anno nced a econd inno a ion: He a going o gi e eg la l ched led lec e on
ge , and he e e going o be in Ge man a he han in he adi ional La in. Pa acel
inno a i e app oach o aining and ma ke ing o hi pa ien a highl cce f l and i pecificall
p e he ba be - geon , ho hi o icall e e he one doing ge .
The ba be - geon and he en i e pop la ion of he o n ph ician ni ed again Pa acel .

The didn like hi app oach o medicine and he didn like him. Fo hi pa , Pa acel eg la l
le hem kno ha he held onl con emp and di g fo hei app oach o medicine and ge .
Af e onl ele en mon h in Ba el, Pa acel lef a he ab p l (did he o n doc o and

ba be - geon h ea en o cha ge him i h i chc af and o ce ?) and mo ed o Al ace. A hi
ime, Pa acel became an i ine an ph ician. Th o gho he follo ing hi een ea n il hi
dea h in 1541, he mo ed o and p ac iced medicine in i - o diffe en o n in Ge man and
A ia.
Pa acel o e pape and a icle almo ob e i el , and of he en -fo of hi p blica ion

p in ed be een 1529 and 1541, a lea i een e e a ological p ogno ica ion . He a no
in e e ed in being an a ological p ophe a m ch a he a in e e ed in a ological medicine and
ho he ea he affec ed h man heal h.
In a ell-kno n piece f om hi Pa a , compo ed ell af e he depa ed Ba el, Pa acel ail

again ho e ph ician he had con emp fo and he con ide ed o be a chaic: A icenna, Galen,
Rha i , Mon agnana, and all he e of o , af e me and no I af e o ! E en in he mo di an
co ne he e ill no be one of o on hom he dog ill no pi . B I ill be he king and mine
ill be he kingdom . .
Jolande Jacobe, no ed in he 1951 i ing on Pa acel i led Pa a :S W :

Pa acel ega ded medicine a an a and i con ide ed oda o be he fi mode n medical
cien i , and a he p ec o of mic ochemi , an i ep i , mode n o nd ge , homeopa h ,
and man addi ional l a-mode n achie emen .
Pa acel a ho gh b hi follo e , o be abo e all, a ph ician and he ba ed hi idea of

medicine on fo ene : (1) a philo ophical app oach; (2) a onom (medical a olog ); (3)
alchem (a a e an of he a of medicine a he han he p i of an m a ion of ba e me al
in o gold; (4) pe onal mo al p i of he ph ician him elf.
Pa acel belie ed f ll ha Na e heal and ha he ph ician can onl a i Na e. D ing hi

life ime Pa acel a con ide ed he po of ph ician . He a p blicall ha ed and in man
ca e impl igno ed b hi con empo a ie . He died in po e a he age of fo -eigh in Sal b g
on Sep embe 24, 1541. Ye he li e on in hi man book and p blica ion . Some o iginal e e
ill being p bli hed in 1618.
The Je i h ph ician Fa aj ben Salim an la ed Ka b a - a in o La in in 1279, and af e i a

p in ed in 1486 nde he i le L b C , i infl ence p ead. Ka b a - a i ema kable, no
onl beca e of i i e, b al o fo i comp ehen i e di c ion of he p ac ice of G eek,
A abian, and Indian ph ician , ho e o k o ld o he i e ha e been lo o he o ld.

Al o infl en ial o We e n medicine in Medie al E ope a al-Rha e medical e book en i led A -

bb a -Ma (M D a Ma ).
Ibn Sina, f e en l efe ed o b hi La ini ed name, A icenna, a a Pe ian philo ophe -

ph ician ho in 1025 penned pe hap he mo famo medical book of Medie al I lamic
ocie ie , A -Qa a - bb (T Ca M ), hich a he ba i fo medical philo oph
and eaching fo he ne 700 ea . The econd book of hi fi e- ol me e ie p e en mo e han
760 d g ha Ibn Sina j dged o be ef l, i h anda d fo de e mining efficac ha laid o he
ba ic ene of e pe imen al medicine:
Each d g, nad l e a ed and n poiled, ho ld be e ed in pa ien i h a ingle condi ion.
The in e iga o ho ld begin i h he malle do e.
Efficacio d g ho ld ha e a con i en effec .
Ibn Sina belie ed in in e iga ing he oo of illne . In T Ca M he o e, The

kno ledge of an hing ince all hing ha e ca e , i no ac i ed o comple e nle i i kno n b
i ca e . The efo e in medicine e o gh o kno he ca e of ickne and heal h.
Hi o ian La ence Con ad i e ha he Canon co e ed he a io field of medicine i h a

p eci ion and ho o ghne ha ga e i a ho i a i e a o e he di cipline fo h nd ed of ea ,
and i ank a one of he mo imp e i e and end ing achie emen of I lamic cience. The
iconic Canadian ph ician, William O le , de c ibed A icenna a he a ho of he mo famo
medical e book e e i en and no ed ha he Canon pe i ed a a medical bible fo a longe
ime han an o he o k.
The fi indi id al o co ec l de c ibe he o e of p lmona ci c la ion a a M lim ph ician,

Ibn al-Nafi (1213 1288), ho a bo n nea Dama c , S ia, and o ked in Cai o, Eg p .
P lmona ci c la ion i he pa age of blood f om he igh en icle of he hea h o gh he
p lmona a e in o he l ng . Af e he blood i o gena ed in he l ng ia pa age h o gh
capilla ie o he p lmona ein back o he lef a i m, hen o he lef en icle and hen o o
he bod p ope h o gh he ao a.
Al-Nafi a pa ic la l adaman abo no pa o ing heo ie of pa ph ician . He o e in hi

1242 ema k called C a A a A a Ca : In de e mining he e of
each o gan e hall el nece a il on e ified e amina ion and aigh fo a d e ea ch,
di ega ding he he o opinion ill ag ee o di ag ee i h ho e of o p edece o .
Fo e ample, al-Nafi denied he p e ailing i dom of he G eek ph ician, Galen, and he Pe ian
ph ician, A icenna, bo h of hom belie ed ha blood pa ed f om one ide of he hea o he
o he h o gh in i ible po e in he hea all epa a ing he lef f om he igh ide.
Al-Nafi kne he e e e no ch po e a Galen p opo ed be een he igh and lef ide of he

hea . In ead al-Nafi eco ded, The blood f om he igh chambe m flo h o gh he ena
a e io a (p lmona a e ) o he l ng , p ead h o gh i b ance , be mingled he e i h ai ,
pa h o gh he a e ia eno a (p lmona ein) o each he lef chambe of he hea and he e
fo m he i al pi i . Hi hen adical ie a de eloped hen he a age 29 and a no added o
n il 1628, hen he Engli h ph ician William Ha e p bli hed hi comple e heo of he
con in o c cle of blood h o gho he en i e bod .
Al-Nafi compiled and o e pa age fo 300 ol me of he medical enc clopedia T

C B M , of hich 80 ol me e e officiall p bli hed.
J a Cope nic po ed he idea ha he n, no he ea h, a he cen e of he ni e e, an

Engli h ph ician, William Ha e , had he da n ing job of con incing hi kep ical colleag e ha
he bea ing hea , no he li e , i he po e behind he ci c la ion of blood.

Wi h hi demon a ion of he ci c la ion of blood, Ha e (1578 1657 AD) co ld ha e e i ed and

eplaced he Galenic e ion of ph iolog . Diffe en f om he con empo a e ela ion in
a onom and ph ic , Ha e co ec and acc a e e ela ion of ci c la ion failed o ha e a
d ama ic effec on medical ed ca ion o p ac ice. Ho e e , hi ana omical e ea ch and
e pe imen a ion in animal ad anced medical cience b leap and bo nd .
Ha e effo e e ed a p e ailing heo ha had la ed fo a ho and ea . Thi p e ailing

heo a he beginning of he 17 h cen a ha he li e con e ed food in o na al blood,
hich ci c la ed h o gh ein and he hea and o all of he bod i e , he e i a
con med. The a e ial em ca ied ai , b ea h, and a epa a e f om he eno ci c la ion,
e en ho gh i a pplied i h a in amo n of blood h o gh hole in he ep m epa a ing he
hea fo chambe .
Ha e ca ef l ded c ion and e pe imen p o ed hi co ld no be o. A c a e p ed blood

and p mped blood in he ame pa e n and iming i h he hea bea .
In a li e di ec ion of a nake, a pinched a e appea ed o engo ge he hea , compa ed iha

pinched ein ha made he hea h ink and go pale.
Ha e al o calc la ed ha he mall amo n of blood en e ing a e ial em f om he hea in a

ingle ho e aled a m l iple of a pe on en i e blood ol me fa mo e han co ld be e pec ed
f om a li e .
In 1628 Ha e p bli hed hi famo book, O M H a , no ing ha he mo emen of

blood h o gh he bod i ci c la and ha he p l ing hea i elf d i e he ci c la ion of blood in
an endle c cle:
Th fa e ha e poken of he an i of blood pa ing h o gh he hea and he l ng in he

cen e of he bod , and in like manne f om he a e ie in o he ein in he pe iphe al pa and
he bod a la ge. We ha e e o e plain, ho e e , in ha manne he blood find i a back o
he hea f om he e emi ie b he ein , and ho and in ha a he e a e he onl e el
ha con e he blood f om he e e nal o he cen al pa ; hich done, I concei e ha he h ee
f ndamen al p opo i ion laid do n fo he ci c la ion of he blood ill be o plain, o ell
e abli hed, o ob io l e, ha he ma claim gene al c edence. No he emaining po i ion
ill be made fficien l clea f om he al e hich a e fo nd in he ca i ie of he ein
hem el e , f om he e of he e, and f om e pe imen cogni able b he en e .
The celeb a ed Hie on m Fab ici of A apenden e, a mo killf l ana omi , and ene able old
man, o , a he lea ned Riolan ill ha e i , Jacob Sil i , fi ga e ep e en a ion of he al e in
he ein , hich con i of ai ed o loo e po ion of he inne memb ane of he e i a ed a
diffe en di ance f om one ano he , and di e el in diffe en indi id al ; he a e conna e a he
ide of he ein ; he a e di ec ed p a d o o a d he nk of he ein ; he o fo he e
a e fo he mo pa o oge he ega d each o he , m all o ch, and a e o ead o come
in o con ac b hei edge , ha if an hing a emp o pa f om he nk in o he b anche of he
ein , o f om he g ea e e el in o he le , he comple el p e en i ; he a e fa he o
a anged, ha he ho n of ho e ha cceed a e oppo i e he middle of he con e i of ho e ha
p ecede, and o on al e na el .
The di co e e of he e al e did no igh l nde and hei e, no ha e cceeding ana omi

added an hing o o kno ledge: fo hei office i b no mean e plained hen e a e old ha i
i o hinde he blood, b i eigh , f om flo ing in o he infe io pa ; fo he edge of he al e
in he j g la ein hang do n a d , and a e o con i ed ha he p e en he blood f om i ing
p a d ; he al e , in a o d, do no in a iabl look p a d , b al a o a d he nk of he
ein , in a iabl o a d he ea of he hea . I, and indeed o he , ha e ome ime fo nd al e
in he em lgen ein , and in ho e of he me en e , he edge of hich e e di ec ed o a d he
ena ca a and ena po ae. Le i be added ha he e a e no al e in he a e ie , and ha dog ,
o en, e c., ha e in a iabl al e a he di i ion of hei c al ein , in he ein ha mee

o a d he op of he o ac m, and in ho e b anche hich come f om he ha nche , in hich no
ch effec of g a i f om he e ec po i ion a o be app ehended. Nei he a e he e al e of he
j g la ein fo he p po e of g a ding again apople , a ome ha e aid; beca e in leep he
head i mo e ap o be infl enced b he con en of he ca o id a e ie . Nei he a e he al e
p e en in o de ha he blood ma be e ained in he di a ica ion o malle nk and min e
b anche , and no be ffe ed o flo en i el in o he mo e open and capacio channel ; fo he
occ he e he e a e no di a ica ion ; al ho gh i m be o ned ha he a e mo f e en a
he poin he e b anche join. Nei he do he e i fo he p po e of ende ing he c en of
blood mo e lo f om he cen e of he bod ; fo i eem likel ha he blood o ld be di po ed o
flo ih fficien lo ne of i o n acco d, a i o ld ha e o pa f om la ge in o con in all
malle e el , being epa a ed f om he ma and fo n ain head, and a aining f om a me in o
colde place .
B he ein a e olel made and in i ed le he blood ho ld pa f om he g ea e in o he

le e ein , and ei he p e hem o ca e hem o become a ico e; le , in ead of ad ancing
f om he e eme o he cen al pa of he bod , he blood ho ld a he p oceed along he ein
f om he cen e o he e emi ie ; b he delica e al e , hile he eadil open in he igh
di ec ion, en i el p e en all ch con a mo ion, being o i a ed and a anged, ha if an hing
e cape , o i le pe fec l ob c ed b he co n a of he one abo e, he fl id pa ing, a i e e,
b he chink be een he co n a, i i immedia el ecei ed on he con e i of he one benea h,
hich i placed an e el i h efe ence o he fo me , and o i effec all hinde ed f om ge ing
an fa he .
And hi I ha e f e en l e pe ienced in m di ec ion of he ein : if I a emp ed o pa a p obe

f om he nk of he ein in o one of he malle b anche , ha e e ca e I ook I fo nd i
impo ible o in od ce i fa an a , b ea on of he al e ; hil , on he con a , i a mo
ea o p h i along in he oppo i e di ec ion, f om i ho in a d , o f om he b anche o a d
he nk and oo . In man place o al e a e o placed and fi ed, ha hen ai ed he
come e ac l oge he in he middle of he ein, and a e he e ni ed b he con ac of hei
ma gin ; and o acc a e i he adap ion, ha nei he b he e e no b an o he mean of
e amina ion, can he ligh e chink along he line of con ac be pe cei ed. B if he p obe be no
in od ced f om he e eme o a d he mo e cen al pa , he al e , like he floodga e of a
i e , gi e a , and a e mo eadil p hed a ide. The effec of hi a angemen plainl i o
p e en all mo ion of he blood f om he hea and ena ca a, he he i be p a d o a d he
head, o do n a d o a d he fee , o o ei he ide o a d he a m , no a d op can pa ; all
mo ion of he blood, beginning in he la ge and ending o a d he malle ein , i oppo ed and
e i ed b hem; hil he mo ion ha p oceed f om he le e o end in he la ge b anche i
fa o ed, o , a all e en , a f ee and open pa age i lef fo i .
B ha hi h ma be made mo e appa en , le an a m be ied p abo e he elbo a if fo

phlebo om . A in e al in he co e of he ein , e peciall in labo ing people and ho e ho e
ein a e la ge, ce ain kno o ele a ion ill be pe cei ed, and hi no onl a he place he e a
b anch i ecei ed, b al o he e none en e : he e kno o i ing a e all fo med b al e ,
hich h ho hem el e e e nall . And no if o p e he blood f om he pace abo e one of
he al e , and keep he poin of a finge pon he ein infe io l , o ill ee no infl of blood
f om abo e; he po ion of he ein be een he poin of he finge and he al e ill be obli e a ed;
e ill he e el con in e fficien l di ended abo e he al e. The blood being h p e ed o ,
and he ein emp ied, if o no appl a finge of he o he hand pon he di ended pa of he
ein abo e he al e, and p e do n a d , o ill find ha o canno fo ce he blood h o gh o
be ond he al e; b he g ea e effo o e, o ill onl ee he po ion of ein ha i
be een he finge and he al e become mo e di ended, ha po ion of he ein hich i belo
he al e emaining all he hile emp .

I o ld he efo e appea ha he f nc ion of he al e in he ein i he ame a ha of he h ee

igmoid al e hich e find a he commencemen of he ao a and p lmona a e , o p e en
all efl of he blood ha i pa ing o e hem.
Fa he , he a m being bo nd a befo e, and he ein looking f ll and di ended, if o p e a one

pa in he co e of a ein i h he poin of a finge , and hen i h ano he finge eak he blood
p a d be ond he ne al e, o ill pe cei e ha hi po ion of he ein con in e emp , and
ha he blood canno e og ade, p eci el a e ha e al ead een he ca e o be; b he finge
fi applied, being emo ed, immedia el he ein i filled f om belo , (and he a m e n o i
o iginal a chi ec e). Tha he blood in he ein he efo e p oceed f om infe io o mo e emo e o
pe io pa , and o a d he hea , mo ing in he e e el in hi and no in he con a
di ec ion, appea mo ob io l . And al ho gh in ome place he al e , b no ac ing i h ch
pe fec acc ac , o he e he e i b a ingle al e, do no eem o all o p e en he pa age of
he blood f om he cen e, ill he g ea e n mbe of hem plainl do o; and hen, he e hing
appea con i ed mo e negligen l , hi i compen a ed ei he b he mo e f e en occ ence o
mo e pe fec ac ion of he cceeding al e , o in ome o he a : he al e , in ho , a he a e
he f ee and open cond i of he blood e ning o he hea , o a e he effec i el p e en ed
f om e ing a i channel of di ib ion f om he hea .
B hi o he ci c m ance ha o be no ed: The a m being bo nd, and he ein made gid, and
he al e p ominen , a befo e, appl he h mb o finge o e a ein in he i a ion of one of he
al e in ch a a a o comp e i , and p e en an blood f om pa ing p a d f om he hand;
hen, i h a finge of he o he hand, eak he blood in he ein p a d ill i ha pa ed he ne
al e abo e, he e el no emain emp ; b he finge being emo ed fo an in an , he ein i
immedia el filled f om belo ; appl he finge again, and ha ing in he ame manne eaked he
blood p a d , again emo e he finge belo , and again he e el become di ended a befo e;
and hi epea , a a ho and ime , in a ho pace of ime. And no comp e he an i of
blood hich o ha e h p e ed p be ond he al e, and hen m l ipl ing he a med an i
b one ho and, o ill find ha o m ch blood ha pa ed h o gh a ce ain po ion of he
e el; and I do no belie e ha o ill find o elf con inced of he ci c la ion of he blood, and
of i apid mo ion. B if in hi e pe imen o a ha a iolence i done o na e, I do no do b
b ha , if o p oceed in he ame a , onl aking a g ea a leng h of ein a po ible, and
me el ema k i h ha apidi he blood flo p a d , and fill he e el f om belo , o ill
come o he ame concl ion.
And no I ma be allo ed o gi e in b ief m ie of he ci c la ion of he blood, and o p opo e i

fo gene al adop ion.
Since all hing , bo h a g men and oc la demon a ion, ho ha he blood pa e h o gh he

l ng and hea b he fo ce of he en icle , and i en fo he di ib ion o all pa of he bod ,
he e i make i a in o he ein and po o i ie of he fle h, and hen flo b he ein f om
he ci c mfe ence on e e ide o he cen e, f om he le e o he g ea e ein , and i b hem
finall di cha ged in o he ena ca a and igh a icle of he hea , and hi in ch a an i o in
ch a fl and efl hi he b he a e ie , hi he b he ein , a canno po ibl be applied b
he inge a, and i m ch g ea e han can be e i ed fo me e p po e of n i ion; i i ab ol el
nece a o concl de ha he blood in he animal bod i impelled in a ci cle, and i in a a e of
cea ele mo ion; ha hi i he ac o f nc ion hich he hea pe fo m b mean of i p l e;
and ha i i he ole and onl end of he mo ion and con ac ion of he hea .
J a fe ea af e Ha e had died, I alian ph ician Ma cello Malpighi emplo ed a mic o cope o

ob e e mic o copic capilla ie ha p o ided he connec ion be een he a e ial ci c la ion and he
eino e n ci c la ion o he hea .

App o ima el d ing he ame pe iod a Ha e d ama ic e ela ion of ci c la ion being d i en b
he hea a he han he li e , Ne on p opo ed hi la of ni e al g a i a ion (1687). Acco ding
o hi famo la , e e ma i e pa icle in he ni e e i a ac ed o e e o he pa icle i h a
fo ce ha i di ec l ela ed o he m of hei ma e and i in e el ela ed o he a e of he
di ance be een hem. Wi hin he e ela ion hip , p opo ionali i held con an in hi heo a
all place and all ime h i i kno n a he a a a a a .
F he , Ne on la of mo ion con i of h ee ph ical la ha de c ibe he ela ion hip

be een fo ce ac ing on a bod and i mo ion d e o he e fo ce :
1. A bod emain a e o in nifo m mo ion in a aigh line nle ac ed pon b a

fo ce.
2. The accele a ion of a bod i p opo ional o he fo ce ca ing he accele a ion and i
in e el p opo ional o i ma .
3. When a fo ce ac on a bod d e o ano he bod , an e al and oppo i e fo ce ac

im l aneo l on ha bod .
Taken in hei o ali , he e la e e ignifican in ha he e abli hed he concep of a clock o k

ni e e, hich d o e he cience of a onom and ph ic fo he ne 200 ea . In hi ie , he
ni e e a imila o a clock o nd p b God and e in mo ion in ch a manne o a e ha
e e hing an a he pe fec machine.
Dei g abbed on o he God-clock heo ickl and deligh ed in he concep ha God impl e
he heel of he ni e e in mo ion. Ne on, on he o he hand, became f a ed, fea ing ha
hi ie of hi heo o ld lead o a hei m.
In 1774 Engli h chemi and heologian Jo eph P ie l cond c ed a no legenda e pe imen in

hich he p o ed ha plan ake in a ga ha animal gi e off (ca bon dio ide) and ha plan gi e
off a ga ha animal ake in (o gen). P ie l ook a mo e and placed i in an enclo ed gla
con aine n il he mo e collap ed. When he p a plan in he con aine i h he mo e, he
mo e i ed, he eb p o ing ha he plan a p od cing ome hing ha enabled he mo e o
li e. A he ime, P ie l did no kno ha he ga e e e, a e kno oda , o gen and
ca bon dio ide.
Homeo a h
Homeopa h i a healing a ha i ba ed on he ancien alchemi belief ha like c e like. The

healing a of mode n homeopa h came f om he o k and die of he Ge man ph ician,
Sam el Hahnemann (1755 1843).
Hahnemann began hi e of homeopa h in 1790 hen he, like Pa acel , had become f a ed
i h he hen anda d medical ea men of bloodle ing, and p ging and bli e ing i h li id
me c .
Hahnemann fi became en h alled i h he Cinchona ba k ha a ed cce f ll o c e

mala ia. He ob e ed and eco ded ha con ming he ba k p od ced a mala ia-like fe e . He hen
began o look a o he b ance ha hen inge ed p od ced he mp om of he di ea e he
an ed o c e like c e like!
Acco ding o he heo and p inciple of homeopa h , he mo he inc e o he ba ic b ance

ha o be dil ed and ec ed, meaning o be igo o l haken. The mo e dil ed he emed
he mo e po en i become . Man homeopa hic emedie a e o dil ed ha he an i of he
ac i e b ance fall belo A agad o n mbe and i can no longe be de ec ed b anal i .

The goal of he homeopa h i o e o e he balance of he pa ien i al fo ce o ene g m ch like

he philo oph of TCM (T adi ional Chine e Medicine). Homeopa h gained he p blic in e e and
c edibili o ld- ide d ing he 19 h cen . The homeopa hic ho pi al in London demon a ed a
con ide abl highe i al a e han he allopa hic medical ho pi al d ing he chole a epidemic of
1854. Did ha mean ha he homeopa hic emedie e e mo e effec i e o ha he bloodle ing
and p ging i h me c e e mo e dange o ?
D . Wilhelm Hein ich Sch e le (1821 1898), a ph ician f om Oldenb g, Ge man ded ced ha
mine al , i e al o cell al , e e he ba ic ff of all h man fle h and e en life i elf.
Sch e le , ho died medicine and ela ed cience a he mo highl ega ded chool of Pa i ,
Be lin, Gei en, and P ag e, i con ide ed he fa he and fo nde of he cience of biochemi .
Sch e le a ided and infl enced b he highl ega ded Ge man chemi Liebig, ho
po la ed ha he h man bod i compo ed of cell hich a e comple b ilding block ha a e
compo ed of o ganic ma e ial, a e , and al o mine al .
Sch e le me hodicall c ema ed he co p e of indigen h man d ing in Ge man ho pi al and

anal ed he e l an a h. Wi h he limi ed n mbe of anal ical me hod a ailable in hi da he
a onl able o iden if 12 cell al . Gi en he meage amo n of info ma ion he had acce o,
and gi en he fac ha ome of hi mine al deficienc o di ea e ela ion hip e e inco ec ,
Sch e le demon a ed g ea in igh fo eali ing he connec ion be een mine al deficiencie and
imbalance and hei ela ion hip o ch onic degene a i e di ea e.
Sch e le , hea il infl enced b Hahnemann and hi lo do e homeopa hic app oach, emplo ed hi
cell al a a homeopa hic emed a he han a high do e n i ional pplemen hich e e el
ed ced he effec i ene of hi cell al .
Ane he ia
John Wa ne ane he ia, meaning a ho of hi ke and a bl n fo ce o he head, a he

ane he ia of he da n il he mid-19 h cen . I i impo ible o con empla e ho an one co ld
ha e ole a ed a den al e ac ion, limb amp a ion, o c de abdominal ge , appendec om ,
h e ec om , o b lle emo al befo e he ad en of ane he ia.
S geon of he da had o be bold, fa , and be able o o k ega dle of he pa ien e ified

c eam . A co e of n e had o be n me o eno gh o ong eno gh o e ain he pa ien
ac i e a emp o flee o figh he geon effo .
B he mid-1840 , geon had fe me hod of ed cing gical pain e cep fo he geon o

e a knocko p nch, hi k , o me me i m (h pno i ) o d ll he pa ien pain and fea . Man
bjec ed o he e ea l a emp a ge died of imple hock: The ge a a cce , b
he pa ien died!
The mode n e a of gical ane he ia came in 1844, hen a Connec ic den i b he name
Ho ace Well a ended a pa lo ick demon a ion of in o ica ion on a ol n ee b mean of
admini e ing a la ghing ga of ni o o ide.
D ing he demon a ion one ol n ee ffe ed a e e e lace a ion of hi leg, e he did no

complain o i hd a hi leg f om he e l ing pain.
Well a o imp e ed i h he la ghing deli i m and ane he ia p od ced b inhaling ni o

o ide, ha he immedia el p opo ed ing he ga on a den al pa ien d ing oo h e ac ion. The
ane he ic p ope ie of ni o o ide had been ecogni ed fo decade , ince ol n ee co ld be
p icked i h pin i ho e l ing pain o i hd a ing hei p nc ed hand. Ho e e , medical
mind of he da ini iall failed o ecogni e he ane he ic al e fo he pa ien .
Well failed a emp a ing ni o o ide d ing a oo h e ac ion a he Ma ach e Gene al

Ho pi al d e con emp f om he ob e ing ph ician hen he pa ien c eamed in pain.
The concep of ane he ia came hen Well den al a ocia e, William Mo on, e ac ed an infec ed
oo h i h he pa ien ane he i ed, no i h he la ghing ga , b in ead i h e he , ano he
inhalan ga ha p od ced a deepe ane he ia.
When he pa ien a akened, he a p i ed ha hi bic pid had al ead been emo ed!
Mo on ane he i ed a econd pa ien i h e he d ing an ope a ion o emo e a neck mo . The

geon pon comple ing he ge , ned and e claimed o hi a ending colleag e :
Gen lemen, hi i no h mb g.
Ane he ia ickl ad anced f om a pa lo c io i o a ell-accep ed ad ancemen in gical

echni e. To ge geon and he gene al p blic o accep ane he ia fo ge , Q een Vic o ia
of England a ane he i ed i h chlo ofo m d ing he deli e ie of he eigh h and nin h child en in
1853 and 1857.
O eo a h
In 1892 o eopa h began in a mall chool in Ki k ille, Mi o i. The chool a a ed b D .

And e Ta lo S ill, a fo me Ci il Wa A m geon, ho had lo mo of hi child en d ing he
a f om he a age of infec io di ea e .
Acco ding o S ill philo oph , mo di ea e e e ca ed b mechanical in e fe ence of ne e and

blood and blood flo , and he e e c able b manip la ion of de anged, di placed bone , ne e ,
m cle emo ing all ob c ion he eb e ing he machine of life mo ing.
In hi a obiog aph D . S ill claimed ha he co ld hake a child and op ca le fe e , c o p,

diph he ia, and c e hooping co gh in h ee da b a ing of i neck. S ge and
pha mace ical of he da e e ha mf l and dange o , and people e i ed bloodle ing, ec al
feeding, and o ic d g cock ail ha incl ded la ge do e of me c and a enic. D . S ill no ed
ha in Mi o i and Kan a he e he doc o e e h o , he child en did no die.
O iginall , he o eopa hic ph ician a ained in ph ical manip la ion and die , ho e e , in he
20 h and 21 cen ie an Ame ican ained D.O., o Doc o of O eopa hic Medicine, i ed ca ed
and p ac ice in m ch he manne a an MD (medical doc o ).
Chi o ac ic Medicine
The fo mal p ac ice of chi op ac ic (DC) began in 1895 hen Daniel Da id D.D. Palme epo ed
ha he had imp o ed a pa ien hea ing b ph icall manip la ing a man pine. Palme , a
fo me bee keepe and g oce , claimed he had go en he idea fo chi op ac ic f om he pi i of a
decea ed ph ician.
In 1909 Palme o e, Chi op ac o ha e fo nd in e e di ea e ha i ppo ed o be con agio ,

a ca e in he pine. In he pinal col mn e ill find a bl a ion ha co e pond o e e pe
of di ea e. If e had one h nd ed ca e of mall-po , I can p o e o o he e, in one, o ill find
a bl a ion and o ill find he ame condi ion in he o he nine nine. I adj one and e n
hi f nc ion o no mal . . . The e i no con agio di ea e. . . . The e i no infec ion.
F om he 20 h cen h o gh he 21 cen chi op ac ic ha been cce f ll emplo ed o

elie e m c lo kele al di abili and pain h o gh manip la ion. T adi ional chi op ac o , o
S aigh p ac i ione , limi hei p ac ice o pinal and ce ical (neck) manip la ion ha elie e
bl a ion of he e eb ae, hich in n elie e p e e on he ce ical and pinal ne e h
elie ing mp om ch a pe iphe al ne opa hie , neck, back, and join pain.
Mi e a e chi op ac o ha ha e added he bal medicine and n i ional pplemen o hei

le of p ac ice.
Na o a hic Medicine

Na opa h i p ac iced b na opa hic ph ician (ND). Wha di ing i he na opa hic medicine
f om allopa hic medicine i ha i p ac ice eme ge f om i nde l ing p inciple FIRST DO NO
HARM. Na opa hic medicine claim Hippoc a e a i fa he and ecogni e an inhe en healing
capaci of he bod . Na opa hic ph ician empha i e he p e en ion of di ea e h o gh clean
li ing; good die ; pplemen a ion of n ien hen nece a o en e he bod op im m
heal h, main enance, and epai ; e e ci e; p ac icing a eligio fai h; and hen nece a he
emplo men of nonin a i e he apie ch a ea men i h n i ional pplemen , he b ,
me age, h d o he ap , ac p nc e, TCM, na opa hic manip la ion, homeopa h , co n eling,
g necolog , ob e ic , pedia ic , mino ge , and a el p e c ip ion d g and o he
medica ion .
The cope of p ac ice of na opa hic medicine in mode n ime a ie idel f om a e o a e

depending on he eng h and opp e i ene of he allopa hic (aka: o hodo medicine) medical
lobb a he ime na opa hic medicine a in od ced in o ha a e. A a gh , na opa h
co e he f ll p ac ice of medicine. The efo e ND a e p ima ca e ph ician , e cl ding he
p ac ice of majo ge and he e e da p e c ibing of mo legend d g .
Na opa hic medicine i a gh in acc edi ed na opa hic college and ni e i ie and i licen ed
and/o eg la ed in e e al co n ie , ch a E ope, Canada, A alia, Ne Zealand, and
n me o Ame ican a e incl ding O egon, Wa hing on, Califo nia, A i ona, Mon ana, U ah, Idaho,
Ala ka, Ha aii, Ne ada, Flo ida, Connec ic , Ma ach e , No h Ca olina, Geo gia, and pe hap
o he .
P chia and P choanal i
Ne o F e d, he mo infl en ial p chia i in he 20 h cen a Ca l G a J ng (1875

1961). He a bo n in Ke il, a S i illage loca ed nea he fall of he Rhine Ri e . Hi
g andfa he , a Ro ic cian f ee hinke , a alleged o be he illegi ima e on of Goe he. He had been
e iled f om Ge man and hen mo ed o S i e land he e he became a p ofe o of medicine and
ge a Ba el.
J ng fa he a a e o hodo pa o ho e pa ime a p cholog . J ng, him elf, ea ned a

medical deg ee a he Uni e i of Ba el and hen, a F e d had done, he died p chological
medicine in Pa i . He e ned o S i e land and ook a po i ion a a lec e in he P chia ic
Clinic of Z ich Uni e i .
In 1907 J ng hea d F e d peak and ini iall became one of hi mo abid di ciple , b oon J ng
o n clinical ob e a ion led him o ee amine man of F e d ba ic p inciple . J ng belie ed ha
F e d ga e oo m ch eigh o e al ep e ion a a ca e of men al illne . In ead, J ng a gh
ha g ea e impo ance ho ld be a ached o he effec of emo ional conflic and o he e e
and ain of he pa ien a he ime of hi b eakdo n. J ng book, T P
U (1912), a filled i h c i ici m of F e d heo ie hich lead o a majo falling o
be een he o men.
J ng efe ed o hi o n heo ie and ea men a anal ical p cholog and lef he e m

p choanal i o F e d. O e he ea of hi clinical o k, J ng came o belie e ha one of he
mo common ca e of a ne o b eakdo n a a lo of eligio fai h. The majo i of J ng
la e die e e filled i h opic ha bo h hi ppo e and c i ic di mi ed a an i a ed
pe i ion and n o h of a gen ine cien i in e e o a en ion : alchem , a olog ,
pi i ali m, and pop la folklo e. J ng belie ed ha , E en if he e belief e e holl fal e, he
ea on fo hei ide p ead p e alence called fo a p chological in e iga ion.
J ng pe fo med a a i ical d of nea l 500 ma iage and 1,000 ho o cope . The e e e pai ed
off in a a ie of a and compa i on e e looked a h o gh he a ological cha of indi id al
bo h i h hei po e and i h o he membe of he g o p. J ng hen looked ca ef ll a he
ho o cope of he ma ied and he nma ied co ple and di co e ed a n mbe of no e o h
connec ion p ima il a endenc fo he ma ied oman Moon o be in conj nc ion i h he

h band S n. While appea ing o be a g ing he oppo i ion ca e, b hi a ing ha he
connec ion co ld no be ca all ela ed, he ho e e , nlike na a e of a olog , po i ed ha he
connec ion co ld no be denied and m be acco n ed fo .
J ng in e e and e en al belief in a olog hea ened p ofe ional a ologe h o gho he

o ld and p omo ed a mode n e gence of a olog a a fo ce o be deal i h.
J ng had a p ofo nd impac on ho Alcoholic Anon mo became o effec i e. He gge ed ha

eco e ing alcoholic place hem el e in a egimen ed eligio a mo phe e of hei o n choice.
Thi pi i al app oach po i i el an fo med man alcoholic ho e e n cce f l hen he
emplo ed o he me hod .
In 1928 J ng, along i h Richa d Wilhelm, ho a an a ho i on Chine e philo oph ,

p bli hed T S G F . The ec e , acco ding o J ng, a ha man i a
co mo in minia e, and i no di ided f om he G ea Co mo b an fi ed limi ; Tao, he
Undi ided, all-emb acing ONE, gi e i e o o oppo i e eali -p inciple Da kne and Ligh , Yin
and Yang.
J ng had ob e ed ha alchem ha been called he d eam of p imi i e medicine and ha i

ho ld no be con ide ed a bog cience p ac iced b me cena cha la an . Philo ophe ch a
S . Thoma A ina , ph ician ch a Si Thoma B o ne, and deepl e e ed cien i ch a
Si I aac Ne on had died alchem .
M ch like Gno ici m, alchem had de eloped in he Helleni ic c l e of Ale and ia in Eg p . The
Eg p ian me all gi had acc m la ed he ade ec e of e ac ing he noble me al (gold and
il e ) fo he eal h and he le co l allo fo ho e ho co ld no affo d he eal hing. The
p oce e pe fo med in he labo a o follo ed he p inciple of A i o elian ph ic and Ale and ian
Neopla oni m, hich had ignifican infl ence on ea l Ch i ian doc ine. The leading concep a
ha he o ld of man (mic oco m) eflec ed he mac oco m ( he ni e e a a hole).
Me opo amian a olog , a a e l , became ine o abl linked o alchem . Each me al a linked o
a cele ial co n e pa : gold a linked o he n, il e i h he moon, ick il e i h me c ,
and o fo h. To accompli h he e a k fo an m a ion, 12 cce i e labo a o p oce e ,
a ocia ed i h he 12 ign of he odiac, e e e i ed. The a onomical mbol e e ed o
ep e en he p ima chemical ing edien and p oce e .
J ng indica e ha he e plana o heo ie e e de c ibed in e m of fancif l analogie . La e

alchemi e e commonl ph ician and he compa ed he chemical p oce e of alchem o
h man ph iolog and medicine. J ng al o belie ed ha , lo lie animal had o be ac ificed,
clean ed, and b ned befo e he co ld li e again a pa of he h man bod , o oo, he h mble
me al had o be killed, a hed and fi ed befo e eme ging a he noble me al ch a gold and
il e .
Idea and philo ophie e e in od ced f om he ancien Chine e alchemi ho looked a he

an m a ion of lo e me al in o gold and il e a of econda impo ance. Thei goal a o
pplemen he p ac ice of he bal medicine hich a de igned o c e mino ailmen , i h a pill
o eli i ( ha i , he panacea) p epa ed f om mine al and me al hich migh confe immo ali .
All of he Chine e heo ie of alchem eappea in he ho gh and i ing of Pa acel , and J ng

a e ed ha Pa acel ho ld be con ide ed he fo nde of ia ochemi ( he applica ion of
chemi o medical heo ) and he fo nde of p chological medicine beca e he p ofe ed o
c e ph ical and p chical di o de a ell.
J ng a among he fi o ecogni e he fac ha mode n hi o ian of chemi no o all

ecogni e ha alchem had bo h an e o e ic pop la belief and an e o e ic ec e l h o ded belief.
The e o e ic alchem p ac ice and belief e e cen e ed on he philo ophe one he magical
b ance ha o ld con e , lead, in, and coppe , no in o a compo nd o allo b in o he

p ified il e and gold. The e o e ic o m ical alchem a de o ed o he e m ndane
an m a ion a mbolic of a de o ional em b hich inf l man co ld be an fo med in o a
pe fec and immo al being.
Medical Ed ca ion in he Uni ed S a e
In 1900 medical chool aining in Ame ica a e emel p imi i e. Lof admi ion e i emen
e e o all ab en ; of en he onl e i emen a a high chool deg ee fo admi ion. An
impo an mile one in medical ed ca ion in Ame ica happened in 1914 i h he p blica ion of
M a E a U Sa a Ca a a, an in e iga ion b Ab aham Fle ne .
Medical ed ca ion in Ame ica in he 20 h and 21 cen ie ha been di ec ed b he e l of

Fle ne epo . Fle ne , a e i ed ni e i p e iden , i i ed each of he 155 medical chool in
he Uni ed S a e and Canada. The Fle ne epo a cond c ed a he behe of and f nded b he
oil ba on John D. Rockefelle and he eel magne And e Ca negie. Fle ne compa ed he
c ic l m and he den pop la ion of he a io pe of medical chool . A fe of he medical
chool , incl ding John Hopkin Uni e i School of Medicine and Wake Fo e Uni e i School of
Medicine, ecei ed an e cellen e al a ion co e; ho e e , Fle ne ga e ignifican n mbe of
p op ie a chool an e emel nega i e co e.
The p op ie a chool e e in fac ade chool ha had no ni e i o college affilia ion ,

di ec ion a no offe ed, and man in co e e non-academic local p ac i ione . The e e:
1. ho e medical chool con ide ed aigh one ha emplo ed me c o bli e

(applica ion of me c o he kin) and p e c ibed o al do e of li id me c op ge he illne
2. ho e medical chool ha p e c ibed he b a plan medicine
3. ho e chool ha p efe en iall p e c ibed homeopa h
4. ho e medical chool ha p efe en iall p ed a heal h die and life le
Fle ne ecommenda ion incl ded a minim m e i emen of a high chool ed ca ion and o
ea of ba ic cience ob ained h o gh die a a college o ni e i fo con ide a ion fo
admi ion, and onl 16 of he 155 chool i i ed co ld mee he ecommenda ion . Fle ne al o
gge ed ha medical ed ca ion ho ld be a fo ea d ih o ea of ba ic medical
cience and o ea of medical aining.
Fle ne f he a ed ha , An ed ca ion in medicine in ol ed bo h lea ning and lea ning ho ; he

den canno effec i el kno , nle he kno ho . The Medical College Admi ion Te (MCAT)
a de eloped in 1928 o p o ide a anda di ed admi ion e fo medical chool admi ion.
Follo ing he epo mo medical chool , nable o compl i h Fle ne anda d , clo ed, h
lea ing 66 ope a ing in Ame ica b 1935. A majo nega i e of he Fle ne epo a ha mall
medical chool ha ppo ed al e na i e medical heo clo ed fo lack of f nding, lack of
den and lack of poli ical ppo .
Af e ecei ing Fle ne epo , he Rockefelle Fo nda ion and Ca negie In i e decided o f nd
he aigh medical chool beca e p e c ip ion d g e e made f om pe ole m p od c . The
f nding of he aigh medical chool c ea ed a mig a ion of a majo i of he medical den o
he mo e highl f nded chool and he clo ing of almo all o he healing p ofe ion .
D ing hi ame pe iod of ime of he Fle ne Repo , he aigh medical doc o e eb in he

hall of poli ic legi la ing hem el e in o a p o ec ed monopol i h no go e nmen o e igh ,
elf-policing, no compe i ion, and nlimi ed f nd h o gh p i a e o go e nmen in ance.

The aigh medical g o p al o killed off all of hei compe i ion b becoming in ima el in ol ed
i h poli ic . B he la e 1920 aigh medical doc o led he p ac ice of medicine in Ame ica,
and all o he fo m of medicine e e agg e i el and legi la i el deemed o be acke .
Go e nmen a he ci , co n , a e and fede al le el, and he mili a onl ecogni ed MD a
legi ima e ph ician . In ance b la co ld onl pa MD , h choking off all o he heale
a ailabili o pa ien .
In he ea l 1930 , a Cle eland den i b he name of D . We on A. P ice fo ea a eled o

emo e pa of he o ld o d he den al heal h of people naffec ed b We e n ci ili a ion.
Hi p po e a o ea ch fo he a ma e ial e pon ible fo good den al heal h. Hi
in e iga ion e ealed ha den al ca ie and malfo med den al a che ha c ea ed c o ded and
mi aligned ee h a e he e l of n i ional deficiencie , no inhe i ed gene ic defec .
The c l e ha P ice died incl ded i ola ed illage in S i e land, Gaelic illage in he O e
Heb ide , indigeno people of No h and So h Ame ica, Melane ian and Pol ne ian So h Sea
I lande , Af ican ibe , A alian Abo igine , and Ne Zealand Mao i. Whe e e he en , D . P ice
fo nd ha bea if l aigh ee h f eed f om deca , good ph i e , a gene al e i ance o
di ea e, and fine cha ac e e e pical of na i e g o p on hei adi ional die , ich in e en ial
n ien .
When D . P ice anal ed he food con med b he e i ola ed c l e he epo ed, b compa i on
o he Ame ican die of hi da , he p o ided a lea fo ime he a e - ol ble i amin , calci m
and o he mine al , and a lea en ime he fa - ol ble i amin f om animal food ch a b e ,
fi h egg , hellfi h, o gan mea , and animal fa he e chole e ol- ich food no h nned b
he Ame ican p blic a nheal hf l. P ice fel ha he e heal h adi ional c l e kne
in inc i el ha e ea che of D . P ice da had onl ecen l di co e ed: Tha he e fa - ol ble
i amin , i amin A and D, e e i al o heal h a he e e e i ed a ca al fo efficien
mine al ab o p ion and p o ein ili a ion. Wi ho hem, h man canno ab o b mine al , no
ma e ho ab ndan he ma be fo nd in he h man die .
D . P ice di co e ed an addi ional fa - ol ble n ien , hich he labeled Ac i a o X, ha i p e en

in fi h li e and hellfi h, o gan mea , and b e made f om milk f om co ha ea apidl
g o ing g een g a in he Sp ing and Fall. All p imi i e c l e had a o ce of Ac i a o X, no
ho gh o be i amin K2, in hei die .
The emo e c l e ha D . P ice in e iga ed nde ood he impo ance of p econcep ion n i ion
fo bo h pa en . Man c l e e i ed a pe iod of pecial feeding befo e concep ion, in hich
n ien -den e animal o ce of n i ion e e p efe en iall gi en o o ng men and omen. The
ame pecial die e e al o con ide ed impo an fo p egnan omen, lac a ing omen, and
child en. P ice no ed ha he e pecial die e e ich in mine al and in he fa - ol ble ac i a o
picall fo nd in animal fa he i amin A, D, E, and K.
The emo e people ha P ice ini iall pho og aphed e e no e o h fo hei fine bodie , ea e of
ep od c ion, emo ional abili , and f eedom f om degene a i e di ea e pical of he ci ili ed
mode n b i ing on he di placing food of mode n comme ce, incl ding ga , hi e flo ,
pa e i ed milk, lo -fa food , ege able oil , and con enience i em filled i h e ende and
addi i e .
The di co e ie , heo ie , and concl ion of D . P ice a e no ed in hi cla ic o k, N a

P a D a . Hi book con ain d ama ic pho og aph of hand ome, heal h , p imi i e
people and ill ae in an nfo ge able manne he ph ical degene a ion ha occ hen
h man abandon no i hing adi ional die in fa o of mode n con enience food .
P ice doc men ed he cla ical cha ac e i ic of adi ional die :

1. The die of heal h , non-ind iali ed people con ain li le o no efined ga , hi e

flo , canned food , lo -fa milk, h d ogena ed ege able oil , p o ein po de , n he ic i amin ,
o a ificial colo ing .
2. All adi ional c l e eg la l con me animal food incl ding fi h, hellfi h, land and
a e fo l, land and ea mammal , po l egg , dai p od c , ep ile , and in ec . The hole
animal i con med: m cle mea , o gan mea , bone , fa .
3. The die of heal h , non-ind iali ed people con ained a lea fo ime he mine al
and a e ol ble i amin , en ime he fa ol ble i amin fo nd in animal fa ( i amin A, i amin
D, and Ac i a o X ( i amin K2) a he anda d Ame ican die .
4. All adi ional c l e cooked ome of hei food; ho e e , all con med a po ion of
hei animal food a .
5. P imi i e and adi ional ibal die ha e die ich in fe men ed ege able , f i , d ink ,
dai p od c , mea , and condimen .
6. Seed , g ain , and n a e oaked, p o ed, and fe men ed.
7. To al fa con en of adi ional ibal die a ied be een 30 o 80 pe cen of calo ie ;

ho e e , onl fo pe cen of calo ie came f om pol n a a ed oil ha e e fo nd in hole
g ain , leg me , n , fi h, animal fa , and ege able . The emainde of he fa calo ie a in he
fo m of a a ed and mono n a a ed fa acid .
8. T adi ional die con ained nea l e al amo n of omega-3 and omega-6 e en ial fa
acid .
9. All adi ional die con ained al .
10. All adi ional c l e con med animal bone and gela in- ich bone o p.
11. T adi ional c l e picall p o ide n ien - ich animal food fo p ena al n i ion,
p egnan and lac a ing omen, and g o ing child en.
Being a den i , P ice a pa ic la l in e e ed in he diffe ence in he facial c e of ho e

people con ming na i e die and ho e ho e pa en had adop ed he ci ili ed die of
de i ali ed p oce ed food . In con a o hi , he con i en l fo nd ha Tho e con ming he
o iginal c l al die had a ide hand ome face i h plen of oom fo he den al a che . Tho e
bo n o pa en con ming he mode ni ed die had na o ed face , c o ded ee h and a ed ced
imm ni o di ea e.
P ice a an a e ob e e and no ed i e co ec l ha a i ola ed ibal c l e e e

nega i el impac ed b he a ailabili of mode n packaged food . Ho e e , he did no e
eno gh he a ocia ed change and ni e al nega i e impac of elec ici and na al ga on he
h man die and n i ion. Wi h he a ailabili of mode n o ce of f el and ene g , ood, he
p e io l ni e al f el, had been di placed, and he hi o ical o ce of die a mine al ood
a he had been abandoned fo e e .
People had been ing plan mine al o ood a he a hei o ce of die a mine al ince he
beginning of ime and he aming of fi e. Then, a 3:00 PM in he af e noon, Monda Sep embe 4,
1882, e e hing changed. Thi a he momen in hi o hen Thoma Edi on p lled he i ch
and fi ed p he fi comme cial elec ic gene a ing plan in he o ld. The e en ook place on Pea l
S ee in Ne Yo k Ci on he bl ff o e looking he con c ion of he B ookl n B idge.
While elec ici o ce con ib ed o he apid ad ance of ind , he e of elec ici a he

o ce of f el fo hea , cooking, and ligh elimina ed he indi id al familie adi ional o ce of
pplemen al die a mine al ha a fo nd in ood a he ! Sea ca alog e o ed he

a ailabili of elec ic o e and he ad an age of ki chen cleanline compa ed i h he d ,

di , ood o e and he nece i o ake he ood a he o ide e e da .
A ood di appea ed a he ni e al f el, he gene al heal h of he ind iali ed c l e declined,

a no one ho gh o e en con ide ed fo one momen ho o eplace he lo o ce of n i ional
mine al . In con a , he ag ic l al ind had lea ned ha a con an eam of die a
mine al a e en ial fo li e ock heal h, ep od c ion, and p ofi abili . The lack of die a
mine al fo li e ock e l ed in financial di a e beca e of inc ea ed f e enc of di ea e and
dec ea e in p od c ion of heal h off p ing, mea , dai , and egg .
Mine al-poo die in fa m, labo a o , and pe animal e l ed in infe ili , inc ea ed a e of bi h

defec , and ed ced feed-con e ion o mea , milk, egg , and li e i e. Fa me en o of
b ine i ho he e io pplemen a ion of die a mine al .
Ag ic l al ni e i ie began o acc m la e da a on he di ea e ha e e p od ced in animal

f om pecific mine al deficiencie in he emb o, in he de eloping o ng, and o e ime in he
ep od c i e-age and he longe i of olde indi id al animal .
The ad en of heal h in ance fo h man began o epa a e he line of hinking be een

e e ina ian and ph ician . Ve e ina ian e e e i ed o p e en and c e di ea e on a he d
and flock ba i b n i ional pplemen a ion. In con a o he ea men of animal , he h man
medical em, i h he a ailabili of heal h in ance, began o ea e he di comfo and
mp om of degene a i e di ea e i h long- e m he apie ha e e paid fo b in ance. The
combina ion of elec ici and heal h in ance became he pe fec o m ha o ld de o he
heal h of mode n man.
In 1954, a Bo on Pe e Ben B igham Ho pi al, doc o led b geon Jo eph E. M a

pe fo med he o ld fi cce f l o gan an plan . The emo ed a heal h kidne f om one
man and implan ing i in o hi iden ical in ho a ffe ing f om kidne fail e.
Thi ini ial an plan cce p od ced a eam of o gan an plan and, of e al impo ance, a
la ge n mbe of e ea ch p ojec ha looked a he imm nological p oblem of o gan an plan .
Re ea che a emp ed e e al app oache o he p oblem of ejec ion, ch a adia ing he
ecipien imm ne em and pp e ing he imm ne em i h pha mace ical .
O Medical S em in he Uni ed S a e
In 1998 he Cen e fo Di ea e Con ol (CDC) e ed Ame ican ho pi al and fo nd ha ho pi al

ca ed 2 million infec ion pe ea in ho pi al pa ien , of hich 90,000 died. One m a k: Ho
on ea h can hi b each of ba ic h giene happen ? The an e i elemen a , m dea Wa on.
Doc o ea he ame lack , he ame pan ho e, he ame hi e coa , and he ame hoe oom
o oom d agging i h hem pee, poop, p , m c , lime, bac e ia, i e , ea , and mold . In
con a o hi , SPF di ea e-f ee pig a e p o ec ed b a fede al la ha e i e emplo ee and
i i o alike o di infec hei boo and clo he be een en ie o diffe en pig pen . We ea pig
in a ba n i h mo e a a ene and ca e fo h giene han e do h man in Ame ican ho pi al !
In 1993, 85,000 ca e of ho pi al infec ion a ib ed o C e e eco ded in

Ame ican ho pi al . B 2010, e en een ea la e , he infec ion a e inc ea ed b 400% o
360,800. The e a no incen i e fo he indi id al doc o o he medical em o imp o e h giene
and elimina e ho pi al infec ion af e all, no one had hei licen e pended o e oked and
in ance paid!
In 1998, 3,000 e io mi ake e e eco ded in Ame ican e e an ho pi al hich e l ed in

700 e e an killed ho had e caped dea h a he hand of a fo eign enem .

In he ea 2006 he CDC no ed ha pha mace ical e o e l ed in 1.5 million fa ali ie and

pe manen inj ie in Ame ican ho pi al pa ien . The e nega i e e en e e no he e l of ide
effec of he d g , b a he decimal poin p oblem b he p e c ibing doc o and f lfillmen
e o b he pha maci .
In 2007 he CDC and he J a A a M a A a epo ed ha medical doc o

kill, inj e, and infec 15 million medical pa ien each ea in Ame ica alone: 5.8 million in ho pi al
and 9.2 million in p i a e office and clinic . Ho man Ame ican o ld fl comme cial ai line if
he kne ha 15 million ai line pa enge e e killed, inj ed, o infec ed each ea b ca ele
pilo and fligh a endan ? Nobod o ld fl !
In 2010 he U.S. Depa men of Heal h and H man Se ice and he Office of In pec o Gene al
epo ed ha 15,000 Medica e pa ien die each mon h in Ame ican medical ho pi al . Tha
180,000 Medica e pa ien killed each ea b medical doc o in hei o kplace!
Incl ded in he ho pi al fa ali ie d ing mino p oced e in he ea 2011 and 2012 e e h ee

iconic fig e : And Roone of 60 M fame, Dick Cla k f om A a Ba a and a ona
Neil A m ong (fi man o e foo on he moon).
And Roone , age 92, a a killed b complica ion of a mino medical p oced e (a
colono copic e am).
Dick Cla k, age 82, a killed b complica ion of a mino p o a e p oced e.
Neil A m ong of NASA, age 82, a killed b complica ion of (an elec i e) ca dio a c la
p oced e.
The medical p ofe ion in Ame ica kill and inj e mo e people each ea han he mafia ha in
1,000 ea . A a p o ec ed elf-policing monopol fe doc o ge hei licen e pended o
e oked and fe e a e p o ec ed fo an inj ie , infec ion , o dea h inflic ed pon hei
c ome . The e a e no incen i e o p o ec he pa ien af e all in ance pa !
De pi e pending mo e mone each ea fo heal h ca e han all of he na ion in he o ld

combined, a of 2012, follo ing he g idance and ea men p oced e of he medical p ofe ion,
Ame ica ank 92nd in heal hf lne . Thi mean 91 o he na ion a e heal hie han Ame ican .
Ame ica ank 60 h in longe i , and he e a e 59 o he na ion ho e people li e longe han
Ame ican . And God fo gi e e ank 41 in li e bi h and fi -mon h i abili of o
babie .
And b follo ing he ad ice of medical doc o and he U.S. go e nmen , e became he n mbe
one na ion in he o ld i h he g ea e a e of obe i , and one o of h ee elde l die of
demen ia b 2012. Thi i ha dl a e imon o hei heo on ho o achie e and main ain good
heal h and ma im m life pan .
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30 J 2018
- F b a 21, 1908.

30 J e 2018

The harder the conflict, thegreater the triumph.
― Ge ge Wa hi g
Was an American politician and soldier ho served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and
as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

08/10/2020 The Ge m The and Bac e ia - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1 Edi i n

CHAPTER FIVE
The Germ Theory and Bacteria
(T ) d ca d a a a a a a ad .T
- a d ca c d a a c c c a
d a ca a a a a . W a ,( ) a d
c c bac , c a a b a
d ca . Bac ab d c c a a d c a a c .
Jacal n D ffin
H M dc :
A Sca da S I d c
T d ab d (Pa ) da . M c a c a
bac a, ,a d a a a c b a a c ; a
a b a a , a , d ; a , ca b
d da ca a ac a a d c c b a d a .
D d a a ca db d c b .I a c a a ac a a
a da d a d a c a a d b
acc d.
Hal Hellman
G a F d M dc :T L D E
A aH a a a V a a a,S (1818 1865) a a d

a ca a ad A a d ca d a d a da .A d
d c a ca b a a d c db d a d a ,
bab c d - a b a ca a a
d .B c ac ad , S a a ac d E a b ca a
d .H d d ac a da (a c d) ad a
a .
Ann G. Ca michael and Richa d M. Ra an (edi o )
M dc :AT a A a dL a
The J inian Plag e, named fo he B an ine empe o J inian I, killed 10,000 people each da .
The dea h a ed in 541 AD and befo e i a o e 200 million had died.

The An onine Plag e, named fo one of he o Roman empe o ho died f om he infec ion, began
in 165 AD, and a i gained ene g i killed 5,000 people each da fo 15 ea , and ended p killing
an e ima ed 27 million.
The b bonic plag e (Black Dea h) a aged he 14 h cen , killing 25 million E opean and an
addi ional 12 million people h o gho China and India. The global o al i nkno n.
E egla e e e in en ed in medie al I al . In 1590 a D ch e egla make , Zacha ia Jan en,

and hi fa he , Han , di co e ed ha he co ld b ild on he concep of magnifica ion ing a ingle
len b ing o len e , and he ligh mic o cope a bo n.
In 1665, hile looking a hin li e of co k h o gh a mic o cope, Robe Hooke ob e ed mall

hole , o ha he coined cell . Hooke la e aid ha he ca i ie eminded him of monk q a e
(h he o igin of he name). He belie ed ha he e cell had once been con aine fo noble
j ice o fib o h ead nece a fo he co k ee i al. In addi ion Hooke ppo ed he
common heo of he da ha onl plan po e ed cell ; a he ime no one ho gh o look a
animal o h man i e h o gh he mic o cope.
Hooke incl ded d a ing of he cell he had ob e ed in hi book, M c a a. He al o p o ided

in c ion fo con c ing a mic o cope like he one he ed, p e mabl o ha eade co ld
make he ame ob e a ion . No happ eno gh o impl ob e e cell , Hooke calc la ed ho
man co ld be con ained in a c bic inch. Hooke q i e co ec l calc la ed he n mbe of cell o ld
be: 1,259,712,000.
Kno n a he fa he of mic o cop beca e of hi pe io de ign of mic o cope , An on an

Lee enhoek i la ded fo hi b ilding of a mic o cope ha co ld magnif p o 270 ime a ell
a hi ob e a ion and de c ip ion of p o o oa and bac e ia. People had been ing ingle len e ,
ch a magnif ing gla e , fo cen ie o ob e e mall hing . Ho e e , he ingle len i limi ed
in i magnif ing po e . The compo nd len mic o cope c ea ed b he D ch p od ced a em
ha allo ed one magnified image o be magnified again!
The D ch na ali a he fi o ob e e and doc men he e one-celled o gani m in 1674. Hi

finding opened p a ne field of cience and e ealed he o ld of mic obiolog o he biologi of
hi da . Addi ionall , an Lee enhoek ob e ed ea cell , blood cell , pe m cell , and i e
cell .
In 1716 Lee enhoek o e, M o k a no p ed in o de o gain he p ai e I no enjo , b

chiefl f om a c a ing af e kno ledge . . . Whene e I fo nd o an hing ema kable, I ha e
ho gh i m d o p do n m di co e on pape , o ha all ingenio people migh be
info med he eof.
The nde anding of he ba i of infec io di ea e i ho gh o be one of he mo impo an

di co e ie of he 19 h cen . Up o he middle of he 19 h cen he p e ailing belief a ha
mic obe co ld pon aneo l come o life o of inanima e ma e . The heo p opo ed o ppo
hi phenomenon a called pon aneo gene a ion, and i a ho gh ha di ea e a no
p ead f om ho o h man ho on d ople of p m o bodil fl id , b a he a ca ied on a
mia ma of no io , fo l- melling ai
Scien i ejec ed he pon aneo gene a ion heo g dgingl . An ama e D ch len g inde ,
An on an Lee enhoek fi looked a bac e ia in he 1670 . I a no n il he 19 h cen in
1840, almo 200 ea la e , ha H nga ian ph ician Igna Semmel ei (1818 1865), de eloped,
e ed, and p o ed hi heo ha he m ch-d eaded childbed fe e a being an mi ed on he
hand of A ian ph ician , ho, di ec l f om hei g e ome o k a he a op able, iped
hei go hand on hei ap on and hen emplo ed hem n a hed a he a ended omen in
labo in he g ea Vienna ho pi al.
Semmel ei epo ed hi ob e a ion in T E ,C c a dP a C db d F :

Beca e Vienna i o la ge, omen in labo of en deli e on he ee , on he glaci (ea h o k), o

in f on of he ga e of ho e befo e he can each he ho pi al. I i hen nece a fo he
oman ca ing he infan in he ki , and of en in e bad ea he , o alk o he ma e ni
ho pi al. S ch bi h a e efe ed o a ee bi h . Admi ion o he ma e ni clinic and o he
fo ndling home i g a i , on he condi ion ha ho e admi ed be a ailable fo open in c ional
p po e , and ha ho e fi o do o e e a e n e fo he fo ndling home. Infan no bo n in
he ma e ni clinic a e no admi ed g a i o he fo ndling home beca e hei mo he ha e no
been a ailable fo in c ion. Ho e e , in o de ha ho e ho had he in en ion of deli e ing in he
ma e ni ho pi al b ho deli e ed on he a o ld no innocen l lo e hei p i ilege, ee
bi h e e co n ed a ho pi al deli e ie .
Thi , ho e e , led o he follo ing ab e: omen in ome ha be e ci c m ance , eeking o

a oid he nplea an ne of open e amina ion i ho lo ing he benefi of ha ing hei infan
accep ed g a i o he fo ndling home, o ld be deli e ed b mid i e in he ci and hen be aken
q ickl b coach o he clinic he e he claimed ha he bi h had occ ed ne pec edl hile
he e e on hei a o he clinic. If he child had no been ch i ened and if he mbilical co d
a ill f e h, he e ca e e e ea ed a ee bi h , and he mo he ecei ed cha i e ac l
like ho e ho deli e ed a he ho pi al. The n mbe of he e ca e a high; f eq en l in a ingle
mon h be een he o clinic he e e e a man a one h nd ed ca e .
A I ha e no ed, omen ho deli e ed on he ee con ac ed childbed fe e a a ignifican l

lo e a e han ho e ho deli e ed in he ho pi al. Thi a in pi e of he le fa o able condi ion
in hich ch bi h ook place. Of co e, in mo of he e ca e deli e occ ed in a bed i h he
a i ance of a mid ife. Mo eo e , af e h ee ho o pa ien e e obliged o alk o hei bed
b a of he gla -enclo ed pa age a . Ho e e , ch incon enience i ce ainl le dange o
han being deli e ed b a mid ife, hen immedia el ha ing o a i e, alk do n man fligh of
ai o he ai ing ca iage, a el in all ea he condi ion and o e ho ibl o gh pa emen o
he ma e ni ho pi al, and he e ha ing o climb p ano he fligh of ai . Fo ho e ho eall
ga e bi h on he ee , he condi ion o ld ha e been e en mo e diffic l .
To me, i appea ed logical o he pa ien ho e pe ienced ee bi h o ld become ill a lea a

f eq en l a ho e ho deli e ed in he clinic. I ha e al ead e p e ed m fi m con ic ion ha he
dea h in he fi clinic e e no ca ed b epidemic infl ence b b endemic and a e nkno n
fac o , ha i , fac o ho e ha mf l infl ence e e limi ed o he fi clinic. Wha p o ec ed
ho e ho deli e ed o ide he clinic f om he e de c i e nkno n endemic infl ence ? In he
econd clinic, he heal h of he pa ien ho nde en ee bi h a a good a in he fi
clinic, b he e he diffe ence a no o iking, ince he heal h of he pa ien a gene all
m ch be e . . .
In addi ion o ho e ho deli e ed on he ee , ho e ho deli e ed p ema el al o became ill

m ch le f eq en l han o dina pa ien . Tho e ho deli e ed p ema el e e no onl
e po ed o all he ame endemic infl ence a pa ien ho en f ll- e m, he al o ffe ed he
addi ional ha m of ha e e ca ed he p ema e deli e . Unde he e ci c m ance , ho co ld
hei pe io heal h be e plained? One e plana ion a ha he ea lie he bi h, he le de eloped
he p e pe al condi ion and he efo e he malle he p edi po i ion fo he di ea e. Ye p e pe al
fe e can begin d ing bi h o e en d ing p egnanc ; indeed, e en a he e ime i can be fa al.
The be e heal h of pa ien ho deli e ed p ema el in he econd clinic confo med o he
gene al pe io heal h of f ll- e m pa ien in he clinic.
Pa ien of en became ill po adicall . One di ea ed pa ien o ld be o nded b heal h

pa ien . B e of en hole o o ld become ill i ho a ingle pa ien in he o emaining
heal h . The bed in he ma e ni a d e e a anged along he leng h of he oom and e e
epa a ed b eq al pace . Depending on hei loca ion, oom in he clinic e ended ei he no h-
o h o ea - e . If pa ien in bed along he no h all became ill e e e of en inclined o

ega d chilling a a ignifican fac o . Ho e e , on he ne occa ion ho e along he o h all

o ld become ill. Man ime ho e on he ea and e all o ld become di ea ed. Of en he
di ea e p ead f om one ide o he o he , o ha no one loca ion eemed be e o o e. Ho
co ld he e e en be e plained, gi en he ame pa e n did no appea in he econd clinic he e
one enco n e ed he di ea e onl po adicall ?
I a con inced ha he g ea e mo ali a e a he fi clinic a d e o an endemic b a e

nkno n ca e. The fac ha he ne bo n, he he female o male, al o con ac ed childbed fe e
con inced me ha he di ea e a mi concei ed. I a a a e of man fac fo hich I had no
e plana ion. Deli e i h p olonged dila ion almo ine i abl led o dea h. Pa ien ho deli e ed
p ema el o on he ee almo ne e became ill, and hi con adic ed m con ic ion ha he
dea h e e d e o endemic ca e . The di ea e appea ed eq en iall among pa ien in he fi
clinic. Pa ien in he econd clinic e e heal hie , al ho gh indi id al o king he e e e no mo e
killf l o con cien io in hei d ie . The di e pec di pla ed b he emplo ee o a d he
pe onnel of he fi clinic made me o mi e able ha life eemed o hle . E e hing a in
q e ion; e e hing eemed ine plicable; e e hing a do b f l. Onl he la ge n mbe of dea h
a an nq e ionable eali .
The eade can app ecia e m pe ple i d ing m fi pe iod of e ice hen I, like a d o ning
pe on g a ping a a a , di con in ed pine deli e ie , hich had been c oma in he fi
clinic, in fa o of deli e ie f om a la e al po i ion. I did hi fo no o he ea on han ha he la e
e ec oma in he econd clinic. I did no belie e ha he pine po i ion a o de imen al
ha addi ional dea h co ld be a ib ed o i e. B in he econd clinic deli e ie e e
pe fo med f om a la e al po i ion and he pa ien e e heal hie . Con eq en l , e al o deli e ed
f om he la e al po i ion, o ha e e hing o ld be e ac l a in he econd clinic.
I pen he in e of 1846 47 d ing Engli h. I did hi beca e m p edece o , D . B ei ,

e med he po i ion of a i an , and I an ed o pend ime in he la ge D blin ma e ni ho pi al.
Then, a he end of Feb a 1847, D . B ei a named P ofe o of Ob e ic a he medical
chool in T bingen. I changed m a el plan and, in he compan of o f iend , depa ed fo
Venice on 2 Ma ch 1847.
On 20 Ma ch of he ame ea , a fe ho af e e ning o Vienna, I e med, i h ej ena ed

igo , he po i ion of a i an in he fi clinic. I a immedia el o e helmed b he ad ne
ha P ofe o Kolle chka, hom I g ea l admi ed, had died in he in e im.
The ca e hi o en a follo : Kolle chka, P ofe o of Fo en ic Medicine, of en cond c ed

a op ie fo legal p po e in he compan of den . D ing one ch e e ci e, hi finge a
p icked b a den i h he ame knife ha a being ed in he a op . I do no ecall hich
finge a c . P ofe o Kolle chka con ac ed l mphangi i and phlebi i in he ppe e emi .
Then, hile I a ill in Venice, he died of bila e al ple i , pe ica di i , pe i oni i , and meningi i .
A fe da befo e he died, a me a a i al o fo med in one e e. I a ill anima ed b he a
ea e of Venice, b he ne of Kolle chka dea h agi a ed me ill mo e. In hi e ci ed
condi ion I co ld ee clea l ha he di ea e f om hich Kolle chka died a iden ical o ha f om
hich o man h nd ed ma e ni pa ien had al o died. The ma e ni pa ien al o had
l mphangi i , pe i oni i , pe ica di i , ple i , and meningi i , and me a a e al o fo med in man
of hem. Da and nigh I a ha n ed b he image of Kolle chka di ea e and a fo ced o
ecogni e, e e mo e deci i el , ha he di ea e f om hich Kolle chka died a iden ical o ha
f om hich o man ma e ni pa ien died.
Ea lie , I poin ed o ha , a op ie of he ne bo n di clo ed e l iden ical o ho e ob ained in

a op ie of pa ien d ing f om childbed fe e . I concl ded ha he ne bo n died of childbed fe e .
I concl ded ha he ne bo n died of childbed fe e , o in o he o d , ha he died f om he ame
di ea e a he ma e ni pa ien . Since he iden ical e l e e fo nd in Kolle chka a op ,
he infe ence ha Kolle chka died f om he ame di ea e a confi med. The e ci ing ca e of
P ofe o Kolle chka dea h a kno n; i a he o nd b he a op knife ha had been

con amina ed b cada e o pa icle . No he o nd, b con amina ion of he o nd b he
cada e o pa icle ca ed hi dea h. Kolle chka a no he fi o ha e died hi a .I a
fo ced o admi ha if hi di ea e a iden ical i h he di ea e ha killed o man ma e ni
pa ien , hen i m ha e o igina ed f om he ame ca e ha b o gh i on in Kolle chka. In
Kolle chka, he pecific ca al fac o a he cada e o pa icle ha e e in od ced in o hi
a c la em. I a compelled o a k he he cada e o pa icle had been in od ced in o he
a c la em of ho e pa ien hom I had een die of hi iden ical di ea e. I a fo ced o
an e affi ma i el .
Beca e of he ana omical o ien a ion of he Vienne e medical chool, p ofe o , a i an , and
den ha e f eq en oppo ni o con ac cada e . O dina a hing i h oap i no fficien
o emo e all adhe ing cada e o pa icle . Thi i p o en b he cada e o mell ha he hand
e ain fo a longe o ho e ime. In he e amina ion of p egnan o deli e ing ma e ni pa ien ,
he hand , con amina ed i h cada e o pa icle , a e b o gh in o con ac i h he geni al of
he e indi id al , c ea ing he po ibili of e o p ion. Wi h e o p ion, he cada e o pa icle a e
in od ced in o he a c la em of he pa ien . In hi a , ma e ni pa ien con ac he ame
di ea e ha a fo nd in Kolle chka.
S ppo e cada e o pa icle adhe ing o hand ca e he ame di ea e among ma e ni pa ien

ha cada e o pa icle adhe ing o he knife ca ed in Kolle chka. Then if ho e pa icle a e
de o ed chemicall , o ha in e amina ion pa ien a e o ched b finge b no b cada e o
pa icle , he di ea e m be ed ced. Thi eemed all he mo e likel , ince I kne ha hen
decompo ing o ganic ma e ial i b o gh in o con ac i h li ing o gani m i ma b ing on
decompo i ion.
To de o cada e o ma e adhe ing o hand I ed c da. Thi p ac ice began in he

middle of Ma 1847; I no longe emembe he pecific da . Bo h he den and I e e eq i ed
o a h befo e e amina ion . Af e a ime I cea ed o ec a da beca e of i high p ice,
and I adop ed he le e pen i e chlo ina ed lime. In Ma 1847, d ing he econd half of hich
chlo ine a hing e e fi in od ced, 36 pa ien died hi a 12.24 pe cen of 294 deli e ie .
In he emaining e en mon h of 1847, he mo ali a e a belo ha of he pa ien in he
econd clinic.
L Pa e , e Ge T e ,a d e Sc e ce Mc b
Lo i Pa e a bo n in Dole in ea e n F ance, a anne on. He a ended chool a A boi and

Be ancon i h g ade fficien o be ecommended fo aking he en ance e am fo he p e igio
Ecole No male S pe ie e in Pa i . Pa e failed o pa he e am on hi fi a emp b hi
econd a cce f l. Hi academic pa h a ed i h he ph ical cience ; he did e ell in
hi fi deg ee and p og e ed o a d al doc o a e in ph ic and chemi i h a majo in
c allog aph .
Fi e a en e of in e iga ion defined Pa e cien ific and e ea ch me hod :
1. Skill and enaci a a e ea che
2. Mic o cop
3. The niq ene of he chemi of life
4. Abili o capi ali e on a l ck
5. High p blic impac f om hi e ea ch
In 1849 Pa e ook a po i ion i h he Uni e i of S a bo g a a p ofe o of chemi ,

con in ing o d a mme of c al and e eled in hi g o ing cien ific ep a ion. Pa e
pe onal i a ion changed follo ing hi ma iage o Ma ie La en , he da gh e of he ec o of he
ni e i ho ga e de o ed and p ac ical ppo o hi ca ee . Si ea la e , Pa e mo ed o

he Uni e i of Lille a dean of he ne Fac l of Science, i h a mi ion o ppo he
ni e i goal of joining eaching and e ea ch i h he pa icipa ion of local ind ie h o gh
he applica ion of cience. Pa e a gh bleaching, efining, and b e ing, al ho gh hi e ea ch
con in ed o in e iga e a mme ic compo nd and hei op ical p ope ie .
Pa e in e e in he chemi of li ing o gani m di ec ed hi in e iga ion of fe men a ion,

pa ic la l he pa pla ed b ea in he p od c ion of alcohol. In 1857 Pa e p bli hed he
e l of e ea ch on lac ic acid, hich a a common b -p od c of abno mal fe men a ion, and on
am l alcohol. Pa e a con inced ha he a mme ic op ical p ope ie of am l alcohol came
f om he p oce of fe men a ion, hich confi med hi belief ha i a a p od c of li ing c ea e .
Pa e belief fle in he face of accep ed dogma ha fe men a ion a a chemical p oce . In

1860 Pa e a called back o Ecole No male o be di ec o of cien ific die . A hi ime he
p bli hed a ignifican d ha ho ed neq i ocall ha fe men a ion a in fac a biological
phenomenon. Pa e hen edi ec ed hi mic o copic die f om c al c e o looking a
ine fe men ing and o milk, ob e ing ha ea and o he fe men , hich hi o icall had
been looked a a la ge molec le , e e in fac ea ha had changed hape d ing fe men a ion
h confi ming ha ea e e li ing cell o hei ge m .
Pa e ie ha fe men a ion a a biological p oce a he han a chemical eac ion, p lled him
in o a high p ofile p blic deba e i h Feli -A chimede Po che , ho a a ocal ppo e of he
heo of pon aneo gene a ion ha a e ha life can begin f om no hing.
Po che poke o in ppo of he heo of pon aneo gene a ion n il he end of 1850 .
Pa e fi poke o again he heo in Feb a 1860, and hen p bli hed a p i e inning
e a a g ing ha life al a a o e f om e i ing life. Pa e ed fe men a ion and decompo i ion
(p efac ion) in inf ion of na al o ganic b ance a hi g o h medi m. Pa e al a
main ained ha ne life in he labo a o a al a d e o con amina ion b li ing fe men .
Po che ill a g ed ha he co ld a i e pon aneo l i ho con amina ion.
The o cien i joined in a cien ific d el, ha ing e pe imen al e l and polemic , in hich fine
ma e of echniq e in e ili a ion e e mi ed i h eflec ion on he eligio implica ion of
he he life a con an l being c ea ed. Pa e ided i h he ie ha life had been c ea ed in
he di an pa b God c ea ion and co ld no a i e impl b mi ing ino ganic ma e ial and
ph ical fo ce . The con e a decided in Pa e fa o and again pon aneo gene a ion, no
onl h o gh he eme ging con en of he cien ific comm ni , beca e in a highl n al mo e
j dgmen in Pa e fa o e e a a ded b commi ee of he F ench Academ of Science .
The con o e d e Pa e o a d ne and n al in e iga ion of di ea e in animal and

h man . Medical doc o had long po ed ha he de elopmen of fe e and ep ic infec ion e e
imila o fe men a ion and p efac ion; hinking of he e p oce e a a e l of in a ion b li ing
o gani m o hei ge m , a he han a chemical p oce , po ed ne and highl con o e ial
q e ion . Ini iall , he connec ion be een mall n een o gani m and di ea e a a heo .
Ho e e , Pa e a able o cce f ll package he idea a he ge m heo of di ea e.
The e m ge m ca ied he me age ha he o gani m e e p o ein, idel di pe ed in he

en i onmen (in ai , a e and oil), and po en iall infec io ia m l iplica ion. The de igna ion
heo infe ed ha he ge m connec ion o di ea e a ill o be p o ed. T pical of Pa e
me hod of hinking, he emplo ed p ac ical applica ion of hi ge m heo ie of fe men a ion and
p efac ion b demon a ing ha b hea ing ine o 50C, one killed he ea cell and p e en ed
he de e io a ion of ine o inega he ame p oce ed o p e en milk f om poiling became
kno n a pa e i a ion.

The mo highl ega ded medical e of Pa e ge m heo ie e e emplo ed b Jo eph Li e , a

B ii h geon, ho po ed ha ep ic infec ion of o nd a d e o con amina ion of he o nd,
ei he gical o a ma ic, b p ef ing ge m and de eloped me hod of an i ep i . Li e
became a ocife o ppo e of he ide e of ge m heo ie o all infec ion and con agio
di ea e , hile al a c edi ing Pa e fo he ba ic di co e .
In 1865 Pa e ep a ion fo cce f ll appl ing cience o ol e common p oblem ca ed he

F ench go e nmen o d af him o head a eam o in e iga e a de a a ing di ea e in he ilk
ind . Af e h ee ea of in e iga ion, Pa e ho ed ha he di ea e a ca ed b a
pa a i e, and change in managemen e e p od ced o keep he ilk o m pa a i e and ge m-f ee
and heal h .
Pa e b oad cce con in ed o gi e mo e e po e o ge m heo ie fo he gene i of

di ea e. Beca e of ide p blic in e e in he ge m heo , medical in e iga o ac o he o ld
inco po a ed he ge m heo in o hei e ea ch p oced e and p i a e medical p ac ice .
Pa e ffe ed hi fi oke ha p od ced a pa ial pa al i on hi lef ide and hich con in ed

fo he emainde of hi life. Ho e e , he oke did no lo he ene g o pace of hi e ea ch; in
fac , Pa e enjo ed he mo p od c i e ime of hi ca ee follo ing he oke.
Pa e fi d of an infec io di ea e a one ha a p ima il a h ea o he F ench

li e ock: an h a , al ho gh on a e occa ion i co ld al o infec h man .
The bac e ial ca e of an h a a e abli hed b Robe Koch in 1876. Al ho gh Pa e q e ioned

Koch e pe imen al p oced e , he i famo fo hi c ea ion of a accine fo an h a b ing he
p inciple emplo ed fo c ea ing he accine fo mallpo , hich i ha con ac ing a mild infec ion
can p o ec again a mo e e io infec ion.
The an h a bacill (Bac a ac ) i an anae obic bac e ia, one ha flo i he in a lo o gen
en i onmen , o Pa e ed ced he i lence of he bacill b e po ing i o he o gen in open
ai . In he labo a o ial Pa e a immedia el cce f l. He hen ook hi a en a ed
accine o Po ill -le-Fo nea Pa i in 1881.
T en -fi e heep e e accina ed and en -fi e heep e e ed a n accina ed con ol . T o

eek la e , all fif heep e e inoc la ed i h iable an h a bacill ge m ! A majo i of he
accina ed heep i ed and almo all of he n accina ed heep died of an h a .
In addi ion o p o iding an immedia e benefi fo he F ench fa me , Pa e cce demon a ed

ha accina ion can be emplo ed o defend a pop la ion again all infec io di ea e . Pa e a
immedia el lioni ed a he In e na ional Medical Cong e in 1881 and a ble ed i h he
con in ing ppo of he F ench go e nmen .
Pa e p e ige con in ed o g o a he cce f ll ook on mo e complica ed p ojec , incl ding

he p od c ion of a po -e po e accine fo abie . While abie i a e in a h man pop la ion, i
p od ced a high p blic an ie beca e no one i ed he di ea e once mp om of clinical
abie appea ed, a p edic able pa h o a ho ible dea h a ine i able.
Pa e and hi eam p od ced abie in labo a o dog and abbi . The ea l ial of he accine
on dog e e cce f l and e e hen e ed on h man fo afe . The idea a o e he
e ended inc ba ion pe iod of he abie i o help he pa ien b ild p a defen e, an imm ni o
he ca a i e i befo e i e e ible mp om and dea h occ ed.
The fi p blic ial a Jo eph Mei e , a bo ho had been bi en b a abid dog in ea e n F ance.
The bo a b o gh o Pa i b hi pa en ho had ead of Pa e a emp o find a c e fo
abie . The bo i ed and he accine a ed on a econd abie infec ed bo i h g ea
cce . Follo ing he elea e of he e cce e o he p blic in 1885, abie ic im f om F ance,
E ope and a o nd he o ld came o Pa e labo a o fo he ea men .

The pop la p e of he da made Pa e abie c e a f on page o , la ding him a one of

he g ea e cien i and h mani a ian of he ime and ho e e ea ch a de ined o deli e
man f om he e o of epidemic of infec io di ea e ge m had been defea ed!
Addi ional a a d and e a d flo ed o Pa e , b he g ea e of hem a a p blic g an o

f nd an in i ion o p e hi e ea ch on a g and cale. A g and opening of he Pa e In i e
occ ed in No embe 1888.
A hi dea h in 1895, Lo i Pa e a ie ed a a F ench na ional he o and an in e na ional

celeb i . He a be kno n o he gene al p blic fo hi e ea ch and p blic e ice in he cience
of infec io di ea e. To academia, Pa e a an icon in he field of e eochemi , he
biological ba i of fe men a ion. Pa e pe onall defea ed he heo of pon aneo gene a ion,
p o ed he ge m heo of infec io di ea e, and p o ed he economic benefi and h man afe
benefi of labo a o e ea ch.
Pa e ele a ed p blic image i ho gh o be d e o a combina ion of elf-p omo ion and ell-
e pec ed kill in he heo and p ac ical applica ion of he cience of mic obiolog .
When Lo i Pa e cond c ed hi famo e pe imen in 1859, he idea ha ge m co ld infec and

make people ick and e en kill hem a gene all accep ed, al ho gh i a mee ing e eme
e i ance f om ho e ho ill belie ed in he heo of pon aneo gene a ion.
Pa e e pe imen finall an e ed he q e ion of he he pon aneo gene a ion i po ible.

He c ea ed fla k of b o h co e ed i h fil e o fi ed i h na o , do n a d-c ing em ha
admi ed ai b e cl ded he inie of o gani m and pa icle and he e de ice failed o g o
bac e ia b pon aneo gene a ion.
Robe Koch, di bed b ph ician ne and ide p ead belief ha all di ea e a ca ed b

infec io o gani m , e abli hed a e of po la e ha needed o be a i fied befo e one co ld
a ha a di ea e a ca ed b an infec io o gani m:
1. An o gani m m be i ola ed f om a pa ien i h he di ea e
2. The pec ed agen m be able o be g o n on a ificial medi m
3. The p e o gani m m injec ed in o a cep ible ho and he di ea e ep od ced
4. The agen m be able o be e-i ola ed f om he infec ed cep ible ho
5. The agen collec ed f om he e pe imen all infec ed ho m be able o be g o n on

an a ificial medi m and iden ified a he o iginal o gani m
Af e a i f ing all of he po la e he eco e ed o gani m can i h confidence can be called he

ca a i e agen .
Pa e appa en l enjo ed cce beca e he li ed hi o n and f eq en l q o ed ma im:
In he field of ob e a ion, chance fa o onl p epa ed mind .
Lo i Pa e
Q o ed f om a peech a he Uni e i of Lille, 1854
A e a de F e a d eD c e A b c
When Sco i h biologi Ale ande Fleming e ned f om hi 1928 mme aca ion, he no iced a
mold g o ing in one of hi c l e di he of bac e ia. The bac e ial pop la ion co e ed he face of
he g o h media e cep fo a bac e ia-f ee one a o nd he mold. Fleming ded ced co ec l ha
he mold j ice a o ic o he pa hogenic S a c cc .

Fleming nde ood e ell he po en ial of he agen he called penicillin. He e e ed he ne

d g again addi ional di ea e ca ing o gani m i h po i i e e l . Ho e e , he mold a
diffic l o g o and he ac i e d g a diffic l o i ola e. Ten ea la e d ing Wo ld Wa II
Allied go e nmen joined fo ce and fo nd a a o ol e he man fac ing p oblem and
de e mined ha he mechani m of ac ion of he an imic obial b ance a he p e en ion of he
de elopmen of he bac e ial cell all.
In he middle of he 20 h cen , he pha mace ical ind p od ced n me o familie of

an ibio ic . The e apidl eplaced he old andb of inc e of iodine, h d ogen pe o ide, and
g andma collec ion of he b , colloidal il e , and a oma he ap oil ha had been emplo ed a
o nd di infec an and emic kille of ge m fo cen ie , in ome in ance he had ed fo
millennia pa ic la l again bac e ia.
In he decade follo ing Wo ld Wa II, pe -b g appea ed ha had adap ed and biochemicall

lea ned ho o i e ea men i h he ne an ibio ic . The mi acle d g ha had been
c ea ed b he pha mace ical gian e e defea ed b ingle celled o gani m . A common e ample
of he e cce f l ge m i kno n a Me hicillin-Re i an S a c cc a (MRSA).
Acco ding o he Cen e fo Di ea e Con ol, each ea in he Uni ed S a e , 94,000 pa ien ,

con ac MRSA infec ion . Of he e 19,000 pa ien , almo 20%, die.
A 1998 d p bli hed b he Cen e fo Di ea e Con ol a ed ha Ame ican doc o ann all
inflic 2 million infec ion pon Ame ican ho pi al pa ien and 90,000 of he e infec ed pa ien die
each ea .
A common bo el bac e ia, C d d c , infec ed 87,000 and killed 30,000 Ame ican ho pi al
pa ien in 1993. The ann al infec ion n mbe in Ame ican ho pi al pa ien f om C. diff o e o
487,000 b 2010, a 400 pe cen inc ea e in 17 ea , ha dl a ign ha doc o e e igo o l
ing o ol e p oblem .
Taming he ne d g- e i an pa hogen eq i e e e mo e o ic, e pen i e, and ime con ming

he apie , ch a a cla of la e o an ibio ic called ca bapenem , hich m be admini e ed
in a eno l in ho pi al . In he Uni ed S a e alone, figh ing d g- e i an infec ion co p o
eigh million addi ional pa ien ho pi al da a a co of $34 billion e e ea . . . No , he
eme gence in India of a pa ic la l na fo m of an ibio ic- e i an bac e ia, hich ende e en
he la - e o d g ob ole e co ld b ing abo an e a of n oppable infec ion . . .
T Ec (Ma ch 31, 2011)
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30 J 2018
- F b a 21, 1908.

30 June 2018
National Woman’s Party marching in Washington D.C. May 21, 1922.
I ama ing ha o can accom li h if o do no ca e ho ge he c edi .
― Ha S. T man
Wa an Ame ican oli ician ho e ed a he 33 d P e iden of he Uni ed S a e (1945 53), a ming he office
on he dea h of F anklin D. Roo e el d ing he aning mon h of Wo ld Wa II.


08/10/2020 Vi e - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1 Edi i n

CHAPTER SIX
Viruses
We li e in a dancing ma ri of ir e ; he dar , ra her like bee , from organi m o organi m ,
from plan o in ec o mammal o me and back again . . . pa ing aro nd heredi a ho gh
(dr g ) a a grea par .
Le is Thomas
The Li e of a Cell
Microbiologists detected the e istence of ir ses in an indirect a before the ere able to see
them. The disco er begins in 1883 ith Adolf Ma er, a German biologist ho as in estigating the
ca se of tobacco mosaic disease.
Tobacco-mosaic disease depresses the gro th of tobacco plants and prod ces a mottled or mosaic
coloration of the plants lea es. Ma er pro ed that the disease as infectio s b transmitting it from
plant to plant b spra ing sap e tracted from diseased lea es onto health plants. He searched for a
bacterial microbe in the infectio s sap, b t he co ldn t find an . Ma er originall ded ced that the
disease as ca sed b an e tremel small form of bacteria that co ld not be seen ith the
microscope.
Ma er s small bacteria theor as tested ten ears later b Dimitri I ano sk , a R ssian ho
passed infecti e sap deri ed from infected tobacco lea es thro gh a small pore filter designed to
filter o t bacteria. Ho e er, after the sap as passed thro gh the filter it still prod ced mosaic
disease.
In 1897 Martin s Beijerinck, a D tch botanist, fo nd that the infectio s agent in the filtered sap
co ld reprod ce. Beijerinck spra ed tobacco plants ith the filtered sap and fo nd that after the
e pos re, these plants de eloped mosaic disease. He then sed their sap and co ld infect more
plants, and he contin ed this process thro gh a series of infections. Beijerinck reasoned that the
pathogen m st be reprod cing and increasing its n mbers beca se its abilit to ca se mosaic
disease as ndil ted after m ltiple transfers from plant to plant.
It as then determined that the mosaic disease pathogen co ld reprod ce onl in the host
organism, and it co ld not be gro n in artificial n trient media in test t bes or petri dishes. The
pathogen co ld not be inacti ated b alcohol, hich is s all deadl for bacteria. Beijerinck
correctl ded ced that the reprod cing particle m st be smaller and more simple than bacteria. His
beliefs ere confirmed in 1935 b Wendell Stanle , an American biologist ho cr stalli ed the
infectio s particle no called the tobacco mosaic ir s.
The Histor of Smallpox and Earl Vaccination

The earl practice called ariolation to protect people from small po has been sed in c lt res
thro gho t h man histor and as common among African tribes. The concept of pre-e pos re
proph la is as first bro ght to colonial America b sla es. This practice of inoc lation b placing
the fl id from a po sore from a person ith smallpo into the skin of a health person as highl
contro ersial in the colonies in the beginning of the 18th cent r . B t it as soon idel adopted
hen it as doc mented that persons treated in this a generall had a mild case of the other ise
highl contagio s and lethal disease ith a 20-30 percent rate of mortalit and co ld escape from
the se ere facial disfig rement the disease is kno n for.
According to historian Eli abeth Fenn in her book Po Americana (p blished in 2001), the Western
hemisphere as attacked b t o smallpo pandemics j st before and d ring the American
Re ol tionar War.
The smaller of the t o pandemics is tho ght to ha e beg n j st o tside of Boston in earl 1774 and
smoldered in that location for se eral ears, killing an a erage of ten to thirt people per da . In
Boston the Declaration of Independence as relegated to second place as an e ent of p blic interest
behind a cit - ide smallpo accination campaign.
The smallpo ir s pandemic spread as far so th as Georgia. It decimated the Tsalagi (the gro p of
Nati e Americans often called the Cherokee, hich is a slightl ins lting term created b their
historical enemies, members of the Creek Confederation) and the Ha denosa nee, the indigeno s
name for the si nations that made p hat the E ropeans named the Iroq ois Leag e). Both
gro ps of Nati e Americans ere allies of the British, and after the epidemic neither reco ered
s fficientl to fight the colonists s ccessf ll . Smallpo also derailed the British plan to raise an
arm of Black sla es and indent red ser ants ith the promise of freedom after the ar ended. The
smallpo killed off almost all of the Ethiopian regiment as the ere being recr ited and trained.
Beca se of their relati e isolation from E rope, the colonists ere almost as s sceptible to smallpo
infection and death as the Nati e Americans. So man soldiers in the Continental Arm fell ill d ring
the epidemic that their leaders orried that smallpo o ld ca se their re olt to grind to a halt.
The small Po ! The small Po ! John Adams rote to his ife, Abigail. What shall e do ith it?
His concerns ere q ite correct; it as the ir s, not the British arm , that had stopped the
Continental Arm s e c rsion into Q ebec in 1776. Fenn noted, One of George Washington s most
brilliant mo es, as to inoc late the arm against the smallpo ir s, d ring the Valle Forge inter
of 1778 Fenn ent on to sa , Witho t inoc lations, the smallpo epidemic co ld ha e easil
handed the colonies back to the British.
D ring his apprenticeship, Ed ard Jenner, a co ntr ph sician o erheard a local milk maid pass on a
folk belief that as a milk maid she o ld ne er s ffer the disfig ring facial scars of smallpo . She
as e cited beca se she belie ed she o ld ne er s ffer from the t pical scars of small po beca se
she alread had contracted co po , a minor affliction common to dair maids.
Years later, in 1796, Jenner collected p s from a co po lesion from the arm of a local milk maid
and applied it to the skin of an eight ear old bo . Eight eeks later Jenner e posed the bo to
smallpo . The child remained ell beca se co po as similar eno gh to smallpo to stim late a
cross-imm nit .
According to Medicine: A Trea r of Ar and Li era re: Jenner (1749 1823) possessed ac te
po ers of obser ation that ere s all spent bird- atching, and he gained admission to the Ro al
Societ of London thro gh a paper on ornitholog . He noted that the bo ed, broad back of a
fledgling c ckoo for t el e da s formed the perfect nest for the egg of the hedge sparro , read to
hatch hen the c ckoo as read to fl . The stor of the milk maid Sarah Nelmes and Jenner s
accine g inea pig, James Phipps is ell kno n. Less familiar is Jenner s attrib tion of co po to
grease and groomsmen.

O er the ne t fe ears, Jenner p blished f rther e periments, s ppl ing the co po accine and
promoting his accination techniq es to ph sicians aro nd the orld:
The de iation of man from the state in hich he as originall placed b nat re seems to ha e
pro ed to him a prolific so rce of diseases. From the lo e of splendor, from the ind lgence of l r ,
and from his fondness for am sement he has familiari ed himself ith a great n mber of animals,
hich ma not originall ha e been intended for his associates.
The olf, disarmed of ferocit , is no pillo ed in the lad s lap. The cat, the little tiger of o r island,
hose nat ral home is the forest, is eq all domesticated and caressed. The co , the hog, the
sheep, and the horse, are all, for a ariet of p rposes, bro ght nder his care and dominion.
There is a disease to hich the horse, from his state of domestication, is freq entl s bject. The
farriers call it the grease. It is an inflammation and s elling in the heel, from hich iss es matter
possessing properties of a er pec liar kind, hich seems capable of generating disease in the
h man bod (after it has ndergone the modification hich I shall presentl speak of), hich bears
so strong a resemblance to the smallpo that I think it highl probable it ma be the so rce of the
disease.
In this dair co ntr a great n mber of co s are kept, and the office of milking is performed
indiscriminatel b men and maid ser ants. One of the former ha ing been appointed to appl
dressings to the heels of a horse affected ith grease, and not pa ing d e attention to cleanliness,
inca tio sl bears his part in milking co s, ith come particles of the infectio s matter adhering to
his fingers. When this is the case, it commonl happens that a disease is comm nicated to the co s,
and from the co s to dair maids, hich spreads thro gh the farm ntil the most of the cattle and
domestics feel its npleasant conseq ences. This disease has obtained the name of co -po . It
appears on the nipples of the co s in the form of irreg lar p st les. At their first appearance the
are commonl of a palish bl e, or rather of a colo r some hat approaching to li id, and are
s rro nded b an er sipelo s inflammation. These p st les, nless a timel remed be applied,
freq entl degenerate into phagedenic lcers, hich pro e e tremel tro blesome. The animals
become indisposed, and the secretion of milk is m ch lessened. Inflamed spots no begin to appear
on different parts of the hands of the domestics emplo ed in milking, and sometimes on the rists,
hich q ickl r n on to s pp ration, first ass ming the small esications prod ced b a b rn.
Most commonl the appear abo t the joints of the fingers and at their e tremities; b t hate er
parts are affected, if the sit ation ill admit, these s perficial s pp rations p t on a circ lar form,
ith their edges more ele ated than their centre, and of a colo r distantl approaching to bl e.
Absorption takes place, and t mo rs appear in each a illa. The s stem becomes affected the p lse
is q ickened; and shi erings, s cceeded b heat, ith general lassit de and pains abo t the loins
and limbs, ith omiting, come on. The head is painf l, and the patient is no and then e en
affected ith deliri m.
These s mptoms, ar ing in their degrees of iolence, generall contin e from one da to three or
fo r, lea ing lcerated sores abo t the hands, hich, from the sensibilit of the parts, are er
tro blesome, and commonl heal slo l , freq entl becoming phagedenic, like those from hence
the spr ng. The lips, nostrils, e elids, and other parts of the bod are sometimes affected ith
sores; b t these e identl arise from their being heedlessl r bbed or scratched ith the patient s
infected fingers. No er ptions on the skin ha e follo ed the decline of the fe erish s mptoms in an
instance that has come to m inspection, one onl e cepted, and in this case a er fe appeared
on the arms: the ere er min te, of a i id red colo r, and soon died a a itho t ad ancing to
mat ration; so that I cannot determine hether the had an connection ith the preceding
s mptoms.
Th s the disease makes its progress from the horse to the nipple of the co , and from the co to
the h man s bject.

Morbid matter of ario s kinds, hen absorbed into the s stem, ma prod ce effects in some degree
similar; b t hat renders the co -po ir s so e tremel sing lar is that the person ho has been
th s affected is fore er after sec re from the infection of the smallpo ; neither e pos re to
the ariolo effl ia, nor the insertion of the matter into the skin, prod cing this distemper.
The more acc ratel to obser e the progress of the infection I selected a health bo , abo t eight
ears old, for the p rpose of inoc lating for the co po . The matter as taken from a sore on the
hand of a dair maid, ho as infected b her master s co s, and it as inserted on the 14th da of
Ma , 1796, into the arm of the bo b means of t o s perficial incisions, barel penetrating the
c tis, each abo t an inch long.
On the se enth da he complained of neasiness in the a illa and on the ninth he became a little
chill , lost his appetite, and had a slight headache. D ring the hole of this da he as perceptibl
indisposed, and spent the night ith some degree of restlessness, b t on the da follo ing he as
perfectl ell.
The appearance of these incisions in their progress to a state of mat ration ere m ch the same as
hen prod ced in a similar manner b ariolo matter. The difference hich I percei ed as in the
state of the limpid fl id arising from the action of the ir s, hich ass med rather a darker h e, and
in that of the efflorescence spreading ro nd the incisions, hich had more of an er sipelato s look
than e commonl percei e hen ariolo matter has been made se of in the same manner; b t
the hole died a a (lea ing on the inoc lated parts scabs and s bseq ent eschars) itho t gi ing
me or m patient the least tro ble.
In order to ascertain hether the bo , after feeling so slight an affection of the s stem from the
co -po ir s, as sec re from the contagion of the smallpo , he as inoc lated the 1st of J l
follo ing ith ariolo matter, immediatel taken from a p st le. Se eral slight p nct res and
incisions ere made on both his arms, and the matter as caref ll inserted, b t no disease
follo ed. The same appearances ere obser able on the arms as e commonl see hen a patient
has had ariolo matter applied, after ha ing either the co -po or smallpo . Se eral months
after ards he as again inoc lated ith ariolo matter, b t no sensible effect as prod ced on
the constit tion.
Vaccination ith co po became mandator in Ba aria, Denmark, and in Pr ssia and Britain in
1853. Some American states also began to req ire the accination ith co po b mid-cent r .
Jenner s accination concept as an important step to ard red cing the global threat of infectio s
diseases. Vaccination made earl childhood safer.
In the 1960s, orld ide health organi ations promoted a campaign to eradicate smallpo epidemics.
The last nat ral case of smallpo occ rred in Somalia in 1977, and the World Health Assembl
certified the eradication of smallpo in 1980.
Pasteur s Remarkable Work on the Vaccine for Rabies
Lo is Paste r (1822 1895) as the first to connect alcoholic fermentation to the metabolism of
east rather than spontaneo s generation; ho e er, it as his ork ith silk orm diseases,
anthra epidemics, and his high profile and idel p blici ed ork ith rabies that immortali ed
him. On March 1, 1886 Paste r presented the promising res lts of his de elopment of the treatment
of a rabies accine for h mans to the French Academ of Sciences and called for a creation of a
rabies accine center, initiating the fo nding of the Paste r Instit te. His 1885 e periment to
accinate h mans ith a accine created for dogs as a decision made at considerable legal risk and
danger to his career:
We anno nced a positi e ad ance in the st d of rabies in the papers appearing nder m o n
name and nder the names of m fello - orkers; this as a method of pre ention of the disease.
The e idence as acceptable to the scientific mind, b t had not been gi en practical demonstration.
Accidents ere liable to occ r in its application.
Of t ent dogs treated, I co ld not render more than fifteen or si teen refractor to rabies. F rther,
it as desirable, at the end of the treatment, to inoc late ith a er ir lent ir s a control ir s
in order to confirm and reinforce the refractor condition. More than this, pr dence demanded that
the dogs sho ld be kept nder the obser ation d ring a period longer than the period of inc bation
of the disease prod ced b the direct inoc lation of this last ir s. Therefore, in order to be q ite
s re that the refractor state had been prod ced, it as sometimes necessar to ait three or fo r
months. The application of the method o ld ha e been er m ch limited b these tro blesome
conditions.
Another objection as that the method did not lend itself easil to the emergenc treatment
rendered necessar b the accidental and nforeseen a in hich bites are inflicted b rabid
animals.
It as necessar , therefore, to disco er, if possible, a more rapid method. Other ise ho o ld
ha e the temerit , before this progress had been achie ed, to make an e periment on man?
After making almost inn merable e periments, I ha e disco ered a proph lactic method hich is
practical and prompt, and hich has alread in dogs afforded me res lts s fficientl n mero s,
certain and s ccessf l, to arrant m ha ing confidence in its general applicabilit to all animals,
and e en to man himself.
This method depends essentiall on the follo ing facts:
The inoc lation of the infecti e spinal cord of a dog s ffering from ordinar rabies nder the d ra
mater of a rabbit, al a s prod ces rabies after a period of inc bation ha ing a mean d ration of
abo t fifteen da s.
If, b the abo e method of inoc lation, the ir s of the first rabbit is passed into a second, and that
of the second into a third, and so on, in series, a more and more striking tendenc is soon
manifested to ards a dimin tion of the d ration of the inc bation period of rabies in the rabbits
s ccessi el inoc lated.
After passing t ent or t ent -fi e times from rabbit to rabbit, inoc lation periods of eight da s are
met ith, and contin e for another inter al, d ring hich the ir s is passed t ent of t ent -fi e
times from rabbit to rabbit. Then an inc bation period of se en da s is reached, hich is
enco ntered ith striking reg larit thro gho t a ne series e tending as far as the ninetieth
animal. This at least is the n mber hich I ha e reached at the present time, and the most that can
be said is that a slight tendenc is manifested to ards an inc bation period of a little less than se en
da s.
E periments of this class, beg n in No ember, 1882, ha e no lasted for three ears itho t an
break in the contin it of the series, and itho t o r e er being obliged to ha e reco rse to an
other ir s than that of the rabbits s ccessf ll dead of rabies. Conseq entl , nothing is easier than
to ha e constantl at o r disposal, o er considerable inter als of time, a ir s of rabies, q ite p re,
and al a s q ite or er nearl identical. This is the central fact in the practical application of the
method.
The ir s of rabies at a constant degree of ir lence is contained in the spinal cords of these rabbits
thro gho t their hole e tent.
If portions, a fe centimeters long, are remo ed from these spinal cords ith e er possible
preca tion to preser e their p rit , and are then s spended in dr air, the ir lence slo l
disappears, ntil at last, it entirel anishes. The time ithin hich this e tinction of ir lence is

bro ght abo t aries a little ith the thickness of the morsels of spinal cord, b t chiefl it is related
to the e ternal temperat re. The lo er the en ironmental temperat re the longer is the ir lence
preser ed. These res lts constit te the central scientific point in the method.
These facts being established, a dog ma be rendered refractor to rabies in a relati el short time
in the follo ing a : E er da morsels of fresh infecti e spinal cord from a rabbit hich had died of
rabies de eloped after an inc bation of se en da s, are s spended in a series of flasks, the air in
hich is kept dr b placing fragments of potash at the bottom of the flask. E er da also a dog is
inoc lated nder the skin ith a Pra a s ringe f ll of sterili ed broth, in hich a small fragment of
one of the spinal cords has been broken p, commencing ith a spinal cord far eno gh remo ed in
order of time from the da of the operation to render it certain that the cord as not at all ir lent.
(This date had been ascertained b pre io s e periments.) On the follo ing da s the same
operation is performed ith more recent cords, separated from each other b an inter al of t o
da s, ntil at last, a er ir lent cord, hich has onl been in the flask for t o da s, is sed.
The dog has no been rendered refractor to rabies. It ma be inoc lated ith the ir s of rabies
nder the skin, or e en after trephining, on the s rface of the brain, itho t an s bseq ent
de elopment of rabies.
Ne er ha ing once failed hen sing this method, I had in m possession fift dogs, of all ages and
of e er race, refractor to rabies, hen three indi id als from Alsace ne pectedl presented
themsel es at m laborator , on Monda the 6th of last J l .
Theodore Vone, grocer of Meissengott, near Schlestadt, bitten in the arm J l 4th b his o n dog,
hich had gone mad.
Joseph Meister, aged 9 ears, also bitten on J l 4th at eight o clock in the morning b the same
dog. This child had been knocked o er b the dog and presented n mero s bites on the hands, legs,
and thighs, some of them so deep as to render alking diffic lt. The principal bites had been
ca teri ed at eight o clock in the e ening of J l 4th, onl t el e ho rs after the accident, ith
phenic acid, b Dr. Weber, of Ville.
The third person, ho had not been bitten, as the mother of little Joseph Meister.
At the e amination of the dog, after its death b the hand of its master, the stomach as fo nd f ll
of ha , stra , and scraps of ood. The dog as certainl rabid. Joseph Meister had been p lled o t
from nder him co ered ith foam and blood.
M. Vone had some se ere cont sions on the arm, b t he ass red me that his shirt had not been
pierced b the dog s fangs. As he had nothing to fear, I told him that he co ld ret rn to Alsace the
same da , hich he did. B t I kept o ng Meister and his mother ith me.
The eekl meeting of the Academie des Sciences took place on J l 6th. At it I met o r colleag e
Dr. V lpian, to hom I related hat had j st happened. M. V lpian, and Dr. Grancher, Professor in
the Fac lt de M decine, had the goodness to come and see little Joseph Meister at once, and to
take note of the condition and the n mber of his o nds. There ere no less than fo rteen.
The opinion of o r learned colleag e, and of Dr. Grancher, as that, o ing to the se erit and the
n mber of the bites, Joseph Meister as almost certain to take rabies. I then comm nicated to M.
V lpian and to M. Grancher the ne res lts hich I had obtained from the st d of rabies since the
address hich I had gi en at Copenhagen a ear earlier.
The death of this child appearing to be ine itable, I decided, not itho t li el and sore an iet , as
ma ell be belie ed, to tr pon Joseph Meister the method hich I had fo nd constantl
s ccessf l ith dogs. . . .

Conseq entl , on J l 6th, at 8 o clock in the e ening, si t ho rs after the bites on J l 4th, and in
the presence of Drs. V pian and Grancher, o ng Meister as inoc lated nder a fold of skin raised
in the right h pochondri m, ith half a Pra a s ringef l of the spinal cord of a rabbit, hich had
died of rabies on J ne 21st. It had been preser ed since then, that is to sa , fifteen da s in a flask
of dr air.
In the follo ing da s fresh inoc lations ere made. I th s made thirteen inoc lations, and prolonged
the treatment to ten da s. I shall sa later on that a smaller n mber of inoc lations o ld ha e
been s fficient. B t it ill be nderstood ho , in the first attempt, I o ld act ith a er special
circ mspection . . .
On the last da s, therefore, I had inoc lated Joseph Meister ith the most ir lent ir s of rabies,
that namel , of the dog, reinforced b passing a great n mber of times from rabbit to rabbit, a ir s
hich prod ces rabies after se en da s inc bation in these animals, after eight to ten da s in dogs. .
..
Joseph Meister, therefore, has escaped, not onl the rabies hich o ld ha e been ca sed b the
bites he recei ed, b t also the rabies ith hich I ha e inoc lated him in order to test the imm nit
prod ced b the treatment, a rabies more ir lent than ordinar canine rabies.
The final inoc lation ith er ir lent ir s has this f rther ad antage in that it p ts a period to the
apprehensions hich rise as to the conseq ences of the bites. If rabies co ld occ r it o ld declare
itself more q ickl after a more ir lent ir s than after the ir s of bites. Since the middle of
A g st I ha e looked for ard ith confidence to the f t re good health of Joseph Meister. At the
present time, three months and three eeks ha e elapsed since the attack and bites, his state of
health lea es nothing to be desired . . ..
The Search for a Vaccine for Polio
In the mid 1800s, polio began to appear: in 1835 in the UK, in 1841 in Lo isiana, in 1844 on the
island of St. Helena, and bet een the 1880s and 1890s in Scandina ia. Thro gh the ne t 50 ears
polio in its paral tic form spread thro gh E rope and the United States.
The clinical path of polio as different than the epidemics of the plag e, cholera, t ph s, and
t phoid fe er. It killed fe , b t left man paral ed and disabled. Polio as a ne and conf sing
epidemic ca sing parents to keep their children inside rather than lea ing them to pla o tside.
In 1908 polio as pro en to be ca sed b a ir s that primaril afflicted the central ner o s s stem.
B 1910, polio as recogni ed as a serio s health threat. In 1916 the reports of polio increased b
400 percent. Ne York Cit alone reported 9,000 infected children that prod ced 2,343 deaths.
In estigations sho ed that before the 1980s children thro gho t the orld had been infected ith a
mild non-paral tic strain of polio ir s that prod ced an imm nit to the more aggressi e strains of
the ir s. B the earl part of the 20th cent r p blic health projects in the ind striali ed orld
red ced the e pos re to the polio ir s b p tting chlorine in p blic and pri ate s imming pools and
ater s pplies. These conditions prod ced the parado that children coming from ell-scr bbed
middle class comm nities ere more likel to be infected b the aggressi e paral tic strains of the
polio ir s than those kids ho ere raised in less desireable, congested, and lo income
neighborhoods.
At the time, the standard method of iral propagation for accine prod ction as in chicken eggs
and non-h man primates. Initiall it as felt that a s ccessf l polio accine o ld req ire a recipe
that contained more than one strain of the ir s. A loose t ping committee as formed that incl ded
both Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin to identif the ario s strains of the polio ir s. Both Salk and
Sabin ere alread orking on polio accines. Salk as in fa or of sing killed ir ses, and Sabin
as in fa or of emplo ing atten ated or eakened ir s.

In 1948, d ring one of the gatherings of the t ping committee, Salk ent red to s ggest that the
p blic o ld be better ser ed if the committee got on ith prod cing accines and increasing the
general pop lation s imm nit to the ir s rather than tr ing to nderstand the ario s strains of the
polio ir s:
I as s ggesting that o r p rposes might be better ser ed b testing an nkno n ir s s capacit to

imm ni e, rather than orr ing abo t its capacit to infect. Albert Sabin sat back and t rned to me
and said, No , Dr. Salk, o sho ld kno better than to ask a q estion like that. It as like being
kicked in the teeth. I had offered an obliq e challenge to one of the ass mptions, o see, and no
I as being p t in m place. I co ld feel the resistance and the hostilit and the disappro al. I ne er
attended a single one of those meetings after ard itho t that same feeling.
In 1948 John Enders, an American irologist orking at Har ard Uni ersit Medical School,
de eloped a method for gro ing the polio ir s in h man cell c lt res, hich eliminated the need for
non-h man primates for accine prod ction and of greater importence the c lt red ir s lost its
capacit to prod ce the clinical form of polio. In 1954 Dr. Enders and t o of his st dents, Thomas
Weller and Frederick Robbins, ere a arded the Nobel Pri e in ph siolog and medicine.
The AIDS Epidemic
In the 1980s, the medical comm nit recogni ed that there as a ne ir s in to n, a ne

epidemic that destro ed the host s imm ne s stem. O er a period of 20 ears, 16 million h mans
perished from the infection and an additional 33 million had de eloped a chronic infection of hat
as soon to be identified as HIV, the h man imm nodeficienc ir s that prod ced AIDS (Acq ired
Imm nodeficienc Deficienc S ndrome).
On J ne 5th, 1981, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), reported in its jo rnal, Morbidi and
Mor ali Weekl Repor , that fi e o ng male homose als had been diagnosed ith a t pe of
pne monia s all associated ith imm ne deficienc . A month later, the CDC p blished a follo - p
report that described 26 cases of Kaposi s sarcoma in 26 homose all acti e males. These t mors
ere common occ rrences in organ transplant patients being gi en imm ne s ppressi e dr gs. B
Ma 1985, 10,000 acti e cases of AIDS ere reported. Most of the infected indi id als died ithin
t o ears after diagnosis.
The isolation of the HIV ir s as reported in 1983 independentl b t o different laboratories hich
prod ced an ongoing ar bet een the t o laboratories for decades.
Robert Gallo, an American, as one of the disco erers. He orked for the National Cancer Instit te
hich is a member organi ation of the National Instit tes of Health referred to the contro ers
bet een the t o gro ps as an acrimonio s contro ers in ol ing legal, moral, ethical, and societal
q estions that soon spilled o er into the orld of scientific research and threatened to poison
relationships bet een scientists, as ell as bet een the research comm nit and the general
p blic.
L c Montagnier, a respected member of the Paste r Instit te in Paris, ho later became the director
of the Center for Molec lar and Cell lar Biolog at Q eens College in Ne York, as Gallo s scientific
opponent.
It e ent all as agreed pon b both the Gallo and the Montagnier camps that the AIDS ir s as
passed on thro gh infected blood and bod fl ids. Gallo created a test to identif s bclinical carriers
of the AIDS ir s, b t the French gro p ref sed to se it as a screening test for the safet of
transf sed blood hich res lted in the death of more than 300 hemophilia patients that had been
gi en contaminated blood. These e ents led to criminal trials in France that res lted in the
con ictions and imprisonment of fo r heathcare emplo ees.

E ent all , Jonas Salk, Peter D esberg, Michigan Congressman John Dingell, the Office of Inspector
General at the U.S Department of Health and H man Ser ices, and ario s ne s reporters, incl ding
John Cre dson of the Chicago Trib ne and Jon Cohen of Science maga ine, j mped into the AIDS
ar.
While all of this contro ers o er the ca se of AIDS, and ho as going to get credit for isolating
the ir s and share in the ro alties generated b the blood tests as grinding on, fe if an one
recogni ed the breaking research of Dr. Will Ta lor, associate professor in the Department of
Medicinal Chemistr in the College of Pharmac , from the Uni ersit of Georgia at Athens, Georgia.
Thro gh a detailed anal sis of the genetic code of the h man imm nodeficienc ir s (HIV), Dr.
Ta lor and his gro p disco ered ne iral genes. A translation of the genetic message in se eral of
these genes sho ed that the proteins the encode ha e a req irement for the trace mineral
seleni m. Dr. Ta lor s anal sis sho ed that one of these proteins co ld be a reg lator protein that
acts as a master s itch that o ld control the replication of HIV a s itch that co ld be reg lated
ith seleni m s pplementation.
Dr. Ta lor theori ed that the s pplementation of seleni m co ld then slo the progression of AIDS,
b red cing its replication rate and aggressi e cell in asion. This o ld e plain the long and highl
ariable latenc period bet een HIV infection and AIDS, the declining seleni m stat s of HIV-
positi e and AIDS patients, the ro te of transmission of HIV, and h some HIV-positi e patients
ha e ne er de eloped AIDS e en after ten ears.
Dr. Ta lor demonstrated q ite clearl that s pplementation of the trace mineral seleni m co ld
pre ent the HIV ir s from m tating into clinical AIDS.
O er a ten- ear period Dr. Gerhard Schra er spent great efforts to ed cate HIV and AIDS
researchers of the potential benefits of seleni m s pplementation in HIV and AIDS patients.
Schra er has p blished se eral arg ments on the mechanism of ho seleni m co ld ork on
retro iral s stems.
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30 J 2018
- F b a 21, 1908.
30 J 2018

One person can make a difference, and e er one sho ld r .
― J h F. Ke ed
Was an American poli ician ho ser ed as he 35 h Presiden of he Uni ed S a es from Jan ar 1961 n il his
assassina ion in No ember 1963.


08/10/2020 P ion - Epigene ic : The Dea h of he Gene ic Theo of Di ea e T an mi ion 1 Edi ion
E :T D a G T D a
Ta 1 E
CHAPTER SEVEN
P
The earth is not flat, the sun does not rotate around the earth, and prions cannot be infectious if
they cannot satisfy Koch s postulates! Continuing to defend the theory that BSE and CJD are caused
by and transmitted by prions is akin to defending the theory that “life and disease are the result of
spontaneous generation !
Dr. Joel D. Wallach
Lecture Series, AD 2000
Viruses are small, simple nucleic acid molecules. They are giants compared to viroids which are
small molecules of naked circular RNA that typically infect plants. Viroids are only several
nucleotides long. Viroids do not encode proteins but can replicate in host plant cells by using the
hosts cellular enzymes. The RNA molecule of the viroid disrupts the metabolism of the plant host
and stunts the verticle growth of the plant. One viroid disease in coconut palms from the Philippines
has killed more than ten thousand trees.
There is a theory that supports the existence of an infectious protein that are called prions. Prions
are theorized to cause a variety of degenerative brain and spinal cord diseases in vertebrate animals
including scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease in cattle, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
One theory poses that a prion is a mis-folded form of a protein normally found in brain cells. Stanley
Prusiner was awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize for his prion research. However, there is not general
acceptance that a prion is an infectious protein that can produce disease by itself because this
theory remains controversial.
In the late 19th century enzootic ataxia was a common disease in Australian lambs and adult sheep.
The disease was first scientifically described and published in the Australian veterinary journals in
1932. The disease is characterized by poor coordination, weakness, and demyelinating lesions in the
spinal cord. This has been reported in Western Australia, South Australia, and Victoria.
In addition to neurological symptoms and lesions found in enzootic ataxia, there is also a loss of
wool quality known as straight steely wool. Further investigation showed that sheep producing
steely wool were in fact showing clinical effects of a copper deficiency. It was also demonstrated that
breeding ewes with steely wool resulted in lambs being born with enzootic ataxia. In fact, maps have
been created that have documented effects of copper deficiency, such as ataxia in lambs, steely
wool in adult sheep, and copper deficiency in plants.
h p ://doc o lib.info/gene ic /epigene ic /7.h ml 1/5

Copper deficiency enzootic ataxia can present in lambs from the time of birth to about four months
of age. In England most of the lambs have been afflicted at birth, but some do not show ataxia
symptoms until two weeks up to six weeks of age.
Bovine spongiform encephalitis, popularly known as BSE (Bovine Spongioform Encephalitis) or Mad
Cow Disease, is believed to be transmitted from one animal to the next and to humans by an
infectious agent referred to as a prion. In humans, the disease was originally known as Kuru
(thought to be passed on from one human to the next by the practice of mortuary cannibalism) or
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease when acquired by eating contaminated beef.
The normal cellular form of prion protein (PrPc) is generally thought to be a precursor to the
pathogenic protease-resistant forms (PrPsc) believed to cause scrapie (thought to be a long
incubation viral encephalopathy of sheep), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and
Creuttzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans. Its amino acid terminus contains the octapeptide
PHGGGWGQ, which is repeated four times and is among the best-preserved regions of mammalian
PrPc.
The amino-terminal domain of PrPc exhibits five to six sites that bind copper (Cu(II)) presented as a
glycine chelate. At neutral pH, binding occurs with positive cooperativity, with binding affinity
compatible with estimates for extracellular, labile copper. Two lines of independently derived PrPc
gene-ablated (Prnp o/o) mice exhibit severe reductions in the copper content of membrane-enriched
brain extracts and similar reductions in synaptosomal and endosome-enriched subcellular fractions.
Despite the mass of accumulated biochemical and structural information describing prions, Koch s
Postulates have not been fulfilled because transmission attempts from positively diagnosed cattle
and humans to susceptible species have universally failed. BSE and CJD are therefore copper
deficiency diseases and are not infectious diseases!
Most reported cases of BSE in cattle are reported in the United Kingdom in the southern one third of
the island and predominantly in dairy cattle. Now, how does an infectious organism determine which
cow is a dairy cow and which cow is a beef cow? Attempts to satisfy Koch s postulates for BSE and
CJD have been abysmal failures literally thousands of attempts were performed by juicing the
brains of infected cattle and injecting them into the brains of healthy cattle with no positive signs
of transmission. Extracts of Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease brains from infected humans have been
injected into primates, including chimpanzees and monkeys, and these attempts have failed to
transmit the disease. Thus they have failed to satisfy Koch s postulates.
It is obvious that the brain lesions in sheep afflicted with enzootic ataxia, a known copper-deficiency
disease, are identical to the brain lesions in cattle afflicted with BSE and also to the brain lesions in
humans afflicted with CJD. The preponderance of the cases of BSE in cattle and CJD in humans are
typically diagnosed in geographical areas where the soils are copper deficient.
It is also common for humans with CJD to be afflicted with concurrent copper deficiency signs,
symptoms, and diseases, for example with white, gray, or silver hair and vitaligo, wrinkles,
connective tissue disease, anemia, hypothyroidism, spider veins, varicose veins, hemorrhoids, and
aneurysms.
Continuing to defend the theory that BSE and CJD are caused by and transmitted by prions is akin to
defending the theory that scurvy and pellagra were caused by germs, and that life and disease are
caused by spontaneous generation!
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Ne er q es ion ano her man s mo i e. His isdom, es, b no his mo i es.
― D igh D. Ei e h e
Was an American poli ician and soldier ho ser ed as he 34 h Presiden of he Uni ed S a es from 1953 n il 1961.

08/10/2020 Da in and Mendel - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1 Edi i n

CHAPTER EIGHT
Darwin and Mendel
I ,D M 19 ;
W C 20 DNA ( ),
.B 21
, .
Ne a Ca e , PhD
Uni e i of Edinb gh
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D .A M ,
, ,
D .B F W W ,R F D
M .I , F , M
D . D , .N M
, .T H J M
.T F M , J. B. S. H ,
1930 , D -M .T J W F
C DNA. S
.
Pa l John on
D :P G
All ag ee ha no o he cien ific heo in hi o ha c ea ed a m ch deba e and con o e a

Cha le Da in heo of e ol ion. P io o Da in heo , he e ailing belief a ha he
lane Ea h a 6,000 ea old and ha he a io ecie on Ea h had no ela ion hi o one
ano he . I a ho gh ha h man e e ni e and e io o all o he o gani m and ha lan
and animal h iolog had no ela ion hi o h man h iolog .
The Life and Work of Charles Darwin
Cha le Da in a e nal g andfa he , E a m Da in (1731 1802), fini hed Camb idge and hen
ained a a h ician in Edinb gh and e a cce f l ac ice in Li chfield. S o ie of hi kill
a a h ician eached he co of King Geo ge III, ho in i ed him o London o become he o al
doc o . D . Da in cho e no o acce hi offe ince he a con en i h hi cce f l ac ice

and hi hobbie of oe and cience. The mbol of D . Da in b oad in e e a hi coach,

hich he e onall de igned. I con ained a i ing de k, a k ligh , and a o ion of hi lib a ,
h f he ing hi in ellec al in e e hile a eling on hi ofe ional o nd .
D .E a m Da in mind a omni o o . He a in e e ed in ba ic cience and he con c ed

a e onal ma im: An man ho ne e cond c an e e imen i a fool. He ead idel , in F ench
a ell a Engli h, and o of hi fa o i e ie e e B ffon and Lama ck, ho e e ea l
o e of he heo of e ol ion. He en ime i h and o e f e en l i h Ro ea . He
a ended b ain o ming e ion i h ind iali and in en o , incl ding Wa and Bo l on, and
hi dee cien ific in e e incl ded bo an and animal die .
Wi h cce a a h ician he a able o cha e a mall ac eage and lan ed an eigh -ac e
e e imen al ga den He o e and bli hed a o- a oem i led T B G , co e ing
The Econom of Vege a ion and The Lo e of he Plan .
The oem a ell ecei ed and highl ai ed b Ho ace Wal ole and an la ed in o F ench,
I alian, and Po g e e. He b oadened he eade hi of hi oem in a o e o k, P ;
o ,T P A G (1799), hich i f ll of ec la ion conce ning he
gene a i e life of lan .
I a , ho e e , hi e o en i led ,O T L O L (1794 96), ha i hi

c o ning glo fo con ib ion o cience. In i he o i ed an e anded heo on he age of he
ea h ha a a gene a ion befo e Cha le L ell geological die e abli hed a heo e ical
geological age, and Da in heo i ed acc a el on he cce i e ha e of life ha eme ged and
on i e en ial ni . He o e: A he ea h and ocean e e obabl eo led i h ege able
od c ion long befo e he e i ence of animal , and man familie of he e animal long befo e
o he familie of hem, hall e conjec e ha one and he ame kind of li ing filamen i and ha
been he ca e of all o ganic life?
The e m li ing filamen a a ofo nd e ance in 1794, al ho gh el E a m Da in had

obabl ed he e m fo man ea befo e he i o he en. Hi e of he e m filamen
ho ha he a a a e of he h ical ana om of he ch omo ome a a do ble heli filamen !
He had ne e hea d he e m gene ic , b he kne ha info ma ion a being a ed on f om
one gene a ion o he ne .
E a m Da in a ma ied o ime and had h ee on b hi fi ife. The fi on became a

o medical den a Edinb gh b died f om an infec ion ecei ed hile di ec ing in he ana om
labo a o ; he econd a a flo i hing la e , b nfo na el commi ed icide. The hi d on,
Robe , a ended Edinb gh, g ad a ed a a h ician and ac iced in Sh e b , and became one
of he eal hie gene al ac i ione of medicine in England. He a a man ho a eled in
academic ci cle and a a Fello of he Ro al Socie . Thi man a he fa he of Cha le Da in.
E a m Da in had fo on and h ee da gh e , Hi da gh e , Viole a, ma ied Te i Gal on
and ga e bi h o F anci Gal on, a ol ma h of geni ho de igned he cience of e genic .
E genic a a conce he e one co ld b elec i e b eeding accele a e e ol ion and od ce a

ace of e h man . Thi i e en all became a do ble-edged o d.
Jo e h P ie le , one of E a m Da in f iend , a a mini e and heologian de c ibed a an

A minian, ocinian, and an a hei . He a mo idel kno n fo hi e ea ch a an e e imen al
chemi and a he di co e e of o gen.
On occa ion, P ie le i ing e e blicall b ned, b hi e on had ne e been a acked

n il he on e of he F ench Re ol ion. In a eak, ho gh le momen , he de c ibed hi oli ical
ie in L , bli hed in 1790, a G G fo hich hi o onen e e
o iding he ma ch. Thi ca ed hi f iend and enemie alike o efe o P ie le a G n o de

P ie l . I a a ime of Con i ional Socie ie ha e e e abli hed o o he F ench

Re ol ion and agi a e fo imila efo m in England. Con e el , he e e e Ch ch-and-King
o gani a ion c ea ed o o o e hem.
On J l 14, 1791, P ie le a in i ed o add e a mee ing in Bi mingham o commemo a e he

anni e a of he Fall of he Ba ille. He a a ned of he o ibili of a e onal a ack o he
ned do n he in i a ion. When he lea ned ha P ie le had cancelled, a Ch ch-and-King mob
o nded hi ho e a Fai hill nea Bi mingham and b ned i , de o ing nea l all of hi book ,
cien ific a a a , and a e .
P ie le e ca ed i h hi life, ho e e . O de a no e o ed fo h ee da and fo io e e e
hanged. P ie le ecei ed com en a ion and o e hel ed him e e le in London.
P ie le ne e fel afe again, and in 1794 he acked all of hi belonging and mo ed o Ne Yo k.

The a ack on P ie le and enfo ced e ile of P ie le became a defining e en in he Da in famil
and in he li e of hei di en ing and no hodo f iend .
Cha le Da in a e e el affec ed b hi and became mo e defen i e han hi g andfa he and

hi fa he . Wha e ified Cha le Da in a he eligio a ec of he a ack on P ie le b he
Ch ch-and-King mob. I lef Da in i h a high a a ene and life ime fea of he o ible e l
of offending he ende con cience of Ch ch of England cle g men, ho migh hen be in i ed o
i a mob o b n and kill.
Tale of he c of he mob, ho e e aid o ha e called o No hilo o he Ch ch and King

fo e e ! and B n he a hei ! con in ed o echo in hi mind and f a hi ne e . The e e en
con amina ed hi life and o k a a le el of conce n ha had n elen ing con e ence .
D . Robe Da in, fa he of Cha le , a a man of ong in ellec . The fo ce of hi medical kill

came f om hi in i i e ene a ion d ing hich he ed i al and ob e a ional o e and
obed bjec i h in- oin ed e ion . E en iall , hi diagno ic echni e a he ame a
ha ed b D . Jo e h Bell, he famo geon ho men o ed he o ng h ician A h Conan
Do le, ho en on o c ea e he cha ac e of She lock Holme .
Robe Da in geni a in i ed b hi immedia e and e onal h ical con ac i h he

a ien , on he fi i i , d ing he fi diagno i , and hich con in ed on b e en i i and a
e e age of he co e of he condi ion. Wi h he e me hod D . Robe Da in came o in ima el
nde and di ea e. I i aid ha he looked in o and h o gh hi a ien and a able o in i e in
hem, almo i ho e ce ion, a confidence in hi ca aci o c e hem in a manne ha a
idel con ide ed mi ac lo . Af e com le ing hi medical die in Le den, he began hi medical
ac ice a he age of en and a an immedia e cce hi fi ea fee o ed a
e an and o ho e , and hi ac ice g e e e ea fo i ea .
D . Robe Da in abho ed man of he inj io ac ice of he medical comm ni , fo in ance,

he e of bli e ing ( o ical a lica ion of li id me c )a ell a ging (o al do ing of li id
me c ), and bleeding (bloodle ing). In fac he ha ed he igh of blood, a ho o ha he a ed
on o hi on. I i aid ha he be doc o in he ea l nine een h cen e e ho e ho
h icall did lea , and Robe Da in a one of hem. A an al e na i e he o ided i dom and
en ibili .
Cha le Da in a bo n on Feb a 12, 1809, a The Mo n in Sh e b , he b an ial ho e

hi fa he had b il . I a a in age ea fo g ea men al o bo n e e, Tenn on and Glad one,
and Lincoln. Na oleon ca a gian hado o e E o e and Madi on a being ina g a ed a he
fo h e iden of he Uni ed S a e .
Cha le Da in had a ha and fa o ed childhood. He lo ed and e ec ed hi fa he , and he g e

in he magical en i on of hi fa he ho e, ga den and field . Hi famil life a ell-
o gani ed and man e an am e ed him. Da in a bo n a gen leman hen he e m had a
ocial meaning and a legal a a a lo d and land holde .
Da in ncle, Jo iah Wedge ood II, cha ed a 1,000 ac e e a e a Mae in S affo d hi e. Thi
e a e a he b eeding g o nd of Da in fa cina ion i h iding, hoo ing, and collec ing. The
B i i h game la e e ic and igo o l enfo ced, and one had o be a landholde o hoo
ildlife. Da in famil a allo ed him o hoo and h n , a ac ice he g ea l enjo ed. Da in
o e, I became a iona el fond of hoo ing & I do no belie e ha an one co ld ha e ho n
mo e eal fo he mo hol ca e han I did fo hoo ing bi d .
Da in di ained c el , e hoo ing fo o and collec ion of bi d c l i a ed hi in e e in

cience. He d o ed h n ing a a o in hi ea l fo ie , al ho gh he con in ed hi h n ing o
ca ch, kill, and di ec la ge n mbe of in ec , in e eb a e , bi d , and animal in hi hi fo
kno ledge.
The 1809 ne ha o ld ha e been of he mo in e e o he ad l Da in a he ne ha a

na ali and a i , John Jame A d bon, had cce f ll banded e ee nea Pi b gh, o ing
ha mig a o bi d e n o ne o he e lace he e he e e ha ched.
In 1831 he B i i h na ali Cha le Da in emba ked on hi famo o age on he H.M.S. Beagle

ha ook him a o nd he o ld fo he o e of doc men ing and ca aloging ne ecie . Da in
e ned o England in 1836 and began com iling hi ob e a ion in o a book.
One of hi mo e in e e ing ob e a ion a hen Da in ailed he Beagle o he ea coa of

So h Ame ica in 1833. He eco ded a fine ed d acc m la ing on hi hi each da and co ec l
ded ced ha he d had o igina ed in e Af ica. Thi Af ican d in i e e l fligh a el all
he a o he ainfo e in he Ama on he e i i e en ial o he ann al e leni hmen of he
ain-leached, mine al- oo oil of he ainfo e .
Man ha al a eali ed he eno mi of he g ea and i ele o e of he ea h ind ; ho e e ,

hei im o ance o he biological i ali of he ea h and he mine al al e of o food i fa be ond
a le el ha e ha e e e d eamed. The e a e man ind c en , ea o e , hich an o
g ea load on mine al-laden d ac o edic able o e , linking eco em h nd ed and e en
ho and of mile a a . Billion of on of mine al- ich d f om he de e of A ia and Af ica
fe ili e ocean and ainfo e half a a o nd he o ld. Col mb kne of he e ind and ed
hem o d i e hi hi in o he Ne Wo ld, b i a Da in ho kne ha he indbo ne mine al
fe ili ed he o ld.
Michael Ga ang, ofe o of me eo olog a he Uni e i of Vi ginia in Cha lo e ille, a ed,

D ing he iolen Ama onian ain o m , he a ic la e ha o igina e in he Af ican de e a e
li e all cked o of he k . Ga ang and hi colleag e calc la e ha 13,000,000 on of
Af ican and A ian mine al- ich d in igo a e he de le ed and ain leached Ama onian oil each
ain ea on.
The ind-bo ne Af ican d add e en ial mine al o hel main ain he ainfo e od c i i .
While he Ama on Ba in eem i h life, he oil i elf lack e e e of n ien , e eciall
ho ha e , hich lan g o h. The hi o ical eco d ho ha he Ama on ainfo e
e iodicall h nk o a f ac ion of i 20 h cen i e, hen ebo nded again, and he e ea che
no belie e ha i e and and con ac a he ol me of Af ican d a e and ane ih
mi o change in he Saha a De e .
When he e a a d a gh in Af ica, he e l an d fe ili ed and e anded he ocean and he

Ama on fo e . When he e a g ea ainfall in Af ica he ed c ion in d ol me ca ed he
ocean fa na and he Ama on fo e bioma o con ac .
The ob e a ion of n me o indi id al in he ea l 19 h cen led o a heo ha came o be

kno n a he cell heo he idea ha cell a e he b ilding block of all life.

When Ge man Ma hia Schleiden and Theodo Sch ann e en ed hei finding in 1838, he
cience and ac ice of biolog changed fo e e .
Acco ding o he cell heo , cell a e he malle fo m of life and all li ing o gani m a e
com o ed of cell . F he mo e, onl e-e i ing cell can c ea e cell ne cell do no a i e
on aneo l o come f om ano he o ce.
Schleiden ba ed hi e ea ch on he o k of Sco i h bo ani Robe B o n, ho had di co e ed he

cell n cle . I a Schleiden, ho e e , ho nde ood he e im o ance of he n cle and i
ole in he de elo men of he com le e cell. A he ame ime, Sch ann a d ing animal cell
and ing o o k o a le: h did ce ain c e in animal and lan cell look o imila ?
I a Schleiden ob e a ion of he n cle ha ga e he biologi he an e . A bo h lan and

animal cell con ain a n cle , Schleiden o la ed ha cell m be he b ilding block of life.
The ima diffe ence be een lan and animal cell i ha animal cell ha e fle ible all
allo ing fo malleabili and diffe en ha e hile lan cell ha e igid all . Al o, he chlo o la
in lan cell enable he lan o ili e he n ligh ene g o ac i a e ho o n he i , he
oce ha e ac C02 f om he a mo he e o gene a e ca bon chain and ca bon-ba ed
b ance , ch a ca boh d a e , ga , i amin , amino acid , and fa acid .
Cha le Da in bli hed hi life o k and ob e a ion in hi book, O O S

M N S in 1859 ( he i le of he i h ed ion of 1872 a changed o T O
S ). Da in mi ed ha all life on Ea h i ela ed b a oce of inhe i ance a
concl ion he a i ed a af e ea of a eling he o ld d ing lan and animal .
Da in nde ood ha indi id al o gani m a idel in hei ca aci o i e and e od ce.

An e am le o ld be ha a dden d o in en i onmen al em e a e occ , and mo indi id al
of a ecie die f om h o he mia beca e he can ole a e a eci i o d o in em e a e. B
indi id al of ha ecie ha can ole a e a a id d o in em e a e i e, e od ce and
flo i h. A long a he abili o ada o a id em e a e d o i he i able, he ai i a ed on
of e gene a ion , and g ea e n mbe of indi id al inhe i he ai and one a ia ion of he
o iginal o la ion ill flo i h and inc ea e in n mbe .
When a io o la ion of a ecie a e e a a ed and i ola ed b di ance o geog a hical

ba ie of mo n ain , i e , i land , de e , and o fo h, he a e faced i h a ide and diffe en
a ie of ca a o hic e en . Af e long e iod of ime, ch a decade o cen ie , he
indi id al i h common ance o ha ha e ac i ed he ai nece a o i e h o gh
he i ance, ill e en all become a e a a e and di inc b ecie .
Da in came i h he heo of na al elec ion. Da in a a con em o a of Mendel ne e

kne of Mendel and ne e nde ood he inci al of he cience of gene ic , b he did de elo
h ee ba ic inci le ha ha e been confi med h o gh gene ic die :
1. Va ia ion i andom and n edic able.
2. Va ia ion i he i able (able o be an mi ed f om one gene a ion o he ne .) Mendel

ea e ea ch and ho and of gene ic die o e he a 100 ea ha e confi med he i abili .
He i able gene ic an mi ion ha been confi med b DNA finge in ing echni e . B ing DNA
finge in ing echni e one can ace he i able gene ic a ia ion fo ch hing a a e ni
e ing.
3. Va ia ion change in f e enc o e ime. The Ha d -Weinbe g inci le codified hi

conce h o gh he i m of o la ion gene ic in he ea l 1900 . Since he 1970 , gene ic
die em lo ing DNA e encing confi med ha gene ic a ia ion i hin o la ion change
h o gh m a ion and geog a hic i ola ion.
The Life and Work of Gregor Mendel

In 1856, in a mall alled ga den of he Ag inian mona e of S . Thoma in ha i no B no,

C ech Re blic, he abbo con c ed a g eenho e o ho e e e imen in lan b eeding. G ego
Mendel, a o ng eache ho had j e ned f om die a he Uni e i of Vienna, a
a oin ed o end he e e imen al ga den . Be een 1855 and 1863, Mendel nco e ed he
cien ific e lana ion of biological inhe i ance h o gh h b idi a ion of he common ga den ea
(P ).
O e nine ea of h b idi a ion die of con olling he Anlagen o fo nda ion fo a ic la

ai , and he e of mo e han 10,000 lan , Mendel o lined a heo ba ed on elemen ,
e en all o be kno n a gene , ha e e ca ied in he ea e od c i e cell .
Johann Mendel, bo n J l 22, 1822, a he onl on of Ro ine Sch i lich, a ga dene da gh e ,

and An on Mendel, an e -A ian a m oldie ho made a li ing a a ea an fa me .
He a ai ed in he o n of Hei endo f in he no hea e n ec ion of Mo a ia. Hi a en e e

ea an c a ching a li ing on a mall fa m. The o n a a mall Ge man- eaking, God-fea ing
comm ni . I a a e oo lace, and e en fa me ho e e fo na e eno gh o o n mall
iece of land, a Mendel fa he did, e e bjec o he .
The a a fo m of in i ionali ed fo ced labo ( e fdom) ha e e en ed he la f agmen

of he ancien E o ean fe dal em. The 20 h cen o d obo ha i o igin f om he C ech
a ho Ka el Ca ek ho de c ibed ho ea an of he da li ed.
Unde he em, Mendel fa he a allo ed o c l i a e hi o n f i ee and field fo

fo da each eek; on he o he h ee he a e i ed o o k fo he local land o ne . Thi a
Mendel f e: a life en on he fa m and in he field , a life of h ical labo and d dge , a
m ch fo he landlo d a fo him elf, a life of b a n, no b ain.
The land holde ha An on Mendel o ed a Ma ia Walb ga, G afin T ch e on

Waldb g-Zeil, ho e a ded he eo le nde he j i dic ion b o iding a chool fo hei
child en ha a loca ed a he cha ea in he o n of K nin.
In 1802 Fa he Johann Sch eibe a emo ed f om hi o a di ec o of he chool in K nin and

demo ed and en o a mall illage of G o -Pe e do f a a a i h ie , ho a al o o be
e on ible fo Hein endo f. I a in hi mall chool he e Johann Mendel and hi i e Ve onika,
and hi o nge i e The e ia all began hei ed ca ion.
The famo na ali , Ch i ian Ca l And e, ho o ld become a fo nding membe of he B nn

A ocia ion fo Shee -B eede , had been em lo ed a an in c o a he in i e ha a he
model fo Fa he Sch eibe chool in K nin. And e o ed he ie lan in he eaching of
na al cience, and Sch eibe a a fo nding membe of he Pomological (f i -b eede )
A ocia ion of B no and membe of he B no Ag ic l al Socie . O of he Ag ic l al Socie , a
lin e ocie , The Socie fo Na al Science fo med.
Thi ea la e , i a o a mee ing of The Socie fo Na al Science ha he ie , G ego

Mendel, o ld ead hi famo a e on inhe i ance in he common ga den ea.
Fa he Sch eibe g e a mall ga den ne o he chool in Hein endo f and ed i o each

ga dening and lan g af ing. I a he e ha Johann Mendel lea ned of ollina ion and eed
ge mina ion and he ba ic kno ledge and kill of a lan -b eede .
Fa he Sch eibe eemed o be e e he e in o ng Johann life: He ba i ed Mendel, he o ed

Mendel, and on Se embe 12, 1834, he filled o he en and a lica ion f om he ba i mal
egi e fo he hen fo een- ea -old Johann admi ion o he G mna i m a T o a .
Admi ion o he G mna i m a a ning oin in Johann Mendel life. A he onl on of a

ea an fa me he had no commi ed him elf o i ea of fo mal ed ca ion a T o a . He o ld
li e a a f om home and no longe be able o hel on he famil fa m and o ld addi ionall be a
d ain on he famil meage e o ce . He en e ed he G mna i m on Decembe 15, 1834.
Mendel a en a ed he f nd o end him o he G mna i m in T o a n il he a i een,

af e hich he financed him elf b gi ing i a e le on . A T o a , Mendel li ed on half-boa d
(bed and a ingle meal each da ) a ha a ha he collec i e famil co ld affo d. The al o en
b ca ie , on an i eg la ba i , home-g o n ege able o lemen hi ba ic meal .
D ing he in e of 1838/39, Mendel fa he had a nea -dea h logging acciden ha e l ed in

in e nal inj ie and b oken ib , and a Pen aco of 1839 Johann em o a il lef hi chooling and
e ned o he fa m.
In 1840, a he age of eigh een, Mendel en e ed in o he Philo o h In i e a Olm ha a a

e a a o college of he ni e i . In o of Mendel, hi o nge i e ac all aid fo hi
i ion i h a of he do and oceed f om he ale of he famil fa m.
On J l 14, 1843, P ofe o F ied ich F an , a h ici , a ell a a membe of he hol o de ,

o e o a f ia :
Hono ed Colleag e and e dea F iend!
A a e l of o le e of J ne 12, I ha e made kno n o m il he Righ Re e end P ela e

deci ion o acce a i fac o candida e a o in i ion. U o no , o candida e ha e gi en
me hei name , b I can onl ecommend one of hem. Thi i Johann Mendel, bo n a Hein endo f
in Sile ia.
On Se embe 7, 1843, Mendel a eled o B nn o be gi en a medical e amina ion b a D .

Sch a in an ici a ion of hi admi ion o he A g inian O de . He a fo nd o be e fec l
heal h on he 27 h of Se embe he a an fe ed f om he dioce e of Olm o ha of B nn,
and on Oc obe 9, 1843, he a admi ed o he con en of he Ag inian a a no ice nde he
name of G ego he a no G ego Mendel!
A he age of en one, Mendel en e ed in o a eligio o de o e hi chola l ambi ion . Hi

fa cina ion i h cience e l ed in Mendel d ing me eo olog , bee c l e and lan he edi
along i h eaching h ic and na al hi o a B nn Obe eal ch le.
Mendel cho e he ga den ea a hi e ea ch lan beca e i a elf-fe ili ing hich fa o ed he

od c ion of e b eeding a ie ie , imm ne o acciden al c o - ollina ion beca e of he keel-
ha ed ana om of he ea flo e , ( h ) igh l enclo ing he e od c i e c e .
Befo e Mendel a ed hi ea h b idi a ion die he made e ha all of he ai he an ed o

d e e con i en l e e ed b g o ing hi -fo a ie ie ide b ide fo o ea , hen o
en e ha he c o e be een a ie ie e e co ec he ed he echni e of a ificial
fe ili a ion: he emo al of he male o gan f om he flo e o e en elf- ollina ion, hen
follo ed b he in od c ion of ollen f om ano he a ie . Hi goal had been o ob ain ne
a ian h o gh f he nde anding of he de elo men of h b id in hei ogen . I a
h o gh hi a i ical a oach o a ia ion ha he demon a ed hi o iginali a a cien i .
D ing he o ea of d a he Uni e i of Vienna, Mendel lea ned ha he e od c ion of

hane ogam (flo e ing lan ) i od ced b he nion of one ge minal cell (female) and one
ollen cell (male) in o a ingle cell. He ejec ed he e ailing heo ha he ollen cell alone a
he o igin of he lan emb o. Thi belief a he e ba i of hi ne anal i of a ia ion.
A he ecen l o ened In i e of E e imen al Ph ic , he e he a ended lec e and co e on

ac ical lan o aga ion, he di ec o a he famo h ici Ch i ian Do le , he di co e e
of he Do le Effec . Af e onl o ea of d Do le died and a e laced b And ea on
E ing ha en. In 1826 E ing ha en had bli hed a e book en i led C A .I i
e ac l hi b anch of ma hema ic , he d of combina ion , a e n , and obabili ie , ha
Mendel ed o fo m hi anal i of h b idi a ion of he common ga den ea.
In J l of 1852 Mendel o e o a fello f ia :
Dea An elm,
I i a n i ance ha I am once mo e ho of nde -linen. No one i in g ea e need of ne nde -

linen han I am, fo of he do en hi I b o gh i h me o Vienna a man a 12 a e f a ed and in
hole . Will o lea e a k F a Smekal o end 6 flo in in b ing linen fo 5 hi , and o ge o
o k on making hem a oon a o ible, o ha I can a lea ha e one ne hi fo he
e e ci e . Wo ld i no be a candal if he ne man I hall become in con e ence of he io
e e ci e e e o go abo in a f a ed hi ? Ho a hamed I ho ld be if I (A ocal e: S
he ood clo hed in hi e aimen ) had o a ade in o n e e! The He
P ela e ha al ead no ified me ha I am o officia e a he e e ci e d ing he la eek of h j .
Since, a o kno , he lec e a he ni e i fini h on he 20 h, and in hi ma e i o ld be
id of me o o i in he ind e e, I ha e fi ed he da e of m e n fo S nda he 24 h,
and hall a i e a B nn o a d noon.
Pe e Ma o (Klacel) i , I o e ill in he ime al fo e of T ba . L ck de il! Leo old ad

ne eek. If omo o I in 25,000 fl. A he big i e in he lo e , I hall end a non-commi al
i e o F a Smekal. Look he i ho fail in he e ening! To o eed and ha (?) mee ing!
G ego
A an e e field bo ani , Mendel nde ood ho o ecogni e one ecie f om ano he on he

ba i of con a ing ai . In e al a ing he change be een gene a ion of h b id he follo ed he
oced e of iden if ing h b id in e m of defined ai of con a ing cha ac e i ic ( ai ) of
colo , i e, and ha e of flo e and eed o e abli h if he e e ela ed o a ia ion occ ed
inde enden l .
In 1854 Mendel oc ed hi -fo diffe en a ie ie of ea eed f om local g o e and hen

ook o ea of g o ing he e ea o de e mine hich a ie ie o ld ha e he co ec
cha ac e i ic and be i able e ea ch bjec .
Mendel a eeking o find e am le of con an diffe en ia ing cha ac e ha i called

di con in o a ia ion b 20 h cen gene ici .
Beca e of hi aining in combina o ial anal i nde E ing ha en, Mendel nde ood he
ma hema ic of obabili and o come and a a e l he cho e o e an i a i e ob e a ion
a he han ali a i e fo doc men ing hi e ea ch.
Mendel elimina ed el e a ie ie of ea f om hi e ea ch ool, lea ing him ih en - o f om

hich he l ima el cho e e en fo hi e ea ch:
1. Smoo h . inkled ea
2. Yello co ledon i h ello ea . g een co ledon i h g een ea
3. Whi e eed coa ih hi e flo e .g e eed coa ih le flo e
4. Smoo h . con ic ed od
5. G een . ello od
6. A ial . e minal flo e
7. Tall . d a f lan
All en - o a ie ie e e b ed and e od ced d ing he en i e d a ion of he e e imen in

o de o demon a e he all con i en l b ed e. Mendel cho e he common ga den ea (P
) fo hi die beca e i a elf- ollina ing, meaning ollen f om he ea flo e co e

he igma f om he ame flo e befo e he flo e b d o en , hich g a an ee ha he ea ha

e l ha e he ame male and female a en .
The la ge imma e ea flo e e e ea o o en, o Mendel a able o emo e he nine an he

f om each flo e befo e he e e ma e in o de o e en elf- ollina ion. Af e he an he a e
e ac ed, he flo e can be ollena ed i h ollen f om ano he lan b mean of a b h.
Mendel al o ed eci ocal c o ing, hich o ed ha bo h he male and female con ib ed

e all o he e l ing h b id ea. Follo ing he ollina ion oce he flo e e e co e ed ih
bag o e en an chance of an n an ed con amina ing ollina ion.
Mendel ob e ed ha 100 e cen of he e en ai of con a ing ea cha ac e i ic ha he

died eg ega ed and ecombined h o gh cce i e gene a ion . He demon a ed ha fo all
ai he fi gene a ion h b id e e con i en in e embling one membe of each con a ing ai
of ai , i.e., all fi gene a ion lan f om a c o be een g een and ello - eeded a ie ie
e l ed in onl ello eed , demon a ing ha hi a a dominan fea e. He ob e ed ha
dominance a iden ical no ma e he di ec ion of he c o , ha i , ello female, g een male, and
g een male ello female.
All e en ai e e o ing inde enden l a he a ed h o gh he gene a ion . Wi h a

h ici kno ledge of obabili and combina ion heo , he had een h o gh nine gene a ion
of c o e he an fe of ai bo h indi id all and in a ocia ion i h each o he . Mendel had
de igned hi e ea ch o ded ce a la and b he ime of blica ion, he had o ed o him elf
ha he la a a edic able a g a i .
Mendel came o nde and ha inhe i ance of cha ac e i ic a nde he e licable con ol of
elemen ( gene ) f om each of he a en h o gh he e cell in o he off ing. He nde ood
ha he e e e o of he e elemen fo each cha ac e i ic, one each od ced b he male and
female a en .
In 1866 G ego Mendel eco ded and bli hed an acc m la ion of he e l of hi ga dening
e e imen i h ea . Hi cla ic landma k ob e a ion e e bli hed in he cien ific
jo nal V P H , he e i lang i hed fo almo fo ea . Mendel en co ie
of hi in ed o k o o highl - e ec ed cien i . One co emain mi ing and he econd
a fo nd in an no ened en elo e hi ee ne e g a ed he magni de of hi ob e a ion and
di co e .
Mendel ob e a ion en nno iced n il bo ani H go de V ie , E ich on T che mak, and Ca l

Co en edi co e ed Mendel o k. The h ee bo ani e- an Mendel e e imen and hei
e l e e iden ical. All h ee (fo if o incl de Mendel) di co e ed he la of he edi .
T o ea af e Mendel had bli hed hi heo , he mona e abbo died and Mendel a
elec ed o become he abbo . The added e on ibili ie di e ed him f om he ea ga den, and he
h b id e ea ch came o a hal b 1871.
In 1878 Mendel a i i ed b a ho ic l ali f om F ance. A he o men alked h o gh he

ga den oge he Mendel ho ed he i i o labeled a ie ie of f i ee , ho ho e lan , and
ell-g oomed ege able ga den . The ege able ga den incl ded e e al bed of g een ea in f ll
bea ing, hich he aid he had e ha ed in heigh a ell a in e of f i o e e hi
e abli hmen o be e ad an age. When a ked ho he had c ea ed he ne a ie , Mendel
e onded, I i j a li le ick.
De V ie fo nd Mendel o k efe enced in a a e bli hed in 1881. Th o gh hi d De V ie

coined he e m m a ion. Focke, he a ho of he 1881 a e , mma i ed Mendel finding .
Ho e e , i doe n a ea ha Focke had an idea of he magni de o he cien ific al e of he
info ma ion.

D ing he la decade of hi life Mendel ffe ed f om n me o degene a i e di ea e . He a

obe e, a hea moke , ffe ed f om high blood e e, d o , conge i e hea fail e, and
og e i e kidne fail e.
B i a ea ha Mendel e ained hi famo h mo n il he end. In Decembe of 1883, he oe

o one of hi den ho had become a me eo ologi , Since e a e no likel o mee again in
hi o ld, le me ake he o o ni of i hing o fa e ell, and in oking on o head all he
ble ing of all he me eo ological dei ie . Mendel died ea l in he mo ning on Jan a 6, 1884.
Mendel a b ied h ee da af e hi dea h. A e iem ma a celeb a ed fo him in he abbe

ch ch, he m ic cond c ed b he fo me il a he abbe choi chool. Af e hi b ial in he
ec ion of he blic ceme e e e ed fo he b o he of he Abbe of S . Thoma , hi book e e
laced in he lib a of he con en and hi official le e in he a chi e. Hi e onal a e , hi
hand- i en no e , and all of he eco d of hi b eeding e e imen e e aken o o he hill
behind he con en and b ned!
The e a no ne elea e, no blic indica ion ha e ha one of he g ea e cien i of all

ime had died.
Other Scientists Join the New Science
Established by Darwin and Mendel
De V ie co ec l in e e ed Mendel e ea ch and efe enced i in hi o n a e , hich a

bli hed in 1900. Wi hin mon h , T che mak and Co en al o di co e ed Mendel e ea ch
h o gh de V ie bli hed o k and indica ed ha hei o n inde enden e ea ch confi med
Mendel e l .
When Mendel lo o k e e edi co e ed, he e e con ide ed an al e na i e mechani m fo

he heo of e ol ion. De V ie a no a i fied i h he Da inian heo of g ad ali m o f ll
e lain na al elec ion. He a ea ching fo ome o fo hi heo of e ol ion ad ancing in
majo lea o al a ion . Hi o n heo ie of m a ion a ea ed o o ide addi ional o .
William Ba e on a e emel infl en ial in he o ld of cience. When he ead de V ie a e ha

efe enced Mendel o k, and being e a e, he kne ha Mendel la of inhe i ance e e
e ol iona and ab ol el co ec .
Ba e on became e ci ed and became Mendel oice in eading o d of he ne cience. He coined

he e m gene ic , allele ( ho ened f om he o iginal allelomo h), homo go e, and he e o go e.
Ba e on a addi ionall ecogni ed fo hi di co e of linkage, hich a confi med b Mo gan
and B idge .
I a n n il he 1920 and 1930 , af e Mo gan heo ie of ch omo omal inhe i ance became
ni e all nde ood and acce ed, ha e ea che offe ed a blend of bo h Da ini m and
Mendelian ho gh .
Biologi J. B. S. Haldane and Se ell W igh b o gh fo h he heo ha Mendelian gene ic a

he iece ha Da inian na al elec ion a mi ing he ne combina ion heo co ld acco n
fo he od c ion, gene a ion af e gene a ion, of able, inhe i able a ia ion on hich na al
elec ion co ld o k. Al ho gh Mendel had o o ed hi line of hinking in hi cla ic a e , no one
a he ime had been ed ca ed eno gh o nde and he ma e ial and ake no ice.
In 1902 an e emel o iginal ob e a ion a made b a London h ician, A chibald Ga od. Hi

e o in he B i i h medical jo nal T L , en i led, The Incidence of Alka on ia: A S d in
Chemical Indi id ali .

Ga od a man a ien i h he di ea e kno n a alka on ia, hich a cha ac e i ed b

a ien e c e ing la ge amo n of homogen i ic acid in hei ine. Thi b ance ned black on
con ac i h ai o ha he babie dia e o ld be ained black, ala ming he mo he .
Alka on ia a no a di ea e ha he a ien ca gh f om omeone el e, o a no a ge m

an mi ed infec io di ea e, b a he a an inbo n e o of me aboli m a e m ha he came
i h in 1908 meaning i a an n al di ea e ha a inhe i ed.
Pa ien afflic ed i h alka on ia co ld no b eak do n he amino acid o ine, hich led o he

abno mal acc m la ion of an in e media e me aboli e, homogen i ic acid. Thi non-le hal di ea e
od ced di colo a ion of he ca ilage ha a i ible on he no e and ea , and od ced a h i i ,
hea al e di ea e, and he black ine colo .
Ga od o la ed ha hi di ea e a an e am le of a a e ece i e ai inhe i ed in he cla ic

Mendelian heo . He al o gge ed o he man o he ece i e ai incl ding albini m, a bjec
on hich he bli hed a book in 1909.
Fo he fi ime i a o i ed b Ga od ha a gene biochemicall allo an en me o f nc ion o

no o f nc ion in ce ain e of me aboli m hen he aid: . . . i ill be een ha in he ca e of
each of [ he e e al kno n inbo n e o of me aboli m] he mo obable ca e i he congeni al
lack of ome a ic la en me, in he ab ence of hich a e i mi ed, and ome no mal
me abolic change fail o be b o gh abo .
A he Rockefelle In i e in Ne Yo k, he R ian-bo n Phoeb Le ene, kno n fo ha ing

collabo a ed i h Ko el on n cleic acid a he ea l a of he 20 h cen , im o ed he anal i
of n clein, he gela ino ff in he n cle .
Le ene di co e ed he ga deo ibo e and he linkage of he e ga oge he h o gh

ho ha e g o . The molec le con ained he fo ba e ha Ko el had di co e ed: adenine,
g anine, c o ine, and h mine. Bonded oge he ho ha e- ga -ba e he e com onen
fo med a com o nd ha Le ene called n cleo ide. He al o di co e ed ha he o fo m of n cleic
acid diffe ed in hei ga com onen ibo e in one and deo ibo e in he econd: he efo e
ibon cleic acid (RNA) and deo ibon cleic acid (DNA).
B he 1930 , Geo ge Beadle and Ed a d Ta m e e igo o l in e iga ing he heo ha

en me deficienc od ced a defec in a ingle me abolic e and he de e mined ha Ga od
heo a in fac a la : each e in a me abolic a h a a con olled b a ecific en me
molec le, and each en me came f om a ecific gene ha co ld be changed ( m a ed ) b
e o e o X- a one gene: one en me. En me e e com i ed of o ein , o he heo
e ol ed in o one gene: one o ein.
Once again, i ho ld be nde ood ha Thoma Edi on ended ho and of ea of ni e al

mine al lemen a ion ha co ec ed mine al deficiencie of he a e age ea an hen he lled
he i ch a 3:00 m in he af e noon on Monda , Se embe 4 h, 1882, on Pea l S ee in Ne
Yo k Ci and o ened he fi comme cial elec ic gene a ing lan and he fi gene a ing
a ion ha deli e ed 110 ol of di ec c en o 60 c ome in lo e Manha an.
Edi on lo he Wa of he C en hen al e na ing c en became he mo e -f iendl

di ib ion em of elec ici . E en ho gh he lo he di ib ion a , Edi on o e
di ib ion em a ignifican fo e e al ea on . Fi i e abli hed he o en ial comme cial
e of ch a em, and econdl i fo e e fo e ed he e lacemen of ood a he ni e al
f el. And, i h he change o elec ical o e o ce , i a he end of he hi o ical o ce of he
die a mine al lemen of ood a he .

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08/10/2020 The Gene ic T an mi ion Theo - E igene ic : The Dea h of he Gene ic Theo of Di ea e T an mi ion 1 Edi ion
E c :T D a G cT D a
Ta 1 E
CHAPTER NINE
T G cT a T
...( ) a c a b a c , c a , b a d da
ca ba a c .N ,c a b c a , d ca ,a
b a c a c , c a a b a ab d c ca c d
c d c c ac d a d a b .A d ac a ab c c a
a c a a b a c db ca a a a c a c ca c d
a .
E. B. Wil on (1895)
Ame ican c ologi
In 1678 a D ch cien i , An on Philip an Lee enhoek (1632 1723 AD), epo ed o he Ro al

Socie on he di co e of h man pe ma o oa, hich e embled m iad of o m-like animal . He
o e, Wha I in e iga e i onl ha , i ho inf ll defiling m elf, emain a a e id e of
conj gal coi . And if o Lo d hip ho ld con ide ha he e ob e a ion ma di g o
candali e he lea ned, I ea ne l beg o Lo d hip o ega d hem a p i a e and o p bli h o
de o hem a o Lo d hip hink fi .
T Ea R a c U d a dC a dO G cI a c
Van Lee enhoek e en all po la ed ha he mic o copic c ea e ( pe m) imming in emen

pla ed a ole in fe ili a ion. O he cien i of he da p opo ed ha he pe m e e impl
pa a i e and had no hing o do i h ep od c ion.
A o nd 1677 an Lee enhoek and one of hi den , Johan Ham, had emplo ed a 300-po e
mic o cope o e amine emen. He efe ed o he pe m in he emen a animalc le o li le
animal , ppo i e of hi belief of he heo of p efo ma ion, hich po la ed ha he head of
he pe m con ained a in , f ll fo med h man.
A D ch mic o copi , Nicolaa Ha oeke , claimed ha he had een pe ma o oa in 1674.

Ho e e , he a n e of hi finding and belie ed ha he pe m e e pa a i e . Hi famo
d a ing of a hom nc l , o li le h man, packed in o he head of he pe m, ppo ed he
p efo ma ion heo . Ha oeke ne e claimed o ha e in fac een hom nc li, al ho gh o he did
claim he had een hem.
Some in e iga o of he ime heo i ed ha hom nc li in a pe m migh ha e malle pe m of

hei o n in o he o d , a hom nc li i hin a hom nc li. When in e iga o began o ob e e
ho in e nal o gan in animal ch a chick and h man emb o g ad all appea ed d ing he
de elopmen of an emb o i a clea ha p efo ma ion did no occ .
h ://doc o lib.info/gene ic /e igene ic /9.h ml 1/23

Toda e a e f ll a a e ha he pe m cell in h man con ain 23 ch omo ome ( he h ead-like

ca ie of gene and gene ic info ma ion) ha pene a e he female o m ha con ain i o n 23
ch omo ome , h fo ming a 46 ch omo ome fe ili ed go e.
In 1866 E n on Haeckel po la ed ha he n clei, a ni e al c e fo nd in each cell, a in

fac he an mi e of inhe i ance. In 1869 a S i chemi b he name of F ied ich Mie che
i ola ed a ma e ial f om he n clei of p (dead hi e blood cell ) ha he called n clein. Mie che
cho e p , hich he ob ained f om local ho pi al , beca e hi e blood cell ha e la ge n clei and
minimal amo n of c opla m.
In 1889 i a di co e ed ha n clein con ained a p o ein ha co ld be dige ed, lea ing a ick
acidic gel e id e n cleic acid had been di co e ed!
In 1893 a den of Mie che , Alb ech Ko el, anal ed he acidic gel (n cleic acid ) and ho ed
ha i a a mi of pho pho o , ga , and a blend of fo diffe en ni ogen-con aining b ance
ha he iden ified a adenine, c o ine, g anine, and h mine: A, C, G, and T.
The Ge man c ologi Wal he Flemming i c edi ed i h he di co e of mi o i in 1879. Flemming

had c ea ed a ne aining echniq e ha allo ed him o iden if and ob e e ch omo ome in
g ea e de ail. A a e l he a able o ob e e cell di i ion, con ide ed o be one of he g ea
cien ific di co e ie of all ime.
In 1873 An on Schneide ob e ed and epo ed he p e ence of ch omo ome in di iding cell . In

making he e ob e a ion Schneide acc a el no ed ha he ch omo ome filamen line p on he
eq a o of he cell, do ble, and di ide in o he da gh e cell . Thi a he fi ob e a ion and
epo ing of he p oce of mi o i .
In 1884, af e he dea h of Mendel, he concep of inhe i ance domina ed he cien ific a ena. Von
Nageli alked abo he idiopla m, Wei mann alked abo he ge m pla m, Da in alked abo
he gemm le , and de V ie alked abo he pangene .
E cep fo e cell ( pe m and o a), all cell ho e e pon ible fo g o h, de elopmen and
cell la epai di ide b mi o i . Se cell di ide b meio i , hich a e plained b he g ea
Ge man biologi A g Wei mann in 1890.
In 1902 a Ge man biologi , Theodo Bo e i, and an Ame ican gene ici and ph ician, Wal e
S on, independen l iden ified ch omo ome a he ca ie of gene ic info ma ion.
While d ing ea chin , Bo e i ob e ed ha he pe m and he egg each ca ied half of he e

of ch omo ome . If he pe m and egg ha became a fe ili ed emb o had an abno mal n mbe of
ch omo ome , he e l ing emb o o ld die o de elop in o an abno mal ea chin. Bo e i
co ec l mi ed ha ha diffe en ch omo ome con ol diffe en pa of he chin ana om o
ph iolog .
S on die of g a hoppe clea l demon a ed ha he ma ched pai of ch omo ome

epa a e d ing he p od c ion of e cell ( pe m and egg).
Bo e i and S on bo h epo ed ha ch omo ome ca and an mi pa en al gene ic info ma ion.

The addi ionall ho ed ha ch omo ome e e independen c e ha emained in ac , e en
hen he e e no i ible, d ing all age of he cell life. The e ob e a ion e e co n e o he
p e ailing ho gh ha ch omo ome di ol ed d ing he la e age of cell di i ion and hen
efo med again in he da gh e cell.
The e ea ch of Bo e i and S on p o ided he fo nda ion fo he ne cien ific field of

c ogene ic , he combining of c olog ( he d of cell ) and gene ic ( he d of he edi ).
T a H M a F F Lab: O U d a d P c a C a
C a C a ac c

I i ell doc men ed oda ha d ing he fo ma ion of he pe m and egg, ma ching ch omo ome
of pa en can e change mall incomple e egmen of ch omo ome in ha i called, c o o e ,
o ha ne l fo med ch omo ome migh no be inhe i ed pe fec l d plica ed f om each pa en .
Inco ec n mbe of ch omo ome o impe fec l fo med ch omo ome ill e l in an inabili of
he emb o o i e o a malfo med emb o. The e e en of emb onic dea h and he
malfo ma ion ha can e l , fo in ance in i om , kno n a Do n nd ome cha ac e i ed b
47 ch omo ome , a e picall and q i e inco ec l aid o be gene icall an mi ed.
The e e en a e in fac no he e l of a gene icall - an mi ed defec , b a he a pecific

n ien deficienc of he f nc ioning ch omo ome in he momen immedia el af e fe ili a ion.
I i ho gh ha no cien i pen mo e ime looking a f i flie h o gh a mic o cope han

Ame ican biologi Thoma H n Mo gan. Mo gan labo a o , fondl efe ed o a he fl oom,
a a imple 368 q a e foo oom ffed i h eigh den , de k , and h nd ed of gla milk
bo le f ll of f i flie , and pile of o e ipe banana h ng f om he ceiling a fl food: he oom
li e all nk of decompo ing banana and h mmed i h e caped f i flie and c ackled i h o
a a cock oache . Be een 1910 and 1930, hi o e pop la ed labo a o a he inc ba o of
ome of he mo ignifican cien ific di co e ie of all ime di co e ie ha a e ba ic o he
in e p e a ion of he field of mode n gene ic .
Cal in B idge and Alf ed S e an e e bo h nde g ad a e den a Col mbia Uni e i in

Ne Yo k Ci in 1909. Af e a ending a lec e p e en ed b Mo gan, bo h B idge and S e an
e e a a ded de k in he fl oom. G ego Mendel ob e a ion on pea plan had j been
edi co e ed, and hi a a head ime fo gene ic e ea ch.
F i flie made a pe fec d animal i h hich in e iga e he la e heo ie , and he fl - oom

c e pen man ho ha ing and di c ing hei e ea ch and c en p blica ion . Follo ing one
of hei di c ion , S e an hed home o fle h-o a ne ho gh : a map of he gene on he
X ch omo ome. S e an con c ed hi ch omo ome map ( ill acc a e e oda ) a 20 ea of
age. B idge a he age of 24 en on o epo he nondi j nc ion of fl ch omo ome , h p o ing
ha Mo gan heo of ch omo omal inhe i ance a in fac co ec .
In 1910 Mo gan ob e ed a ingle hi e-e ed fl among hi ed-e ed pecimen . He an a e ie of

b eeding e pe imen in o de o d ho hi m a ion o ld be an mi ed o come o a imila
ob e a ion of ha of Mendel, ho ecogni ed pink pea flo e e e a h b id e l ing f om
c o b eeding of hi e and ed flo e ed pea plan .
Mo gan a a a ded he 1933 Nobel P i e in medicine fo hi o k i h ch omo ome and he edi .

Mo gan lea ned ha he hi e-e ed ai a ece i e ince a ingle ed-e ed pa en in a iabl
e l ing in ed-e ed off p ing. He al o heo i ed ha he m a ion a loca ed on he X
ch omo ome ince onl male ( i h no econd ch omo ome o co n e ac he hi e-e ed fo m of
he gene) di pla ed he cha ac e i ic.
Mo gan had di co e ed ha pecific gene a e ca ied on pecific ch omo ome . He a b ilding on

o k pionee ed b Ame ican gene ici Wal e S on and Ge man biologi Theodo Bo e i, ho in
1902 independen l a i ed a he concl ion ha ch omo ome ca gene ic ma e ial. The e
ob e a ion e e e en ial mile one in he nde anding of inhe i ance and gene ic .
T U O K d G c S ca E :F a c Ga E ab
E c
Gene ic a n limi ed o confined o a chemical labo a o . I came o be ed a a ool fo ocial

enginee ing. Social Da ini m (neo-Da ini m) ep he globe.
E genic ( ell bo n ), he concep of an indi id al pe io i o infe io i a ba ed on an

inhe i ance of in elligence o leade hip ai mean ha a pe on co ld ecei e a ocial m a ion,
a concei ed b F anci Gal on, Cha le Da in co in and a con empo a of Mendel. The e
idea came o a f nc ional le el conc en l i h he o k of Mo gan a he mapped he loca ion of

he gene on he ch omo ome and Beadle and Ta m had e ealed ha gene made en me .
Simila o hi co in Cha le , Gal on failed o e hibi m ch alen in hi o nge ea . Gal on q i

medical chool and cho e o a el h o gh E ope fo ea n il he e ned o England and
Camb idge o p e die in ma h.
Gal on ffe ed f om ha a efe ed o a a ne o b eakdo n and lef chool befo e he fini hed
hi deg ee. Fo a ho ime he e ned o medical chool. Ho e e , pon hi fa he dea h Gal on
ecei ed a con ide able fo ne and cho e o abandon medical chool a econd ime.
Gal on de eloped an ob e ion i h he mea emen of h man , ma h, and a belief ha he a a

pe io pe on and ha hi pe io i a inhe i ed. He ie ed he p blica ion in 1859 of hi
co in o k, O O S c b Na a S c , a he fo ma i e e en in hi life, and
i infl enced he in en ion of he cience he called e genic in 1885.
In 1869 Gal on p bli hed hi book i led H d a G , he fi cien ific o k o d he

ela ion hip be een geni and g ea ne . I doc men ed hi ie ha ci ili a ion, hile de i able,
ine i abl led o an inc ea e in he nfi people b p e en ing he fo ce of na e f om elimina ing
he eak, men all ill, and ho e deemed o be nde i able.
Gal on fel i a l ima el co n e p od c i e o he i al of man o imp o e he en i onmen b

in od cing fac o afe and poll ion la , o b p o iding good ani a ion, o enac ing la o
help he poo , o b b ilding ho pi al , hinking go e nmen had failed o enco age he bi h of
babie ih pe io mind and bodie and addi ionall failed o p oac i el p e en he bi h of he
eak.
In he 1870 Gal on po la ed ha inhe i ance i facili a ed b a pa ic la e, b Gal on

ob e a ion e e p ima il ba ed on con in o a ia ion in ead of di con in o a ia ion ha
a he cla ic Mendelian heo .
Gal on fi la a ha he off p ing of e cep ional pa en e e o he mean.
Gal on econd la of inhe i ance a ed ha child en ha e one-half of each pa en he i age,

and he efo e, on a e age, one-q a e of each g andpa en he i age, one eigh h of each g ea -
g andpa en he i age, and o on.
Gal on main di ec ion a o p omo e he idea of h man alen , e peciall h man in elligence,
and i a in he co e of hi e ea ch ha he coined he e m e genic .
I a ob io o Gal on ha h man ha e inhe i able ai he ame a ha plan and animal

do. Some ai a e de i able and ome o he a e no de i able. I a hi heo ha i o ld be
po ible o ha e he be e gene ic pe o ep od ce and fo ce he poo e indi id al o op
ep od cing. The e l o ld be ha he h man gene ic pool o ld imp o e o e ime in he ame
manne ha beef ca le and dog ha e been imp o ed o e he decade h o gh elec i e b eeding.
Gal on i he one ho al o coined he e m na e and n e in 1871 o de c ibe ho he

en i onmen co ld affec he inhe i ance of o in elligence and abili ie . In 1875 Gal on de eloped
he idea of ing iden ical in o d he infl ence of he edi e en i onmen on h man
de elopmen and in elligence. Hi claim ha hi e idence e ealed ha he na e a he han he
n e of an indi id al ha he mo infl enence on h man de elopmen began he famo
con o e ie o e he e idea ha a e ill e ea ched and deba ed oda .
A mode n e ea che of iden ical in , Danielle Reed, ho i follo ing in Gal on foo ep b he
choice of in die o e amine he heo ie of na e and n e ( ee Na a G a c,
Jan a 2012), a e ha , I i e clea hen o look a (iden ical) in ha m ch of ha

he ha e i ha d i ed. Man hing abo hem a e ab ol el he ame and nal e able. B i i

al o clea , hen o ge o kno hem, ha o he hing abo hem a e diffe en . Epigene ic i he
o igin of a lo of ho e diffe ence .
Reed f he a e ha , Mo he Na e i e ome hing in pencil and ome hing in pen . . .

Thing i en in pen o can change. Tha DNA. B hing i en in pencil o can. Tha
epigene ic .
In 1907 Gal on heo ie pa ned he E genic Ed ca ion Socie in B i ain i h he ad e i ed goal

of gene ic imp o emen of he h man pop la ion of B i ain b elec i e b eeding a i i p ac iced in
li e ock. Gal on a elec ed o he ocie p e idenc in1908.
I a Gal on ho ec i ed he e ell- e pec ed a i ical geni , Ka l Pea on, ho became

Gal on p o g and p oponen of e genic . Pea on, e panded on Gal on heo ie of h man
mea emen and c ea ed he Biome ic Labo a o a Uni e i College, London. Biome ic a
hen me ged i h e genic .
Pea on became a fana ic abo h man mea emen of infe io ace of people f om poo ock and
applied hi heo ie of Social Da ini m abo he need o inc ea e he ong pe on e he
eak indi id al ha co ld no be imp o ed b appl ing na ional policie o en e hi . He c ea ed
an ongoing jo nal B a o de elop a i ical heo . And he jo nal con ained man of hi
able of h man mea emen fo a i ician ha e e e infl en ial, e peciall in he Uni ed
Sae .
Gal on a pe onall e ified b he g o ing financial po e of Ge man and an ed o

ne ali e i b c ea ing a na ional p og am of elec i e b eeding. Emb acing Gal on neologi m,
Pea on coined he e m e genic ma iage and demanded ha he B i i h go e nmen c ea e a
na ional biog aphical dbook of de i able and nde i able and eq i e a pe mi of p oof of
indi id al fi ne befo e a ma iage licen e o ld be i ed. Da in p blicall app o ed of Gal on
heo ie and hi book abo he infl ence of na e o e n e a fa a an indi id al in elligence.
In 1911 Gal on a named he fi Gal on P ofe o of E genic (changed o P ofe o of Gene ic

in 1965) a London Uni e i . Gal on effo ne e eached he le el of legi la i e po e in B i ain.
Ho e e , in he Uni ed S a e And e Ca negie and John D. Rockefelle belie ed ha e genic co ld
enable h mani o command i o n e ol ion in a a ha a efficien and p og e i e. In
1904 he Ca negie In i e fo nded a cen e fo gene ic e ea ch a Cold Sp ing Ha bo , Ne Yo k,
i h Cha le Da enpo appoin ed o he di ec o hip.
Da enpo di ec ed hi effo o he d of h man inhe i ance, and in 1910, i h he financial

backing of he Ha iman and Rockefelle famil , he c ea ed he E genic Reco d Office a Cold
Sp ing Ha bo and appoin ed Ha La ghlin a he facili ie fi pe in enden .
A he ame ime, Hen Godda d, a p chologi , in od ced he Bine in elligence e in o he

Uni ed S a e . Thi e ga e he e genic mo emen a a o q an if h man in elligence and
mea e and iden if ha a a mo on, imbecile, and idio .
Godda d die ho ed ha , he de il of gene ic nfi ne a a o k i hin he U.S. Man

came o belie e he onl op ion a o p e en he b eeding of he pe cei ed nfi . B 1931 en -
e en Ame ican a e had enac ed e ili a ion la ha o ld allo comp l o e ili a ion of
elec ed pe of people ca ego i ed a mo on and he feeble-minded. A a e l , b 1941 almo
hi - i ho and Ame ican had been fo cibl e ili ed. Wi hin a fe ea Ge man , S i e land,
and he Scandina ian co n ie all enac ed e ili a ion la .
In 1906 he Race Be e men Fo nda ion a c ea ed in Michigan b J.H. Kellogg o p omo e acial
imp o emen .
T T S c a Da Ta H da d D c Ta O E c

Social Da ini m de eloped in man a , b e genic failed a a cience and had minimal
impac in he c ea ion of na ional fi ne egi e and dbook . Ho e e , he appea ance of
d genic , ho gh of a a i e cience of e genic , hich emb aced he elimina ion ( he
eq i alen of he animal h band echniq e of c lling he le de i able e ample of a b eeding
line) of he nheal h , p i ed almo e e one b i apid accep ance b he medical and he
b ea c a ic in i ion .
A he ame ime ha A e a d ing bac e ia, he p i of h man gene ic e ea ch in

Ge man ook on a na di ec ion. In 1905 he Socie fo Racial H giene a fo nded b Alf ed
Ploe . Ini iall he ocie a no a aci o gani a ion a Ploe appla ded he Je i h ace a
being eq al o he No dic.
In he mean ime Da in o k enco aged he p i of impe iali m, he e abli hmen of

colonie , he ace fo Af ica and Rhode belief ha England ho ld be pain ing he map of he
o ld ed.
D i en b Da in concep of he i al of he fi e B i ain g abbed 3.5 million q a e mile of

colonie and 1.5 million mile of p o ec o a e . D ing he ame pe iod, addi ional na ion , d i en b
a fea ha B i ain o ld o n he o ld and q ee e hem financiall i h d ie and a e , began
hei o n d i e o g ab colonie and o de elop hei o n ma e ace. The R ian , he F ench,
he Japane e, and he Ge man agg e i el j mped in o he ace fo colonie .
The mo highl - e pec ed Ge man Da inian biog aphe and hi o ian, Hein ich on T ei chke,
de igned an agg e i e ie of Ge man hi o and p edic ed a i mphan f e; and a he
ame ime, Bi ma ck, him elf, c ea ed a na ional impe iali ic plan fo Ge man and coined he
Da inian logan Blood and I on o enco age hi a mie .
Addi ionall , he Da inian heo of he i al of he fi e c ea ed a d i e o imp o e na ional

acial ock b emplo ing po i i e and nega i e plan . Da in a al o oppo ed o accina ion
and medical p og am ha o ld main ain pop la ion of eake people. He p omo ed hei bi h
con ol, and he ie ed he ed c ion o e inc ion of abo iginal in A gen ina, Ne Zealand, and
A alia b he onge ace a na al and accep able. Da in p edic ed and accep ed he
e en al con ol and le of Af ica b he onge hi e E opean na ion . In hi ie he
ine i abili of na al elec ion ad anced in fa o of a o ld led b hi e of E opean o igin.
Back in he Uni ed S a e , a ea l a in 1904, Cha le Da enpo , a de o ppo e of Da in and

Gal on, enli ed he billionai e And e Ca negie o financiall ppo he Cold Sp ing Ha bo
Labo a o . The labo a o apidl emb aced he ne cience of Mendeli m o ppo Da ini m
and e po e he doc ine ha ph ical eakne and men al illne e e bo h inhe i ed.
The f el ha d o e he ac i e p i of d genic a he conce n o e immig a ion and he i k

ha lo e - ace a i al f om ea e n E ope, e peciall Je , o ld con amina e and eaken
he Anglo-Sa on acial ock of he Uni ed S a e . The pa age of he Immig a ion Re ic ion Ac
(1924) can be aced di ec l o he p blica ion of T O S c . Se e al U. S. a e p hed
ha de and enac ed la ha ga e go e nmen appoin ed doc o he po e ( i ho a hea ing o
ial) o e ili e ho e indi id al ha he de e mined o be men all nfi and ho e ho
pa icipa ed in a io le el of pe and habi al c ime.
B 1920 fif een U. S. a e pa ed e ili a ion la . The U. S. S p eme Co led mo of he

la ncon i ional n il 1927, hen in he ca e of B ck . Bell, he Co deemed ha he a e
of Vi ginia co ld e ili e Ca ie B ck, a feeble-minded epilep ic, da gh e of ano he lo -men ali
oman al ead he mo he of ano he child labeled an imbecile. Pa ing j dgmen , J ice Oli e
Wendell Holme led, Th ee gene a ion of imbecile a e eno gh.

In he 25 ea leading p o 1935, U. S. a e enac ed mo e han 100 e ili a ion la and

allo ed he fo ced e ili a ion of o e 100,000 Ame ican (labeled a ha ing bno mal men al
fac l ie ) b he oo illing medical doc o . The a e of Vi ginia con in ed hei fo ced e ili a ion
p og am ope a ed b eage medical doc o h o gh he 1970 .
While he o ld accep ed e genic and d genic , he B i i h Empi e (e cep Canada) ejec ed

fo ced e ili a ion beca e of a pe i en effo b G. K. Che e on, ho p bli hed a book on he
bjec . Hi campaign a aided b a a i e a ho ed b Aldo H le in 1932, B a N W d,
hich de c ibed a da k U opia in hich cience and echnolog e e emplo ed in man fo m o
c ea e a h gienicall pe fec , b docile, and bmi i e ocie . The e mo emen combined o
fo m an an i-Gal on mo emen ha Pa l John on de c ibe a i h a ep i e of Geo ge Elio o
ha Da inian na al elec ion a a dange o fo m of de e mina ion, hich o ld e ing i h f ee
ill and he h man in inc fo f eedom. I a al o a all again he b igh opia p eached b
H.G. Well , in hich cience a king. Well , Sha , Bea ice and S dne Webb, Ha elock Elli , and
man o he ociali in ellec al fa o ing bo h e genic and d genic o ld ha e condemned o
e ili a ion o e en dea h all he men all nfi if he co ld ha e b o gh o po e a go e nmen o
hei a e. B he ne e pe aded he B i i h Labo Pa o adop hei ie .
Da in commonl coined commen ch a ich a Je and blamed a p imi i e Je i h God fo

m ch ha a ong i h J deo-Ch i iani , e peciall he doc ine of e e nal p ni hmen , hich
he ho gh po i i el e il. Ho e e , Da in p blicall p ofe ed ha he a no an i-Semi ic.
I i ho gh ha Da in eaching in T O S c con ib ed o he de c ion of

Ge man b empha i ing he con an iolence ha ook place in he p oce of na al elec ion.
Hi le a kno n o be fond of efe ing o he a f l p o pec of mankind e ol ing back a d o
do n a d.
In H Tab Ta , 1941 1944: S c C a , he eco d of Hi le con e a ion aken

do n in ho hand b hi a m office , Hi le i eco ded a a ing:
If e do no e pec he la of na e, impo ing o ill b he migh of he onge , a da ill

come hen he ild animal ill again de o hen he in ec ill ea he ild animal , and
finall no hing ill e i e cep he mic obe . B mean of he ggle he eli e a e con in all
ene ed. The la of elec ion j ifie hi ince an ggle b allo ing he i al of he fi e .
Ch i iani i a ebellion again na al la , a p o e again na e.
When he Na i ook po e in Ge man in 1933, he di co e ed ha man of hei heo ie on

h man p i e e al ead pheld b medical and cien ific o gani a ion . A e genic e ili a ion la
a p in o place hen Hi le a elea ed f om jail and appoin ed chancello . An en i e
b ea c ac a q ickl p in o place i h E bklinik (gene ic clinic ), E bge ndhei ge ich e
(gene ic co ), and E bam e (gene ic official ). B he 1940 , 400,000 people in Ge man had
been e ili ed b Na i doc o on e genic cha ge p ima il ho e being fo nd o be men all
e a ded.
When Wo ld Wa II b oke o in 1939, e ili a ion of ho e Ge man ci i en deemed o be e a ded

a eplaced i h a polic of e hana ia. Pa ien in men al ho pi al e e killed on cha ge ba ed
on heo ie of e gene ic b he oo- illing doc o . Vic im of he e h n , bo h ad l and
child en, e e killed b le hal injec ion o mo e efficien l b ma ga ing. In he Na i occ pied
e i o ie he e e e ec ed b he ame Ein a g ppen fi ing q ad ha e e killing Je and
G p ie one a mo -pie cing b lle a ed o kill fi e people in line o con e e amm ni ion.
B 1941 ome 70,000 Ge man men al pa ien had been killed a a e l of he official e genic
polic . Thi ai ed ch a p o e ha Hi le ga e he o de o op ga ing hem b o con in e o
e ec e hem b o he mean .

E genic p og am and Na i acial-clean ing doc ine , in he fo m of e ec ion , an pa allel o hi

and e e ca ied o b he million . Unimaginable n mbe e e e ec ed in he concen a ion
dea h camp . Racial heo ie emmed f om he policie and p i of he Socie fo Racial
H giene ha had become pa of he Ge man academic ho gh in he ea af e Wo ld Wa I. The
N emb g Race La e e concei ed follo ing con ide able con l a ion i h he leading Ge man
gene ici and doc o of he da .
In he 20 h cen , i i e ima ed ha mo e han 100 million h man e e killed o a ed o

dea h b o ali a ian go e nmen imp egna ed i h a b oad collec ion of b ea c a ic fo m of
Social Da ini m.
In R ia, Mendelian gene ic e ea ch and clean ing p ac ice e e banned. I a an in eg al pa

of he Ma i belief ha h man being e e fa hioned b he en i onmen a he han b inbo n
o he i able alen .
T L a dW O adA a dT R c I
O ald A e a bo n in Canada in 1877. Hi fa he a a Bap i mini e . When he a he age

of en, hi famil mo ed f om No a Sco ia o he Lo e Ea Side of Ne Yo k Ci he e A e
fa he ope a ed a Bap i mi ion. Hi fa he and hi b o he E ne bo h died in 1892 f om
be c lo i . The Bap i comm ni (incl ding John D. Rockefelle ) ppo ed A e mo he and
he o i ing child en.
The ea follo ing hi fa he and hi b o he dea h , A e lef high chool and en olled in he
Colga e Academ , a Bap i college, f ll in ending o en e he mini . Upon hi g ad a ion f om
Colga e, i h no cience backg o nd, A e en e ed he College of Ph ician and S geon of
Col mbia Uni e i . In 1904 he g ad a ed a a doc o , in e ned in ho pi al fo e e al ea , and
hen ook a po i ion in medical e ea ch.
In 1913 A e ook a po in he Rockefelle In i e in Manha an. Hi e pon ibili a o

d D c cc a, a common bac e ia, hich ca ed he dea h of 50,000 Ame ican
each ea f om pne monia. Fo hi -fi e ea A e died he bac e ia. D ing he fi en
ea a he in i e he died he pol accha ide cloak ha he bac e ia gene a ed i h he goal
of c ea ing a e m ha o ld a ack he ga -coa ed mic obe.
A e a nomina ed fo a Nobel P i e fo hi bac e ial die . Ho e e , i a hi gene ic die

and hi di co e of he gene ha ga e him a place in hi o .
In 1928 F ed G iffi h, an Engli h mic obiologi , p bli hed a pape on a ange phenomenon. He
di co e ed ha he non- i len ain R of he P c cc . bac e ia co ld be an fo med
in o he i len ain S and he m a ion a inhe i able!
G iffi h fo nd ha b injec ing mice i h he non- i len R ain of P c cc . and hen

i h he hea -killed S ain, he co ld p od ce pne monia in he mice and hen eco e a li e
i len S ain of he bac e ia f om he dead mo e. A non- i len ain of bac e ia had been
an fo med in o a i len fo m of he bac e ia f om ome hing ha a in he hea -killed bac e ia!
A e co- o ke a he Rockefelle In i e e e able o d plica e G iffi h phenomenon in he

e be b ing a imple cell-f ee e ac of he hea -killed i len bac e ia o change he non-
i len bac e ia in o a kille . A e no foc ed hi ene gie on hi inhe i able phenomenon.
While gene ic e ea ch a mo phing in o a poli ical mon e in Na i Ge man and being pp e ed

in So ie R ia, O ald A e and hi co- o ke a he Rockefelle In i e e e in Ne Yo k
e e con in ing o ad ance hei die on he P c cc . bac e i m.
Be een 1934 and 1937 he p oce of an fo ma ion a pe fec ed, p ima il h o gh he o k

of A e colleag e, Collin MacLeod. In 1941, in coope a ion i h Macl n McCa , a ecen a i al
a he in i e, he goal a o i ola e he an fo ming p inciple f om he bac e ia (MacLeod had
mo ed o ake a po a Ne Yo k Uni e i in 1940).
Wi h pical A e eal, he pai an an endle me hodical e ie of e pe imen o e ac he

b ance, ha e e i migh be, f om one ain of bac e ia and o p if i . The a acked he
e ac i h e e al diffe en p o ea e , and e i co ld ill an fo m ain R in o ain S.
The efo e i co ld no be a p o ein.
A a l ing he b ance i h a lipid-di ol ing alcohol and e he did no al e he an fo ming

capaci of he b ance. The efo e i co ld no be a fa . The came o he concl ion ha he
b ance b p oce of elimina ion had o be a n cleic acid. Ho e e , ibon clea e, he en me
ha dige RNA did no de o he b ance.
B he p oce of elimina ion he onl po ibili lef a DNA. Le ene d ll, nin e e ing
molec le a he b ance and a p od cing he an fo ma ion f om ain R o ain S!
I a e en all p o ed ha deo ibon clea e en me ha de o DNA did in fac inac i a e

he b ance he an fo ming fac o a DNA!
So nd like a i ma be a gene, A e decla ed in a Ma 1943 le e o hi b o he Ro : If e

a e igh , and of co e ha no e p o en, hen i mean ha n cleic acid a e no me el
c all impo an , b f nc ionall ac i e b ance in de e mining he biochemical ac i i ie
and pecific cha ac e i ic of cell , and ha b mean of a kno n chemical b ance i i po ible
o ind ce p edic able and he edi a change in he cell . Thi i ome hing ha ha long been he
d eam of gene ici . . . he p oblem b i le i h implica ion . . . I o che gene ic , en me
chemi , cell me aboli m, and ca boh d a e n he i , e c.
So he e i he o , Ro igh o ong i been good f n and lo of o k.
A e di co e a an epoch-making e en !
The e l ing pape b A e , MacLeod, and McCa a p bli hed in Jan a 1944 in he J a
E a M dc and i a a cla ic a Mendel V c . Unfo na el he A e eam
p bli hed hei o k in a p blica ion ha a ead b he ong people ho e e mic obiologi
a he han gene ici .
In 1948, b he ime he cien ific comm ni had come o eali e he ignificance of he

an fo ming p inciple, i a oo la e. A e e i ed in Na h ille and pen he emainde of hi life
nea hi b o he and famil , d ing in 1955. Hi hi -fi e ea of e ea ch ha had been foc ed
on a ingle bac e i m had deli e ed p he mo eminal di co e of 20 h cen biolog .
Ho e e , he a ho of he e ea ch ne e ecei ed he l ima e accolade, he Nobel P i e.
T R P M c a O a cE
Mendel and A e e e looking a he ame molec la e en f om diffe en di ec ion . P o ein

e e a he oo of bo h hei ob e a ion . P o ein a e pol me of amino acid ha a e fo nd in
a ide a ie of config a ion and ma . The h ee-dimen ional di e i of p o ein i ela ed o
he ba ic c al niq ene .
Diffe ence in p o ein leng h, amino acid eq ence , he n mbe of di lfide bond , and connec ion
of mall molec le o ion o he amino acid ide chain con ol he h ee dimen ional di e i .
Gene all , he linea , nb anched pol me of amino acid ha make p an p o ein can fold in o a
fe igh l ela ed h ee dimen ional hape called confo ma ion . The ph ical confo ma ion of a
p o ein, along i h he di inc i e chemical p ope ie of i amino acid ide chain , ill de e mine i
f nc ion .
P o ein p od ce and ini ia e a ide a ie of di inc e en in ide and o ide of cell ha a e

e en ial o life o p o ide di inc e ol iona ad an age o cell , i e , o gan and o gani m .
I i he efo e pa amo n o he nde anding of ho cell o k and ep od ce o iden if he

pecific c e and f nc ion of p o ein .
Gene all , p o ein can be placed in o b oad f nc ional g o p :
1. S c a ha de e mine he hape of cell , hei e acell la en i onmen ,

and ac a g ide i e o di ec he in acell la ac i i ie of molec le and o ganelle .
2. Sca d ha join diffe en p o ein in o pecific a a o pe fo m pecific

f nc ion mo e efficien l han if he p o ein e e epa a e en i ie .
3. E ha a e p o ein ha ca al e o facili a e pecific chemical eac ion .
4. M b a a p o ein ha facili a e he flo of ion and molec le ac o

cell la memb ane .
5. R a ha pe fo m a ignal , en o , and i che o eg la e he

ac i i ie of cell b di ec ing he f nc ion of o he p o ein and gene .
6. S a (ho mone and cell- face ecep o ) ha an mi e acell la

ignal in o he cell c opla m.
7. M ha ha e he a k of mo ing o he p o ein , o ganelle , ell , and e en

hole o gani m .
8. M c a ac An one p o ein can be a membe of mo e han one p o ein g o p

o cla (e.g., cell face ignaling ecep o ha a e bo h en me and eg la o p o ein ).
P o ein e en iall media e o facili a e di e e f nc ion b di ec ing a mall n mbe of ba ic

ac i i ie . P o ein bind o o he p o ein and mac omolec le ch a DNA, mall molec le , and
ion . In mo ca e he e binding e en p od ce a confo ma ional change in he p o ein hich
di ec i ac i i ie .
A comple e di ec o of ho p o ein enco age and di ec cell o li e and flo i h eq i e he

iden ifica ion and cha ac e i a ion of he p o ein emplo ed b a cell. In a en e, he l ima e goal of
molec la cell biologi i o compile a comple e p o ein pa ca alog e and con c an all-
incl i e cook book ha de c ibe ho he e p o ein f nc ion. Compiling a comp ehen i e p o ein
ca alog e ha become fea ible in ecen ea i h he eq encing of en i e comple e
e of gene (of man o gani m ). The h man genome con ain 25,000 gene ha make and di ec
he f nc ion of p o ein .
P efe o he comple e collec ion of p o ein of an o gani m. The h man p o eome i

comp i ed of 33,000 diffe en p o ein . B d ing p o ein eq ence and c e of nkno n
p o ein and compa ing hem i h p o ein of kno n f nc ion, one can p edic ome po ible
f nc ion of he nkno n.
The p ima c e of a p o ein i he linea a angemen , o eq ence, of he amino acid ha i

i comp i ed of. A ho chain of amino acid (le han 20 o 30 amino acid e id e ) linked b he
pep ide bond and ha ha a di inc eq ence i called an oligopep ide, o j pep ide; long chain
of amino acid a e efe ed o a pol pep ide (mo e han 200 o 500 amino acid e id e ).
The econd le el of p o ein c e i he econda c e, hich a e able pa ial

a angemen of egmen of a pol pep ide chain ha a e held oge he b h d ogen bond ha
connec he backbone amide and ca bon l g o p and f eq en l in ol e epea ing c al
pa e n . A ingle pol pep ide migh con ain e e al pe of econda c e in a io
po ion of he chain. The p incipal econda c e a e he alpha heli , he be a hee , and a
U- haped be a n.
P o ein a e highl adap able molec la machine , i che , cell la ca al , and componen of
cell la , i e, and o gan c e.

N cleic acid a e linea pol me of fo diffe en pe of n cleo ide . The e mac omolec le
con ain an e ac eq ence of hei n cleo ide hich ca he pecific info ma ion o de e mine he
amino acid eq ence, c e, and f nc ion of he p o ein in he cell; he a e nece a
f nc ional componen of he cell la mac omolec la fac o ie ha elec and line p amino acid in
a p ope o de a a pol pep ide chain i being n he i ed; and he ca al e a cl e of pep ide
bond be een amino acid d ing p o ein n he i .
Deo ibon cleic acid (DNA) i an info ma ional molec le ha con ain in he eq ence of i
n cleo ide he da a eq i ed o n he i e all of he p o ein fo nd in he o gani m incl ding he
cell , i e , and o gan of ha o gani m.
DNA i ideall config ed o pe fo m hi f nc ion on a molec la le el and chemicall DNA i

e emel able (enabling he eco e of he DNA eq ence f om animal and plan fo il ha a e
ho and of ea old).
All of he info ma ion eq i ed o ppo he de elopmen of he fe ili ed h man egg ( go e)

h o gh he a io age of he emb o, o childhood, and o an ad l made p of illion of
peciali ed cell i o ed in he eq ence of he fo n cleo ide ha make p he = 3 109 ba e
pai of he h man genome. The e ac eplica ion of hi info ma ion fo all pecie en e i
gene ic eplica ion f om one gene a ion o he ne , and he heal h of he DNA i he efo e c i ical fo
he no mal de elopmen of he indi id al o gani m. DNA f lfill he e f nc ion o ell ha i i he
e el fo ( he an mi ion) of gene ic info ma ion in all fo m of life kno n on ea h.
The info ma ion ha i o ed in DNA i cl e ed in o he edi a package efe ed o a gene . In

n he gene con ol he pecific ai of each pecie .
In he p oce kno n a an c ip ion he info ma ion o ed in he DNA i copied in o ibon cleic

acid (RNA), hich ha h ee pecific e pon ibili ie in p o ein n he i , a de c ibed b H. Lodi h,
e al. in M c a C B , 6 h Edi ion:
Po ion of he DNA n cleo ide eq ence a e copied in o RNA ( RNA) molec le ha

di ec he n he i of a pecific p o ein. The n cleo ide eq ence of an mRNA molec le con ain he
info ma ion ha pecifie he co ec o de of amino acid d ing he n he i of a p o ein. The
ema kabl acc a e, ep i e a embl of amino acid in o p o ein occ b a a of
mRNA. In hi p oce , he n cleo ide eq ence of an mRNA molec le i ead b a econd pe of
RNA called a RNA ( RNA), and hei a ocia ed p o ein . A he co ec amino acid a e
b o gh in o eq ence b RNA , he a e linked b pep ide bond o make p o ein . RNA n he i
i called a c beca e he n cleo ide eq ence lang age of DNA i p eci el copied,
o a c b d, in o he n cleo ide eq ence of an RNA molec le. P o ein n he i i efe ed o
a a a beca e he n cleo ide eq ence lang age of DNA and RNA i a a d in o he
amino acid eq ence lang age of p o ein .
DNA and RNA a e imila f om a chemical defini ion; p ima c e of DNA and RNA a e linea
pol me made p of monome named n cleo ide . Bo h DNA and RNA ac p ima il a
info ma ional molec le , ca ing info ma ion in he e ac p edic able eq ence of hei n cleo ide .
Cell la RNA picall a in leng h f om fe e han 100 o man ho and of n cleo ide .
Cell la DNA molec le can con ain a man a e e al h nd ed million n cleo ide . The e la ge
DNA c e in a ocia ion i h p o ein can be ained and ie ed h o gh he ligh mic o cope
a c ( hi a he name gi en fo hem beca e he can be ained fo
iden ifica ion).
Tho gh chemicall imila , DNA and RNA a e cha ac e i ed b ignifican diffe ence . I i , ho e e ,
he diffe en and indi id al p ope ie of DNA and RNA ha gi e hem he pecific place in cell
f nc ion.

In all o gani m , DNA and RNA a e bo h made p of fo diffe en n cleo ide . The n cleo ide
emplo ed in he n he i of DNA and RNA one of fi e diffe en ba e . The ba e adenine (A) and
g anine (G) a e p ine , hich con ain a pai of f ed ing ; he ba e c o ine (C), h mine (T),
and a il (U) a e p imidine , hich con ain a ingle ing.
Th ee of he e ba e , A, G, and C a e fo nd in bo h DNA and RNA; Ho e e , T i onl fo nd in DNA,

and U onl in RNA. The linea eq ence of n cleo ide connec ed b pho phodie e bond make p
he p ima c e of he n cleic acid . Simila o pol pep ide , pol n cleo ide can i and fold
in o h ee-dimen ional c e abili ed b nonco alen bond . The p ima c e of DNA
and RNA a e imila , e hei h ee-dimen ional c e a e diffe en .
A A a T D a T a
The cience of molec la biolog began in 1953 hen Jame D. Wa on, an Ame ican, and F anci
H. C. C ick, an Engli hman, p opo ed ha he c e of DNA a a do ble heli . Thei o iginal
p opo al of he DNA c e a ba ed on an anal i of - a diff ac ion die b Ro alind
F anklin and Ma ice William and he con c ion of chemical model .
The gene ic heo of di ea e an mi ion ha domina ed he f nding, e ea ch, and ma ke ing

di ec ion of he medical and pha mace ical ind ie h o gho he 20 h and 21 cen ie . The
gene ic heo of di ea e an mi ion i ba ed on mi in e p e a ion of ob e a ion , lack of
comple e info ma ion, i ola ed fac , de c ip ion of e en and dogma.
The gene ic heo of di ea e an mi ion po e he follo ing: Inhe i ed h man di ea e a e he

pheno pic con eq ence of defec i e h man gene . Al ho gh a di ea e gene ma e l f om a ne
m a ion ha a o e in he p eceding gene a ion, mo ca e of inhe i ed di ea e a e ca ed b
p ee i ing m an allele ha ha e been pa ed f om one gene a ion o he ne fo man
gene a ion .
The c en gene ic heo of di ea e an mi ion goe on o decla e ha : H man gene ic di ea e

ha e l f om m a ion in one pecific gene e hibi e e al inhe i ance pa e n depending on he
na e and ch omo omal loca ion of he allele ha ca e hem.
I i al o aid b gene ici ha he cha ac e i ic pa e n i ha e hibi ed b a dominan allele in

an a o ome ( ha i , one of he 22 h man ch omo ome ha i no a e ch omo ome). I i of en
he ca e ha he di ea e ca ed b dominan allele appea la e in life af e ep od c i e age.
(I ac , Wa ac a a a a a a a c d a a
a a d a ca a d!).
H D a
The heo i ed iconic e ample of an a o omal dominan di ea e in h man i H

d a , a ne al degene a i e di ea e ha gene all ike in mid- o-la e life.
The M c Ma a de c ibe H n ing on di ea e (aka H n ing on cho ea) a an inhe i ed di ea e

in hich people in midlife begin ha ing occa ional je k o pa m and g ad al lo of b ain cell ,
p og e i e o cho ea, a he o i , and men al de e io a ion.
D ing he ea l age of H n ing on di ea e, people can blend he pon aneo abno mal
mo emen in o in en ional one o ha he e ba el no iceable. Ho e e , i h ime, he
mo emen become mo e ob io . E en all , he abno mal mo emen in ol e he en i e bod o
ha ea ing, d e ing, and e en i ing ill become nea l impo ible.
Men al change in H n ing on di ea e a e b le a fi . People afflic ed i h he di ea e ma

g ad all become i i able and e ci able; he ma lo e in e e in hei al ac i i ie . La e in he
co e of he di ea e, he beha e i e pon ibl and of en ande aimle l . The ma lo e con ol
o e hei imp l e and become p omi c o . O e ea o decade , he ma lo e hei memo

and he abili o hink a ionall . The ma become e e el dep e ed and a emp icide. In
ad anced di ea e, almo all f nc ion become impai ed and f ll- ime a i ance o n ing home
ca e i needed. Dea h i of en p ecipi a ed b pne monia o a fa al inj f om falling and all
occ 13 o 15 ea af e mp om fi appea ed.
One of he ea lie ph ical ign of H n ing on di ea e i c a, in ol n a mo emen . The

p oblem i h in ol n a mo emen a e all e b le in he beginning age of he di ea e
and a e picall de c ibed a a lo mo ion pe of mo emen o b ad a. The H n ing on
pa ien peech can become l ed. A he di ea e p og e e , d onia become ob io a limb
being held in nna al po i ion . Pha mace ical , occ pa ional he api , peech he ap , and
ph ical he ap a e pical ea men a en e a he medical ho gh i ha H n ing on di ea e
i a e minal gene icall - an mi ed di ea e and he belie e ha No c e e i .
A a op , he b ain of a H n ing on di ea e pa ien i malle han ha of a no mal a e age

h man b ain in ol me and eigh . When he no mal b ain i c in o he e i a di i ion of he
co e (g e ma e ) and he m elin ( hi e ma e ). A he ba e of he b ain i mo e g e ma e :
hi a ea of he g e ma e i be ea il ie ed. Thi a ea of he g e ma e con ain a g ea e
n mbe of ne e cell and i called he ba al ganglia. In hi ec ion of he b ain i can be di ided
in o o pa , hich a e called he ca da e n cle and he p amen. Cell in he ca da e and
p amen (medi m pin ne on ) ha con ain GABA (gamma-aminob ic acid) a e pa ic la l
en i i e o he o ida i e damage picall fo nd in H n ing on di ea e.
If one look a he b ain of a H n ing on di ea e pa ien he e a e fold on he face ha a e

ide , and he ba al ganglia a e ed ced o a hin im of i e. Al ho gh he majo damage occ
in he ba al ganglia, damage of en occ o he o he pa of he b ain hich p od ce a ide
pec m of mp om .
The ba ic e pon ibili of he cell of he ba al ganglia i o co-o dina e he ac i i ie of he ne on

in he co e o ignal change in a io m cle g o p o c ea e a moo h con in m of
mo emen . Damage o he indi ec pa h a end o p od ce cho ea, hile damage o he di ec
pa h a p od ce b ad kine ia.
The medical em di ide demen ia in o he co ical o bco ical fo m . Al heime di ea e fall

in o he co ical demen ia col mn; H n ing on di ea e, Pa kin on di ea e, and o he fall in o he
bco ical demen ia .
In fac , H n ing on di ea e i no a gene icall - an mi ed di ea e a dic a ed b he c en

medical dogma, b i a he pa of a kaleido cope of ela ed di ea e ca ed b a common
o ida i e a a l and common n i ional deficiencie , and b andom chance diffe en pa of he
b ain a e mo e e e el damaged han o he , ca ing he diffe en clinical appea ance :
T d i a ne ological di o de beginning in childhood in hich mo o and ocal ic

occ on a eg la ba i h o gho he da . The appea ance of To e e nd ome occ ea l in
childhood and eadil p og e e o b of comple mo emen , incl ding ocal ic and dden,
pa ic e pi a ion. Vocal ic ma a a g n ing o ba king noi e and p og e o comp l i e,
in ol n a bo of c ing. (Wallach pe onall ffe ed f om To e e nd ome a a fo - ea -
old child. Wi h pplemen a ion of all 90 e en ial n ien , a he age of nine ea he e ol ed hi
di ea e in h ee da .)
C a and A The cho ea i e p e ed a epe i i e, b ief, je k , la ge- cale, dancing-like,

ncon olled mo emen ha begin in one pa of he bod and mo e loca ion ab p l ,
np edic abl , and con in o l o o he loca ion . A he o i i a con in o eam of lo , in o ,
i hing mo emen , gene all in he hand and fee . Cho ea and a he o i can occ oge he and
a e called cho eoa he o i . People i h cho ea and a he o i ha e le ion and abno mali ie in he
ba al ganglia.

S d a d a S . Vi dance o S ndenham cho ea i a childhood di ea e ha f eq en l

follo S c cca . infec ion .
D a p e en i elf a in ol n a , lo , epe i i e, ained m cle con ac ion ha p od ce

f ee ing in he middle of an ac ion, i h i ing, ning, o o ion mo emen of he nk, he
en i e bod , o diffe en one of he bod . The b ain a ea affec ed incl de he ba al ganglia,
halam , and ce eb al co e . Mild fo m of d onia can manife i elf a ie c amp ,
blepha o pa m (e elid epea edl and in ol n a il fo ced h ), o icolli ( ec ing neck pa m
ha i he neck ide a , fo a d, o back a d), pa modic d phonia ( pa m of ocal co d
m cle ha block peech, make peech o nd ained, q i e , hoa e, je k , c eak , acca o, o
ga bled and diffic l o nde and), and ip (golfe d onia o m ician d onia).
Pa d a de elop d ing middle age, and i cha ac e i ed a a lo l p og e ing,

degene a i e di o de of he cen al ne o em. Pa kin on di ea e p od ce
emo (c a) hen a e , l ggi h and lo mo emen (b ad a), and m cle igidi . The
ba al ganglia a e di ec l affec ed in Pa kin on di ea e e l ing in je k mo emen .
In Pa kin on di ea e, he ne on in he ba al ganglia degene a e. The di ea e begin b l and

p og e e g ad all . In man indi id al i begin i h a emo in he hand hen he hand i a
e . The emo dec ea e hen he hand i mo ing p po ef ll and di appea comple el d ing
leep. Emo ional e o fa ig e ma inc ea e he emo , hich ha a moo h, h hmic q ali .
Al ho gh he emo ma a in one hand, i e en all p og e e o he o he hand he a m , and
he leg . The ja , ong e, fo ehead, and e elid addi ionall ma be affec ed b emo . In abo
one hi d of ho e i h Pa kin on di ea e, emo a en he fi mp om; in o he indi id al
he emo become le e e e a he di ea e p og e e ; and in o he he emo ne e de elop.
Ini ia ing a mo emen i pa ic la l diffic l in ho e afflic ed i h Pa kin on di ea e, and m cle

iffne ( igidi ) de elop . The mall m cle of he hand lo e f nc ion and de e i hich make
imple job ch a b oning a ga men and ing hoe lace diffic l . Pa kin on di ea e pa ien
alk i h a h ffling, ho - epped gai in hich hei a m don ing i h hei ide. The pical
pa ien face become e p e ionle and can de elop a blank a e i h an open mo h and a
ed ced blinking a e.
Indi id al i h Pa kin on di ea e ill peak of l in a mono one and ma e . Mo ill

main ain a no mal in elligence; ho e e , o he ill de elop demen ia.
P a c a a i een i h le f eq enc han Pa kin on di ea e. I p od ce

m cle igidi , inabili o con ol e e mo emen , and eakne of he h oa m cle . Thi di ea e
picall ho p in he la e middle age i h diffic l in olling he e e p a d. A ih
Pa kin on di ea e, hi pal p og e e o ad anced iffne and di abili . The di ea e de o
he ba al ganglia and b ain em.
S -D a d (idiopa hic o ho a ic h po en ion) i imila o Pa kin on di ea e,

addi ionall i ca e malf nc ion and de c ion of he a onomic ne o em, hich eg la e
he blood p e e, hea a e, gland ec e ion , and i al foc ing. The blood p e e fall hen
he pa ien and p. The ol me of ea , ea and ali a fall , e e igh fail , ina ion become
diffic l , con ipa ion i pical and mo emen nd ome a e imila o ho e of pa ien ih
Pa kin on di ea e and H n ing on di ea e.
Ca D a S d B a L T a S a aB ad S L
Man indi id al diagno ed i h m l iple cle o i , ALS (Lo Geh ig di ea e), Al heime di ea e,
Ko akoff nd ome (ce eb al be ibe i), We nicke-Ko akoff nd ome (ce eb al be ibe i and
m l iple cle o i combined), and C e feld-Jakob di ea e (BSE, Mad Co Di ea e, en oo ic a a ia,
e c.) ha e he b oad mp om li and b ain le ion li i h H n ing on di ea e.

The e di ea e adi ionall ha e affec ed middle-aged people a ing a abo 35 ea of age.

S a ing in he ea 2000, he demog aphic changed i h he fa e g o ing age g o p diagno ed
i h MS, ALS, e c., being child en nde he age of 12 ea and he o nge indi id al diagno ed
i h he e di ea e fo nd o be 18 o 20 mon h of age. All a e ca ed b f ee adical damage of he
b ain ha e l f om ino dina el high in ake of an -fa acid , he e oc clic amine , and
ac lamide .
The e a e no le ha a e one indi id al can ha e o, h ee, o mo e of he e di ea e

nd ome a he ame ime. None of he e di ea e a e gene icall an mi ed; ho e e , he
ma appea familial beca e of a pe a i e gl en in ole ance being pa ed on h o gh
gene a ion b he female ibling being en i i ed o gl en h o gh co d blood and b ea milk.
Male al o acq i e gl en in ole ance f om hei mo he , b beca e he do no ca p egnancie
o b ea feed hei off p ing he do no pa on gl en in ole ance, hich i a con ac en e i i
a he han an alle g ba ed nd ome.
The ba ic a a of b ain le ion and chemical de ailmen of all of he abo e ne ological di ea e

nd ome a e he e l of imple d mb l ck o andomi ed di ib ion of and combina ion of
o ni e al e en :
1. F ee adical damage e l ing f om he eg la con mp ion of gl en, f ied food , b n

animal fa , o idi ed die a oil , p oce ed mea con aining ni a e , and o he ni i e and
e ce i e mono o pol n a a ed oil . On occa ion con mp ion of ce ain pha mace ical ,
chemical , and o ic le el of ce ain food addi i e , ch a high le el of mangane e
(Pa kin oni m), can p od ce mp om of he e di ea e nd ome .
2. N i ional deficiencie ha p od ce he biochemical di p ion of b ain f nc ion and he

ph ical le ion of he e di ea e . In addi ion o lo le el of n ien in local food pplie ,
ab o p ion p oblem ela ed o gl en in ole ance ill p od ce an inc ea ed i k fo acq i ing he e
di ea e . YOU ARE NOT WHAT YOU EAT YOU ARE WHAT YOU ABSORB!
To p e en , and in man ca e e ol e, hi famil of ba al-ganglia deficienc di ea e one ho ld

be ob e i e abo p ope die a change . Con me fo o i egg pe da (poached, of boiled,
and c ambled in b e ) pe 100 po nd of bod eigh , pplemen i h all 90 e en ial n ien
and addi ional an io idan o le el in e ce of 100,000 ORAC poin pe da .
A ece i e allele in an a o ome e hibi q i e a diffe en eg ega ion pa e n. Fo an a o omal

ece i e allele, bo h pa en m be he e o go ca ie of he allele in o de fo hei child en o
be a i k of being affec ed i h he di ea e. Each child of he e o go pa en ha a 25 pe cen
chance of ecei ing bo h ece i e allele and h being affec ed, a 50 pe cen chance of ecei ing
one no mal and one m an allele, and h being a ca ie , and a 25 pe cen chance of ecei ing
o no mal allele .
C c b
An iconic e ample poin ed o b gene ici a he e book e ample of an a o omal ece i e

di ea e i c c b . T picall , ela ed indi id al e hibi a ela i el highe a e of being
ca ie fo he ame ece i e allele . The efo e, child en bo n o ela ed pa en ( ch a ho e
a e fi o econd co in ) a e m ch mo e p one han ho e bo n o n ela ed pa en o be
homo go fo e p e ion of he a o omal ece i e di o de .
C ic fib o i i c en l and con en ionall ho gh o be a gene icall - an mi ed di ea e ha

ca e ce ain gland o p od ce abno mal ec e ion , e l ing in e e al mp om , he mo
impo an of hich affec he dige i e ac and l ng .
C ic fib o i i li ed in T M c Ma a a he mo common inhe i ed di ea e leading o dea h

among hi e people in he Uni ed S a e . I occ in 1 of e e 2,500 hi e babie and in 1 of
e e 17,000 black babie . I a e in A ian . C ic fib o i i eq all common in bo and gi l .
Man people ihc ic fib o i die o ng, b 35 pe cen of Ame ican ihc ic fib o i each
ad l hood.
Meconi m ile , a fo m of in e inal ob c ion in ne bo n , occ in 17 pe cen of child en i h

c ic fib o i . Meconi m i an abno mall olid fo m of fece of he ne bo n ha i p od ced b he
fe g lping do n a gl en- ich amnio ic fl id ha in n p od ce a con ac en e i i and a
pe manen gl en in ole an a e in he indi id al. I appea a a da k g een bo el mo emen ha
i hick and pa e onl i h g ea diffic l . If he meconi m i oo hick, i ob c he in e ine.
Blockage can e l in a pe fo a ed bo el o o ion of he g . The meconi m can al o c ea e pl g
in he la ge in e ine, ec m, o an and again ca e ob c ion. Ne bo n babie i h meconi m
ile almo al a ill e po i i e fo c ic fib o i . Meconi m ile i a common manife a ion of
gl en in ole ance in he ne bo n ha e l in a lifelong ba le i h malab o p ion.
In ne bo n child en i h c ic fib o i , he le el of he dige i e en me p in in he blood i

high. Thi en me le el i mea ed in a mall d op of blood collec ed on a piece of fil e pape . Thi
i a non-concl i e c eening e . The q an i a i e piloca pine ion opho e i ea e mea e
he amo n of al in ea and a po i i e eading i con ide ed o be a confi ming gene ic ma ke
fo he diagno i of c ic fib o i .
A ea - al concen a ion abo e he no mal le el confi m he diagno i of c ic fib o i . Ho e e ,

a po i i e ea e i al o fo nd in e en een o he di ea e incl ding gl en in ole ance, celiac
di ea e, p e, a a ion, k a hio ko , inc deficienc , e c., and i ea il b o gh back o no mal
i h a gl en-f ee die and a p ope pplemen p og am ha gi e op imal le el of all 90 e en ial
n ien i h addi ional eleni m added.
B he age of 20 ea man c ic fib o i pa ien ill de elop pe 2 diabe e beca e of he lo

of in e inal illi ( ela ed o gl en in ole ance/con ac en e i i ) e l in malab o p ion of he
mine al ha a e eq i ed o p e en diabe e . A gl en-f ee die , pplemen a ion i h he 90
e en ial n ien , and e a eleni m, ch omi m, and anadi m can ppo and p omo e
op imal me aboli m of ca boh d a e , ga , fa , and p o ein a he cell la le el, ppo
heal h blood ga le el , and e e e he gene ic ma ke of c ic fib o i .
In fac , c ic fib o i i no a gene icall - an mi ed di ea e, b in ead i a congeni al o neona al

deficienc di ea e of he ace mine al eleni m ( efe o Wallach, J.D. and Ge mai e, B.: C c
Fb :AP a a Ma a S D c c . In: Hemphill, D. D. (ed). T ace
b ance in en i onmen al heal h XIII. Uni e i of Mi o i P e , Col mbia, MO., 1979 pp. 469
476.) Familie i h gene a ion of c ic fib o i picall ha e a gl en in ole ance ha i pa ed on
h o gh gene a ion b he mo he h o gh he co d blood o b ea milk. S die ho ha e en
co ple ho a e bo h c ic fib o i pa ien p od ce no mal babie . Thi e l i impo ible in he
cla ic ece i e gene icall - an mi ed di ea e model.
T D c F N -H a Ca C cFb
In No embe of 1977, Wallach hile emplo ed a he Ye ke P ima e Cen e , iden ified he fi non-
h man ca e of c ic fib o i in a fail e- o- h i e he monke ha a i mon h old. Wallach
o gh o and acq i ed he app op ia e alida ion of hi diagno i b he app op ia e c ic fib o i
e pe , hich ca ed Emo Uni e i and he Ye ke Regional P ima e Re ea ch Cen e o end
o a ne elea e (1978) la ding he confi med di co e .
Th ee mon h la e Wallach a e mina ed f om hi po i ion a a pa hologi a he Ye ke P ima e

Cen e hen he complied i h a eq e o p o ide an ab ac fo an NIH animal model commi ee
p e en a ion. Wallach a hen a ked ho man c ic fib o i monke co ld he p o ide fo
e ea ch? Wallach an e a ha he had di co e ed a he e lea ho o c ea e an animal
model fo f he e ea ch he ea on gi en fo no p og e in he nde anding of he gene i of

c ic fib o i a he lack of a ep od cible c edible animal model. He a fi ed fo infe ing ha

c ic fib o i a no a gene ic di ea e, b a he a congeni al and o a pe ina al deficienc of he
ace mine al eleni m.
N C
E U
S nda , Ma ch 5, 1978
S bjec : Fi ca e of C ic Fib o i di co e ed in non-h man
Scien i a he Ye ke Regional P ima e Re ea ch Cen e a Emo Uni e i ha e di co e ed

c ic fib o i in a o ng he monke f om an a op , hich i he fi nonh man ca e of hi
di ea e kno n o medical cience. Thi appea o be he fi animal model of c ic fib o i , and
e a e e ci ed abo i implica ion , a D . Joel Wallach and Ha old McCl e, ho a e
e e ina pa hologi a he Ye ke Re ea ch Cen e .
Since c ic fib o i i ho gh o be a gene ic di ea e, he e i a po ibili ha he pa en and/o

ela i e of he affec ed monke can ha e addi ional off p ing i h c ic fib o i . An animal model
of c ic fib o i ill pe mi in e iga o o lea n a g ea deal abo he ba ic ca e of he di ea e
and ho i migh be ea ed, he Ye ke cien i e plained. A p e en , he ba ic ca e and defec
of c ic fib o i i no kno n.
C ic fib o i i a di ea e of child en, adole cen , and o ng ad l hich i cha ac e i ed b

abno mal m c ec e ion and fib o ca ing in a io o gan like he panc ea , li e , l ng ,
ep od c i e and dige i e em . Man of i ic im die in ea l life of complica ion ch a
malab o p ion and pne monia.
Mo e han 25,000 hi e people in he Uni ed S a e ha e he di ea e, b a m ch la ge n mbe ,

fi e pe cen of he en i e hi e pop la ion, a e ho gh o be ca ie of he ece i e gene of c ic
fib o i . I i a el een in he black pop la ion o in people of A ia ic o igin.
The di co e of he c ic fib o i in he monke came a D . Wallach, a i an e e ina

pa hologi a he Ye ke Cen e , a pe fo ming a o ine a op on a i mon h old male he
monke ha had died of nkno n ca e . He no iced panc ea ic di ea e and b onchial m c
p od c ion. E al a ion of hi i e la e nde a mic o cope e ealed a cla ic e book ca e of
c ic fib o i a pic ed in h man medical li e a e, D . Wallach aid.
S die of i e f om o he o gan confi med ha he monke a indeed a ic im of c ic fib o i

acco ding o D . Joel Wallach. Hi diagno i a eaffi med b D . Vic o Na a , an Emo pedia ic
pa hologi a A lan a G ad Memo ial Ho pi al and b D . John Ea e l , a pa hologi a he
Chicago L ing-In Ho pi al and a na ional a ho i on c ic fib o i .
A epo on he di co e a made on Sa da , Ma ch 4, 1978 a a P ima e Pa holog o k hop

held in A lan a. D . Wallach and McCl e ga e he p e en a ion a Emo Glenn Memo ial b ilding
nea G ad Ho pi al.
The aid he infec ed animal a b ed in a colon of he monke ppo ed b he Na ional

Ae ona ic and Space Admini a ion fo die pe aining o he U.S. pace p og am. Wha e
ha e he e i a cla ic e ample of e endipi , claim D . Wallach and McCl e. The e animal e e
being died fo he pace p og am b a e no al o p o iding cl e in a diffe en a ea
al oge he .
D . Nell Gola de Bo ne, a beha io al e ea che a he Ye ke Cen e , i cond c ing NASA

die on he monke colon in collabo a ion i h D . Geoff e H. Bo ne, he di ec o a The
Ye ke Cen e . Thei eco d go back a lea en ea , and incl de info ma ion pe aining o
b eeding and di ea e of he animal .

We can no go back and look a lide of he animal ha died o ee he he an of hem migh

ha e had an of he mo e b le change of c ic fib o i , D . McCl e e plained. Thi di co e
ha made a a e ha he e animal can ha e he di ea e, o e can p e ne ca e , bo h in
he pa and f e. If e can b eed a ppl of animal ihc ic fib o i , ing he pa en ,
ibling , o o he ela i e ihc ic fib o i , hi o ld be a g ea boon o e ea che .
Un il ecen l , e ea ch effo o a d nde anding and c ing c ic fib o i ha e been e e el

hampe ed b lack of an animal model. We a e e fo na e ha he he monke i he animal
model ha a fo nd b D . Wallach, beca e mo e i kno n abo hi animal han abo an
o he nonh man p ima e, a e D . McCl e. The a e al o a ailable fo e ea ch in fai l la ge
q an i ie .
D . Jame A. Pe e , medical di ec o of he C ic Fib o i Fo nda ion ha ha i headq a e in

A lan a, commen ed, We eage l a ai he e l of D . Wallach die beca e of he
impo ance of an animal model o bo h ba ic and clinical e ea ch on c ic fib o i .
D . Pe e no ed ha D . Wallach ill pa icipa e in a Ma 25 26, 1978 o k hop in Be he da, MD.,

peaking abo he animal model no a ailable fo he d of c ic fib o i . The o k hop i
join l pon o ed b he U.S. Na ional In i e of A h i i , Me aboli m, and Dige i e Di ea e and
he C ic Fib o i Fo nda ion.
Wallach a in i ed o p e en a pape on hi finding abo c ic fib o i o he NIH Animal Model

Confe ence in Ma land a he NIH Camp . He a a ked fo an ab ac of hi p e en a ion, and
hen he no ed ha he c ic fib o i in he he monke a ca ed b a eleni m deficienc in
he die of a mall colon of he monke ha e e being ed o ai e bab monke fo pace
e ea ch b NASA, Wallach a mma il e mina ed f om hi po and blackballed f om o king a
a pa hologi .
Wallach a ended he Na ional College of Na opa hic Medicine and a gh n i ion a he college in
Po land, O egon. Hi p po e a o become a na opa hic ph ician (ND) o ha he co ld ea
c ic fib o i child en i h hi n i ional app oach.
In 1990 Wallach and Ma Lan en o China i h he financial help of Wallach mo he and he

academic in od c ion of Ma Lan fa he (Ma Do) and mo he (Xia Pin) academic connec ion in
China and he pe fo med 1,700 a op ie on child en nde he age of en ea of age in Ke han
P o ence. The p po e a o e amine child en ho had died of Ke han di ea e, a kno n eleni m-
deficienc di ea e ha e l ed in dea h f om h pe ophic ca diom opa h .
Wallach po i ed ha if hi ob e a ion a co ec , ha c ic fib o i a in fac d e o a congeni al

o po na al eleni m deficienc , hen el ome of he Ke han di ea e child en o ld al o ha e
c ic fib o i . The e l of he d a ha in fac ha 595 o 35 pe cen of he Ke han di ea e
child en a op ied al o e hibi ed he cla ic g o and mic o copic panc ea ic, li e , hea , and l ng
di ea e con i en i h a diagno i of c ic fib o i , and 100 pe cen e hibi ed he cla ic hea
di ea e con i en i h a diagno i of m lbe hea di ea e, a cla ic manife a ion of eleni m-
deficienc m c la d oph in ine ( ee Wallach, J.D., Ma, L., e al.: C d a
a d a c a c c b a dK a d a . Biol T ace El.
Re . 24:189 205. 1990.)
The implemen a ion of a gl en-f ee die and he pplemen a ion of he 90 e en ial n ien and
e a eleni m ha e e ed he po i i e ea e (i.e., he gene ic ma ke fo c ic fib o i ) in
an I alian c ic fib o i bab a mea ed in a blind d b an I alian pedia ic ho pi al.
A A a T C a T ab Ca D c M c a
D

The hi d commonl accep ed heo i ed pa e n of inhe i ance i ha of an X-linked ece i e allele.

Acco ding o he M c Ma a : The medical dogma fo hi po e ha a ece i e allele on he X
ch omo ome ill mo of en be e p e ed in male , ho ecei e onl one X ch omo ome f om hei
mo he , b no in female , ho ecei e an X ch omo ome f om bo h hei mo he and hei fa he .
Thi heo a e ha hi lead o a di inc i e e -linked eg ega ion pa e n he e he di ea e i
e hibi ed m ch mo e f eq en l in male han in female .
Fo e ample, D c c a d (DMD), a m cle degene a i e di ea e ha

pecificall affec male , i ho gh o be ca ed b a ece i e allele on he X ch omo ome. DMD
e hibi he pical e -linked eg ega ion pa e n in hich mo he ho a e he e o go and
he efo e pheno picall no mal can ac a ca ie , an mi ing he DMD allele, and he efo e he
di ea e, o 50 pe cen of hei male p ogen .
Wallach p opo e an al e na i e heo . Thi i ha he diffe en and a io manife a ion of

m c la d oph a e he e l of a deficienc of eleni m and b andom chance diffe en
m cle g o p and conc en n ien deficiencie of addi ional e en ial n ien ( ch a i amin
E, lph , me hionine, inc, omega 3-fa acid , e c.). The gene ic heo po i ha he gene
defec ha ca e DMD i diffe en f om he one ha ca e Becke m c la d oph , b bo h
defec in ol e he ame gene. The gene i ece i e and i ca ied on he X ch omo ome. While a
female can ca he defec i e gene, he doe n ha e he di ea e beca e he no mal X
ch omo ome compen a e fo he gene defec on he o he X ch omo ome. Ho e e , an male ho
ecei e he defec i e X ch omo ome ill ha e he di ea e.
Child en i h D chenne m c la d oph ha e a ed ced le el of d ophin, an e en ial

m cle p o ein in ol ed in he ba ic c e of m cle cell . T en o hi bo of e e
100,000 bo n ha e DMD hile h ee of e e 100,000 con ac Becke m c la d oph . Female
child en i h bclinical m c la d oph end o ha e a high a e of clinicall ignifican colio i .
DMD end o di pla mp om be een he age of h ee and e en a a eakne of he pel ic

m cle making i diffic l o and p f om a deep q a po i ion, a de e mined b he
Wallach/Ropp e . Weakne in he ho lde m cle oon follo and eadil p og e e . A he
kele al m cle become eake he end o h pe oph . In 90 pe cen of he child en i h DMD,
he hea m cle h pe ophie (a ho n in Ke han di ea e, h pe ophic ca diom opa h , and
m lbe hea di ea e of ine) and i of en he l ima e ca e of dea h.
Child en i h DMD end o addle, fall f eq en l , ha e diffic l in climbing ai and i ing f om a

i ing po i ion; he afflic ed m cle of he a m and leg con ac a he join , p od cing a limi in
e en ion of knee and elbo . B age 10 o 12 ea of age mo child en i h m c la d oph
a e confined o a heelchai and mo n pplemen ed m c la d oph pa ien die b he age
of 20 ea .
Child en i h Becke m c la d oph end o ha e le e e e mp om and a la e on e of

di ea e a abo age 10 ea . Fe a e confined in heelchai and 90 pe cen a e ill ali e a age
20 ea .
La d -D c a d i aid b dogma o be an mi ed b an a o omal

dominan gene ; he efo e, in hi model, onl one abno mal gene can ca e he di ea e. In hi
fo m of m c la d oph , bo h male and female a e afflic ed a he ame a e, he mp om
begin be een he age of 7 and 20 ea . Thi fo m of m c la d oph al a in ol e he
facial and ho lde m cle , making i diffic l fo pa ien o ai e hei a m , hi le, and clo e
hei e e . Some ill al o de elop he pical leg eakne of D chenne m c la d oph .
Limb-gi dle m c la d ophie ca e eakne in he m cle of ei he he pel i (L d -

M b c a d ) o he ho lde (E b c a d ).

M c d a a a e ho gh b dogma o be an mi ed h o gh fa l mi ochond ial

gene . The e fo m of m opa hie a e a e and picall ca e eakne in ingle m cle g o p
ch a he e e m cle (e.g., oph halmoplegia).
The diffe en fo m of m c la d oph a e in fac he ame di ea e and no ca ed b diffe en

gene . In ead he a io manife a ion of m c la d oph occ b d mb l ck, andom
chance, and a combina ion of conc en deficiencie of m l iple n ien in addi ion o he eleni m
deficienc .
Po i i e m cle biop and ele a ed blood c ea inine le el a e eq i ed o make a diagno i of

m c la d oph . The mic o copic change in he m cle fibe afflic ed i h m c la d oph
picall ha e h pe oph , lo e hei con ac ile ia ion , and di pla a cla ic a -like h aline
change.
The gene ic model fo m c la d oph i decla ed o be inc able. B i h an ob e i e

a oidance of gl en along i h pplemen a ion i h he 90 e en ial n ien and he addi ion of
e a eleni m can p e en and e e e all fo m of m c la d oph . The ea lie he gl en-f ee
die i emplo ed and he n ien ea men begin in he pa ien life, he mo e apid, d ama ic,
and comple e a e he e l . In li e ock, injec ion of a mi e of eleni m and i amin E o
cal e , lamb , kid , and pigle afflic ed i h hi e m cle di ea e (aka m c la d oph ) c e
he di ea e in da .
Ho e e , he c en medical app oach o h man m c la d oph i ge , p edni one,

c che , b ace and heelchai , and he ad ice o con l a gene ic co n elo .
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30 J 2018
- F b a 21, 1908.
30 J 2018

Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty. Anyone who keeps learning
stays young. The greatest thing in life is to keep your mind young.
― Henr Ford
Was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the
assembly line technique of mass production.


08/10/2020 Lin Pa ling: P l ma h - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1 Edi i n

CHAPTER TEN
Linus Pauling: Polymath
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Linus Carl Pauling as born on Februar 28, 1901 in Portland, Oregon, to Herman and Luc Isabelle
(Darling) Pauling, nicknamed Belle. He as named Linus after Belle s father and Carl after
Herman s father.
In 1905 the Paulings moved to the farming to n of Condon, Oregon, here Herman opened a drug
store. William P. Murph , ho ould in the Nobel Pri e in Medicine in 1934, also lived in Condon at
that time.
In 1909 Herman moved the entire famil back to Portland after a fire totall destro ed the drug
store. A ear later, on Ma 12, Herman Pauling rote a letter to the Portland O a about his
nine- ear-old son ho is a great reader and deepl interested in ancient histor and the natural
sciences. He also asked readers of the ne spaper to advise him about the proper orks to procure
for his child, ho has prematurel developed inclinations.
One month later, on June 11, Herman Pauling died suddenl of a perforated gastric ulcer
complicated b peritonitis.
In 1914, after observing an e citing chemical reaction in the makeshift bedroom laborator of his
high school classmate, Llo d Ale ander Jeffress, Pauling made up his mind to become a chemist.
In 1916, in the spring term at Washington High School, Pauling entered into his first chemistr class.
In 1917, in the spring term, Pauling applied for t o semesters of American Histor , hich ere
required subjects prior to graduation; ho ever, the principal ould not let him take both courses at
the same time, hich resulted in Pauling not getting a high school diploma. On October 6, 1917,
Pauling entered the Oregon Agricultural College, hich eventuall became Oregon State Universit in
Corvallis.
In 1925 Pauling earned his PhD in chemistr , minoring in ph sics and mathematics, ith his
dissertation entitled, The Determination ith X-ra s of the Structure of Cr stals.
In 1926, in Januar , the Guggenheim Fello ships ere announced and Pauling as chosen as a
fello and he goes to Europe.
In 1927 one of Pauling s greatest orks as published: The Theoretical Prediction of the Ph sical
Properties of Man -Electron Atoms and Ions, Mole Refraction, Diamagnetic Susceptibilit , and
E tension in Space. That ear Pauling returned to Caltech and as named Assistant Professor of
Theoretical Chemistr .
In Jul of 1930 Pauling orked on quantum mechanics in German at Arnold Sommerfeld s Institute
for Theoretical Ph sics. While visiting Lud igshafen, Pauling got Hermann Mark s permission to use
his electron-diffraction techniques at Caltech.
In December, Pauling developed a ne theor of the quantum mechanics of the chemical bond. He
published a paper in the J a A ca C ca S c entitled The Nature of the
Chemical Bond. Prior to Pauling s landmark paper, chemists believed there ere t o t pes of
chemical bonds: (1) Ionic: hen one atom gives up an electron to another, and (2) covalent: hen
atoms share electrons. Pauling posed that the chemical bond as not that simple; in fact he
demonstrated that electron sharing as some here bet een ionic and covalent.
Pauling s ne theor revolutioni ed the field, combining quantum ph sics ith chemistr . His
concept as so revolutionar that hen the journal editor received the manuscript, he couldn t
locate an appropriate group of referees to revie the paper. When Einstein as asked to revie the
paper, he thre up his arms and e claimed, It as too complicated for me. For this single paper,
Pauling received the Langmuir Pri e as the most outstanding oung chemist in America, He became
the oungest individual elected to the National Academ of Sciences, as made a full professor at
Caltech, and on the Nobel Pri e in Chemistr hen he as thirt ears of age.
In 1933 Pauling as elected the oungest member of the National Academ of Sciences.
In 1934 Pauling applied for and received a three- ear grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to
support research on the structure of hemoglobin and other biologicall important substances.
In 1935 Pauling and E. Bright Wilson, Jr. published I c Q a M c a c ,

A ca C , a popular te tbook for introducing chemists and ph sicists to the ne
field of quantum mechanics.

In 1939 T Na C ca B ,a S c M c a C a as
published. This book, Pauling s greatest, became, b the end of the centur , the most cited book in
the scientific literature.
In 1945 Pauling learned about sickle-cell anemia from Dr. William Castle, and theori es that red
blood cell sickling can be e plained b abnormal hemoglobin.
In 1947 Pauling published G a C , a te tbook that is an immediate success and

revolutioni es the teaching of college chemistr .
In 1948 Harve A. Itano, one of Pauling s PhD students, as able to prove that there as a slight
electrophoretic difference bet een normal and sickle-cell anemia hemoglobin. Pauling s group felt
that people suffering from sicklemia, a milder form of the disease, as made up of a mi ture of
normal and pathological hemoglobin, in appro imatel equal amounts. The theori ed that
sicklemia as a hetero gous manifestation and sickle-cell anemia as the homo gous
manifestation of the disease.
Based on their accumulated data on the molecular manifestation of sickle-cell anemia, Pauling and
Itano proposed several treatments to prevent sickling. After t o ears of clinical trials, the results
turned out to be a failure and ere never published. Unfortunatel , this ould not be the last of such
failures. According to Pauling, Even toda , our e tremel detailed understanding of the molecular
etiolog of sickle-cell anemia has led to ne diagnostic possibilities, but little in the a of significant
improvements in therap .
In November of 1949 an article as published in the journal Sc c , hich ould over time pla a
fundamental role in the establishment of molecular biolog and molecular medicine. Linus Pauling
and his associates published a paper ith the unusual title Sickle-cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease,
sho ing that the hemoglobin molecules of patients afflicted ith this deadl hereditar affliction
had a different electrical charge than those of health patients. The paper had a d namic impact on
the biomedical communit and the public at large, and it rapidl became a citation classic.
Pauling s paper as important and novel in t o different a s. Number one, it demonstrated for the
ver first time that the cause of a disease could be traced to an altered molecular structure, raising
hopes that all diseases might eventuall be e plained in a similar fashion; secondl , since sickle-cell
anemia as kno n to be heritable, the paper argued that genes determined precisel the structure
of proteins. These t o points have become dogma over the ears, so it seems surprising that the
ere not al a s embraced.
Pauling, along ith chemist Walter A. Schroeder, performed chromatographic anal sis of normal and
sickle-cell anemia hemoglobin and as surprised to find in 1950 that there as no difference in
amino acid content, hich could e plain the electrophoresis result, a conclusion that as confirmed
b additional researchers.
Pauling revamped his theor to propose that the electrophoretic difference resulted from a
difference in folding of the pol peptide chain. In 1954 he summari ed his ne theor in a Harve
lecture here he stated that the gene responsible for the sickle-cell abnormalit is one that
determines the nature of the folding of pol peptide chains, rather than their compositions.
I 1991 Wa ach a c ac ed b Phi O i e , he ge e ic c ci f he Sic e-ce

F da i f Ge gia. O i e had ead Wa ach The Diseases of E o ic Animals a d a
h c ed ead ha Wa ach c d e e e ic e-ce a e ia i hi e ai dee i ha
c e e i i a e e g a ha a ba ed he 90 e e ia ie
a de ha i ed he ace i e a e e i !
Oi e a ed Wa ach if he h gh he e e ha a cce f i hi e ai dee

da i h a a d Wa ach ic e ded i ha e di g e !

Wa ach f e A a a, Ge gia, a d h ed O i e h he ic e-ce a ie

ag e -f ee, a i-i f a a i die a d e e hi i h he 90 e e ia
ie , i ha e ha i e aa f he ace i e a e e i . The di ea e
a he ab e be c i ica c ed i he a d g fh a i g he
Wa ach c .
Oi e ic f ed a Sic e-ce S G (i i ia ade f 25 e e) ge

he i f a i ab he e ea e he ic i f ic e-ce a e ia i Ge gia.
The i e a cce f e e e e a a d he d ead ic .
Th e 25 e be f he igi a g h had b e i e f ed a g e -
f ee die a d fai hf e ed he e e g a had f a e-
h i ai a i .A he e ea e had ed ha ic e-ce a e ia c d be c i ica
a aged i h a i ha i i a f a ha had e i i a ed he di ea e i hi e
ai dee !
A f 2013, Wa ach g e -f ee die a d 90 e e ia ie a d ee i c f

ic e-ce a e ia i ed i e a i a a dc i e be efi a h e h e i .
In 1951, on his fiftieth birthda , Pauling contributed his article The Structure of Proteins: T o
H drogen-Bonded Helical Configurations of the Pol peptide Chain, to the journal P c
Na a Aca Sc c (PNAS). Ever one kne that proteins ere a chain of amino acids;
ho ever, Pauling suggested that proteins had a secondar structure that as dictated b the folding
pattern. He referred to one of these configurations as the alpha heli , hich as later referred to
b James Watson and Francis Crick to e plain the basic helical structure of DNA.
In October 1954 Pauling learned that he has been a arded the Nobel Pri e in chemistr for his
research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure
of comple substances.
In 1961 Pauling obtained blood from gorillas, chimpan ees, and monke s from the San Diego Zoo to
ans er the question, Could mutations in hemoglobin be used as a kind of evolutionar clock.
Pauling then suggested that humans and gorillas had diverged from a common ancestor about 11
million ears ago. A fello chemist noted that, At one stroke he (Pauling) united the fields of
paleontolog , evolutionar biolog , and molecular biolog .
On October 1963, on the da that the partial ban on nuclear testing ent into effect, the Nobel
Peace Pri e Committee of the Nor egian Parliament announces the a arding of the 1962 Nobel
Peace Pri e to Linus Pauling. He as no onl one of t o men ho had received t o unshared Nobel
Pri es.
In 1970 Pauling s best-selling book, V a Ca C C , as published. The book

ould be a arded the Phi Beta Kappa Book A ard in 1971 as one of the most distinguished and
important orks published in 1970. Paperback editions ere published in 1971 and 1973, and a
second edition, V a C, C C a F published three ears later suggested that
vitamin C could fend off a s ine flu pandemic. Sales of vitamin C quadrupled and pharmacies could
not keep up ith the demand. Fift million Americans ere lining up to follo Pauling s vitamin C
protocol. Vitamin manufacturers referred to this massive response as the Linus Pauling effect.
In 1974 the Institute of Orthomolecular Medicine changed its name to the Linus Pauling Institute of
Science and Medicine.
On August 19, 1994, Linus Pauling died at the age of 93 from complications of prostate cancer at the
Deer Flat Ranch, Big Sur, California.

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30 J 2018
-F a 21, 1908.

30 J e 2018

Ne er q es ion ano her man s mo i e. His isdom, es, b no his mo i es.
Was an American poli ician and soldier ho ser ed as he 34 h Presiden of he Uni ed S a es from 1953 n il 1961.

08/10/2020 The D ble Heli : Wa a d C ick - E ige e ic : The Dea h f he Ge e ic The f Di ea e T a i i 1 Edi i
Epigene ic : The Dea h of he Gene ic Theor of Di ea e

Tran mi ion 1 Edi ion
CHAPTER ELEVEN
The Do ble Heli : Wa on and Crick
W c c .
F anci C ick, aid on Feb a 28, 1953
Nobel P i e inne 1962
G c .T (B )- c .S c
b a c a a c a ca c a ab a c
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Jame D. Wa on, Ma ch 25, 2013
Nobel P i e inne 1962
Salk In i e, San Diego, Califo nia
Semina Ma ch 25, 2013
The e i no mbol of cience mo e iconic han he do ble heli of DNA, he 1953 iden ifica ion and
de c ip ion of hi c e b Jame Wa on, an Ame ican, and F anci C ick, an Engli hman f om
Camb idge Uni e i , a ho gh o be mon men al.
On Ap il 6, 1928, Jame D. Wa on a bo n in Chicago, Illinoi . He e en all became a molec la

biologi , gene ici , and oologi ho i be kno n fo hi co-di co e of he c e of DNA in
1953 i h F anci C ick.
He a he onl on of Jean Mi chell and Jame D. Wa on, a a collec o of Engli h de cen . Hi

mo he fa he , La chlin Mi chell, a ailo , a f om Gla go , Sco land, and he mo he , Li ie
Glea on, a he child of I i h pa en f om he o n of Tippe a , I eland. Rai ed Ca holic, he la e
de c ibed him elf a an e capee f om he Ca holic eligion. Wa on aid, The l ckie hing ha
e e happened o me a ha m fa he didn belie e in God.
Wa on a ended p blic chool and g ad a ed ahead of hi pee . He a fa cina ed i h bi d

a ching, a hobb he ha ed i h hi fa he , o he con ide ed a ca ee in o ni holog . Wa on
appea ed on he adio ho Q K , hich a a ho ha challenged b igh child en i h
poin ed q e ion . Beca e of he niq e admi ion policie of he Uni e i of Chicago and
ni e i p e iden Robe H chin , Wa on a accep ed a age 15 a a f ll- ime den .
h ://d c lib.i f /ge e ic /e ige e ic /11.h l 1/8

Af e eading E in Sch odinge book W a I L in 1946, Wa on changed hi majo and

p ofe ional di ec ion f om o ni holog o gene ic . In 1947 Wa on ea ned hi B.S. deg ee in
Zoolog f om he Uni e i of Chicago and in hi a obiog aph A B P , Wa on
de c ibed he Uni e i of Chicago a an id llic academic in i ion he e he a in illed i h
he kill fo c i ical ho gh and an e hical comp l ion no o ffe fool ho impeded hi ea ch
fo h.
In 1947 Wa on lef Chicago and en e ed g ad a e chool a Indiana Uni e i o d nde he

1946 Nobel P i e inne , He man Jo eph M lle , ho, in landma k p blica ion in 1922, 1929, and
in he 1930 , fo m la ed he ba ic p ope ie of he he edi molec le ha Sch odinge l ima el
p e en ed in hi 1944 book.
Wa on, C ick, and Ma ice Wilkin e e a a ded he 1962 Nobel P i e in Ph iolog /Medicine fo
hei di co e ie conce ning he molec la c e of n cleic acid and i ignificance fo
info ma ion an fe in li ing ma e ial.
In 1950 Wa on ecei ed hi PhD deg ee f om he Uni e i of Indiana i h hi he i T

B ca P X-Ra I ac a Bac a .
Follo ing die a he Uni e i of Chicago and Indiana Uni e i , he o ked a he Uni e i of
Camb idge Ca endi h Labo a o in England, he e he fi me hi f e collabo a o and f iend
F anci C ick.
In 1956 Wa on a appoin ed a j nio membe of Ha a d Uni e i Biological Labo a o ie ih

he e pon ibili o p omo e e ea ch in molec la biolog ; he held he po n il 1976.
Be een 1988 and 1992 Wa on a a ocia ed i h he Na ional In i e of Heal h, and d ing

hi pe iod he con ib ed o he e abli hmen of he H man Genome P ojec .
Wa on ha i en n me o book , incl ding he e book, T M c a B

G (1965) and hi be elling book, T D b H (1968), hich doc men ed he e en
leading o he di co e of he DNA c e (i a edi ed b Gann and Wi ko ki and ei ed in
a ne edi ion in 2012: T A a a I a D b H ).
In 1968 Wa on became he di ec o of he Cold Sp ing Ha bo Labo a o (CSHL) on Long I land,

Ne Yo k, he e he e panded i le el of f nding and e ea ch. A CSHL, he edi ec ed he facili
e ea ch empha i o he d of cance . In 1994 he a appoin ed o he po of p e iden and
e ed in ha capaci fo en ea , hen he a hen appoin ed o he po of chancello , in hich
capaci he e ed n il 2007.
In hi memoi , A B P :L aL Sc c , Wa on efe ed o hi academic

colleag e a dino a , deadbea , fo il , ha -been , medioc e, and apid. S e e
Shapin in Ha a Ma a no ed ha Wa on had i en an nlikel B Ma , no ing he
kill nece a a diffe en ime in a cien i ca ee ; he o e ha Wa on a kno n fo
agg e i el p ing hi o n goal a he ni e i . E.O. Wil on once de c ibed Wa on a he
mo nplea an h man being I had e e me , b in a la e TV in e ie , aid ha he con ide ed
hem o be f iend , and hei i al a Ha a d a old hi o .
In ea l Oc obe 2007 Wa on a abo o begin on a UK book o o p omo e he memoi . He

a in e ie ed b Cha lo e H n -G bbe a CSHL fo he S a T Ma a o highligh he
beginning of hi o .
D ing he in e ie H n -G bbe b oached he bjec of ace and in elligence and Wa on eplied

ha he a inhe en l gloom abo he p o pec of Af ica, beca e all of o ocial policie a e
ba ed on he fac ha hei in elligence i he ame a o he ea all he e ing a no eall ,
and I kno ha hi ho po a o i going o be diffic l o add e . He aid hi hope a ha
e e one i eq al, b he co n e ed hi b a ing ha people ho ha e o deal i h black

emplo ee find hi no e. He aid ha o ho ld no di c imina e on he ba i of colo , beca e

he e a e man people of colo ho a e e alen ed, b don p omo e hem hen he ha en
cceeded a he lo e le el .
Beca e of he p blic con o e , on Oc obe 18, 2007, he Boa d of T ie a CSHL pended

Wa on admini a i e d ie . On Oc obe 19 h Wa on elea ed an apolog and on Oc obe 25 h,
Wa on e igned hi po i ion a chancello . In 2008 Wa on a appoin ed chancello eme i of
CSHL. In a 2008 BBC doc men a , Wa on a ed, I ha e ne e ho gh of m elf a a aci . I am
mo ified b i . I ( he in e ie ) a he o hing in m life.
DNA o deo ibon cleic acid i he ma e ial ha con ain he gene ic in c ion o bl ep in
( c ip ) fo all li ing o gani m : h man , ho e, f i fl , bac e ia, co n, oak ee, e c.
P io o Wa on and C ick, he e i ence of DNA a kno n, b ome gene ic e pe e e highl

kep ical ha i con ained gene ic ma e ial. Wha a lef o be done a o find o ha he DNA
c e ac all looked like.
Wa on and C ick c ea ed DNA model o of ick and ball , no nlike Tinke o . The o iginall
ope a ed nde he inco ec belief ha DNA a a iple heli .
While Wa on and C ick ha e been c edi ed i h he el cida ion of he c e of DNA, i i a fac

ha he b il hei nde anding of he DNA c e on he o k of o he , incl ding Lin
Pa ling ( ecipien of o n ha ed Nobel P i e ), ho heo i ed ha DNA a a iple heli , and
B i i h bioph ici Ro alind F anklin, ho in 1952 ed a pain aking echniq e efe ed o a - a
diff ac ion o make a famo h ee dimen ional image of DNA.
Pho og aph p od ced b he X- a c allog aph me hod a e no ac all pic e of molec le .

The po and m dge e e p od ced b X- a ha e e diff ac ed a he pa ed h o gh
c ali ed DNA. C allog aphe e ma hema ical eq a ion o an la e he e l an pa e n
f om he po o an la e he pa e n o he h ee dimen ional hape of he molec le.
Wa on and C ick ba ed hei do ble heli model of DNA on da a ha he e e able o e ac f om

F anklin X- a diff ac ion pho o. The in e p e ed he pa e n of po on he X- a pho og aph o
mean ha DNA a helical in hape. Ba ed on Wa on ecollec ion of he pho og aph, he and C ick
ded ced ha he heli had a nifo m id h of 2 nanome e (nm), i h i ni ogeno ba e
acked 0.34 nm apa . The id h of he heli gge ed ha i a made p of o and ,
con a o he h ee and ha Pa ling had p opo ed.
U ing molec la model made of i e, Wa on and C ick began b ilding cale model of a do ble
heli ha o ld confo m o he X- a mea emen and ha a hen kno n abo he chemi
of DNA. Af e failing o make a model ha placed he ga -pho pha e chain on he in ide of he
molec le, Wa on ied p ing hem on he o ide and fo cing he ni ogeno ba e o i el o
he in e io of he do ble heli .
Imagine hi do ble heli a a ope ladde ha ing igid ng , i h he ladde i ed in o a pi al.

The ide ope a e he eq i alen of he ga -pho pha e backbone , and he ng ep e en pai
of ni ogeno ba e . F anklin X- a da a indica ed ha he heli made one f ll n e e 3.4 nm
along i leng h. Beca e he ba e e e acked j 0.34 nm apa , he e e e en la e of ba e
pai , o ng on he ladde , in each n of he heli . Thi config a ion made en e beca e i p
he ela i el h d ophobic ni ogeno ba e in he molec le in e io and a a f om he
o nding aq eo medi m.
The ni ogeno ba e of he do ble heli a e pai ed in pecific combina ion : adenine (A) i h
h mine (T), and g anine (G) i h c o ine (C). I a p ima il b ial and e o ha Wa on and
C ick a i ed a hi ke fea e of DNA. A fi , Wa on heo i ed ha he ba e pai ed like- i h-
like; fo e ample, A i h A and C i h C. Ho e e , he model did no ma ch i h he X- a
diff ac ion da a, hich ho ed ha he do ble heli had a nifo m diame e .
Adenine and g anine a e p ine , ni ogeno ba e ih o o ganic ing . In con a , c o ine

and h mine belong o he famil of ni ogeno ba e kno n a p imidine , hich ha e a ingle
ing, making he p ine A and G app o ima el ice a ide a he p imidine C and T. A p ine-
p ine pai o ld be oo ide and a p imidine-p imidine pai o ld be oo na o oj if he 2
nm diame e of he do ble heli . The ol ion a o al a pai a p ine i h a p imidine.
Wa on and C ick ea oned ha he e m be addi ional pecifici of pai ing dic a ed b he

c e of he ba e . Each ba e ha chemical ide g o p ha can fo m h d ogen bond ihi
app op ia e co n e pa : adenine can fo m o h d ogen bond i h h mine and onl h mine;
g anine fo m h ee h d ogen bond i h c o ine and onl c o ine. B defa l A can onl pai ih
T, and G can onl pai i h C.
The Wa on-C ick do ble heli model f ll e plained Cha gaff le : Cha gaff fo nd a pec lia
eg la i in he a io of n cleo ide ba e . In he DNA of each pecie he died, he n mbe of
adenine app o ima el eq aled he n mbe of h mine , and he n mbe of g anine eq aled he
n mbe of c o ine . In h man DNA, he fo ba e a e p e en in he follo ing pe cen age A=
30.9% and T = 29.4%; G = 19.9% and C = 19.8%. The A = T and he G = C eq ali ie , la e
efe ed o a Cha gaff le , a ne plained n il he p opo al of he do ble heli .
Whe e e one and of a DNA molec le ha an A, he pa ne and ha a T; and a G in one and

i al a pai ed i h a C in he complemen a and. The efo e, in he DNA of an o gani m, he
amo n of adenine eq al he amo n of h mine, and he amo n of g anine eq al he amo n of
c o ine. Al ho gh he ba e-pai ing le dic a e he combina ion of ni ogeno ba e ha fo m
he ng of he do ble heli , he do no e ic he eq ence of he n cleo ide along each DNA
and. The efo e, he linea eq ence of he fo ba e can be a ied in co n le fo m , and each
gene ha a niq e ba e eq ence.
F anklin a he X- a c allog aphe ha ac all ook he pho og aph ha enabled Wa on and

C ick o ded ce he do ble helical c e of DNA. F anklin died of cance hen he a 38 ea
of age. He colleag e, Ma ice Wilkin , a a co- ecipien of he 1962 Nobel P i e along i h Wa on
and C ick fo co-di co e ing he do ble helical c e of DNA in Ap il 1953. F anklin a no
incl ded in he a a d beca e he Nobel Commi ee doe no a a d he p i e po h mo l .
In Ap il 1953 Wa on and C ick hocked he cien ific comm ni i h an a icle ha a gi en a

one page anno ncemen in he B i i h jo nal Na ( ee Wa on, J.D. and C ick, F.H.C.: Molec la
S c e of N cleic Acid : A S c e fo Deo n cleic Acid . Na .171(1953), p.738.). The
pape epo ed hei molec la model fo DNA: he do ble heli , hich ha ince become he mbol
of molec la biolog . The al e of he Wa on and C ick model a ha i c e po i ed he
ba ic mechani m of DNA eplica ion. The ended hei landma k pape i h he follo ing pa ag aph:
I ha no e caped o no ice ha he pecific pai ing e ha e po la ed immedia el gge a
po ible cop ing mechani m fo he gene ic ma e ial.
We no kno ha in h man he do ble heli in he n clei of each cell and ha each oma ic
(bod ) cell con ain 46 pai of ch omo ome and ha he pe m and he egg each ha 23 pai
(one pai ma e nal and he o he pa e nal). The DNA molec le con ain he info ma ion ha
de e mine ha each indi id al look like (e.g., bl e e e , blond hai , black kin, gende , e c.) and
di ec cell la f nc ion incl ding en ma ic, e pi a ion, epai , and ep od c ion.
I ha been calc la ed ha if he 46 egmen of DNA in one cell e e o be ncoiled, connec ed end

o end, and laid o fla i o ld be app o ima el e en fee long. The e l ing ibbon o ld be o
hin ha i de ail co ld no be i ali ed e cep pe hap b an elec on mic o cope. Calc la ion
hen e eal ha if he m o al of an indi id al DNA e e placed end o end i o ld e ch f om
he ea h o he moon 500,000 ime . Ano he a o g a p he immen i of info ma ion o ed in
one indi id al DNA o ld be o c ea e a pe- i en fo ma ha o ld comple el fill he en i e
G and Can on 50 ime .

I i e ima ed ha he h man bod i made p of 50 o 70 illion cell . Cell a e he ba ic b ilding

block o b ick ha a e fo nd in a ide ange of i e , ch a he li e , b ain, ca ilage, kin,
kidne , hea , h oid, gonad , e c.
In he pe fec o ld, he no mal gene ic con ol keep he a io cell pe , hei ana om , hei
ph iolog , and hei di ec ed f nc ion on he ail . Unle a ick i p in o he poke , people
li e i no fo nd in hei k ll and he ill ha e o e e app op ia el loca ed.
I q i e ema kable hen o hink abo i , beca e all of he i e of plan and animal a
ih o cell : he pe m and he egg. When he egg i pie ced b he pe m and i fe ili ed he
ne o gani m become a go e.
The go e di ide and p od ce a da gh e cell, and he each di ide, and hen he e a e fo , and
hi i epea ed again and again. Wha make he p oce o ema kable i ha af e a ho pe iod
of ime min e in f i flie , ho in chicken egg , and da in h man he cell begin o
diffe en ia e and peciali e, fo m diffe en i e and o gan , and all f om he ingle go e cell!
The B i i h Li e T poin o ha he li e b ag of o e 500 f nc ion , incl ding managing food

ha ha been dige ed and ab o bed f om he ga oin e inal ac , di a m o in , p od ce bile o
ppo ab o p ion of lipid and fa ol ble i amin , and 497 o he a k .
Hemoglobin ca ie o gen h o gho he a c la em; kidne fil e he blood and p od ce

ine; he b ain and pinal co d o e memo and in e p e ligh and image , a e and mell ,
and d i e mo o f nc ion ; he len in he e e foc e ligh on he e ina; and m cle mo e he
en i e bod ; all f om one comple e go e.
The ini ial mi ake a ha gene ici belie ed ha he gene ic code a a bl ep in , like he
bl ep in of a b ilding, and i didn ma e if he con c ion compan a Ame ican, Chine e,
I i h, Me ican, o So h Af ican beca e he e l ing b ilding o ld be e ac l alike, ince i ed
he ame a ma e ial and he ame bl ep in , and a a e l o ld be in a iabl he ame
b ilding.
Well, i n o ha he gene and he gene ic code i no a bl ep in , b i in ead a c ip ha

i ea il modified, in e p e ed, o diffe en ia ed b ac o , di ec o , and p od ce . So hi i
epigene ic a he han gene ic !
The DNA i he c ip , he ba ic info ma ion he code. Ne a Ca e po i in chap e 3 Life a We

Kne I in T E c R :
If DNA i a code, hen i m con ain mbol ha can be ead. I m ac like a lang age. Thi i
e ac l ha he DNA code doe . I migh eem odd hen e hink ho complica ed e h man
a e, b o DNA i a lang age i h onl fo le e . The e le e a e kno n a ba e , and hei f ll
name a e adenine, c o ine, g anine, and h mine. The a e abb e ia ed o A, C, G, and T. One of
he ea ie a o i ali e DNA men all i a a Zip(pe ).
One of he mo ob io hing ha e kno abo a ip(pe ) i ha i i fo med of o ip facing

each o he : hi al o e of DNA. The fo ba e of DNA a e he ee h of he ip(pe ). The ba e on
each ide of he ip(pe ) can link p o each o he chemicall and hold he ip(pe ) oge he . The
o ba e facing each o he and joined p like hi a e kno n a a ba e-pai . The fab ic ip ha
he ee h a e i ched on o on a ip(pe ) a e he DNA back bone . The e a e al a o backbone
facing each o he , like o ide of he ip(pe ), and DNA i he efo e efe ed o a do ble-
anded. The o ide of he ip(pe ) a e ba icall i ed a o nd o fo m a pi al c e he
famo do ble heli .
On Ma ch 25, 2013, Jame Wa on ga e a lec e o an in i a ion-onl academic ga he ing a he

Salk In i e in San Diego, Califo nia, almo i ea af e he anno ncemen ha he and
F anci C ick had iden ified and mapped o he do ble heli c e of DNA.

Wa on lec e a a fa c f om he head da of 1953 hen he and C ick belie ed he had

iden ified he e ec e o life i elf. Wi h ob io di appoin men , Wa on decla ed ha gene
eq encing i no he an e o ol ing he p oblem of h man heal h, and m ch of he e ea ch
c en l being cond c ed i i ele an !
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30 J e 2018

Nobody will ever win the battle of the sexes. There is too much fraternizing with the enemy.
― Henr Ki inger
American diplomat and political scientist who served as the Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under
the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.

08/10/2020 Mapping he Genome - Epigene ic : The Dea h of he Gene ic Theo of Di ea e T an mi ion 1 Edi ion

CHAPTER TWELVE
Mapping the Genome
We no ha e the possibilit of achie ing all e e er hoped for from medicine.
UK Science Minister Lord Sainsbur
June 26, 2000
On the da of the completion of the
mapping of the human genome
The earth is not flat, pellagra is not caused b a germ, and the sun does not revolve around the
earth! Unfortunatel science advances one funeral at a time. Protectors of a particular scientific
belief or theor (particularl vicious regarding medical theories) ill go to the e tremes of
blackballing, such as as the case ith reactions to the theories of the etiolog of c stic fibrosis
(Wallach) and the practice of eugenics (Galton), and hen there ere e ecutions for practitioners of
sorcer (Joan of Arc). There have been uncountable murders and ars to th art competing
information, theories, and truths.
When the e isting truth is dethroned, the champions of the ne truth become the ruthless
defenders of the ne truth, thus creating a death- atch for the ne t funeral for ne champions
to advance science.
Perhaps one of the most clear thinking epigeneticists is Nessa Care , a PhD virologist ho as
trained at the Universit of Edinburgh and as a senior lecturer at Imperial College in London. In her
book The Epigenetics Re ol tion: Ho Modern Biolog Is Re riting O r Understanding of Genetics,
Disease, and Inheritance, she points out that even e perts in the genome projects have been
frustrated ith the lack of usefulness of hat the have mapped out.
The genomes of more than 180 species have been sequenced since 1995. Genome sequencing reads
and records the order of DNA nucleotides in a genome: the pattern of the base pairs A-C and G-T
that comprise an individual s DNA. The 1977 genome sequencing project of Frederick Sanger, the
great modern geneticist, drove the creation of the Human Genome Project b developing techniques
of amino acid sequencing.
Sangers s ork that identified the amino acid sequencing of insulin in 1951 gave people the false
hope that diseases thought to be geneticall transmitted could be prevented and cured through
genetic engineering.

The Sanger s sequencing technique involves separating fluorescent-labeled DNA fragments based on
the length of a pol acr lamide gel. The base at the end of each fragment is identified b ho it
responds to a specific d e.
Sanger used his technique to sequence the DNA of the bacteriophage f 174, a viral genome ith
5,368 base pairs. He discovered that there as overlap among the genes in some areas ith respect
to coding, a finding that enabled geneticists to anal e longer strands of DNA more rapidl and ith
greater accurac than earlier efforts. For his ork, in 1980 Sanger as a arded his second Nobel
Pri e in chemistr , hich he shared ith Walter Gilbert and Paul Berg. Sanger had on his first
Nobel Pri e in 1958 for his ork in identif ing the structure of proteins.
The purpose of all of this genetic research as to provide the tools necessar to correct diseases
thought to be geneticall transmitted. The process to produce these genetic tools is referred to as
genetic engineering.
Genetic engineering, also referred to as genetic modification, involves direct manipulation of an

organism s genetic material. It emplo s recombinant DNA, in hich t o or more genetic sequences
are combined in a a that ould not commonl occur in nature.
The Origin of genetic engineering is based on the ork of American biochemists Herbert Bo er and
Stanle Cohen, ho developed the technique of DNA cloning.
The first geneticall engineered organisms ere bacteria (1973) and mice (1974). More recentl ,
biologists have used genetic engineering principals in research, biotechnolog , medicine, and other
fields.
The process involves collecting the appropriate DNA material and cop ing it to ensure that the genes
ill e press themselves and the desired genetic material is placed into a host genome.
The Human Genome Project (HGP) began in 1990 under the leadership of James Watson, the
American molecular biologist, ho had along ith Francis Crick on the Nobel Pri e in 1962 for
elucidating the structure of the DNA double heli , and later under the leadership of an American
ph sician-geneticist Francis Collins.
The HGP is the international effort assembled to determine the genetic sequence of the
appro imatel three billion base pairs in human DNA and to understand the functions of its 20,000
genes.
Genes are the units of heredit and are found as actual ph sical structures that are found on
stretches of DNA and function b producing or replicating proteins or an RNA molecule that has a
specific en matic or structural function.
To accelerate the identification of the human genetic sequence, the computer augmented genome
as broken up into smaller fragments to be orked on b different investigators. These small
fragments ere inserted into bacteria hich ould then reproduce them for a standard source and
unlimited suppl or librar of these cloned DNA fragments. The ne t step as to assemble the
resulting fragments into the complete hole DNA strands.
The biggest revelation as that e cept for identical t ins, each human genome differs Houston, e
have a problem! The HGP participants had incorrectl anticipated that there ould be a one genome
fits all result of their stud . The idea as that if someone had defective DNA, the could come to
the lab and get a DNA transplant much in the same a that one can receive a heart, liver, kidne ,
or bone marro transplant.
Again, totall une pected results ere that less than one percent of the human genome s DNA codes
for protein reproduction. The number of genes in humans is no kno n to fall some here in
bet een the number of genes found in grapes (30,400) and the number of genes found in chickens

(16,700). And almost half of the human genome is comprised of interchangeable DNA fragments
that move around, on and in bet een chromosomes.
Collins (the ph sician) reported in 2001 that the HGP had assembled the majorit of the human
genome map: It s a histor book: a narrative of the journe of our species through time. It s a shop
manual: an incredibl detailed blueprint for building ever human cell. And it s a transformative
te tbook of medicine ith insights that ill give health-care providers immense ne po ers to treat,
prevent, and cure disease.
A more complete genome sequence that as announced in 2003 is considered b ph sicians and the
genetic industr , to be a atershed moment in the histor of civili ation.
In November 2012 a report from the $120 million 1000 Genomes Project announced that the
complete mapping of the DNA material from more than 1,000 humans from 14 population groups in
Europe, Africa, East Asia, and the Americas had been achieved. The project involved 700 scientists
from laboratories in the United States, Canada, China, Japan, Nigeria, and Ken a.
The report identified 38 million variations in the chemical letters of DNA that make up each of the
average person s 23,000 plus genes and the DNA regions that control them an estimated 98% of
all the human variations in the orld. This immense catalogue of the human genetic code is equal to
16 million file cabinets or 30,000 DVDs.
In general, all humans share appro imatel 99% of the DNA code that controls development, health,
personalit , and other traits. Ho ever, the common genetic variations that most people share
account for onl a small percentage of the risk for diseases thought to be heritable.
Genetic variation among people refers to the differences in the order of chemical units (nucleotides),
identified b the acron ms A, G, C, and T, hich ould be the equivalent of the three billion letters
of the DNA in the human genome.
The biggest question is tr ing to figure out ho much of this variation is meaningful, said Dr.
Aravinda Chakravarti, an e pert in disease genomics at Johns Hopkins Universit in Baltimore ho is
part of the genomic project, much of it ma make ver little difference.
The report also sho s that there are differences in people in various parts of the orld or even
different cities. The stuff that is rare present in one of 100 people in the United Kingdom is
different from the stuff at that frequenc in Holland or Ital , said Dr. Gilean McVean at O ford
Universit in England.
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30 J 2018
- F b a 21, 1908.

30 June 2018
National Woman’s Party marching in Washington D.C. May 21, 1922.
In ma ers of s le, s im i h he c rren ; in ma ers of principle, s and like a rock.
― Th ma Jeffe
Was an American Fo nding Fa her ho as he principal a hor of he Declara ion of Independence and la er ser ed
as he hird Presiden of he Uni ed S a es from 1801 o 1809.


08/10/2020 E igene ic - E igene ic : The Dea h of he Gene ic Theo of Di ea e T an mi ion 1 Edi ion
E c :T D a G cT D a
Ta 1 E
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
E c
F , .
Robe Leak
Wa hing on Uni e i S eech in 1967
DNA ( ), .I
, ,
, .
B DNA .I .T R J , . I 1936
G C L H N S .S B
L L DC C D .B
S , .I
, .
T DNA ( ).
T .T
- ,
DNA .T DNA
( ), ( . .,
).
Ne a Ca e
T E R (2012)
J , ,
DNA .E
( ),
DNA .
Cliffo d A. Picko e
T M B (2012)
Geologi belie e ha ome o h nd ed and fif million ea ago he o ld land ma a a

ingle con inen kno n a Pangaea and ha nkno n fo ce di ided Pangaea in o o land
ma e : E a ia/Af ica and he Ame ica . While he e a ome o e la , he o e a ae
hemi he e (ea e n and e e n) de elo ed a l diffe en o la ion of animal and lan
ecie .
Food o ce an i and n i ional ali e e and con in e o be he limi ing fac o in

h man heal h, longe i , and o la ion g o h and den i . Hi o icall , hen one e cl de
ca acl mic ecological di a e and mic obial lag e and e idemic , im le a a ion inflic ed he
mo damage o h man o la ion .
In 1968 Wallach, hile a he Cen e fo he Biolog of Na al S em , de igned a im le

e e imen ha o ld demon a e ho gene ic o en ial can be affec ed b he en i onmen and
n i ion. Th e ha e he field of e igene ic . Wallach andoml elec ed 100 iden ical d ckling
i h he ame mo he and fa he (one kee ealing egg f om he ne and ef ige a ing hem n il
o collec 100, hen all 100 a e inc ba ed a he ame ime) and he e e di ided in o fo g o
of en -fi e each and each g o a fed a diffe en die :
1. Le ce onl
2. H d o onicall g o n ba le g a onl
3. P ina d ck g o e elle onl
4. P ina d ck g o e elle and ba el g a
Af e one mon h, he e l e e d ama ic. G o 1 and 2 ho ed iden ical g o h and

de elo men a e (almo e o); g o 3 d ck e e h ee ime la ge in heigh and eigh han
g o 1 and 2; and g o 4 a ice a la ge a g o h ee and i ime la ge han g o 1
and 2.
Onl g o 3 and 4 came clo e o f lfilling hei gene ic o en ial fo g o h and de elo men a
one mon h of age; onl g o 3 and 4 e e fed lemen ed P ina d ck g o e elle ha
con ained all of he kno n n ien e i ed b d ckling .
A h man a allel o he d ck e e imen i he Ja ane immig an , ho o iginall came o he

Uni ed S a e a mall i eo le abo fo foo ele en inche all and eighing 100 o nd
oaking e . Thei gene ic o en ial fo g o h and de elo men a ne e achie ed b ea ing he
lo calo ie, lo n ien Ja ane e ice, ege able and fi h die of hei na i e Ja an. The econd
gene a ion Ja ane e, concei ed and bo n in he Uni ed S a e , e e a diffe en o . The n mbe -
one on o e he ne gene a ion a i fee fo inche all, eighed 240 o nd and la ed igh
end fo he USC foo ball eam. Thei gene ic backg o nd a he ame, ho e e , hei o en ial fo
heigh and h ical de elo men a mo e com le el f lfilled b ha ing acce o nlimi ed
calo ie , mea , o ein, milk, egg , ege able , and i amin and mine al lemen .
Af e 1492 and he an oceanic i i o Hi aniola b Col mb , ho acco ding o hi o ian Alf ed

W. C o b , ekni he eam of Pangaea and li e all ho and of in ec , animal, and lan ecie
e e an o ed ea and e ac o he o ld.
C o b d bbed he e ma ecological mig a ion he Col mbian E change. U on Col mb

econd o age e o Hi aniola, hi flee of e en een hi and a combined c e of fif een
h nd ed men b o gh i h hem o a a of man ecie . Acco ding o Cha le Mann, a ho
of 1493:
The e e accom anied b a menage ie of in ec , lan , mammal and mic o-o gani m .
Beginning i h La I abela, E o ean e edi ion b o gh ca le, hee , and ho e along i h c o
like ga cane (o iginall f om Ne G inea), hea (f om he Middle Ea ), banana (f om Af ica),
and coffee (al o f om Af ica). E all im o an , c ea e ha he coloni kne no hing abo
hi chhiked along fo he ide. Ea h o m , mo i oe , and cock oache hone bee , dandelion ,
and Af ican g a e ; a of e e de c i ion all of hem o ed f om he h ll of Colon e el
and ho e ha follo ed, hing like eage o i in o land he had ne e een befo e.

John Rolfe a he man (aka: John Smi h) ho ma ied Pocahon a , he Indian ince . He a
al o he man behind he i al and cce of Jame o n, Vi ginia, and he a al o he man ho
ema icall b o gh ea h o m o he Ame ica a a hi chhike on he oo ball of obacco and
Engli h oil ha a ed a balla on he hi e n o age .
Cha le Da in a a a en l he fi o ecogni e he g ea e en ha had aken lace hen

ea h o m came o he Ame ica . Da in o e a h ee-h nd ed- age book on he ecological and
ag ic l al al e of he ea h o m. Da in o e, I ma be do b ed he he he e a e man
o he animal hich ha e la ed o im o an a a in he hi o of he o ld, a ha e he e lo l
o gani ed c ea e .
The Col mbian E change od ced ch d namic ecological effec ha man biologi belie e ha
Col mb o age deno ed he beginning of a ne biological e a: he Homogenocene lace
ha had been i ola ed and ecologicall ni e ha e become he ame.
The Ec ado ean eo le can be aced back o he la e 15 h cen , hen E o ean fled f om he
Ibe ian Penin la o he Ne Wo ld. The e eo le , he Se ha dic Je , e e de e a e o lea e
S ain and Po gal beca e of he ho o of he In i i ion. The fled o No h Af ica, he Middle
Ea , o he n E o e, and he Ne Wo ld; ho e e , he In i i ion follo ed hem. I a in hei
in e e o a a a f om he la ge ci ie ch a Lima and Q i o he e he Ca holic Ch ch had i
onge infl ence. The e led in mall illage and o n , he e e en n il he 1980 he e
e e fe oad , no hone , and no elec ici , and he e ood a he common f el.
When Col mb fi a i ed in Hi aniola, he n mbe of he local Indian inhabi an ( he Taino)

n mbe ed b e ima ion f om 60,000 o mo e han eigh million. In 1514 hei n mbe e e
ed ced o 26,000, and b 1548 he e e e le han 500 ali e. E o ean mic obial lag e and
e idemic had i ed o e en -fi e e cen of he en i e na i e o la ion of he e e n
hemi he e. Thi i an e am le of Da in i al of he fi e !
S i o a ed and en i e c l e di a ea ed o fell in o in a e ea of ha had ha ened o

E o e d ing he Da k Age . Onl mall encla e of eo le flo i hed, and hei i al a he
e l of food lo of high ali food. In he Ame ica he main indigeno food o ce a he
o a o: he be ha had o igina ed in he Ande a no con ib ing o ha o ld be called he
Ag o-Ind ial Com le o ld ide. The o a o became he fif h mo im o an food c o
o ld ide, onl behind ga cane, hea , co n, and ice.
William H. McNeill, a highl e ec ed hi o ian, make he oin ha i i ni e all belie ed b

chola ha he in od c ion of he o a o o E o e a a ke momen in hi o . The
ide ead e of he o a o a a calo ie o ce in no he n E o e i c edi ed i h ending cen ie
of famine among he ea an . Addi ionall , McNeill al o a ed ha he o a o (S. ) led
o em i e: Po a oe , b feeding a idl g o ing o la ion , e mi ed a handf l of E o ean
na ion o ake ad an age of Ame ican il e he o a o f eled he i e of he We .
The Ame ican and E o ean ado ion of he o a o e he age fo mode n ag ic l e and he
Ag o-Ind ial Com le . Thi food em i e i o ed b h ee leg : (1) im o ed c o incl ding
he o a o, (2) high in en i fe ili e , and (3) e icide . All h ee came in o la i h he
Col mbian E change and he o a o.
The o a o came f om he Ande and he fe ili e o g o hem came f om he Chincha I land , a

h ee e mall i land made mo l of g ani e, o i ioned hi een mile e off of he Pe ian
ho e, abo fi e h nd ed mile o h of Lima. The Chincha I land ha e le han an inch of ainfall
e ea and he efo e a e he mo od c i e of he 147 Pe ian g ano i land a fa a
acc m la ion of de o i of bi d , he e c emen a led and old a fe ili e .

The Chincha i land onl o he claim o fame i ha he a e he home of h ee ecie of la ge ea

bi d : he Pe ian boob , he Pe ian co mo an , and he Pe ian elican. The bi d a e d a n o
he i land b he ong cold coa al c en . Ph o lank on bloom beca e of he hea n ien
le el in he coa al a e ; oo lank on con me he h o lank on ha a e hen ea en b he mall
ancho e a fi h.
Ancho e a a el in la ge chool ha a e magne o la ge eda o fi h, hich a e hen in n

h n ed do n, coo ed , and ea en b he boob , co mo an , and elican . The e la ge eda o
bi d ha e li ed and ea ed hei o ng on he Chincha I land fo ho and of ea .
A ian ine i e c e ed a a a e, in a con i enc no nlike oo h- a e, and a a e l g ano can

b ild a idl in an a id en i onmen . O e he cen ie he bi d ha e co e ed he i land ih
la e af e la e of fo l- melling g ano ha add o be one h nd ed and fif fee of hei hick
ine!
Acco ding o T B E , a cla ic efe ence book b G. E el n

H chin on, an ad l co mo an ann al od c ion of he a e-like ine i a o ima el hi -
fi e o nd ; h he combined ann al ine od c ion of he co mo an colon o ld
a o ima el be ho and of on e ea !
G ano i an ideal fe ili e . A good fe ili e doe e e al hing : i o ide o ganic ma e ial hich
feed oil o gani m , i o ide ni ogen ha d i e lan g o h, and i o ide mine al
nece a fo lan me aboli m and n i ion fo he con me of he ha e .
Plan ecificall need ni ogen and magne i m o od ce chlo o h ll, hich i he g een igmen
in lan lea e ha con e nligh and CO2 in o ene g ( ho o n he i ), o make he ca bon
chain and amino acid nece a fo he od c ion of DNA and o ein.
The fi E o ean o g a he o en ial al e of g ano fo he Ag o- Ind ial Com le a

F ied ich Wilhelm Ale ande on H mbold , a Ge man ionee in bo an , geog a h , a onom ,
geolog , and an h o olog a e ol ma h.
Incl ded in he ho and of am le H mbold ook back o Ge man in 1804 e e e e al mall

bag of Pe ian G ano, hich he ha ed i h o F ench chemi . Thei anal i ho ed ha he
g ano ni ogen le el anged f om ele en o e en een e cen ni ogen hich co ld effec i el be
ed a a fe ili e .
D ing ha e iod in hi o , he mo commonl a lied fe ili e incl ded bone meal and ood
a he ha con ained lan mine al . Wood a he e e aken f om he ood o e and a lied o
ga den and mall field . Shi ing ood a h o E o e f om he ea e n Ame ican ho e became an
eno mo b ine . En i e fo e had been b ned in E o e fo f el and no en i e fo e along
he ea e n eaboa d of No h Ame ica e e being b ned comme ciall o l mine al fe ili e
o E o e. Wood a h a ch an im o an e o od c ha efficien me hod of b ning ood
and collec ing he e l an b - od c of lan mine al (con ained in ood a h) became U.S.
Pa en N mbe 1.
Bone meal a man fac ed b l e i ing o g inding la gh e -ho e bone . D i en b conce n

o e he looming obabili of oil de le ion ha co ld be ca ed b in en i e o a o g o ing
o e a ion , bone lie b o gh in bone f om he ba lefield of Wa e loo and A e li . I i
no a ce ained be ond a do b , b ac al e e imen on an e en i e cale, ha a dead oldie
i a mo al able a icle of comme ce, ema ked he L O in1822. The ne a e
f he no ed ha he e a ea on o belie e ha g a e obbe e e limi ing hei o ce of
h man bone fo fe ili e o ba le field . Fo a gh kno n o he con a , he good fa me of
Yo k hi e a e, in a g ea mea e, indeb ed o he bone of hei child en fo hei dail b ead.
The o of e igene ic i he o of n i ion and n i ional deficienc a he en me,

ch omo omal, and gene le el, and ho he affec he d lica ion and an mi ion of DNA.
The ancien Eg ian c ed nigh blindne in 1,000 BC b a l ing e ac of beef li e j ice o

he e e and face of he afflic ed indi id al. We kno oda ha nigh blindne i ca ed b a
deficienc of i amin A and ha i amin A i ima il o ed in he li e of all ecie .
Pellag a i con ide ed a ne di ea e in he ci ili ed o ld, a i a nkno n in E o e n il

Ch i o he Col mb deli e ed he fi co n eed f om he Ne Wo ld o E o e. The E o ean
ea an looked on co n a an ea o od ce mi acle c o ; i ead ickl a a food c o and
he ea an became de enden on co n.
Co n a he beginning of he end fo million of eo le. Com le e illage and o n came do n

i h a lag e of kin di ea e (de ma i i ), demen ia, dia hea, and dea h ( he fo D ellag a had
a i ed.)
P od c i i fal e ed and a d llne e led o e en i e comm ni ie a a e l of eo le afflic ion

i h a i amin B3 (niacin) deficienc .
O e he ne cen ie man good ob e e connec ed ei he a deficien o o ic die i h ellag a;

ho e e , h ician and comm ni leade ejec ed he idea. Theo hile Ro el, a F ench
h ician, demon a ed ha ellag a a ela ed o he oo ea an and he eg la con m ion
of co n, and finall in 1848 he con inced he F ench go e nmen o o enco aging he lan ing
and con m ion of co n. Pellag a j abo di a ea ed f om F ance, b he de endence on co n
and he con in ed e idemic of ellag a con in ed in I al and S ain, e eciall hen he econom
a o bled and ea an e e d i en o c l i a e and li e almo en i el on co n.
Co n in of i elf i no oi ono . Ho e e , he li le niacin ha occ na all in co n i no ea il

ed b h man and he e l ing deficienc ha occ in a high-co n die od ce he kin
di ea e (de ma i i ), demen ia, and dia hea of cla ic ellag a.
The Indian of he Ne Wo ld b i ed on a co n-ba ed die fo cen ie i ho ill effec beca e

hei die al o incl ded bean , a h, chilie , and coffee common food ha a e ich in niacin. In
Me ico he Indian omen oaked he co n in lime a e af e he g o nd he g ain fo o illa ,
hich od ced inc ea ed a ailabili of he mall amo n of niacin na all fo nd in he co n.
Pellag a ffe e , incl ding man oo hi e fa me and in he la e in he old Ame ican So h,

con med bo l af e bo l of co nmeal m h. D ing good ea o he food e e of en con med,
b he e e no a ailable in ade a e le el o e en ellag a. The ni e al die fo la e and
oo hi e a called he h ee M die : Mea (fa back), co n meal, and mola e , and, a
edic able a g a i , i od ced de ma i i , demen ia, dia hea, and dea h. Pellag a had come o
Ame ica.
The ellag a lag e e e a el diagno ed o e l . Pellag a a efe ed o a a Neg o di ea e

o black ong e, and i occ ed mo f e en l d ing d o gh and economic do n n . In
1928, 7,000 eo le in he Ame ican So h died of ellag a. I a o iginall ho gh o be an
infec io di ea e b h ician , and he c ea ed a ne o k of ani a i m kno n a e a da ion
cen e o i ola e ho e afflic ed i h ellag a in he ame manne a he em of i ola ion ha
a common in be c lo i ani a i m . Doc o e e o con inced ha ellag a a ca ed b a
ge m, ha de i e o e helming e idence ha ellag a a in fac a n i ional-deficienc di ea e
he in i ed on con in ing o a k Whe e i he ge m?
The ini ial cl e ha ellag a co ld be ca ed b die a e ealed hen Ca imi F nk fo nd ha

be ibe i, ano he di abling and fa al di ea e cha ac e i ed b demen ia and conge i e hea fail e,
co ld be c ed b he lemen a ion of i al amine , hich e e b ance ha co ld be
iden ified in food. The an i-be ibe i i amin ha F nk had iden ified a hiamine ( i amin B1). A
he ame ime, F nk iden ified o he food com o nd , incl ding niacin ( i amin B3) f om ice
oli hing (b an). B ince i did no ha e an o i i e effec on he illne of be ibe i, he niacin
on he back b ne .

Ano he in e iga o , Ca l Voeg lin, igo o l cham ioned he heo ha ellag a a a deficienc
di ea e and cha i ed ho e ho di mi ed he heo ha a deficien die a he ca e of ellag a.
E en all , Jo e h Goldbe ge , an objec i e and de e mined indi id al, a en o he Old

Ame ican So h o iden if he ca e of ellag a once and fo all. Goldbe ge i i ed mall o he n
comm ni ie and o n he e g o n men laid d ll and de e ed again b ilding f om he
co ge of ellag a. Wide-e ed and c ing kid cla ed and c a ched a he ainf l and i ic kin
le ion ha ified ellag a.
The i e and mo he of he ellag a ffe e , al o debili a ed b ellag a, ffe ed f om

hall cina ion , d llne , and lo ene g , and he en hei da e a ing co n one, co n
m ffin , co n coffee, co nmeal m h, co n b ead, and g i . Since he co ldn o k, co n a all
he co ld affo d.
Af e i i ing a blicl -f nded o hanage, Goldbe ge a e ha ellag a had a n i ional

ca e. The o nge child en acked i h ellag a e e bed idden, co e ed i h kin le ion , and
de e ed. The olde child en ended o be no mal and f ee of ellag a. The e e able eno gh o
o k odd job and ea n mall amo n of mone ha he ed o b f i , ege able , and egg o
im o e hei die . B hen Goldbe ge ecogni ed ha Voeg lin a co ec : he c e fo ellag a
a im l a o e die !
To o e he die connec ion, Goldbe ge o ided milk, mea , and egg fo all of he child en.
Wi hin da , child en ho j da ea lie co ld no a ici a e in an ac i i ie , e e able o mile
and ge o of bed. The lag e of ellag a in he o hanage had ended.
Goldbe ge had ended ellag a in he o hanage b o iding a niacin- ich die o he afflic ed
child en. Ho e e , ano he go e nmen eam elea ed info ma ion claiming ha a ecie of flie
a eading he ellag a mic obe ihi ing. Ph ician and he gene al blic, familia ih
he ge m heo of di ea e an mi ion, ickl acce ed he mic obe heo a he ca e of
ellag a.
No highl mo i a ed and ene gi ed o ef e he mic obe mi info ma ion and ge he ho o

he 170,000 Ame ican ffe ing f om ellag a, Goldbe ge b hed he ed cale f om he
eakened leg of ellag a a ien , blended hem i h he fo l- melling ec e ion and m c , and
injec ed he lime in o him elf and hi famil . He a e he a f l concoc ion igh in f on of a led
colleag e . Goldbe ge and hi famil didn ge ick, and he mic obe heo fo he ca e of
ellag a a dead.
Goldbe ge hen od ced ellag a in i on ol n ee in e change fo an ea l elea e. Af e hi

he e e ed hei di ea e i h a die ich in ea , mea , and milk. Goldbe ge didn di co e ha
a in he food ha a nece a o e en o c e ellag a, b he a able o o e ha
ellag a a no infec io and ha co n i elf a no a oi on.
I a n n il 1937 ha Con ad El ehjem ified he an i- ellag a i al-amine, ha a one of he

f ac ion (niacin i i amin B3) e io l i ola ed b F nk ea ea lie .
Be een he ea of 1880 and 1883, mo e han 6,000 Ja ane e ailo died a a e l of he

a al i , demen ia (Ko akoff nd ome), and ca diac a e (enla ged hea /conge i e hea
fail e) ha if be ibe i. In 1886 onl h ee Ja ane e ailo died, and in 1887 none died.
The e e e no accine hen, and no mic obe a i ola ed. B ince Be ibe i a ca ed b a
die a deficienc , b changing a die o incl de o ce of hiamine ( i amin B1) he di ea e co ld
be e en ed and c ed..
Kaneki o Takaki, a Ja ane e na al geon, a able o o e ha a die ima il made of

oli hed ice a he ca e of he be ibe i of he Ja ane e ailo . Tho e afflic ed i h be ibe i
icall alked i h a a ing hee -like gai and clinicall e hibi ed a gene al a al i and

demen ia, b he ell-fed office on he ame hi e e le likel o be affec ed i h be ibe i.
The Ri o, a Ja ane e na al hi i h a com lemen of 276 men, e ned f om an e ended

o age in 1883 i h 25 dead ailo and 144 o he c e membe icken i h be ibe i. In 1884
Takaki a able o con ince he Ja ane e na al command o allo him o join he c e of a econd
hi going on an iden ical o age. Takaki belie ed ha be ibe i a ca ed b an imbalance in he
ca bon and ni ogen in he die . He a inco ec abo hi e lana ion fo he ca e of be ibe i,
al ho gh he a on he co ec a h. I a ca ed b hei die !
On he econd hi , he anda d die of oli hed ice a e laced i h he B i i h na al die

con i ing of oa meal, ege able , and conden ed milk. Thi die a change a ea ed i h
ke ici m and e i ance b he Ja ane e c e ho did no an o ea B i i h le: fo een
ailo coffed a he ba ba o food and li ed on oli hed ice ha he had m ggled aboa d.
When he hi e ned o o , onl he fo een ho had m ggled he oli hed ice aboa d had
de elo ed be ibe i.
The ne of Takaki cce in e en ing be ibe i i h a change in die fell on deaf ea in E o e.

Takaki e o a ho gh of a hallo and childi h beca e hi heo didn incl de ge m .
The D ch coloni in he D ch Ea Indie o ld ha e a ed eno mo amo n of mone b no

ha ing o b la ge n mbe of o k gang and e aining ne one ho hen had o labo ih
conge i e hea fail e and a al i .
D ch oo fell ill f om be ibe i o a idl af e a i al in Indone ia ha he co ldn e

na i e e ol in No he n S ma a. Be ibe i con in ed o lag e he D ch oo n il Ch i ian
Eijkman a en b he D ch go e nmen o de e mine ha bac e ia a ca ing be ibe i.
Eijkman had no cce in an mi ing he di ea e o heal h chicken b injec ing hem i h

infec io blood. He a clo e o h o ing hi hand and going home. J befo e he a ead
o e n home he looked o he indo and a hi en i e flock of chicken ea ing and eeling
a o nd he co a d like d nken ailo he had de elo ed be ibe i!
The e ion a : Wh e e he all ick? Si mon h la e he en i e flock eco e ed. I ned o

ha i mon h ea lie he chicken had been fed he e en i e oli hed ice b a la ki chen
em lo ee. When a e i o co ec ed he mi ake b feeding he flock i h he le e en i e
b o n ice, be ibe i di a ea ed. The a e, he ice b an, a he c e!
Eijkman added o Takaki heo b a ing ha he e a ome hing in he oli hed ice ha
ca ed be ibe i. Eijkman heo a mma il di mi ed b he a ho i ie ho belie ed ha
oli hed ice a a kind gif o he h ng na i e , and hi heo a al o ejec ed b h ician
ho decla ed ha be ibe i a ca ed b an infec ion f om a bac e ial ge m.
The eam-d i en ice mill ha We e ne belie ed e e ci ili ing he Fa Ea e e ac all

ca ing he be ibe i lag e, b no one an ed o belie e i co ld be.
Af e he S ani h Ame ican Wa , in a kindl effo o engende good ill, he Uni ed S a e

go e nmen in od ced oli hed ice o he Phili ine i on em. Immedia el , he n mbe of
be ibe i ca e k ocke ed. In 1900 he e e e no i one afflic ed i h be ibe i, b b Jan a of
1902 he e e e 169 ca e , and b Oc obe of he ame ea he e e e 579 mo e ca e . I eemed
a ho gh no hing co ld o he o b eak of be ibe i, beca e 5,000 i one e e affec ed and
man died i hin en mon h of he fi ca e .
Whole ice i h he b an a ein od ced, and b Feb a of he ne ea he be ibe i co ge

had ended. Eijkman cce o , Ge i G ijn , a D ch h ician had come o he eali a ion ha
he e a ome o ec i e b ance in he ice oli hing ( ice b an) ha a e en ial o heal h.

Ano he h ician, W. L. B addon, in e iga ed diffe en ibal g o in Mala a and fo nd ha ho e

eo le ho a e oli hed ice ffe ed f om a high a e of be ibe i, hile ho e ha a e hole g ain
ice did no . B addon blamed o in in he ice fo be ibe i, o oli hed, hi e ice a acce ed a
he ca e of be ibe i, b he o in heo a inco ec .
Ten ea la e , Jan en and Dona h finall iden ified he be ibe i o ec i e i al amine- hiamine
( i amin B1).
Sc a ano he common, debili a ing, and fa al co ge of ailo fo ho and of ea . I a

acce ed ha a high e cen age of ailo o ld die each o age f om c . Wi hin o o h ee
mon h a ea hei ee h o ld fall o , hei g m o ld bleed, and he o ld fall o e boa d f om
a gene al eakne o die f om an in e nal hemo hage.
O e hi o , million of o n eo le, oldie , ailo , and i one ha e died f om c . Mo of

he e dea h co ld ha e been e en ed o c ed. Unfo na el , a in he ca e of be ibe i, he
co ec ob e a ion of he fe on he f on line of he di ea e e e igno ed, and in ome ca e
e e igo o l ejec ed b he ed ca ed and o e f l.
Sc a e on ible fo mo e dea h a ea han o m , hi eck, comba , and all o he

di ea e combined, i e hi o ian S e hen B o n. Hi o ian ha e con e a i el e ima ed ha
mo e han o million ailo e i hed f om c d ing he Age of Sail a ime e iod ha began
i h Col mb o age . . . and ended i h he de elo men of eam o e . . . on hi in he
mid-nine een h cen .
The o goe ha a o ng B i i h ailo , Zoe, had igned on fo a ea o age in London, and af e

h ee mon h a ea ea ing al ed mea , bean , and bi c i hi g m began o bleed. He had
de elo ed a cla ic ca e of c . The hi ca ain e Zoe a ho e on a mall i land and lef him
o hi o n de ice .
When he became e h ng , Zoe began o go ge him elf i h g a and ea eed. Wi hin a fe

da he had he eng h o ge and alk and fo nd he a c ed! Ano he hi icked him a
fe eek la e , and hi ale of ho he g een g a and ea eed had e e ed hi c ead
like ildfi e.
Mo lan and animal (e ce fo he g inea ig) can o e i amin C. Ho e e , h man a e

nable o o e i amin C and e i e a dail o ce of i .
In 1564 a D ch h ician ecommended a dail l of o ange fo ailo o e en and c e

c . In 1639 John Woodall, an Engli h h ician, e c ibed ci , incl ding lemon and lime ,
fo B i i h ailo o e en c .
In 1601 he Engli h na iga o Si Jame Lanca e o e ha lemon hel ed o e en c .
Jame Lind, a Sco i h na al geon, finall elimina ed c in he B i i h na af e e ea ching

he legend of Zoe and hi mi ac lo elf-c e. In 1753, a he eco ded in hi A T S ,
Lind di ided ailo ih c in o i e a a e g o . Each g o a o ided i h diffe en
food , and onl he ailo ho con med lemon and o ange eco e ed a idl and com le el .
Lind did no e c ibe a ecific ea men a a e l of hi d , o i ook ano he fo - o ea
befo e he B i i h na ado ed hi ecommenda ion .
The B i i h na dela ed ano he fif ea befo e officiall o ing he conce of o iding

ci o ailo o e en and c e c .
Finall , af e o h nd ed ea of con o e , ci a ecogni ed a he e en ion and c e of

c a he end of he fif een h cen , b no in ime fo Va co da Gama o age a o nd he
Ca e of Good Ho e in 1497, in hich he ended ha ing o b a ea 100 of hi 160 man c e
ho had died of c .

Jac e Ca ie c e ffe ed e en mo e f om nine e cen of hem ha ing c . Man e e

di abled b edema o leg blackened i h bc aneo hemo hage. Local Indian e c ed hem
b o iding hem i h a i amin C- ich- ea b e ed f om he ba k of he hi e ceda .
E en i h he gene al cce of f i and ege able in e en ing and ea ing c , incl ding
he effo of he g ea Ca ain Cook, ho e c e man e e legenda fo hei good heal h (he
e i ed hem nde he h ea of he la h o ea o en o nd of onion each eek),
og e in he e en ion of c lagged fo lack of official o . The e a a fail e of
h ician ni e all ag eeing ha c a a n i ional deficienc , a ell a conf ion
e l ing f om mi diagno i of ailo ho had c , be ibe i, and ellag a all a he ame ime.
In 1795, a ea af e Lind dea h, o geon e e cce f l in ge ing he B i i h na al

command o o inel o ide lemon and lime o he hi c e o e en and c e c h
he nickname lime fo B i i h ailo .
P e i amin C a finall iden ified b a labo a o acciden b Albe S en -G o g i, ho aid,

Vi amin . . . ill hel ed ce h man ffe ing o an e en hich he mo fan a ic mind ill
fail o imagine.
Ricke a ecogni ed a a di abling malad f om medie al ime h o gh he mog-choked kie

of he Ind ial Re ol ion and dee in o he en ie h cen . A icke all didn od ce
he dea h of a ffe e , fe had he ill o in e e o find he ca e and c e. The gene al ma e
ac all ho gh ha eo le i h i ed ine , bo ed leg , and enla ged join e e no mal!
In 2013 icke ea ea ed in child en in he ind iali ed o ld i h a e o ed inc ea e of 400

e cen be een 1995 and 2011. Thi i a e l of fea of inc ea ed i k of kin cance f om kin
e o e o he na ell a ide ead e of n c een , fea of chole e ol in egg olk (a
good o ce of i amin D), and in c ion f om edia ician o a oid lemen a ion of i amin
and mine al o child en beca e of o e do e conce n . Again, icke ha become he c ge of o
child en a a h ician-ca ed di ea e.
Child en i h icke ho he cla ical bo ed leg , ollen i and ollen ib . In Oc obe of

2013, D . Sall Da ie , B i ain chief medical office de c ibed he e n of icke a a alling.
To Wallach, he mo in e e ing ima e and h man di ea e ca e e e he one ha in ol ed

n i ional deficiencie . De i e hi in e e , he golden age of c i ical and de ailed e ea ch ojec
fo he e en iali of a io mine al in animal n i ion occ ed be een 1920 and 1978. An
emaining c io i abo he ole of mine al deficiencie in h man a holog a deal a c i ling
blo b he di co e of enicillin in 1938, and a econd bod nch a he di co e of co i one
in 1942.
The co de g ace fo in e e in die a mine al deficiencie came o he ank of he medical

comm ni in he 1980 d ing he head d i e o find a en able gene ic-enginee ing echni e o
ea e e hing f om bo el ga o cance . While he ba ic die of n i ion ha e become he
e child of 21 cen cience, Wallach ob e ed ha he n e ionable ba ic mine al need of
o h man fle h c o fo a en ion f om he ai ing oom of h ician office , ho i al a d ,
and mo g e .
Obe i and being o e eigh a e oblem ha a e bi i o in Ame ica.. Ame ican a e he mo

obe e na ion in he o ld a of 2010. The Ame ican ea ing habi ha changed f om h ee a e
meal e da o nibbling 24/7 nibble, nibble, nibble all he a home! Thi beha io in ho e i
called c ibbing. The ame beha io in h man i efe ed o in h man a ica o he m nchie ,
a eeking, a c a ing i h a licking and che ing beha io ha ha i gene i in mine al deficiencie .
No kno n i amin, o ein, o calo ie deficienc ini ia e hi ica beha io . No ill lemen ing
he die i h i amin o ea ing ga , ca boh d a e, fa , o o ein ench i !

C ibbing i he name gi en o a a ic la fo m of ica in dome ic animal . An e am le of c ibbing

in animal i hen he che o gna on a ooden feed bo , fence, hi ching o , o all ail, ga e
o ba n doo . A good fa me kno ha hen a ho e c ib , he animal eall ha an ob e ional
c a ing fo mine al . The fa me o anche lemen an animal die i h mine al o: (1)
e e e he animal heal h, (2) a e he animal life, (3) a e on e e ina bill , and (4) a e
ha ing o eb ild he fence o ba n, ince a mine al-deficien ho e ill li e all ea he fence o ba n
looking fo mine al !
E en ial mine al ne e occ ed in a nifo m blanke in an indi id al field o o e he c of he

ea h; he ha e al a occ ed in ein , m ch like chocola e in chocola e i le ice c eam.
Wha e e e en ial mine al ma ha e e i ed in a a ic la a ea of he ea h c ha e been
e e el de le ed h o gh in en i e mode n ag ic l e. I ho ld be no i e hen ha he
mine al- deficien animal beha io of c ibbing ill al o a ea in mine al-deficien h man a ica,
he m nchie , binge-ea ing, and c a ing . A a e l of being an e en iall mine al-deficien
na ion, Ame ican ha become he n mbe one obe e na ion in he o ld We e n mbe one!
Sal a e i e o he m nchie domina e he Ame ican cene and he e deficienc m om a e

ni e all ob e ed a d ama ic le el in egnan animal and egnan h man . All e eb a e
ill e hibi he e m om hen he become mine al deficien . Thi de e a e a e i a
h ician-ca ed lag e. Die e , a hle e , ege a ian , egan , mea ea e , emb o , fe e ,
child en, een age , o ng ad l , ad l , bab boome , enio , and he cen ena ian a e all
mine al deficien and a e ni e all e hibi ing he m om of ica, c ibbing, and he m nchie
ha ed o be common onl in e ec an mo he !
F om an i i , he de c i ion of he c ibbing and ica beha io in h man ha been eco ded in

he i en eco d of all ocie ie . The ni e al e en a ion of he e beha io e e in ela ion hi
o egnan omen. The Ha aiian King Kamehameha mo he , Q een Kek ia oi a, had c a ing
fo e eball . Al ho gh he ecificall demanded a chief e e , he a gi en he al e e of
ha k hich he a e i h a eno abandon.
The nack-food and fa -food ind ie a e a a e of hi ela ion hi be een he beha io of ica,
c ibbing, c a ing , he m nchie , binge-ea ing, al -h nge , and o he beha io demon a ing
mine al deficiencie , and he fo m la e and enginee hei od c o ha Yo j can ea one!
Unfo na el fo h man , o bodie ill em o a il in e e ga (and ga b i e ) and
al in ake a a f lfillmen of he c a ing fo e en ial mine al . Hi o icall , he con m ion of al
o a i f a ica beha io ma ha e had ome al e beca e a ea al did of en ime con ain
mall amo n of ace mine al and a e ea h .
Toda , con a o o la belief, al i no in in icall ha mf l a doc o o ld ha e o belie e.

I doe e en he oblem of allo ing o bodie o fal el e cei e ha e a e ge ing fficien
mine al hen e ea al . Thi i he mine al e i alen of he em calo ie die conce . J a
oce ed hi e flo e and ga calo ie a i f h nge hile o iding no o ein, e en ial fa
acid , o i amin , o al in ake conf e he bod in o belie ing i i con ming ade a e
amo n of all e en ial mine al .
Fa me and h band men e he al -h nge beha io o en e he con m ion of ace

mine al in li e ock b inco o a ing ace mine al in o he fo m la ion of al block con aining a
minim m of eigh -fi e e cen odi m chlo ide. An hing le han eigh -fi e e cen odi m
chlo ide o ld be igno ed b he animal , e en if he e e o ha e majo mine al deficiencie . The
al -con ming animal ne e ge high blood e eo oke, e en ho gh b de ign he ill
con me 0.5 e cen of hei die a al . Fo hem, ade a e al in ake ob ained b licking ace-
mine al al block g a an ee hei o e mine al in ake.

Mo h ician (e en al e na i e h ician of all e ) o ld ha e o belie e ha o need

li le o no al . The m hink ha h man a e d mbe han co , fo he fi food i em he
cce f l h band man o ide fo hi animal in a a e i a ace-mine al al block! A he
ame ime, he m l i-billion dolla a ea nack food ind i ell a a e of he h man
e i emen fo al (NaCl) and o he elemen and mine al . E en he USDA e o ha nine -fi e
e cen of all Ame ican of all age g o a e mine all deficien .
In J l of 1993 ho and of Ame ican , a ic la l eo le in he e Mid e and on he Ea

coa , e e ooning and fain ing d ing a el e ing hea a e ha oa ed abo e 110 deg ee F.
Se en h nd ed hi - h ee Ame ican , in fac , died d ing he hea a e. The effec of he hea
a e on he Ame ican o la ion e e o d ama ic ha he dail bod co n a bli hed e e
mo ning in he local and na ional ne a e a ho gh he e e fallen Ame ican oldie ho had
been killed in a fa -off lace defending Ame ican in e e . Seemingl , no one kne ha o do!
The a e medical e amine of Penn l ania aid, We don kno h o man ha e been affec ed
b he hea half of he dead and ho i ali ed e e eo le ho had ai condi ione . Tha
a emen a e eciall odd hen one hink of he million of eo le ho li e in e ible de e
i h em e a e abo e 120 deg ee F in he hade. The don ha e ai condi ione , and he
don die f om he hea . Co ld i be ome gene ic hield ha o ec hem?
The ca e of hi di a e a c eaming a he medical ofe ion, b no one hea d, oiced, o

in ed he a o ia e blic a ning. Ha ing li ed in he Kalaha i De e hile in Af ica, Wallach
had aken ba ic medical h iolog , and Wallach a al ead a ell- e ec ed a hologi of animal
and h man .. He kne he ho ible oll of he hea a e a he e l of a im le al (NaCl)
deficienc !
Hence he di a e a a h ician-ca ed ma hea oke! I a o ki chen- a ie hea oke

ha an bo co co ld diagno e, ecogni e, and emed in an l i h a gla of a e iked i h
a ea oon of al ! Ye , he ca e of he e ho and of Ame ican ca al ie a a im le al
deficienc , and almo all of ho e ho fell ill and died e e ho e ho had been laced on a al -
e ic ed die b hei medical doc o Thi a a h ician-ca ed di a e .
The h man aged of he hea a e of 93 a he di ec e l of he medical ofe ion a anoia

abo al . The hei h man cha ge on a lo - odi m o lo - al die fo e en ion of
h e en ion and hea di ea e. The e i no a ingle do ble-blind d ha ill ho an benefi of
a al - e ic ed o lo - odi m die .
Abo a eek af e he ca nage, he a e medical e amine again ma eled f om hei l i , The

onl common denomina o of ho e ho had died o e e ho i ali ed d ing he hea a e e e
ho e ho had been diagno ed i h hea di ea e o high blood e e. Ye , a edic ed hei
h ician had laced each one on a al - e ic ed o no- al die and none e e con ac ed o a n
hem ha d ing he hea a ei o ld be in hei be in e e o d ink eigh gla e of a e each
da , and, oh eah, b he a , don fo ge o add a ea oon of al o each gla . Tho e ho
ickl made i o ho i al and e e cce f ll ea ed e e gi en IV aline ol ion al ae !
Ye , he medical ofe ion m hink he gene al blic i d mbe han a co . Unfo na el fo

he gene al blic, i i he medical ofe ion i elf ha i d mbe han hi o .
A i o le no ed in H A III ha hee a e heal hie hen he a e gi en al .

Shee ne e ge h e en ion o high blood e e.
Whe e al a a e, i a aded o nce fo o nce fo gold, b ide , o la e . Sal , al - ich cla ,

and ood a he e e he fi mine al food lemen ed b man in he da n of ime. The
Roman a e man Ca iodo a i e ob e an hen he aid, Some eek no gold, b he e
li e no a man ho doe no need al .

Rome majo high a a called Via Salacia o he Sal Road. Soldie ed he Sal Road o ca
al f om he Tibe Ri e he e ba ge b o gh al f om he al an of O ia. Soldie o h
hei al e e aid a ala . The o d ala i de i ed f om ala i m, a oldie al a ion.
Ma co Polo e o ed al coin and di c in Ca ha . Sal di c in E hio ia e e al ed a a in he

king ea . The od c ion of al a a food lemen fo man and bea i a old a
ci ili a ion i elf. Sal a od ced in hallo ond of ea a e h o gh e a o a ion and b mining
ock al f om la ge land-locked de o i .
The ock al mine of he Al (Sal be g, Hal a , and D enbe g) la ed an e en ial ole in he

de elo men of c l e in ancien ehi o ic E o e. The Hal a al mine i he one of he olde
comme cial al b ine e on Ea h. I i loca ed fif mile f om Sal b g ( Sal To n ). Sal ha
been mined f om he Sal b g mine ince he ea l I on Age. Sal be g ( Sal Mo n ain ) con ain a
al de o i 2,000 fee ide and 2,500 fee dee .
Tool fo nd in he al mine da e back o he B on e Age (1400 BC). Ea l comm ni ie ang

a o nd al ing a h man follo ed and h n ed ild he bi o e ha e ed a n o he ing
b hei c a ing fo al he beha io of ica and c ibbing. Wallach a hi ame a e n in Af ica:
he m dd and clo d ae lie ha con ained al and mine al e e hea il ed b he
game animal , hile a e ha a a kling clea and a mine al and al -f ee a a el
con med.
Be een he 9 h and 14 h cen ie , ea a oaked in ea a e , hen d ied and b n , and he

e l an a h a e ac ed i h ea a e . Man million of on of ea , a lan o ce of
mine al , a ha e ed fo he mine al/ al die a lemen oce fo comme cial ade.
Me o o amian o n eciali ed in he al - od c ion ind and an o ed al he Tig i

and E h a e Ri e . Je icho (8000 BC), nea he Dead Sea and he al mo n ain of Mo, and a
one of he olde kno n ag ic l al comm ni ie ha a ici a ed in he al ade.
The me chan of Venice de elo ed an elabo a e al ade, and b he 6 h cen he al ade

f om he illage o nding he ci a i main b ine . B 1184 Venice con olled he e o of
Chioggia al , and b he 14 h cen a l ing al o Ale and ia, C , and he Belea ic
I land .
The al ed-he ing b ine de elo ed in he 1300 . The D ch e fec ed he oce of al ing fi h
a a me hod of e e a ion. A i eak, hi ind alone od ced h ee billion al ed he ing
ann all and ed 123 million Kg of al e ea . In he beginning of he 20 h cen , al o k
and al he ing o ided he main o ce of animal o ein fo mo of Scandina ia i h a dail e
e on con m ion of 100 g am o a a e of a o nd. (Mode n h ician an hei a ien o
con me le han h ee g am of al e da .)
Pe ha he mo famo and mo oman ic mode n da a of he al ind occ ed in Af ica.

T ice each ea g ea camel ca a an ca ied al lab f om he Tao deni S am in he Saha a o
Timb k in Mali. T o ho and o 25,000 camel (onl 25% of he animal i ed he o nd i
jo ne ) e e ed o ca o e 300 on of al lab o hei de ina ion 720 km a a .
In o he a of al - oo Af ica, h man de elo ed he ac ice of d inking ca le blood and ine

o ob ain al . The e idence of he Sie a Leone coa ga e all he o e ed, incl ding hei i e
and child en, in e change fo al af e all, al a a nece i of life. Sal , like o he elemen and
mine al , i no di ib ed e all a o nd he ea h and i he efo e co e ed b he ha e-no . I i
aid b Af ican ibe men ha , He ho ha al ha a .
The B i i h im o ed a de i ed al a on India. Ghandi (1924) bli hed a monog a h (C

S ) in o e of he go e nmen mono ol . Ghandi oin ed o ha he g ain and he g een
food of India e e e lo in al . Beca e of he ege a ian habi of he majo i of o ical
Indian , he e i ed a ignifican al lemen o hei die .
In 1930 Ghandi led 78 abid o e on a 300 km Sal Ma ch o e f om Ahmedabad o he

ea. He am in he ea, and icked ac al of al on he beach, and hen alked back o
Ahmedabad, he e he a om l a e ed and h o n in o i on. Ange ed, 100,000 Indian
e ol ed again he al a and e e a e ed af e he oo icked n a ed al . The B i i h al
a a e en all e ealed in 1946 a he end of Wo ld Wa II.
The dea h of oldie f om a odi m lo a hi o icall common d ing mili a o e a ion in

o ical co n ie . Soldie in he de e co ld lo e o en -fo in of a e e da a
ea . And ha m ch ea a no j ae ,i a a o ha con ained all he n ien
floa ing a o nd in hei blood incl ding o e en o one h nd ed g am of al e da .
Sal i kno n a he mo ni e al and mo idel ed food lemen and condimen . So g ea

i he h man c a ing fo al , i i ob io ha al i elf i in fac nece a o he heal h, and e en
o he life and i al, of man, Ye , i claimed b mode n medicine o be dange o . A e ha e
een, he onl dange f om al i ha hen one con me i in e on e o a c a ing ha ha been
od ced b a mine al deficienc , in hich ca e he in ake of al ill ma k he ab ence of o he
mine al . The a e age al e i emen fo a h man i a o ima el 0.5% of he d eigh of he
dail die o i o en g am e da . If o a e e good a follo ing a doc o ad ice and e ic
al o le han one g am e da , o can inc ea e o i k of a hea a ack b a m ch a i
h nd ed e cen .
In addi ion o he legi ima e al c a ing , medicine effo o e he h man c a ing fo

o he mine al i ell doc men ed:
A ca alog e of bi a e in ance of h man ica i fo nd in he doc o al he i of A g F ede ic

Me gile (1701). In men, he eco ded one indi id al ho a e lea he , ood, ne ling , and li e
mice. A econd con med oolen ga men , lea he , a li e ca , and mall mice. A hi d a e ca ail
and decom o ed h man fle h infe ed i h maggo .
In omen, Me gile eco ded cannibal ho a e h man fle h, incl ding one ho ible lad ho
l ed child en o he ho e i h he omi e of ee , killed hem, and ickled hem fo o age
and fo con m ion a a la e da e a female e ion of Jeff e Dahme ! The m de of he
child en he e onl di co e ed hen he oman ca ole he ickled hand of a child and ca ied i
o e o he neighbo ho e.
Gi l ho a e hei o n hai , co on h ead f om hei o n clo he , handf l of a g ain, and li a d

ha e been doc men ed.
Coo e (1957), in he cla ic e o on ica, efe o e e al ancien and medie al ie ho

em ha i ed he occ ence of ica in egnan omen. Ae io no ed egnan omen c a e a io
and odd food , ome al , ome acid, a ing ha ome c a e fo and, o e hell and ood
a he . He ecommended a die o incl de f i , g een ege able , ig fee , f e h fi h, and old
a n f ag an ine.
Boe o (1638) no ed ha ica occ ed mo of en in egnan omen. Boe o a ica a a

h iological oblem, and i he fi o men ion i on e a a ion a a ea men fo ica. He
gge ed one and one half c le of i on d o aken fo man da a onde f ll beneficial fo
men and omen.
Boe o al o no ed he ca e of a i gin ho a acc omed o de o al in g ea an i ie f om

hich ch onic beha io he de elo ed dia hea and a ing. She obabl had Addi on di ea e.
Ch i iani of F ankf (1691) e o ed ha a oman had ea en 1,400 al he ing d ing he

egnanc .
LeCon e (1846) gge ed ha animal ea ing ea h do o beca e of a an of ino ganic

elemen .

The mo common de c i ion of ica and c ibbing b Me gile e e of omen de i e fo cla ,

m d, and mo a c a ed f om all , j like mode n child en ho ea ca lking and lead ain .
Wallach ha of en aid ha child en ho ea lead ain a e c eaming fo mine al fo hei mine al-
a ed bodie . Gi e hem mine al and he on ea lead ain .
Pica i no ange in mode n ime . The b ance mo f e en l e o ed o be con med a

he e l of ica in h man incl de a e , me allic g m a e , che ing g m, ice, di , coal,
cla , chalk, co n a ch, baking o de , ebble , ood, la e , ain , chimne oo , hai , h man
and animal fece , and clo h.
In Ma ch 2012 i a e o ed on he na ional ne ha a h ee- ea -old gi l, Na ale Ha h f om

Te a Ha e, Indiana lo ed o ea ligh b lb , a e , ca dboa d, ick , di , al min m die oda
can , magne f om ho e c ain , and la ic bo le and o . The e a a com le e o in
mo local ne a e abo he a e condi ion. Ho e e , none of he e o men ioned ha he
ica a d e o mine al deficiencie , and hen con ac ed nei he he a en no did an media
ho an in e e in in e ie ing Wallach abo he ob io mine al deficiencie ha he oo child
a ob io l ffe ing f om.
In A g 19, 2013, he B i i h D M , e o ed ha Kell -Ma ie Pea ce, a egnan 28- ea -old

oman, a e 5,000 ba h a hing onge ( en onge e da ) and bo l of fo l fece
con amina ed and f om he bo om of a a o cage d ing he o egnancie .
In he ame D M a icle a ed ha , ome de elo ica beca e of e , ob e i e-

com l i e di o de , a liking fo f ag ance o beha io al oblem ha o ld e i e cogni i e
beha io al he a i h an e e ienced chologi . Ho can ofe ional heal h ca e o ide
o com le el mi he diagno i of mine al deficiencie ?
Beca e of ocial con ain on o blic beha io , mo eo le nde blic c in ho ffe

f om mine al deficiencie and ica (aka: The M nchie ) ill che g m, ea ga (4.5 calo ie e
gm), milk chocola e, nack food, o of d ink hen hei bodie a e eall c eaming fo mine al .
O he ociall o la a o blicall e ond o ica and he c a ing of mine al deficiencie
incl de moking, alcohol, and d g e. Ice ea ing, kno n a ago hagia, i al o common,
a ic la l in i on-deficien child en and ad l .
The e ea ch confi m he e ob e a ion :
Hen ock (1831) a ib ed ica o a a ci of good blood and a lack of o e n i ion.
Walle (1874) e o ed ha Da id Li ing on ob e ed man ca e of cla and ea h ea ing

(geo hagia), a common fo m of ica f e en l ob e ed in egnan omen in cen al Af ica.
O and Gilka (1931) and de Ca o (1952) ecogni ed ha edible Ea h migh be ich in odi m,
i on and calci m.
Gilfo d (1945) e o ed ha ica a common in Ken a among Af ican ibe (Kik ) li ing
mainl on a ege a ian die . Pica a ab en in ho e eo le ea ing die ich in animal fle h, blood,
and bone (Ma ai).
Nicola Mona de (1493 1588), a S ani h h ician, bli hed H M . In he econd

ol me i a cien ific dialog e on he i e of i on. Ho e e , i on a no gene all acce ed fo
medical ea a lemen n il he 1600 hen Nicola Le Me fo nd i on in an anal i of
animal i e a h.
D . Thoma S denham (1682) ecommended fo all di ea e in ol ing anemia, ea men b

bleeding (if he a ien a ong eno gh) follo ed b a co e of D . Willi P e a a ion of
S eel.

In 1745 V. Menghini demon a ed he i on in i e a fo nd ima il in ed blood cell . In he

ame ea , D . Willi P e a a ion of S eel a ma ke ed a a a en medicine. I con i ed of i on
filling and a a oa ed and gi en in ine a , o olled in o ill .
In 1850 i a e o ed in a medical jo nal ha a oman ho had lo h ee ema e

egnancie a gi en i on cale f om he mi h an il, ee ed in ha d cide d ing he en i e
egnanc . The oman a e i e inc ea ed, and he dige ion, heal h, and i i im o ed. She
deli e ed a f ll- e m bo ho a o ong ha he co ld alk b nine mon h of age. A age fi e
he a o ong and all ha he became kno n a he i on bab .
Dicken and Fo d e o ed ha en -fi e e cen of all child en a e ea h.
Coo e (1957) e o ed a en -one e cen a e of ica in Ame ican child en efe ed o he

Mo he Ad i o Se ice in Bal imo e.
Lan ko k (1959) e o ed ha el e child en i h ica had hemoglobin ha anged f om 3-gm

e cen o 10.9-gm e cen i h a mean of 7.89-gm e cen +/-2.64. The in i ion of i on de an
e l ed in a c e fo ica in o eek . Again, if child en a e con ming o lemen ed i h
ade a e amo n of mine al he ill no ea lead ain .
McDonald and Ma hall (1964) e o ed on en -fi e child en ho a e and. The di ided he

g o in half, gi ing one g o i on and he o he g o aline. Af e h ee o fo mon h , ele en of
he hi een child en gi en i on e e c ed of hei ica beha io com a ed o h ee of he el e
gi en aline.
Re nold e al. (1968) e o ed on hi -eigh eo le i h anemia ho e hibi ed ago hagia, o

ice ea ing, a he mo common fo m of ica. T en - o of he hi -eigh had hei ica
m om di a ea af e co ec ing an i on de le ion anemia.
Wood and Wei inge (1970) e od ced ago hagia e e imen all in a b i hd a ing blood.
The ago hagia in he anemic a a c ed hen he anemia a c ed. The al o no ed ha ica
and c ibbing beha io e e no od ced b i amin deficiencie o c ed i h i amin
lemen a ion.
T o- hi d of he 153 egnan omen died b Tagga (1961) de elo ed c a ing . The mo

common c a ing a fo f i , ickle , blood dding, lico ice, o a o chi , chee e, and ki e . A
c a ing fo ee , ege able , n , and ee ickle came in econd lace.
Pho ha e a e i e a de c ibed b LeVaillan (1796) a he an io ea ch b ca le in ho ha e-

deficien So h Af ican a e fo di ca ded animal bone (o eo hagia). Pho ho o -deficien
ca le al o che ed ood ( e med c ibbing o ica beha io ) and each o he ho n .
O eo hagia ha been e o ed in man ho ho o -deficien ild ecie of he bi o e incl ding

he eindee , ca ibo , ed dee , camel, gi affe, ele han , and ildebee .
I a demon a ed ha calci m-deficien eanling a ill con me la ge amo n of a lead-

ace a e ol ion, e en ho gh i a e bad, hen com a ed o calci m-fed con ol .
Li hi m a di co e ed in mine al a e in 1817 b A g A f ed on in a S edi h labo a o in he

o n of Be eli . I e in men al illne da e back o 400 AD hen Caeli A elian e c ibed
a e con aining li hi m fo men al illne .
In he 1840 , i a e o ed ha li hi m al combined i h ic acid di ol ed a e de o i .

Li hi m a hen ed o ea kidne one g a el, go , and he ma i m, a ell a a le ho a
of h ical and men al illne e .
Heal h a icked on he no o ie ha li hi m a ecei ing and of en ime ma ke ed

hem el e i h e agge a ed claim of he li hi m in hei ho mine al ing , e en going o he
e en of adding he o d li hia o hei name o oo he gene al blic. Beca e of he ea
acce o li hi m al b he gene al blic a ho ing and a , h ician looked el e he e fo

a h i i he a ie .
The e a e e en -fi e me al li ed in he e iodic able, all of hich ha e been de ec ed in h man

blood and o he bod fl id . We kno ha a lea i of he e me al (mine al ) ha e a di ec o
indi ec h iological al e fo animal and man. O ganicall , no a ingle f nc ion in he animal o
h man bod can ake lace i ho a lea one mine al o me al cofac o .
On an ino ganic chemical ba i li le di inc ion can be made be een me al . Bo h me al and non-
me al en e ac i el in o chemical eac ion . The diffe ence e eal i elf in he h ical o e ie .
B common ag eemen , ho e elemen ha o e a high elec ical cond c i i and a l o
a ea ance in he olid a e a e con ide ed o be me al , acco ding o B ce A. Roge ,
me all gi and h ici .
Mine al l go e n o li e he he e ecogni e i o no . Sadl , he c en medical i dom

on al , and he medical ofe ion inabili o ecogni e ha he a io fo m of ica ha a e
e hibi ed in Ame ica, ho ha e ha e failed o nde and he e effec and im o ance of he
bi i o mine al-deficienc di ea e .
Mo Ame ican ffe f om di ea e ha a e ho gh o be gene ic b he medical comm ni hen

he a e in eali di ea e ha a e e en able and o c able i h im le n i ional
lemen a ion of mine al and die a change . The e di ea e a e e am le of e en ha can
be e lained and ol ed b he e of o kno ledge of e igene ic .
Se e al acial and eligio g o of Ame ican eo le ffe mo e han o he f om he lack of

kno ledge and la ine and g eed of he medical comm ni acco ding o he CDC.
Af ca -A e ca
Black Ame ican ha e hed hei chain made of i on and he hi e-onl ballo , and e , ha e again
been en la ed b ne la e ma e doc o in hi e coa i h f a d len chain of DNA and a
conj ed black gene.
D . Joel D. Wallach, BS, DVM, ND and
D . Ma Lan, MD, MS, LAC
B G L :S Q C
The Af ican-Ame ican comm ni (aka Black ) ha long been ab ed b he medical ind ho
fal el eache hem ha hei common di ea e , ch a high blood e e, ickle-cell anemia,
e 2 diabe e , obe i , hea di ea e, a h i i , cance , a ell a a high a e of bi h defec and
hei ho e han a e age life an , a e gene a ed b a e ible black gene.
Since he da of la e , black ha e been aken ad an age of b man , b he mo in idio

inj ice ha e been f om ho e in he he medical comm ni . Poo heal h o come c hing
Black and he oo e e cien ificall a ionali ed a being gene icall and he edi a il
ede e mined. Seg ega ion, in ol n a e ili a ion, nihili ic blic heal h and ed ca ional olicie ,
and inca ce a ion e e con ide ed ol ion fo he na ion oo , di abled, men all challenged, o
aciall infe io o la ion and he oblem he c ea ed.
S m a h fo he oo d ing he G ea De e ion, and he blic eac ion o he i e of Hi le

and Na i Ge man e genic and d genic ideologie and olicie , did hel o lo and ne ali e he
inc ea e of he e ha ef l ac ice in Ame ica. B he end of Wo ld Wa II man of he e ac i i ie
had gone nde g o nd o e e almo com le el di c edi ed.
The heal hca e en i onmen e e a ed he U.S. adi ion of mi ing Black, oo , ociall
di ad an aged ( i one ), and di abled (men all -challenged child en) a ien fo medical
e e imen a ion, e genic , o medical chool cla demon a ion . The e ac ice e e defended
on he g o nd of cien ific e ea ch o he heal h ofe ion need fo bjec fo eaching

o e o die o limi defec i e gene (and limi ing he elfa e oll a a e l ).
In he mid-1920 , highl e ec ed Af ican-Ame ican ocial cien i , ch a E. F anklin F a ie ,

a g ed ha hi e h ician ega ded hei black a ien a im l e e imen al ma e ial. Thi
di ance be een medical e hic and U.S. heal h em ac ice ha ened on e e al le el ,
incl ding, b no limi ed o, ili ing ninfo med o oo l -info med a ien o la ion fo e ea ch
ha e l in inj o , a he e lea , com omi e hei heal h o come .
Thi incl de e fo ming e ce i e o nnece a ge on a ien , of en nde coe cion o

i ho hei con en , e eciall fo e genic o e . I incl de ailo ing a ien ca e and
ea men acco ding o he ofe ional aining o e ea ch e i emen of he in i ion gical
demon a ion and eaching and aining ma e ial , in ead of a ending o ac al medical need
d i en b he e i emen of he indi id al a ien ca e. Thi al o incl de den ing, inade a el
ea ing, o ab ing a ien in need of im le ba ic ca e o e ice beca e he fail o ha e a e
di ea e , a e nin e e ing o o ine ca e , o do no mee he anda d fo e ea ch o ocol .
Be een 1930 and 1945, he ic e of hi mi e and ab e changed a he e ea ch e c e fo

he e ac ice became mo e acce ed. Thi a la gel he e l of he Fle ne / John Ho kin
model fo medical ed ca ion and biomedical e ea ch ha had been enac ed a a ne o k of majo
Ame ican medical facili ie . The infamo T kegee hili e e imen , ini ia ed in he 1930 i an
e am le:
Ini iall im lemen ed a a of a U.S. P blic Heal h Se ice/Ro en ald F nd al hili blic
heal h and ea men og am in he la e 1920 , he non- ea men ha e of a o ima el 400
hili ic Black men i h 200 ninfec ed con ol began in 1932 in Macon Co n , Alabama
(T kegee, he co n ea , i home of he famo T kegee In i e). The o e a o d
he effec of hili on n ea ed Af ican-Ame ican men. None of he a ien e e ecificall
info med ha he had hili . The e e old he e e being ea ed fo bad blood, b no
ea men a gi en d ing he d .
F eled b a ien dece ion and ofe ional a e nali m ha ie ed he a ien a labo a o
animal , he deci ion a made o block a ien f om being info med of o ecei ing he effec i e
and anda d ea men of enicillin a ailable af e Wo ld Wa II, and he 40- ea e e imen
con in ed n il 1972. I e l ed in 100 dea h f om n ea ed hili , co e of blind and
demen ed a ici an f om he a age of he di ea e, n me o i e ho con ac ed hili ,
and hei child en bo n i h congeni al hili .
The d od ced n me o e en a ion a medical mee ing and mo e han 13 cien ific
a e .B i a cien ificall fla ed f om he a , and mo of he bjec ecei ed ome
ea men in o de o ende hem noninfec io ea l in he d .
The e hical conflic of ing a ien fo inh mane and ne hical o e and he ac ice of
o e ing Black Ame ican a ien fo medical die con in ed. D . John A. Kenn , one of he mo
infl en ial and highl e ec ed h ician in he Uni ed S a e , e o ed he eno mi of he
oblem and ga e hi e ec i e d ing hi e a. In hi 1941 lea ha a mon men be ai ed and
dedica ed o he namele Neg oe ho ha e con ib ed o m ch o ge b he g inea ig
o e, he aid:
In o di c ion of he neg o con ib ion o ge , he e i one ha e no o be o e looked.

Tha i ha I Ma lga l , b a he ame ime e io l , e m he g inea ig ha e . . . one of
ha ac icall endle li of g inea ig . . . . (Un) old ho and of . . . Neg oe ha e been ed
o omo e he ca e of cience. Man a he oic o e a ion e fo med fo he fi ime on a namele
Neg o, i oda cla ical. E en Neg o h ician , geon and n e , a ime ince a he cene
. . . of Neg oe ed fo e e imen al and eaching ge .

One of he da k ec e of he Ame ican biomedical and heal h ca e em be een 1960 and

1980 a he e idemic of fo ced e ili a ion and ne hical ge . Wh he T kegee hili
e e imen ai ed ch an o c and he fo ced e ili a ion a ed ha dl a him e i a o of
medical aci m. D . Kenn en on o a , mo of he ic im of hi e ili a ion and he
e onde ance of ne hical ge ie e e he adi ional a ge of he cien ific aci , Gal on
e genic -o ien ed, he edi a ian, ocial Da ini , biological-de e mini infl enced U.S. cien ific and
heal h em Black Ame ican , Hi anic/La ino Ame ican , lo e middle-cla and o king cla
hi e familie nable o affo d he co of o e medical ca e, he men all challenged, he
di abled, he inca ce a ed, he indigen , in i ionali ed child en, and he nem lo ed.
B 1980 he Uni ed S a e e ili a ion la had been in lace fo mo e han 70 ea ; he fi ch

la had been enac ed in Indiana in 1907. D i en b Si F anci Gal on In e na ional E genic
mo emen , 30 a e and P e o Rico l ima el a ed imila fo ced e ili a ion la . Mo of
he e e ili a ion la e e ba ed on he Model E genical S e ili a ion La d af ed befo e 1922 b
Ha H. La ghlin, e in enden of he E genic Reco d Office (ERO) and coedi o of he E
N ; he al o a ho ed a book en i led, E S U S .
The Model La e i ed each a e o a oin a a e e genici e on ible fo enfo cing

com l o e ili a ion la . The e la e e di ec ed a he feebleminded, in ane, and
c iminali ic (incl ding he delin en and he a a d); e ile ic; ineb ia e (incl ding alcoholic
and d g addic ); di ea ed (incl ding a ien i h be c lo i , he hili ic, he le o , and
o he i h ch onic infec io and legall eg ega able di ea e ); blind, deaf, defo med and
h icall di abled, and de enden o han ; ne e -do- ell , he homele , am and a e
he a e e genici j i dic ion incl ded all he abo e eo le he j dged o be membe of ociall
inade a e cla e .
Acco ding o La ghlin, of he 63,678 Ame ican e ili ed nde he e genic la be een 1907 and
1964, 33,374 (52.4%) e e e ili ed again hei ill fo being adj dged feebleminded o
men all e a ded, hich in mo of he e a e a defined a ha ing an IQ e co e of 70 o
lo e ( hi incl ded he illi e a e).
Beginning i h he G ea De e ion and Wo ld Wa II, in ol n a e ili a ion in he Ame ican

So h had inc ea ingl been e fo med on in i ionali ed Black . A Do o h Robe e o ed in
he 1997 book K B B :R ,R , M L : The demi e
of Jim C o (la ) had i onicall o ened he doo of a e in i ion o Black , ho ( hen) ook
he lace of he oo Whi e a he main a ge of he e genici (doc o ) cal el.
In 1955 So h Ca olina S a e Ho i al e o ed ha all 23 e on e ili ed o e he e io ea

e e Black omen. Of he nea l 8,000 men all deficien e on e ili ed b he No h Ca olina
E genic Commi ion be een he 1930 , 5,000 e e Black. The S a e Ho i al fo Neg oe in
Gold bo o, he e all of he doc o and mo of he aff e e hi e, o inel o e a ed on black
a ien confined he e fo being c iminall in ane, feebleminded, o e ile ic.
Befo e Wo ld Wa II, black men he e e e ca a ed o gi en a ec omie fo being con ic ed of

a em ed a e, fo being con ide ed n l b ho i al a ho i ie , o o make hem ea ie o
handle. None e e a ked fo hei con en .
Acco ding o Cha e: The e ic im of Gal on ob e i e fan a ie e e en ed . . . he malle a

of he ac al n mbe of Ame ican ho ha e in he (20 h) cen been bjec ed o fo ced e genic
e ili a ion o e a ion b (doc o em lo ed b ) a e and fede al agencie . I onicall , b he
1960 , hen he fi gene a ion of manda o e ili a ion la e e e ealed, he e a a a e of
ne la a a l ing e od c i e igh and a ma i e n eceden ed a e of fo ced e ili a ion .
Man of hem e e aid fo b he go e nmen and facili a ed b ne heal h financing mechani m ,

of en hidden nde he cloak of e anded heal h e ice fo he oo , and ca ied o b (doc o

em lo ed b ) heal h deli e em in i ion al ead in lace e he co n . The e
og am diffe en iall affec ed and e e e ec ed on black Ame ican omen.
In 1974 i a a g ed befo e Fede al Di ic J dge Ge ha d Ge ell, in a ca e b o gh on behalf of

oo ic im of in ol n a e ili a ion e fo med in ho i al and clinic a ici a ing in fede all
f nded famil - lanning og am , ha : o e he la fe ea , an e ima ed 100,000 o 150,000
lo -income e on ha e been e ili ed ann all nde fede all f nded og am . A d
di co e ed ha nea l half of he omen e ili ed e e black.
Do o h Robe e ealed ha in he 1970 , Mo e ili a ion of black omen e e no e fo med

nde he a ice of e genic la . The iolence a commi ed b doc o aid b he go e nmen
o o ide heal h ca e fo he e omen.
The e o e a ion e e occ ing a he ame ime ha e ili a ion became he fa e g o ing fo m
of bi h con ol in he Uni ed S a e , eaching a eak of 1,102,000 in 1972 d o ing off o 936,000
in 1974.
Go e nmen official e ima ed ha an addi ional 250,000 e ili a ion ann all , hidden in ho i al
eco d a h e ec omie , co ld be added o he e io o al. Black e e di o o iona el
e e en ed in he e o la ion , and a ne dimen ion com o nded he em o en ial fo
ab e: Teaching ho i al e fo med nnece a h e ec omie on oo black omen a ac ice
fo hei medical e iden . Thi e of ab e a o e a i e in he Ame ican So h ha he e
o e a ion came o be kno n a Mi i i i a endec omie .
The la en ea Ame ican cen (2010) ho ed ha he Ame ican o la ion i he hi d la ge

in he o ld a 315 million, a ed in hee n mbe onl b China li ed a n mbe one i h 1.5
billion and India econd a 1.2 billion.
Al o, and e en mo e im o an l , he la en- ea cen e o ed in 2010 ho ed ha he a e age

black man li e o be 62, he a e age hi e man, 75, and he a e age Hi anic li e o be 80.5.
Wh i he e an eigh een ea diffe ence be een he life an of a black man and a Hi anic man?
Doc o ill a gene ic and life le. In eali he black man ha been a gh o o e e he
medical em beca e of hi medicall c ea ed fea of hi e ible black gene, he ea he
Hi anic man i ill ing g andma home emedie and he j don ge killed a of en b
doc o a he black ho o e e he medical em.
T o hi d of he men in Ame ican i on a e black, e en e cen of black kid nde he age of

el e a e o e eigh , and almo fo e cen a e obe e. The a e of demen ia, obe i , and e
2 diabe e i highe in he black comm ni han in he hi e and Hi anic comm ni ie , he a e of
ADD, ADHD and a i m i highe in Black kid , and he a e of gl en in ole ance, kin oblem ,
a hma i highe in black kid .
A h, Me e ,a dH e e
The Ami h can ace hei he i age back o he S i Anaba i of 16 h cen E o e. Unha
i h he fai h and ac ice of he Ca holic Ch ch in E o e, Ma in L he lodged a o e in 1517.
Hi e ol he ed in he P o e an Refo ma ion, e l ing in P o e an i m becoming a e manen
b anch o ec of Ch i endom.
Af e a fe ea , e le den of he P o e an Pa o Ul ich Z ingli of Z ich, became

f a ed i h he agoni ingl lo ace of he P o e an Refo ma ion. The o ng e ol iona ie
cha i ed Pa o Z ingli and he Z ich Ci Co ncil fo con in ing ba i m of infan and cond c ing
he Ca holic Ma .

Sho l af e a conf on a ion i h he ci co ncil, he o ng e ol iona ie illegall ba i ed each

o he in a ec e ga he ing on Jan a 21, 1525. The im le eligio e ice in a i a e home-
bi hed mo emen o ld become a e manen b anch of he P o e an Refo ma ion.
The o ng ebel e e gi en he name Anaba i ( eba i e ), a he had al ead been

ba i ed a babie in he Ca holic Ch ch.
The ci il a ho i ie and local leade of bo h he P o e an and Ca holic Ch che con in ed o

in i ha he alone held a ho i o e he ci i en . The belie ed ha Sc i e a he final
a ho i on ho he cond c ed hei li e .
The ci il a ho i ie and local leade of bo h he P o e an and Ca holic Ch che con in ed o

in i ha he held a ho i o e he ci i en and i hin fi e mon h of he ini ial eba i m, Han
Landi , he leade of he Anaba i a killed fo edi ion. He a beheaded Se embe 30,
1614, on S . Michael Da . The follo e of Anaba i m fled fo hei li e , and hen he e e e
ga he ing he e e held in he da k of emo e ca e . The Anaba i mo emen ead o
Ge man and hen in o he Ne he land .
In he follo ing o cen ie , li e all ho and of Anaba i e e e ec ed b bo h ci il and

eligio a ho i ie . Anaba i h n e e e commi ioned o ack do n, o e, b and, hem
o dea h a he ake b b ning, d o n, im i on, di membe , and gene all ha a he eligio
he e ic .
De c ibing he e ec ion of he Anaba i be een 1635 and 1645, an ob e e e o ed, I i

a f l o ead and eak abo i , ho he ea ed egnan mo he , omen n ing infan , he
old, he o ng, h band , i e , i gin , and child en, and ho he ook hei home and ho e ,
fa m and good . Ye , and m ch mo e, ho he made ido and o han , and i ho me c
d o e hem f om hei home and ca e ed hem among ange . . . i h ome he fa he died in
jail fo lack of food and d ink.
The e ec ion ebbed and flo ed n il he ea l 18 h cen and he Anaba i e e able o

find ef ge in Mo a ia, Al ace, he Pala ine, he Ne he land , and la e in No h Ame ica. T M
M , a ho and age book, doc men he decade of e ec ion.
In 1527 he e ec ion d o e he Anaba i leade o do n hei belief a a ni e al g ide

fo hei dail li e :
1. Li e al obedience o he eaching of Ch i
2. The ch ch a a co enan comm ni
3. Ad l , o belie e , ba i m af e age 18 ea of age
4. Social e a a ion f om he e il o ld
5. The e cl ion of e an membe f om comm nion
6. The ejec ion of iolence
7. The ef al o ea oa h
One chola ende ed he co e of he Anaba i belief do n o h ee fea e :
1. A de o ed obedience o eaching and e am le of Ch i
2. A ne conce of he ch ch a a ol n a bod of belie e acco n able o one ano he

and e a a e f om he la ge o ld
3. An e hic of lo e hich ejec iolence in all he e of h man life

In he Ne he land , Menno Simon became an infl en ial o e of Anaba i m. O dained a a

Ca holic ie in 1524, Simon oon fo nd him elf ca gh be een he a ho i of he Ca holic
Ch ch and he eaching of he Anaba i . B 1531 Simon cho e he Anaba i in e e a ion
of Sc i e; ho e e , he did no officiall fo ake he Ca holic Ch ch n il 1536.
Simon o e o he a of a leade , i e , ad oca e, and eache fo he Anaba i belie e .

He o e o ch a le el of infl ence ha man of hi o e and follo e e e efe ed o a
Mennoni (Mennoni e ).
B he la e a of he 17 h cen ag o of Anaba i mo ed no h a d f om S i e land o

he Al ace egion, hich i fo nd in ha i no mode n F ance be een he Rhine Ri e and he
Vo ge Mo n ain . A heological fe d b oke o be een he Al a ian immig an and ho e ho
a ed behind in S i e land. The di ag eemen e l ed in he fo ma ion of he Ami h ch ch in
1693.
The Ami h ake hei name f om hei fo nde , Jacob Ammann, a o ng Anaba i leade in Al ace.
Fo he mo a , he Ami h, Mennoni e , and H e i e o n hei o n b i ence fa m and mall
man fac ing b ine e , and ake ca e of he majo i of hei o n heal h i e .
Se e al fac o o ened he Ami h, Mennoni e , and H e i e o being ic im of eda o medical

doc o . Fi l , he Ami h a e e emel ing, a hei o d i hei bond, and he o ld like o
belie e ha i e al o of o he ; econdl he elf-in e and hei colon a hei bill in ca h;
and hi dl he ima il ge he majo i of hei food l f om he f i of hei o n fa m and
labo .
In 1995 in Lanca e Co n , PA, an ob e ician/g necologi b o gh ci il and c iminal cha ge

again an Ami h mid ife fo ac icing medicine i ho a licen e. Hi o e a o legall fo ce
he Ami h comm ni o e medical doc o fo he deli e of hei babie .
On he a oin ed da , he li le co n co ho e a o nded b h nd ed of Ami h b ggie

ha had come o o he Ami h mid ife. The kne ha if a eceden e e o be e abli hed
in Lanca e Co n , e en all all Ami h bi h in Ame ica o ld e i e a medical doc o in
a endance.
J befo e he ial officiall o ened, a hi e-hai ed bi ho f om he local colon a oached he

j dge and a ked if he co ld make a a emen . The i e j dge ag eed. The bi ho aid ha he
mid ife in e ion a hi ife and if he e e fo nd g il , hi da gh e o ld deli e he
comm ni ie babie , and if he e e a e ed, he neighbo ife o ld deli e he comm ni ie
babie and o on. He f he a ed ha he had been deli e ing hei o n babie fo h nd ed of
ea and ha he an ed o con in e deli e ing hei o n babie and he o ld mo e o of he
a e a he han ha e he medical doc o deli e hei babie .
The j dge mma il di mi ed all cha ge , and he Ami h i h b ggie f om o ide he co n and
o ide of he a e lled o and lef o ead he good ne .
The medical doc o ho do ge o ee an Ami h a ien enjo he ca h a men fo hei e ice

and he en e he Ami h comm ni ie e e al ime each ea o ai e mone fo e ea ch o look
fo he c e fo he gene ic di ea e ha lag e he Ami h comm ni ie .
Nine -nine e cen o mo e of all of he gene ic di ea e ha lag e he Ami h, Mennoni e, and

H e i e comm ni ie a e in fac im le, congeni al n i ional deficiencie of he emb o (fo
e am le: congeni al deafne , clef ala e, clef li , ina bifida, Do n nd ome, ce eb al al ,
limb defec , hea defec , he nia , c ic fib o i , m c la d o h , celiac di ea e, a hma, kin
oblem , e c.) o a e ac i ed n i ional deficiencie la e in life (fo e am le: MS, ALS,
Pa kin on di ea e, all fo demen ia , hea di ea e, high blood e e, e 2 diabe e ,
ca a ac , mac la degene a ion , cance , a h i i , l , IBS, C ohn di ea e, e c.).

All of he bi h defec a e o all e en able i h o e econce ion n i ion and man of

he e, incl ding c ic fib o i and m c la d o h , can be e e ed la e in life.
Ce ainl all of he di ea e ac i ed a an ad l can be e en ed and mo can be e e ed.
The medical comm ni claim ha he ea on h he e a e o man bi h defec among he

Ami h, Mennoni e and H e i e i ha he commonl ma hei ela i e ; he inb eed, and a
a e l he ha e acc m la ed e ible gene o e he ea all fal e belief .
An e am le of mi info ma ion fo ofi come f om he Windo of Ho e Fo nda ion in Holme

Co n , Ohio. Each ea he Ami h alone ai e million of dolla fo hem o do e ea ch o find he
gene o ea men fo ha he a e old a e gene ic di ea e . If he Mafia e e o do ch a hing
o a comm ni of eo le he Un o chable o ld a e hem fo acke ee ing nde he RICO la .
W d fH eF da f Ge e c D ea e
Di ea e Ac al Ca e
Am o o hic La e al Scle o i 2 (*ALS) F ee- adical damage o B ain
H e o hic Ca diom o a h Seleni m Deficienc
Ce ebella H o la ia (Ce eb al Pal ) Congeni al Zinc Deficienc
Congeni al H oh oidi m Ni a e To ici
C ic Fib o i Seleni m Deficienc
Deafne (cochlea ) Congeni al Mangane e Deficienc
H e i e Malfo ma ion S nd ome M l i le Deficiencie
Limb-Gi dle M c la D o h ,T e 2A Seleni m Deficienc
S inal M c la A o h , T e1 Seleni m Deficienc
S dden Infan Dea h S nd ome Seleni m Deficienc
T o e S nd ome (lo e Limb S iffne ) M l i le Deficiencie
One of he e emel common con ib ing fac o o a high a e of bi h defec in he Ami h,

Mennoni e, and H e i e comm ni ie i ha ac al anal i of he oil on hei fa m b he a e
ni e i ag ic l e de a men ha e ealed ha he ha e oil deficiencie of ce ain
n ien , hich hen e l in deficiencie of ho e n ien in he local c o . Man Ami h kno
he need o lemen he feed of hei li e ock o e en lo ing hem f om n i ional-
deficienc di ea e o ha ing o call a e e ina ian o come o o hei fa m fo a high- iced i i .
B a a le he Ami h, Mennoni e, and H e i e fa me belie e ha he can ge e e hing he

need f om hei food and ha man of hei degene a i e di ea e a e gene ic beca e ha ha
doc o ha e a gh hem.
Ano he e emel common con ib ing fac o o familial cl e , inc ea ed local bi h defec , and
inc ea ed a e of ad l -on e di ea e i gl en in ole ance. The Ami h, Mennoni e and H e i e
ffe f om hi a a highe le el han he a e age Ame ican o la ion a a e l of a high-g ain
die .
Acco ding o a 2009 d bli hed b he Ma o Clinic, hi -one e cen , almo a f ll hi d of

Ame ican (115 million), ffe f om gl en in ole ance. The a e i highe (80%) in he Ami h,
Mennoni e, H e i e, Mo mon, and Se en h Da Ad en i comm ni ie beca e he con me

la ge an i ie of hea , ba le , e, and oa each da , and o hei n mbe migh be a high a

ha ing fif o e en -fi e e cen of hei o la ion ffe ing f om gl en in ole ance.
Gl en in ole ance, o e ime, od ce a g ad al lo of illi f om he mall in e ine, e l ing in a

ignifican ed c ion in ab o i e ca aci . Fif e cen ab o ion of n ien f om food ha
migh ha e f om e o o en e cen of one n i ional e i emen fo eleni m o begin i h, ill
ignifican l inc ea e he i k fo ca diom o a h hea di ea e, li e ci ho i , cance , ca a ac ,
mac la degene a ion, MS, demen ia, infe ili , m c la d o h ,c ic fib o i , fib om algia,
l , h oid di ea e, and o he illne .
P ing an afflic ed indi id al on a gl en-f ee die and lemen ing he e on co ec l i h he

ba ic la fo m of he 90 e en ial n ien and he a e ic le el of he deficien n ien ill ol e
man heal h oblem , a e he comm ni an eno mo amo n of nnece a mi e , a e an
eno mo amo n of nnece a ending, and add man heal hf l ea o he indi id al life.
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Ve T e Ma a a B d e U de C c Wa S ee B /Ne Y
- Feb a 21, 1908.
30 J e 2018

We bec me n a mel ing b a bea if l m aic. Diffe en e le, diffe en belief ,

diffe en ea ning , diffe en h e , diffe en d eam .
― Jimm Car er
Ame ican li ician h e ed a he 39 h P e iden f he Uni ed S a e f m 1977 1981. In 2002, he a
a a ded he N bel Peace P i e f hi k i h he Ca e Cen e .


08/10/2020 J el Wallach: P l a h - E ige e ic : The Dea h f he Ge e ic The f Di ea e T a i i 1 Edi i
Epigene ic : The Dea h of he Gene ic Theor of Di ea e

Tran mi ion 1 Edi ion
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Joel Wallach: Pol ma h
F om he e e pe ience on he fa m, in he labo a o , and in he ild of Af ica, I q ickl lea ned
ha i doe n ma e he he one i a c ea ioni o a den of e ol ion o immedia e m al
p oblem i ha Ea h, o plane , i a limi ed fini e e o ce fo he a ma e ial ha a e he ba i
of all plan , animal, and h man life a e kno i . Li ing o gani m p oc e hei a ma e ial of
e en ial elemen and mine al fo ep od c ion, de elopmen , g o h and main enance, and fo
longe i f om a hin, f agile blanke of o ganic and ino ganic ma e and ga on o j abo e he
ea h c .
Dr. Joel Wallach & Dr. Ma Lan
Dead Doc o Don Lie
Ed ca a d Ea E e e ce W g eFed fA a a dH a Pa g
In Sep ember of 1958 Wallach en ered he Agric l ral School a he Uni er i of Mi o ri,
Col mbia, MO, and beca e he had no gran and no mone , o gh o and go job feeding he
ni er i beef herd, milking and feeding he ni er i dair herd, feeding and collec ing blood
ample from he po l r depar men pop la ion of chicken , and al o b ing able in he
dormi or in e change for o meal each da .
Wallach pen e ra ime i h Dr. William Albrech , hi oil profe or, learning abo oil n ri ion
and i effec on animal and h man heal h and prod c ion. Con iderable amo n of ime ere pen
on eekend in Sanborn field orking i h Albrech and d ing he ario effec of he differen
pe of fer ili er on he ield and on he heal h of he animal and people ho a e he plan ha
ere gro n in he field.
Wallach a accep ed in o e erinar chool on hi fir a emp beca e of he grea

recommenda ion from he ni er i herd men. To ork hi a hro gh e erinar chool, he
added job in he depar men of ana om b embalming animal and preparing ana om pecimen
for o her den and he in r c or eaching pecimen . He al o orked for he e erinar
pa holog depar men a a den a i an o Dr. Loren Kin ner, he chief pa hologi .
In 1962, af er grad a ing from agric l ral chool, Wallach a in hi econd ear of e erinar
medicine and hi fir ear a a grad a e den in compara i e pa holog orking o ard hi PhD.
There ere pecial co r e in compara i e pa holog , and Dr. Moreho e, he head of he
depar men of e erinar pa holog , joined Kin ner in men oring he eager Wallach. B he ime
Wallach grad a ed from e erinar chool, he had par icipa ed in and re ie ed more han 200
h ndred h man a op ie , incl ding Vie nam ca al ie bo h American and Vie name e along i h

performing ho and of animal a op ie of pe , dome ic li e ock, labora or animal , and road-

killed ildlife. Wallach a rapidl becoming an e per in compara i e pa holog (incl ding
hi opa holog , microbiolog , para i olog , i e chemi r , o icolog , and n ri ion).
In la e December 1961, mo of he eaching fac l of he e erinar chool had lef for famil
holida i i and had lef he er ice re pon ibili ie for he ario depar men o he grad a e
den . Wallach, hen 21 ear old, a re pon ible for er ice pa holog and he raining of
e erinar den in pa holog .
The er fir da Wallach a on hi o n in he pa holog lab, a heep farmer came in and d mped
fif dead lamb on he floor. The nigh before he farmer had lo 500 head of prime i -mon h-old
lamb ha ere read for marke .
When he lamb ere opened p i a ob io ha each lamb had blood he color of chocola e
milk. Thi blood condi ion, referred o a me hemaglobin, i ca ed b he chronic con mp ion of
ignifican le el of ni ra e , and he all had large goi er ha ere ca ed b he chronic e po re
o he ni ra e . The nigh he all died a a par ic larl cool nigh ; he empera re had been
r nning a 40 F and had dropped o 19 F, and he had all died from h po hermia in one nigh .
I rn o ha he o rce of he ni ra e a he phill farmer ho had applied large amo n of

high-ni ra e fer ili er, hich had fo nd i a in o he heep farmer ell a er. The ni ra e had
ca ed he goi er o er a i -mon h period, and hen he ea her rned for he or and he
empera re dropped he lamb co ld no r i e.
The lamb inciden a he fir ma die-off from poll ion in he Uni ed S a e ha a pro en b
a op ha incl ded anal i of en ironmen al condi ion , he animal a er and feed, and he
lamb i e chemi r , and a a re l hi a p bli hed in he Jo nal of he Ame ican Ve e ina
Medical A ocia ion. In 1962 Wallach a onl 22 ear old and no had a major p blica ion in
en ironmen al pa holog an e en ha o ld l ima el direc hi life.
O er he ne o ear , in addi ion o e erinar chool, Wallach ook o ear of grad a e

co r e in compara i e pa holog and did er ice pa holog , performing a op ie on bo h animal
and h man . The e ca e incl ded e amina ion of clinical da a, gro pa holog , hi opa holog ,
i e chemi rie , o icolog , and microbiolog o iden if , bac eria, ir e , and f ngi ha migh
be he ca e of di ea e.
Wallach grad a ed from e erinar chool a he Uni er i of Mi o ri in J ne of 1964, and beca e

he alread had eno gh grad a e ork o ob ain hi PhD, he a immedia el hired a an in r c or
b he Io a S a e Uni er i School of e erinar Medicine and al o b he Io a S a e Diagno ic
Labora or o each compara i e pa holog o grad a e den of pa holog and o do er ice
pa holog . Conc rren l , he a allo ed o con in e o ake co r e in h man ne ro-ana om and
pa holog o con in e hi goal of a aining hi PhD in compara i e pa holog .
In addi ion o hi eaching re pon ibili ie and hi cla e , Wallach a req ired o do er ice
pa holog for he Io a S a e Diagno ic Labora or o ppor re earch projec for he e erinar
chool and medical chool, ildlife depar men , farmer , and he mall and large animal clinician .
Soon Wallach a back o hi pical ro ine of en o en -fi e pa holog ca e per da b

him elf. A ingle ca e migh incl de a ra f ll of h man organ , h man i e lide e and
biop ie , a 2,000 po nd Hereford b ll, a b cke f ll of labora or ra , a pe dog or ca , a pick p
r ck filled i h 200 dead bab pig , or en rke in a ra h can. On occa ion Wallach a
ble ed i h he carca of a deer, fo , co o e, raccoon, bobca , nake, fi h, ild rke , or
phea an from he ildlife depar men . The o rce of he ild animal ranged from road kill and
ild animal bailed in ha o ild animal ha had been killed af er in ading people ba emen .

Wallach q ickl learned ha e en free-ranging ild pecie ere rife i h n ri ional-deficienc

di ea e . The ere, for he mo par , dependen on he land and he plan he a e for heir
ppl of mineral . The ere l ck if he fo nd na ral al lick , or co ld ipe ome race
mineral from a race-mineral al block e in o a pa re for he dome ic li e ock, or fo nd cla
bed , creek bank , coal depo i , or o her o rce of mineral . Man eren l ck and ffered from
a ide arie of pre en able and c rable di ea e , ch a infer ili , congeni al bir h defec ( pina
bifida, clef pala e, hear defec , cerebral pal , deafne , and e ra or mi ing limb ), and
degenera i e di ea e (ar hri i , o eoporo i , kidne one , m c lar d roph and
encephalomalacia, cardiom opa h , conge i e hear fail re, li er cirrho i , e c.).
W Af ca W d fe P ec
A he end of hi fir ear of eaching a Io a S a e, Wallach had he oppor ni of a life ime. Jim
Ho ard, one of hi colleag e i h hom he hared an office, had o cancel a rip o So h Africa o
ork on a ildlife projec doing a op ie and para i e die on a hippo killed in a pop la ion
con rol projec beca e hi da gh er had fallen e erel ill i h a hma, req iring he hole famil
o a in he Uni ed S a e .
Wallach fel he co ld al a come back and fini h p hi PhD, and he oppor ni o ork in Africa
i h ildlife migh no readil become a ailable again, o he req e ed a recommenda ion from
Marlin Perkin of M al of Omaha Wild Kingdom fame. And beca e of Wallach pre io ork
hi or a he S . Lo i Zoological Garden i h Perkin , and he fac ha he a alread a p bli hed
pa hologi , Wallach a gi en Jim Ho ard no abandoned Africa projec .
Wallach re igned hi po a he a e diagno ic labora or and hi eaching po , p hi grad a e

die on hold, and prepared o lea e in o eek for Africa! The aff a he diagno ic lab ga e
Wallach a going-a a par , hich bragged an African heme. Li erall in he mid of he fe i i ie ,
Wallach recei ed a elegram anno ncing ha he po i ion in Africa had o be p on hold beca e of
poli ical problem be een he Uni ed S a e and So h Africa, and he co ldn j if an American
being in ol ed in a high-profile con er a ion projec .
Wallach made he deci ion o b he icke and o go on hi o n o ake he leap and go o Africa
hi a i ! He fel he co ld ref nd hi icke mone if he reall didn an him, and he a n
going o le an in erna ional fe d in erfere i h hi African ad en re.
Before lea ing for So h Africa, Wallach pen a eek in Do gla ille, Georgia i h Harold Red
Palmer learning ho o e, a emble, and repair Palmer ne cap re g n and ranq ili er
eq ipmen and he appropria e dr g .
Wallach arri ed in Johanne b rg in he la e pring of 1965 and a old he o ld ha e o rn

aro nd and go home beca e of poli ical problem be een he Uni ed S a e and So h Africa.
Beca e of he apar heid i e, he Uni ed S a e had impo ed economic anc ion and blockaded
hipmen in o and o of So h Africa, and he fel ha i o ld be a bad hing o ha e an
American in ol ed i h a high-profile na ional con er a ion projec .
Wallach objec ed, a ing he had onl p rcha ed a one- a icke and he co ldn go home. Af er
e eral da of nego ia ion, he offer a made for Wallach o ork in a lo profile po i ion a a
a e e erinarian along he border i h Bo ana. Hi re pon ibili ie o ld hoo ing ild animal
ha j mped he do ble border fence in o he kill one and collec ing blood ample and ick o
creen for foo and mo h di ea e, hear a er, and renderpe .
There a onl one hi ch in he offer: of he hree pre io e erinarian he had en here, o

had died from Bilhar ia ( chi o omia i ), a blood fl ke. Wallach pen e eral da in he e erinar
librar looking p he killer para i e and alking o he lone r i or.
Wha did he o her o e erinarian die from? Wallach a ked, and he r i or aid, Bilhar ia,
blood fl ke ! Then, he offered, The all die! The all die!
I a ob io ha he offer a mean o care Wallach off. Ho e er, he de ermined hro gh hi

reading ha if he a oided open a er ( ream , pond , lake , li e ock a ering ank , and o for h)
he in ermedia e age of he para i e co ldn infe him, and he ook on he po .
Wallach a mo ed o a go ernmen e erinar office in Vr heid (Afrikaan for freedom ), a mall

So h African o n i hin ea range of he ork i e . He a gi en a go ernmen ehicle, a le er
of in rod c ion, dri er licen e, a rifle, amm ni ion, map , a op eq ipmen , and a collec ion
bo le and be . E en iall he job a a a go ernmen h n er ha a req ired o collec
para i e , blood ample , and i e pecimen .
Wallach fo nd hi accommoda ion ere a mall, par el f rni hed ho el room. Vr heid a an
Afrikaaner- peaking o n. The hi e pop la ion poke 14 h cen r D ch and he black pop la ion
poke Z l . If an one co ld peak Engli h, he cho e no o do o. Wallach picked p e eral grade
chool primer and began o learn Afrikaan and Z l . He al o checked o hi or book and
died he d al hi orie of he Afrikaan and Z l c l re .
Earl in he morning he a picked p b ranger and en o ork. In hor order he ord go

o ha here a a ne heriff in o n, and rancher recogni ed Wallach a he American and
rea ed him er ell. In hor order Wallach became an e per in African ildlife di ea e and
para i olog .
O e a R
Three mon h la er, he Wildlife Depar men of he pro ince of Na al con ac ed Wallach and aid
he co ldn ge an local e erinarian o gi e p heir prac ice o par icipa e in Opera ion Rhino
o if he a ill in ere ed, he a b defa l elec ed. Hi daring had paid off!
Be een 1812 and 1896, he o hern race of he hi e rhino a ill recorded a far nor h a he
Zambe i Ri er. The Voer rekker (D ch pioneer ) recorded i pre ence on he gra eld of he
Orange Free S a e, he Tran aal, and Ma abeleland. The ince an nor h ard pread of agric l re
from he Cape grea l red ced he i able gra land a ailable o he hi e rhino, a peciali ed
gra ing animal. The gra co er of he eld a b rned and replaced i h field crop and ci r
orchard .
The hi e rhino i an e ample of an o er peciali ed animal ha a n fle ible eno gh o adj oa

ne e of r le . He a ph icall limi ed o gra ing on he hor gra forage i hin a fe inche
of he gro nd. Sadl eno gh, here a a lo of land lef nocc pied b h man , b he a ailable
land all had a den e co er of acacia or o her den e b h i h li le or no gra no he ideal
habi a for he hi e rhino. Thi a a cla ic e ample of Dar in concep of he r i al of he
fi e . If he hi e rhino a going o r i e and a oid going e inc , i o ld req ire h man
in er en ion and perpe al pro ec ion.
In con ra o he hi e rhino peciali ed ea ing req iremen , he maller black rhino a a more
recl i e pecie and a fi ed b na re i h a ph iq e ha o ld allo i o bro e and feed off
of he br h m ch like a goa .
The black rhino had e en learned ho o break do n he maller ree o reach he ender pper
branche and ig ha ere oo all o reach con enien l . Beca e of hi er a ili , he black
rhino fared m ch be er han he hi e rhino n il he na rall open eld had been illed and
plan ed, and hen men began he clear he black rhino eco-niche.
A la e a 1890, mall armie of armed Z l poacher ere commi ioned o collec rhino horn. The
relen le l h n ed he ca ered indi id al of a once grand pop la ion of hi e rhino.
B 1896 he hi e rhino a officiall ho gh o be e inc n il a mall herd a loca ed in a

min e riangle of land framed b he Whi e and Black Umfolo i Ri er in Z l land near he ea
coa of Na al ( he l h midea ern pro ince of he Rep blic of So h Africa) o erlooking he Indian

Ocean. Thi area a dedica ed a he Umfolo i Game Re er e.
In he 1930 an American biologi , Herber Lang, came p i h an idea o cap re a por ion of he
in herd of he remaining hi e rhino and ran loca e hem o he m ch larger Kr ger Na ional Park
in he Tran aal beca e he feared ha a na ral or man-made di a er o ld ipe o he en ire
pecie .
In 1939 he Cro n land nor hea of Umfolo i Game Re er e a finall declared he Hl hl e Game
Re er e. The remaining bridge of Cro n land in be een he o game re er e locall became
kno n a he corridor.
An e ima ed 350 hi e rhino ere co n ed in he Umfolo i Re er e d ring a game cen in 1947.

For na el , mpa he ic legi la or ere able o increa e he re er e acreage in he Umfolo i
Re er e ( o h of he Whi e Umfolo i Ri er) from i original pi ance of 72,000 acre o 118,000
acre . Thi increa e in acreage a mo elcome, al ho gh i a ill far hor of he 8,400 q are
mile of he Kr ger Na ional Park.
The rapid increa e in n mber had re l ed from a combina ion of ndi rbed breeding and a
gra i a ion and migra ion o he pro ec ion of he Umfolo i Re er e b he nco n ed indi id al
raggler from all o er cen ral and o hern Africa. Con in ed pro ec ion b he Na al Park Board
a he hi e rhino n mber ell o a re pec able 500 head b 1960.
B 1961 he de a a ing effec of o er-gra ing in he Umfolo i Re er e b he b rgeoning rhino

pop la ion re ric ed o hi mall pace a ob io e en o he ca al ob er er. Thi a he iron
of o al pro ec ion! Unfor na el he hi e rhino had no na ral preda or remaining in he area,
and o complica e ma er , he corridor connec ing he Umfolo i and Hl hl e Re er e a
coming nder erio poli ical di c ion o be broken p and rned o er o he Na i e Tr and
rned in o b i ence farm .
If in fac , if he corridor a lo , he na ral migra ion ro e o he Hl hl e Re er e o ld be

o all di r p ed. The pec er of a repea of he pa in lodged again he hi e rhino glared a
ho e ho had n r red he herd for o long and o ell. There ere o al erna i e o con ider:
one a o carr o Dr. Lang eemingl impo ible dream of cap ring and ran loca ing breeding
ock o o her re er e and ild animal park , and he econd a o begin a ema ic
managemen program hich o ld incl de cropping he Umfolo i herd b licen ed hoo ing.
Half a acro he orld in Do gla ille, Georgia, Harold Red Palmer, an American na rali , had
de eloped a re ol ionar ne ool: he ranq ili er g n. Prior o he in en ion of he ranq ili er
g n in 1957, field biologi ere limi ed in heir ork o perform li e rapping and o hoo ing
animal o collec blood pecimen , a ell a red cing o erpop la ion of a pecie b cropping i h
a .303 Enfield rifle. B he end of 1958, he Georgia Wildlife Depar men had effec i el ili ed
Red Palmer ranq ili er g n o repop la e he deple ed deer herd on he Georgia mainland from
pocke of o erpop la ion on he coa al barrier i land .
Palmer chemicall immobili ed he fir black rhino in Ea Africa, b had o re rn home o end o
a blo oming b ine . Addi ional e per i e a needed in So h Africa o p h Opera ion Rhino
for ard.
The Na al Park Board draf ed Dr. An hon Har horn, a ph iologi from Uganda, a he projec
con l an . Dr. Har hoorn had been e ing dr g combina ion of morphine for he cap re of
an elope and ebra in coopera ion i h Red Palmer. Working nder he direc ion of he Head
Ranger, Ian Pla er (bro her of Gar Pla er, he grea So h African golfer), e eral ranger eagerl
carried o he fledgling immobili a ion e perimen .
The ini ial immobili ing e perimen on he hi e rhino ere onl fif percen cce f l in ca ching
he rhino ali e. Al ho gh he ini ial re l ere e ci ing, e er one agreed ha he r i al
percen age had o be higher. A fif percen mor ali ra e a belie ed o be oo high a price o
pa , ince a echniq e for mo ing he grea 3,000 po nd rhino once he had been cap red hadn
been de eloped a e .
In 1962 he mo po erf l ranq ili ing dr g a ailable req ired ch large ol me of fl id ha he

projec ile ringe or dar ed o deli er he dr g a limi ed in acc ra e fligh o en ard or
le . The ol me/di ance limi a ion nece i a ed he e of a ehicle o cha e ( i ion of he John
Wa ne mo ie Ha a i!) he rhino n il he c mber ome en-inch-long dar co ld be acc ra el fired a
he fran ic bea from a fe ard a a .
B J ne of 1962, el e hi e rhino had been immobili ed a fan a ic accompli hmen ha bro gh

Opera ion Rhino a ep clo er o reali . A final refinemen of he dr g combina ion , do age , and
he ac al echniq e for ran por ing he cap red rhino ere req ired before he la fe piece
ere p in o he p le.
In 1964 a ne e perimen al dr g, de igna ed M-99 (E orphine), a de eloped b Ricke & Son, a

Bri i h pharmace ical firm. The dr g i elf a a Cla 1 opi m deri a i e ha a 25,000 ime
more po en han morphine. The dar ol me and leng h co ld be red ced from en inche o o
inche and he diame er of a riple-A ba er !
The a ailabili of M-99 allo ed for he de elopmen of a ne echniq e for he cap re eam: he
rhino h n er ere no free o alk he rhino on foo and co ld acc ra el dar he rhino from en
ard in den e b h o hir ard on he open eld.
Beca e M-99 a a Cla 1 narco ic, i e req ired a licen ed e erinarian o handle he dr g .
Ini iall a emp ere made o engage local So h African e erinarian ; ho e er, he ere b
in heir pri a e prac ice and eren a ailable o ork f ll ime on Opera ion Rhino.
Then omebod remembered Wallach, he American e erinarian o here on he border i h

Bo ana, hoo ing re pa ing an elope and ca le, doing a op ie , and collec ing blood, i e,
and ick for he Na al Depar men of Agric l re o rack an impor ed infec io di ea e ha migh
ha e a nega i e impac on he dome ic li e ock ind r .
Wallach a mo ed o he Umfolo i Game Re er e a he ba e camp of Mpila (Z l for place of

heal h ) and pro ided i h a er comfor able ha ched roof ho e and a able. Wallach o ld ha e
o ge a hor e beca e f el a oo e pen i e, and man par of he park ac i i ie ere
accompli hed from hor eback. And in addi ion o he ildlife re pon ibili ie and Opera ion Rhino,
Wallach a al o req ired o care for he heal h of he Na al Game Re er e 200 head of hor e and
pack m le .
I didn ake long for he j ngle elegraph o pread he ord ha Wallach a ome kind of
doc or. There ere no doc or , clinic , or ho pi al i hin a h ndred mile , and for he Z l on foo
ch a di ance migh a ell ha e been a million mile . The local Z l began o line p e er
morning for moo i or medicine, ad ice, minor rger , and rea men of ario kind . Wallach
deli ered babie , cleaned and debrided infec ed o nd , red lacera ion , dre blood ample ,
and handed o m l i- i amin and non-pre crip ion medicine for e er hing from para i e ,
ar hri i pain o co gh r p.
Ob io n ri ional deficiencie ere q i e common. Simple i amin A deficiencie in children ca ed

kera i i , corneal lcer , and blindne . Omega-3 deficiencie prod ced ec ema and a hma. Calci m
deficienc ca ed o eomalacia in children and ar hri i , and o eoporo i and kidne one in
ad l . Iodine and copper deficienc prod ced anemia, arico e ein , ane r m , mi carriage , and
goi er in ad l . Infan born i h ne ral be defec ( pina bifida) and clef pala e from folic acid
or inc deficiencie all did no r i e he primi i e en ironmen . Infan born deaf ere he
re l of mo her being deficien in mangane e d ring pregnanc .

Simple pro ein deficienc a a common problem and ho ed p a he bloa ed children i h

ollen abdomen (K a hiorkor). Beriberi, i h i re l an conge i e hear fail re and demen ia
from i amin B1 deficiencie and pellagra from i amin B3 deficiencie ere common finding in
ho e ho li ed primaril on corn meal. He di pen ed m l iple i amin-mineral able ha he
proc red d ring hi rare rip in o he coa al ci of D rban.
From he e e perience on he farm, in he labora or , and in he ild of Africa, Wallach learned

ha i doe n ma er he her one i a crea ioni or a den of e ol ion. O r immedia e m al
problem i ha he o r plane Ear h i a limi ed fini e re o rce for he ra ma erial ha are he
ba i of all plan , animal, and h man life a e kno i . Li ing organi m proc re heir ra ma erial
of e en ial elemen and mineral for reprod c ion, de elopmen , gro h and main enance, and for
longe i from a hin, fragile blanke of organic and inorganic ma er and ga on or j abo e he
Ear h cr .
Wallach immedia el j mped in o Opera ion Rhino. Beca e M-99 a ill in i earl age of
de elopmen and i a ailabili a limi ed, here a li le informa ion o g ide him. The meager
ppl of M-99 a e ended b adding o her ranq ili er . The cap re g n i elf a a modified
er ion of he andard carbon dio ide-po ered pelle rifle i h an e panded barrel ha o ld
accommoda e he o inch long 20-ga ge dar .
The dar bod con i ed of an al min m be i h in ernal hread on ei her end; he longer he dar
barrel, he more ol me i co ld deli er. The dr g ere req ired o be in liq id form and mea red
amo n ere placed in he fron end of he b lar dar bod i h a ringe. The dr g ol ion
ere injec ed in o he animal b he for ard mo emen of a r bber pl nger. The force o mo e he
pl nger for ard a pro ided b he prod c ion of carbon dio ide ga genera ed i h calci m
carbona e able and inegar.
The for ard ec ion of he dar a fi ed i h a hreaded pl g and a hea d barbed h podermic
needle ha o ld no bend or break on impac . The dar a abili ed d ring i fligh b a f ed
ail piece ha a cre ed in o he rear of he b lar dar bod .
The brigh l colored ailpiece con ained a rece in i in erior ba e large eno gh o ho e a eel
ball-bearing. A calci m carbona e able a placed on op of he ball bearing and ealed off from
he acid inegar in he rear of he be b a a ed paper membrane. The en ire rear a embl a
a erproofed b a eal of clear fingernail poli h. A hi poin he con r c ion of each dar a a
ork of ar combined i h cience one had an in ima e rela ion hip i h each projec ile. S rel a
imilar feeling of pride a each fini hed dar a fel b he primi i e arro maker.
When he dar r ck i mark, momen m carried he ball bearing for ard hro gh he a ed paper
eal, and pl nging he calci m carbona e able in o he inegar, i prod ced a r h of carbon
dio ide ga , hich in rn dro e he r bber pl nger for ard and injec ed he dr g .
Man caref l ho r of alking had of en ended in fr ra ion hen he dar o ld prema rel
di charge in mid-fligh or fail o go off af er riking he rhino.
Perfec ion of he deli er em and eq ipmen came hen Palmer de eloped a mall perc ion
cap ha o ld di charge con i en l on impac . The mall bra cap a placed in he ba e of he
r bber pl nger, o ha hen i e ploded, he cr de ga e i prod ced o ld in an l dri e he
pl nger for ard, con i en l and comple el injec ing he dr g .
Once he rhino a dar ed, a eam of o hor e mo n ed Z l game co follo ed he

di appearing rhino, keeping i al con ac . The co ere pro ec ed from inj r d ring he cha e
b earing cra h helme and hea lea her ga n le The hor e ere pro ec ed from he ripping
horn b a hea can a apron and padded corone g ard . Once he do ned rhino po i ion a
fi ed, he co o ld rela he loca ion o he ai ing lorr cre b mean of a alkie- alkie.

The lorr o ld hen be backed p o he no e of he immobili ed rhino and he 2,000-po nd

ran por cra e d mped on he gro nd in fron of i . The ma i e cra e , con r c ed from impor ed
fir, had a hinged door on ei her end o facili a e he loading and nloading he rhino.
Once in place, he door facing he rhino opened and a o inch hick manila line a looped aro nd
he rhino head behind he po erior horn and hen pa ed for ard hro gh he cra e and o
hro gh a hree-inch hole in he oppo i e door. When he rhino a admini ered Nalorphine, he M-
99 an ido e and reco ered from he dr g cock ail effec ( hich all ook le han a min e)
and ood p, i a p lled, p hed, and g ided in o he cra e.
In addi ion o he ne M-99 being more po en han o her dr g , i had a econd ad an age o er he
original cock ail in ha i had an an ido e ha co ld be injec ed in ra eno l o ge he animal on
i fee hene er he eam a read and he cra e a in po i ion. If he do age of each dr g in
he cock ail a calc la ed correc l , i o ld onl ake a fe min e o ge he rhino cra ed and on
i a .
Once he grogg rhino l rched o i fee , a cre of eigh or en men o ld ha l on he line a ached
o i head o g ide he da ed animal in o he bo . The cra e, clo ed on ei her end and loaded i h
i al able cargo, a inched p on a e of eel roller hooked on o he bed of he lorr . The
cap red rhino co ld be relea ed in o her par of he park, or aken o he boma (Z l for corral),
here i o ld be rained o olera e being locked p in he cra e o er long oceanic o age or
o erland rip o o her co n rie .
Be een 1963 and 1965, a h ndred hi e rhino ere cap red and cce f ll ran por ed 450
mile o he Kr ger Na ional Park. The enormo co of he opera ion a par iall financed b he
occa ional ale of pair of hi e rhino o American and E ropean oo and ild animal park .
B earl 1965 a o al of 265 hi e rhino had been cap red nder he direc ion of Ian Pla er and
mo ed o o her re er e in Na al and he Tran aal, o her na ion in Africa, o e eral e ern
na ion of E rope and o he Uni ed S a e . The e e en , o a he lea , ere remarkable an
nbelie able a k had been dreamed p and accompli hed. Thi ma i e e od of hi e rhino had
no parallel in he annal of modern con er a ion. I a ri aled and o er hado ed onl b he
Biblical accompli hmen of Noah!
When Wallach had arri ed a he Umfolo i Re er e in 1965, he original cap re eam a ill here;
ho e er, man had been promo ed o higher a ion . Ian Pla er, he leader of he original gro p,
a no he Chief Con er a or of Z l land; Nick S eele, he perpe ra or of he idea o ili e hor e
for follo ing he dar ed rhino, had been promo ed o enior ranger of he Umfolo i Re er e; and
John Clark, he original dri er of he cha e ehicle in he original opera ion, a no in charge of he
da - o-da ca ching and he boma raining of he rhino.
One in ariabl a more mall-animal life hile alking rhino han hen aking a ca al roll
hro gh he gra . On man occa ion , hile concen ra ing on he approach o a rhino, a famil of
ar hog o ld be fl hed from heir d ba h . Their h ndero e i can make one hink he ha
mbled on o a b ffalo and he ll break in o a ner o ea follo ed b a deep igh of relief. The
general principle for alking rhino are he ame a ho e emplo ed for alking o her animal .
S dden enco n er are o be e pec ed, b on man occa ion Wallach co ldn a oid being ra led a
bi .
S ill earl in hi raining period, John Clark and Wallach ere alking a rhino on he open eld hen
Wallach fl hed a cobra! Se eral coba ere on heir bellie in ra her hor dr gra behind a lone
b ll hi e rhino hen Wallach heard a fain r le o hi righ ho lder. Mo ing j hi e e ,
Wallach ared in o he flared hood of a ringhal cobra no en inche a a .

The hin black nake had been had been ca gh na are b heir ilen approach. Alarmed, i had
reared p i h i hood flared in pical cobra fa hion. Clark a onl o fee a a from Wallach,
b Clark a o in en on alking he rhino ha he a na are of Wallach predicamen .
For na el , he ringhal i no an aggre i e nake, and hen i reali ed ha Wallach a no a

o rce of immedia e danger, i lo ered he fron por ion of i bod in o he gra and mo ed off.
Unlike mo pecie of cobra, he ringhal (Afrikaan for ring-necked) gi e bir h o li e o ng. The e
in ere ing nake prefer o feign dea h hen approached b rning o er on heir back . Ho e er,
if handled or acciden l rod pon he ill bi e igoro l or ejec a fine enom pra a heir
ormen or face.
Follo ing he nake depar re, Wallach rolled on hi back and ea ed prof el for a fe min e
before Clark reali ed ha ome hing had j happened. The hared a ch ckle and hen en on
and cap red heir rhino.
For Wallach, he hir o e a ne kill a in a iable and he a an io o ge a m ch

e perience a he co ld before Clark lef on an e ended holida . The ere o dri ing in he hill
o h e ern por ion of he re er e near he Madhlo i Ri er hen he ca gh igh of a o ng co
rhino ha me heir req iremen . She a hem ge o of heir ehicle and alk ca all o ard
her. The ind a in heir fa or; ho e er, hen he came i hin fif ard of her he rned and
ro ed off i h her ail c rled o er her back in alarm.
Some ime a bold approach on he par of he h n er i le di concer ing o he rhino han a neak
approach in open co n r . The rhino ha diffic l in recogni ing er ical objec , and a long a he
h n er approache from he perpendic lar o he rhino ga e he are all da led and ill hold
heir gro nd.
Wallach and Clark had failed in heir fir approach o ge in o dar ing po i ion, b he bbornl
ro ed p ind af er he h co . Follo ing her, he fir en p one hill hen do n again, and
he follo ed p he ide of one more hill, before hro ing in he o el and deciding i a ele .
A a la de pera e effor o a e he da effor , Wallach applied Ken ck indage and aimed
he cap re g n abo fo r fee abo e he co ho lder and lobbed he dar do nhill o er a
di ance of i ard . The a he dar di appear in he gra a he co fee and ho gh ha
he da ca ching effor ere officiall a flop.
A he o ng co a re rea ing o er he hill, Wallach no ed ha he a ho ing an n all

pring gai . Ob er ing her for a fe addi ional momen , Wallach reali ed ha he co m ha e
go en he dr g omeho .
The da hed back o he Land Ro er and circled aro nd o he hill ridge here he co a no
comfor abl a leep in he hade. A a glance he co ld ee ha he dar had, in fac , r ck her in
he foo , needle fir , and had held fa . B hi ime Wallach had more han fif rhino ca che
nder hi bel and hi a o be hi longe and l ckie ho .
In addi ion o ca ching rhino and caring for o h ndred head of hor e , Wallach al o collec ed
a er and forage ample o de ermine h he rhino and o her animal a e and drink from cer ain
o rce and a oided o her . I a of par ic lar in ere ha he rhino preferred o drink ha e
ho gh of a dir pond a er ra her han drink from cr al clear pring . I rned o ha he
dir pond a er had a con iderabl higher le el of mineral in i han did he clear a er ha
h man o ld ha e preferred.
Ano her re pon ibili of he Umfolo i and Hl hl e rhino eam a o di per e or elimina e an
compe i or of he hi e rhino beca e cer ain pecie of an elope, par ic larl impala and
ildebee , preferred he ame hor gra eld ha he hi e rhino depended pon. D ring dr
ear hen he gra gre lo l , large n mber of impala and ildebee ere killed a nigh . The

ere b chered and he mea , kin , and roph horn ere old o local rancher and mining
companie o feed heir ork cre , and he re en e a ed o ppor he rhino cap re
opera ion .
Beca e of hi in ere in pa holog Wallach e amined a man animal carca e and in ernal
organ a po ible, looking for organic di ea e, para i e , and n ri ional deficiencie . M ch of hi
da a appear in he book, The Di ea e of E o ic Animal , ha a finall p bli hed in 1983.
Clark holida finall came and Wallach a emporaril placed in charge of he dail cap re
opera ion and he boma raining program for rhino o be hipped o er ea b hip. Wallach a
able o cap re e eral more rhino, keep he boma filled i h ne indi id al , and mee hi o her
obliga ion a a e erinarian in he re er e and he people doc or a Mpila. If one co ld e er refer
o rhino cap re opera ion a ro ine, mo of he e ca che fell in o ha ca egor .
The more ca che one made, ho e er, he more confidence a b il p. E er no and hen an
inciden o ld occ r ha reminded people in he opera ion ha rhino are ild animal and ha
becoming bla abo hem co ld be dangero .
Wallach and o her ere looking for a o ng b ll o fill he onl emp pen in he boma. The da a
far from perfec for ca ching opera ion beca e of a en fi e mile an ho r ind ha a
occa ionall g ing p o i . Mo ildlife had o gh co er from he dri ing ind and he chafing
ca ed b he and being hipped p from he eld. Af er an en ire morning of earching he had
ca gh onl a brief glimp e of hree black rhino a he co ered he open eld i h heir ail held
high in he air and heir r mp o he fierce ind.
A roop of abo fif een Chacma baboon occ pied heir a en ion for a fe min e a he began
q arreling o er ome delec able corpion a he edge of a pan. While he a ched he al o ook a
hor re o ea and iche and cookie and hen con in ed he dri e ea along a li le- ed
ehicle rac . Before long he came pon a mall bachelor herd of fi e o ng b ll aking hel er
from he ind in a hallo pan. Making a alk on he e animal a fairl ea , a he ere
ba ened do n in he m d i h he roaring of he ind in heir ear and he con an bla of he
indblo n and on heir back .
Wallach a able o creep i hin fif een fee of he rhino , h red cing he ind deflec ing effec
on he dar . Af er picking o he mo likel looking b ll, Wallach dar ed him in he ho lder j
abo e he a erline. The herd, ca gh comple el na are, h ndered from he pan i h m d and
a er fla hing.
The game co ha e o ld normall e a hor emen o follo he dar ed animal ere on

ano her a ignmen , o he began o ro and agged af er he rhino , ro ing abo en ard
apar , keeping heir e e on he gro nd o a o no lo e he rapidl fading rack in he indblo n
and.
S ddenl , Wallach reali ed here a a large ma on he pa h in fron of him. He came o a lo

mo ion op and a an old co rhino i h an n all raigh horn aring in en l a him. Behind
he co a a 2,000 po nd b ll calf rning fir o he lef , hen o he righ , in a blind panic and
conf ion. Wallach hi led o le he old girl kno ha he hado in fron of her a a h man,
i h he hope ha he o ld rn and ro off.
Onl hen did Wallach reali e ha he a on her ind ard ide. The ind a dri ing hi cen o
her and i a oo la e! She charged rai in o he ind, her head in he a ack po i ion for op imal
e of her horn. Wallach a mped for a momen , a he hadn been in hi po i ion before, b
he hen came i hin en fee and con in ed o di regard hi ho , o he p lled him elf p in o a
hand acacia ree j a he b ll calf acked he ree r nk i h a cer ain degree of de ili h g o.

Mo e , heir dri er, dro e p i h he lorr in hor order, a broad grin fla hing on hi face. Af er
Wallach broke do n and miled back a him, he le o a hear la gh, for he had r l been
ini ia ed in o he ca ching eam a la !
The picked p he dr gged b ll i h an iclimac ic ea e and depo i ed heir ca ch a he boma. A

me age a ai ing for Wallach o con ac Nick S eele, he enior ranger, a oon a a
con enien . When Wallach arri ed a S eele office, S eele a a en e and igh -lipped man. Af er
in i ing Wallach o i do n, he rela ed a chilling or .
A oman had been killed b a hi e rhino in he Bi ala na i e loca ion a he a re rning o her
kraal i h a load of fire ood. The raged had been i ne ed b her eigh - ear-old da gh er ho
ran back o he kraal for help. To complica e ma er , he poor oman had an infan rapped o her
back in he radi ional Z l fa hion. Her o ld-be re c er fo nd he infan mirac lo l nharmed,
ilen , and ide-e ed! Thi or ook he h mor o of he da earlier e en .
In he pa , he dead mo her and her children had me a lone rhino on he pa h o he kraal on

man imilar occa ion , and he normall docile hi e rhino had impl lef he pa h a he
appearance of he illager . Thi ime, ho e er, for ome nkno n rea on, he rhino cho e o hold
i gro nd and flared i no ril and le o grea ch ffing and nor ing o nd . The oman a ill
nafraid o he picked p clod of dir and hre hem a he de ermined rhino.
Ini iall he rhino eemed baffled b hi re pon e, beca e i a allo ed o go on for e eral
momen i ho a reac ion. Finall , he rhino decided ha i had had eno gh and lo ered i head
and came raigh for he oman, ho ood her gro nd, ho ing and a ing her arm n il he
aggra a ed rhino r ck.
The rhino horn r ck her in he groin i h a jol ing plif ing mo emen he horn pa ed hro gh
her bod o reappear be een her ho lder blade , narro l mi ing he child on her back. Onl
hen did he older child, n il hen fro en i h fear, r n eeping back o he kraal.
S eele rela ed ha e ere no onl ai ing for official permi ion from he Na i e Tr o en er
he loca ion and cap re he dangero killer rhino. He e plained o me ha he Bi ala ere
j ifiabl p e . Ho e er, he al o eemed o belie e ha he Park Board a re pon ible for he
animal errible deed .
The head man of he kraal a er orried beca e mo of he o ng men had armed hem el e
i h heir pear and a fe handmade ho g n and di appeared in o he b h. The e pro d people
ere no poacher b ca lemen. In he pa , he had been fined for permi ing heir ca le o
gra e in he game re er e and ca e damage o he eld.
To he Bi ala, he parallel a imple: if he ere held re pon ible for he ac ion of heir ca le,
he Park Board ho ld be held re pon ible for he ac i i of all of he game animal . A a re l of
hi belief, S eele fel ha here a a erio hrea o he nine -fi e rhino in he ario na i e
loca ion a ell a o he ranger ho hoped o re c e hem.
Fi e da pa before he eam recei ed permi ion from he Na i e Tr o en er he Bi ala

loca ion. In addi ion he ere no officiall anc ioned o ake in a q ad of DSAP (So h African
Police). I ook hree more da o organi e and coordina e he opera ion. When he lef he main
camp he ere in f ll-dre Park Board niform and fi ed i h ide arm . Their Land Ro er a
rigged i h a field radio e on a freq enc i h he Mpila office and he SAP ehicle . Thi a he
onl ime he ere req ired o carr ide arm on rhino opera ion d ring Wallach a i h he
Park Board.
The dro e o he Madlo i camp, here he picked p John Tinle , he regional ranger and hi head
racker. Tinle a he Park Board gen le gian he a i foo e en inche all, of poken and
er likeable. He a al o one of he Park Board be rifle ho . I a a good feeling o ha e
Tinle rifle backing hem p on hi e pedi ion.
The mall afari of o Land Ro er and o lorrie reached he police o po b mid-morning. The
Bi ala head man a here and he a haking hi head oef ll a he e plained o he ergean
ha he kraal o ng men ere ill p e and apparen l ben on eeking ome form of re enge.
Af er a q ick ea he afari lef i h he addi ion of hree more Land Ro er filled i h armed SAP.
On he a o he area here he oman had been killed, he headman e plained ha here ere
more han en hi e rhino in he area and here a no a o iden if he killer rhino i h an
degree of cer ain .
When he arri ed a he kraal, he fo nd mall gro p of ilen omen and h hed children
a ching i h omber e e . The onl men in he camp ere he headman and a half do en
elder . I a readil apparen ha he no onl had o be concerned for he rhino afe b al o
for heir o n!
A check of he b h immedia el rro nding he kraal re ealed he fre h ign of man hi e rhino.
S eaming d ng pile and harp di inc rack in he d le kno ha here ere e eral rhino
of differen age in he area. The eigh da dela in ge ing o he cene had allo ed he offending
rhino rail o gro cold. Af er a horo gh look aro nd he radioed Mpila o a k j ho man
rhino ere he ppo ed o cap re and reloca e o Umfolo i nder he circ m ance . The
me age came back ha he ere o ca ch a lea one, and failing o do hi he ere ppo ed
o find an old b ll and hoo i . Hopef ll hi o ld a i f he illager h nger for re enge.
Af er loading p o dar (one for Wallach and one for Tinle ), he pread o and gingerl began
a cri cro earch hro gh he dr br h. S ddenl a lone b ll a fl hed from hi hiding place in
he den e horn and nearl ran do n Tinle head racker.
Def l epping a ide i h he grace and confidence of a ma ador, he e er-aler co allo ed he

b ll o pa in a blind fren . No he follo ed he racker for nearl a mile before he poin ed o
he b ll ear icking p o er ome lo b h abo one h ndred ard a a . The ere do n ind
b he dr lea e on he gro nd pre en ed a ilen alk and placed he odd in he b ll fa or.
The b ll a q i e aler o heir pre ence and kep a con an di ance of for ard ahead of hem.
On he open eld one co ld ea il ink a for ard ho . Ho e er, in hea b h i migh a ell be
ah ndred mile . A ingle blade of gra co ld deflec he dar fligh fficien l eno gh o ca e a
mi . The had o ge clo er!
A he reached he ba e of he lope here Tinle had a an age poin he ignaled iolen l for
Wallach o rn on hi alkie- alkie, and hen he complied, Tinle radioed ha he had loca ed a co
and calf from hi an age poin . He rela ed ho he co and calf had nea l a oided hem b
anding ill in a hea creen of br h, allo ing hem o pa i hin a fe ard .
The fanned o again and rned back i h he dar g n cocked. Wallach heard a nor ing and
cra hing of br h o hi righ a he co b r in o an open clearing. J in ime o op Wallach
from dar ing her, Tinle ho ed ha he had alread dar ed he co . The ai ed a fe min e
before railing her, and hen he fo nd her l ing do n in ome open b h i h her calf n dging her
in an effor o ge her p and e cape. The q ealing calf a be ildered a hi mo her dden
de ire o leep in he face of eminen danger.
Wallach nloaded hi dar g n, opened he dar and po red o half of he precio M-99 a he
do age a calc la ed for an ad l rhino. I a hen a imple ma er for him o alk p o he calf
and dar him from abo en ard a a . The o ng b ll en do n q ickl ne o i mo her. Af er
anchoring bo h animal o a ree i h rope , Wallach radioed he lorr cre o come p and bring
he SAP.
While he ehicle ere grinding heir a o er he ro gh errain o ard he cap re eam, en old
omen and en -fi e cha ering o ng children appeared o of he br h o ee and o ch he
rhino he niform had killed. Big John kep he omen and children en er ained i h joke and
orie old in fl en Z l n il he lorr arri ed. The SAP q ad po ed hem el e aro nd he

Rhino, and heir pre ence probabl pre en ed an a ack from he kraal o ng men.
The fir hipping cra e a dropped in fron of he co . The Bi ala children clo ed aro nd hem i h
an in en e c rio i a he rope a looped aro nd he rhino head. Their c rio i a bro gh o a
grea er peak hen Wallach in er ed he needle con aining he an ido e in o he co ear ein.
Tinle de cribed in fl en Z l ha he ere i ard and ha he ere going o ake p he
dead rhino and ake hem home!
When he co irred o ge p, a h ge igh of a e a relea ed from he ar led omen and

children. A he co a g ided nimbl in o he cra e, a orren of appro ing la gh er and appla e
a relea ed b he children.
The calf a able o ge p i ho he need for he an ido e and a ea il hered in o he econd

bo . The had plen of help i h he ma i e roller ha af ernoon ince he older children
ol n eered o help lif hem in o po i ion on he ailga e.
The cra e ere loaded on o he lorrie and he happil lef he Bi ala loca ion j a darkne a
falling. The q ad of SAP lef hem a he bo ndar fence of he Umfolo i, and he ere hankf l
ha he didn ha e o come o blo i h he Bi ala a he ere normall good neighbor .
A he dro e raigh hro gh he Umfolo i Re er e on he main o ri road, Mpila headq ar er

radioed and S eele a informed of he cce f l mi ion in he Bi ala loca ion. He co ld no rela
he aler ed co and ranger . The eam cro ed he Black Umfolo i Ri er and con in ed nor h
hro gh he corridor o Hl hl e. The co and calf ere relea ed o he afe of he re er e in he
darkne . The ro ed off, ncer ain of heir ne rro nding and na are of he drama ha had
aken place on behalf of heir kind.
The Park Board a de ermined o remain good neighbor i h he rro nding Z l in he ario
loca ion , and o ho heir hank o he Bi ala for being o pa ien i h hem, he ho i
ildebee and en he mea o heir kraal .
The hi e rhino ea onal migra ion o he o h a an icipa ed i h ome a er ion b he

Umfolo i field ranger . The e ann al marche lef r p red boarder fence and parked ome ra her
colorf l complain from he b i ence farmer in he Pal mbo na i e loca ion. The con in i of
he Umfolo i and he Pal mbo loca ion a broken onl b a fo r- rand, 5/8 h inch eel cable
fence.
Thi ingle barrier a erec ed in hope of di co raging he rhino from gra i a ing o h back in o
he na i e loca ion. To da e, he fence had onl effec i el ac ed a a bo ndar marker. The rhino
de ermina ion o reach he lo eld a o rgen ha i ook an animal onl a fe da of p hing
on he cable barrier o break hro gh.
A if dra n b ome beacon kno n onl o hem, large n mber of rhino o ld find he breach and
po r hro gh. Con an fence pa rol b he game co of he Ogome Ranger S a ion ere
nece ar o g aran ee he in egri of hi barrier. Large depo i of fence po and eel cable
ere placed a ra egic poin ere rhino had of en broken hro gh he barrier in he pa .
Once an proo ed pole or broken cable a repor ed, i a he re pon ibili of he a ion ranger
o ge hi fence cre organi ed and repair he gap. When no repairing fence line, he e cre ere
kep b clearing br h, o allo haded and dorman gra eed o germina e, or b ilding one
eir in hea il eroded area o cap re il bro gh b he rain and refill he e er gro ing donga .
A he req e of he Pal mbo di ric headman, Clark and Wallach ere organi ing a hree-da
rhino ca ch o remo e a man Mkhombe (Z l for hi e rhino) a po ible from he mealie (corn)
field ha belonged o e eral of he kraal .

The mealie are he Z l principal food crop, pro iding heir major energ o rce. Thi i ea en a
a porridge called mealie-pop (corn meal m h). When he a er i allo ed o boil comple el off, he
firmed- p ma , called p , i ea en a e o ld ea corn bread or gri . The hea die ar
con mp ion of corn b he Z l placed a hea ri k of de eloping pellagra and beriberi o heir
ribal comm ni ie .
Mahao (beer) i al o bre ed from he mealie . I i q i e acrid and ake ge ing ed o. B af er

e eral ho r of andering hro gh he hea of he open eld he beer i a mo elcome
refre hmen . The beer i made b fermen ing a hin gr el in o en gra po ; he e apora ion of
a er hro gh he po keep he fermen ed be erage plea an l cool.
Apparen l e eral hi e rhino had decided o e he field a a hor c o reach a er from heir
gra ing area and fa ori e re ing i e . The rhino a e he pro ing mealie and damaged a
con iderable n mber of ma re alk in heir pa age, and heir pre ence kep he omen from
orking o in he field .
Some ear earlier a imilar i a ion had ari en and a headman had killed a hi e rhino o a e he
life of one of he illager . He a o di ra gh a ha ing killed a pro ec ed ro al game pecie ha
he rned hi g n on him elf and ook hi o n life. The local magi ra e no do b o ld ha e fo nd
he animal hoo ing a j ifiable ac .
B an ac al air co n , he co n ed ome for - o head of hi e rhino ha had aken p re idence

in he Pal mbo di ric mealie field .
When po ible he preferred o p rhino ha ere ca gh o ide he re er e in he boma or

direc l on a r ck bo nd for ano her nearb re er e. Tagging e perimen had ho n ha a
con iderable percen age of he animal ha ere re rned o he re er e had andered o again.
I a nfor na e ha heir boma ere f ll beca e he hen had no al erna i e b o relea e
he rhino he hoped o ca ch back in o he alread b rgeoning Umfolo i Re er e.
The arri ed a he Ogome Ranger S a ion a abo 10:00 A.M. and had ea hile he game co
nloaded he eam gear. The a ion con i ed of a fi e room emporar ho e ha had become
permanen , an office, a radio hack and a erie of hed and lean- o for he hor e and heir ack.
John Daniel , he re iden ranger, a a pre en on lea e in D rban. Hi ho ebo e ended
Daniel ho pi ali and ook heir d ffle in ide and e p heir co on he creened-in eranda.
Mo e and he hea Bedford lorr e en all arri ed i h a ingle emp rhino cra e and a
complemen of i boma laborer . The climbed in he ehicle and he cap re eam headed o h,
hro gh he o hernmo e en ion of he Umfolo i Re er e. I a a r gged, bo lder- re n area
i h hea b h ha pro ided a perfec habi a for b h an elope ch a n ala, grea er k d and
a erb ck.
Af er pa ing o of he re er e hro gh he boarder ga e, he lo l gro nd a ne road hro gh

he b h i h he Land Ro er and lorr e eral mile in o he loca ion o he Pal mbo general ore.
There he me heir game co and hor emen. When he arri ed, he ere alread rro nded
b a core of cha ering Z l children, fa cina ed b he afe eq ipmen and fine hor e . The ook
ime o o di c and hare he p rpo e of he mi ion i h he children and ho hem he
ca erno gra bo in o hich he o ld hopef ll place he grea mkhombe.
The headman oicall epped for ard. He ore he impeccable niform of a Bri i h Fir World War
ca alr officer. He a a mo remarkable man ho co ld peak i lang age fl en l . He
in rod ced him elf in French and hen e ackno ledged hi ling al periori , he miled and
proceeded o r Wallach a German, Por g e e, and Afrikaan before re or ing o Engli h i h a
di appoin ed igh.

He hared i h hem ha a lea eigh hi e rhino ere rampling he kraal mealie in heir dail
e c r ion . While he alked, Wallach made p o dar and filled hem i h eno gh o immobili e
an ad l rhino. The a chf l illage children follo ed each ep i h grea in ere . Se eral a ked o
o ch he li le arro . One li le girl ried he re ilienc of he r bber pl nger b che ing on i
igoro l .
Once heir prepara ion ere comple ed and he eq ipmen checked, he follo ed he co o
acro e eral fre hl plo ed field . Wallach and Clark ere led o a mall pa ch of eld be een
o pro ed mealie field here o mall herd of rhino ere ha ing a morning ie a. The ere
re ing on he bare ear h crea ed b he hade of a lone acacia. The d , ell- orn loafing area
a rro nded b gra and a ligh ind a angling from Wallach o he leeping rhino . Clark
and Wallach circled o ge do n ind and alked o i hin en ard of he large of he o
gro p .
The rhino ere gr n ing and blo ing in a rela ed fa hion, comple el obli io o o r pre ence.
The a for a momen o ca ch heir brea h and r e he i a ion. Thi gro p a con i ed of
fo r animal . A large b ll l ing broad ide o he lef and hree animal leeping in a line facing hem
j off o he righ b abo en ard .
B finger dra ing in he d ,i a agreed ha Clark o ld dar he large b ll on he lef and

Wallach o ld dar he large of he hree on he righ . Wallach co n ed o hree in a hi per, he
fired heir dar im l aneo l . Clark dar r ck he b ll in i lef ho lder and Wallach dar hi
i mark a he j nc ion of he neck and ho lder of he econd rhino.
The a a l ed rhino j mped p i h a ar and ere off in o he ind immedia el . The hor eman
follo ed he re rea ing rhino clo e behind, ho e er, Clark and Wallach ere momen aril c off
from follo ing a he pper herd c back diagonall do n he hill i h he ind. The kir ed he
approaching rhino and came p pon he original gro p a a ree line. The fo nd he o dar ed
animal l ing do n le han hir ard apar in a mall clearing. The cha ed off he o maller
rhino and in r c ed he hor emen o keep ab on hem for la er a en ion.
Clark en for he lorr hile he headman and Wallach remained i h he immobili ed animal and
di c ed rhino. A large gro p of Z l omen and children had epped ca io l o of he ree
and ere babbling in ama emen he ere con in o a king if he bea ere dead.
I a ell af er 1:00 P.M. b he ime he lorr re rned o pick p he econd animal for relea e
in o he Umfolo i Re er e. While he animal a being cra ed and loaded Wallach made p o more
dar for ad l rhino and hen follo ed he hor e rack in o a ide hicke of lo acacia b h. B
no he hea of he da a a i peak and a ha ering bea a coming from he Chri ma
bee .
The in ec ere no ac all bee b ere ac all mmer cicada . Each mmer he male in ec
prod ce a irele hrilling from heir ibra ing mbal , for he p rpo e of a rac ing recep i e
female . The mbal are modified membrane hich he can ibra e b mean of a mall m cle.
The o nd prod ced i amplified o creaming propor ion b ano her e of membrane in he
cicada abdomen. Combined i h he hea a e ri ing off of he b h eld, he creaming in ec
ga e an eerie backgro nd o rhino alking hro gh he den e horn on hand and knee .
Af er an ho r racking, Wallach and Clark po ed fo r rhino fif een ard ahead, re ing in he
par e hade afforded b e eral i ed acacia. In hi per , he form la ed heir plan . Wallach
a o remain in po i ion hile Clark circled aro nd o he righ and do n ind of he herd. Af er
Clark ignaled he a in po i ion, Wallach a o dar a rhino, and Clark o ld dar he econd a
he herd pa ed him do n ind in heir a emp o e cape.

A Clark hi le, he q i ical rhino ood p and ne pec edl mo ed a fe ep in o he b h.

The cheek of a large co pre en ed Wallach i h hi onl clear ho . Wallach co ld barel make her
head o hro gh a mall opening in he b h abo en inche in diame er. He aimed he dar a her
a cheek and p lled he rigger. I r ck he rhino i h a lo d chl p and he feared ha he dar
had r ck her ear and he dr g had been ejec ed ele l in o her ear canal.
The dar ed co re er ed her direc ion and led he o her rhino in he oppo i e direc ion of Clark, ho
ood p and ook a chance ho ha hi a ree limb.
The dar ed co en do n peaceabl on he edge of a donga in abo en min e . Her nine-

h ndred-po nd calf a ed clo e b , o Wallach prepared ano her for i and ano her for a econd
ad l animal. While he orked o prepare he dar o b ll mo ed noi ele l o ard he donga.
Clark dar ed he calf and Wallach dar ed one of he o half-gro n b ll ha had epped o of he
b h in re pon e o he calf fran ic call . The b ll, ng b he dar , br hed he irri a ing objec
o of hi hide a he made hi a back hro gh he b h. Upon e amining i , Wallach fo nd ha
he perc ion cap had failed o go off. In he mean ime he calf had follo ed he o re rea ing
b ll back in o he open eld, here i en do n hard on i ide, hro ing p a clo d of d . The
o c rio b ll rned back and h ng aro nd r ing o enco rage he calf o ge p and lea e i h
hem.
Wallach rammed he mi fired dar back in o he g n and epped o from he co er of he b h and

dar ed he neare b ll a he ar ed o ro off. A he mi ile impac , he a o nded rhino
opped, hirled aro nd o face him, and ared. Af er a en-min e ai , i a apparen ha he
perc ion cap a fa l , and i hadn gone off for he econd ime.
Wallach mo ed aro nd do n ind, and en o he Land Ro er ha Mo e had ho gh f ll bro gh

p and q ickl prepared a dar for ano her arge . On re rning, he rhino ca gh Wallach cen
and rned defian l in hi direc ion. Thi again nece i a ed a ide emicircle before he co ld come
in o range i ho caring off he o b ll . Wallach cra led back in o he co er of he b h here
Clark a ai ing and loaded p he cap re g n again.
Wallach mo ed for ard nder he b h o he co ld ge a clear ho a he rhino ho lder. A

i een ard , all he co ld ee of he i foo all animal from nder he br h a i fee . When he
go o hi knee o ake a ho , he b ll rned and ran o ard him. He fired he dar in o he lead
animal ho lder.
The dar h ng here j momen aril before being flipped o b he iolence of he b ll mock
charge. The old q e ion of did he animal ge he dr g or didn he? came p again, and hi a
no do b he la crack a him ha da , ince i a rapidl ge ing dark.
Clark and Wallach ai ed nder he b h for a long fi e min e . S ill he animal ood and ared in
o r direc ion. Then he a k ardl ook o goo e- ep for ard, and he ighed in relief. He alked
o ard heir b h in e aggera ed marching band ep , pa ing i hin a fe ard of hem hile hi
companion galloped in ide circle , bello ing and o ing hi head.
The rel c an l a ched he hor emen cha e off he non-dr gged b ll, b , a hing ere, he
o ld do ell o ge hree leeping rhino o of he b h ha nigh i ho a mi hap, ing onl he
ligh of he Land Ro er.
When he lone lorr re rned and Mo e a he hree animal do n, he hook hi head and
ol n eered a pe imi ic Whoa, hoa, hi i he da e die! meaning ha he and hi cre ere
going o be orked o dea h ha da .
The b ll a loaded fir and he cre anchored he co and her calf o a ree i h rope . Clark ook
a rn a g ard d hile Wallach en i h Mo e o per i e he b ll relea e on a ri er bank o
precio ime o ld no be a ed comple el off-loading and reloading he cra e.

When Wallach and Mo e re rned o he do ned rhino , i a pi ch dark. The had been i ho
food and a er for nearl fo r een ho r , o in heir ab ence Clark had been e ploring he dr
ream bed for a er. The fo nd him on hi knee digging in ome likel - e and. A a dep h of
one foo , black a er began o fill he cone- haped hole. The a er a cool and ligh l al , b i
a a er refre hing rea , e en ho gh he ere onl able o ge a fe o nce each.
Clark ook he co for relea e hile Wallach a ed back i h he calf. When he lorr and cre
re rned a 8:30 PM, he b ll companion had appeared again looking for hi ch m, and he calf
a beginning o come aro nd and cr o in a plea for help. Wallach had o i on her o keep her
do n hile he cra e a being nloaded. She a h led q ickl in o he o er i ed cra e, he
proced re being aided b her aler a e. The cre a oon heading back i h he mall cara an of
lorr , Ro er, and hor emen all ired b j bilan beca e he had e a record of fi e rhino ca gh
and mo ed in one da , and i h onl one lorr !
The arri ed a Ogome a abo 10:00 PM Clark and Wallach ook rn ha ing a m dd b
elcome ba h. Then he raided he Daniel icebo , flopped in o heir co , here leep came
q ickl .
Wallach and Clark ere a akened a nri e b he bra ing arri al of he donke -dra n a er ank
coming p he hill from he Whi e Umfolo i Ri er. Each morning hree h ndred gallon of he bro n
ri er a er ere collec ed and ha led o he op of he hill for he o po . In addi ion o mee ing
he need of he re iden of he a ion, he hor e , donke , and flo er all req ired heir ra ion.
Daniel ife, Pa , kep her elf b b keeping a rock garden ha con ained mo of he local
flo ering cc len . While enjo ing he plea an jingling of he donke harne , Wallach and Clark
ha ed, dre ed, and hen cleaned he ed dar and p hem o boiling hile a hear breakfa
of ar hog, egg , and po a oe a con med.
Once again he en ire afari headed o h for he Pal mbo. On arri ing a he ore, he co
informed Wallach and Clark ha a mall gro p of hree animal a re ing p in a den e pa ch of
b h onl a q ar er of a mile a a . The dapper headman a ed hi arm abo hile rela ing he
grea deed of he pre io da o he no eager a dience. T o dar ere a embled i h green
ail for ad l rhino and o i h hi e fligh for earling , ince he racker de crip ion did no
incl de he rhino age or i e.
The dar ing eam alked in ingle file do n a d illage pa h. A a nod from he head racker,
Wallach and Clark eered off in o he angle of acacia horn i h dr ig and fallen lea e crackling
nderfoo . A he n ro e higher, he con an drone of he Chri ma bee added heir hrieking
o he eam noi e. The combina ion of he hrobbing backgro nd noi e of he in ec and he ligh
di or ion b he ri ing hea a e began pla ing on he eam no ired ner e n il he ere
almo hall cina ing he e pec ed o ee a rhino behind each b h.
E en all he fo nd he hree rhino do ing, a large b ll anding and a co and calf l ing do n.
The animal ere ahead and o heir lef , and o far ere na are ha he had been di co ered.
Clark a in a good po i ion o dar he b ll, o i ho he i a ion he ook hi ho .
The ne pec ed lap of he dar ca ed he b ll o back in o he co . She ood p i h a ar ,

agi a ed b he b ll cl m ine and bad manner . Clark hen dar ed her in he ho lder i h he
calf do e in hope of lo ing her do n. A oon a Wallach a he dar hi he co he epped
for ard and dar ed he co i h he econd calf do e. Ho e er, he dar r ck her a a bad angle
and glanced off of her r mp and j added peed o her e i .
The ca abo looking for he b ll rack for a fe momen , b ga e p in he ma e of gra el

and dr lea e . The re rned o he ehicle , here Wallach filled ano her dar i h a calf do e of
M-99. He ga e Clark he ad l dar , and he e off back in o he b h. Af er ro ing a mile o he
nor h, one of he hor emen cla ered p lo dl , kidded o a op in a clo d of d , and e ci edl

elled o hem ha he b ll a do n. He a old o re rn o he b ll immedia el and g ard i

le he horn h n er o ld find him and ake he oppor ni o chop hi horn off hile he rhino
a in hi helple a e.
The econd hor eman arri ed in a la her j a he fir a lea ing and old Wallach and Clark ha
he co a leaning again a ree abo o mile a a ! The eam headed for he co fir , and
hen he arri ed he fo nd her do n on her bri ke immobili ed, b no comple el ncon cio .
The eam a ached a rope o a rear leg and anchored her o a nearb ree. I a hen a imple
ma er o immobili e he calf a i o ld no lea e i mo her ide.
B chance, a lone b ll emerged nanno nced from he b h, hich Wallach handil dar ed. B 1:00
o clock in he af ernoon he had fo r rhino do n in a rea onabl mall area.
The lorr cre li erall had o hack road hro gh he angle of i ed horn o he lorr co ld be
backed p o he b ll ha Clark had originall dar ed. Af er admini ering he M-99 an agoni i
ook an n all long ho r o rge him in o he cra e.
While he lorr a off o drop he fir animal in ide he Umfolo i fence, he co ood p. She
a ed a he end of her e her like a dr nken ailor, req iring Wallach o gi e her a econd do e of
he dr g cock ail i h a hand ringe. The hor emen ere i ing on heir eed and la il a ching
he co go do n, and had momen aril aken heir e e off of he calf a Wallach rned o p ll he
dar o of he calf. A he did, he j mped p and ca gh he di rac ed co fla foo ed, b he
aler hor e jerked hem o afe j in ime. The calf a gi en addi ional dr g o e le her
do n and e er bod miled.
While ai ing for he lorr o re rn, he local ribe men had rned o in force o a ch he rhino
ho a i nfolded. One of he gra ef l headmen bro gh he eam a po of ea i h goa milk and
coar e gar. The elcome refre hmen a er ed in an ancien e of china gi en o one of he
chief b an Engli h q een. The i i or all a aro nd Wallach and Clark, la ghing and clapping
hile he recipien of he gif ere nceremonio l bol ing he eaming bre .
The lorr re rned and he co a le eraged in o he cra e. The cre manhandled he ea ing calf
in o he bed of he Land Ro er and ied i do n i h a ne and hea rope . Shor l he co and calf
ere off-loaded in o he Umfolo i, and ere lef o heir o n de ice gra ing aimle l oge her in
heir e phoric a e.
When he eam re rned o he dar ing area for he la b ll, he fo nd i impo ible o loca e an
i able place for a road o be c beca e of a hea rock o cropping and e eral large ree . The
eam o ed nanimo l for a plan ha o ld alk he rhino a half mile do n a dr ri erbed ha
a hand o he neare road here he co ld ha e he cra e alread on he gro nd and read .
While Mo e lef i h he lorr o ge he cra e in po i ion on he road, Wallach and Clark ook a
hir -foo long 3/8 inch hemp rope and a fif foo 1/2 inch n lon rope and headed back o he
rhino. A loop a made in he n lon rope and placed aro nd he rhino head behind he po erior
horn. The hemp rope a ied o hi lef rear leg a a drag line.
The eam a able o bring he blinking rhino o hi fee i ho an an ido e ince he had been
do n for fi e ho r , and he dr g ere b hen earing off. Wi h hear ho and igoro lap
behind he ear , he dro e him he fif een ard o he ri er bed. The eam had o e long limb
ripped off of ree o le erage him do n a hree foo embankmen in o he loo e and of he dr
ri erbed. He cr mpled in o he dr ri er in a heap. Af er reco ering hi leg , he ar ed alking in
he rong direc ion, o he eam had o redirec him b p lling on hi ail and leg rope.
Wi h i men p lling, and hree behind ac ing a anchor men or prodder a he i a ion req ired,
he a mo ed do n he ri er he one half mile o he road for loading in abo an ho r. The
ro ghe par a e o come. The old gen leman a no q ickl regaining hi fac l ie and more

igoro l re i ing o r g idance, and he had e o ge him back p he ri erbank and in o he

narro opening of he cra e.
The eam ha led he lead rope hro gh he cra e and o he fron cen er hole and anchored i o
he a el of he lorr . On ignal he eam prodded and orried he b ll i h ho n il he l mbered
p he bank nder hi o n po er and in o he anc ar of he cra e o e cape hi ormen or .
Before he eam a able o reac q ickl eno gh o la ch he rear door behind him, and before he
lorr a p lled for ard o collec he lack in he head rope, he ddenl backed p, napping he
n lon lead a he a el a ho gh i ere fi hing line. He q ickl re rea ed, p lling he i raining
Z l laborer holding he rope p again he fron of he cra e like o man gra eed lipped off
of he em. Af er a brief momen of pandemoni m, Wallach and Clark collec ed and organi ed he
eam eno gh and p hed he bello ing gian back in o he cra e.
Af er o hard, record-breaking da , he lorr cre a no e ha ed. The fell dangero l

ilen , o Wallach had Mo e r ck p a ing ong chan o ar he llen cre in o making ome
noi e. Af er a fe ell- old joke abo heir mo her -in-la , he ere oon la ghing again.
Wallach and Clark pi ched in and helped o pick p he hea end of he loading roller , hich no
do b helped o boo heir fading piri .
The eam happil le he b ll lo e in he re er e and made i back o he Ogome S a ion, j af er

f ll darkne . Af er nloading heir per onal gear and cap re eq ipmen , he fo nd ha Daniel
and hi ife Pa had re rned from heir D rban holida i h her i er. E er one raded orie and
had a glorio dinner of ffed ildebee e hear , mealie porridge, and beer. The alking en on
in o he morning, haring de ail of he cap re eam record breaking o da in he Pal mbo
loca ion i h par ic lar empha i on he place here he rhino ere relea ed in o Daniel Ogome
area of re pon ibili .
Daniel i er-in-la an ed o go along in he morning and he agreed o ake her onl af er he

promi ed o bring along a er, orange and of drink . A ha poin he cap re eam re ired o bed
and obli ion.
While Pa and her i er cooked breakfa , Wallach cleaned and l brica ed he cap re g n and
cleaned, boiled dar and replaced ben dar needle . Wallach and Clark had go en p la e and i
had aken e eral ho r o ga her p and reorgani e gear and collec Daniel i er-in-la and he
laborer o he eam arri ed a he Pal mbo ore onl af er 11:30 A.M.
The impeccabl niformed headman a pa ien l ai ing for hem a al on he eranda of he

ore. He repor ed ha hi racker had po ed hree rhino l ing p here he had dar ed heir
fir rhino o da earlier.
Af er one ho r of nprod c i e creeping abo in he b h i h he infernal Chri ma bee

creeching in heir ear , he learned from one game co ha he local eenager had ho gh ha
rhino ca ching had looked like ch grea f n ha he had ried heir rhino h n ing kill and had
cha ed he rhino off i h heir dog .
Fr ra ed, he eam climbed in o he ehicle and ar ed o dri e o he oppo i e end of he

Pal mbo loca ion, hoping o head off he fleeing rhino. Af er a hor dri e he eam came pon a
lone b ll anding in he hade of a mall horn b h j off he rack abo hree h ndred ard
ahead. Wallach ignaled for he ehicle o op and he mo ioned o Mo e o h off he lorr .
Clark and Wallach bo h loaded and cocked heir cap re g n and alked o i hin en -fi e ard
of he b ll before he en ed heir pre ence.
There a a large cl mp of br h be een Wallach, Clark, and he rhino. The flipped a coin and
decided ha if he b ll cho e o go o he righ , Wallach o ld ake he ho and if he b ll ook off
o he lef , Clark o ld ake he ho . Af er a o min e apprai al of he b ll c rled hi ail o er

hi back and ook off o he righ . Wallach ook he ho , hi ing he ro ing b ll j behind he
ho lder.
The b ll con in ed on a a rapid pace, and i a ob io he o ld no be able o keep p i h on

foo , o he op ed o ai a he ehicle n il he hor emen had done heir job. Af er an ho r he
fir hor eman on hi ea ing and p ffing hor e, repor ing ha he had fo nd he b ll gra ing in a
clearing, b he dar had fallen o and he b ll a ho ing no ign of ha ing go en an of he
dr g .
The eam a di co raged. Wallach began o e hing p again o find ano her animal hen he
econd hor eman ho ed p a a hard gallop i h a differen repor . He elled ha he had po ed
he dar ed b ll i h he dar ill in i abo fo r mile a a ( he fir rider had apparen l had
mbled on o e ano her animal). The hor eman rela ed ha he b ll a ill anding and hen
he had di mo n ed and had ried o p an anchor rope aro nd i rear leg i had gi en him a half-
hear ed charge.
The eam j mped in o he ehicle and ince he kne he loca ion of he rhino he ook a hor
c . The b ll had made o righ hand rn o lo e he fir rider!
Af er arri ing a he de cribed loca ion, here a ome lo d conf ion abo hich hicke he b ll
had been di co ered in, o he eam back- racked he hor e in order o find he rhino. The came
pon he b ll l ing do n in a pa ch of par e b h, al ho gh he did no look like a picall dr gged
animal a he a aler l mo ing hi ear o cha e off flie and ca ch danger ignal .
Wallach loaded ano her dar , and he approached he b ll. When he go o i hin an arm reach
Wallach lapped he b ll on he r mp. The re pon e a immedia e and lo d. The ar led rhino, he
dar ill embedded in i ho lder, clambered o i fee , roaring. For a momen he a conf ed a
o hich a o r n, rning fir o he lef and hen o he righ . Wallach held off dar ing him
beca e a ha hor range he dar o ld ha e e ploded on impac and he rhino o ld rel
recogni e he direc ion of hi an agoni !
One game co an ed o p Daniel i er-in-la in afe p a dead ree i h lo limb ea

for climbing, b he cho e ano her and i a good he did, beca e a he rhino bol ed off, he
bo led o er he dead ree he had been in r c ed o climb, red cing i o a heap of d and
plin er . A he b ll reached he o her ide of he clearing, Wallach aimed and fired hi dar a he
cen er of he rhino di appearing rear here he o ld be hi if he igged or agged.
The b ll cho e o go raigh , o he dar r ck him dead cen er righ a he ba e of he ail. The
animal opped in he far hicke and rned o look back in o he clearing. In abo fi e min e he
began goo e- epping and andered back in o he open. Wallach and Clark leaned again a ree
and ai ed for he dr g o ake heir co r e. Af er he cro ed he clearing he reali ed ha i
o ld be fa er loading if he ere headed in o he clearing in ead of in o he b h, o i h a bi of
hea ing, ail p lling and gr n ing he b ll a rned in o proper po i ion j a he cra hed hea il
o he gro nd.
A he hi he gro nd, he b ll per onal arm of flie lef him and ried a ample of h man blood
before aking off again in earch of he more fa orable en ironmen of ano her rhino.
Wallach p lled o he original dar for e amina ion and fo nd ha i had a fa l de ona or and had
failed o di charge! The hor eman had ried o p a rope aro nd he leg of an e ha ed, indignan ,
and rpri ed rhino and, i a con idered for na e for he co ha he a able o ride off
n ca hed. If he animal had been a black rhino, he odd ere grea er ha he o ld ha e been
inj red beca e black rhino picall deli er a more aggre i e and more ained charge han a
hi e rhino. The con in ed o be impre ed i h he mild na re of he hi e rhino.

The cap re eam had e o record in hree da . Fi e rhino had been ca gh and ran por ed in
a ingle da i h one lorr , and en rhino had been ca gh and ran por ed in hree da i h one
lorr . The en rhino a Pal mbo afari became a legend!
The Umfolo i cap re eam had reached a high degree of kill and efficienc and he co ld be
e pec ed o compl i h an order gi en o a e he hi e rhino. I a a ad fac ha here ere
nine h ndred hi e rhino in he Umfolo i Re er e and he rro nding loca ion ha had gra i a ed
o he pro ec ed one . Mo ing rhino from he loca ion in o he Umfolo i kep he neighbor happ ,
b ha proce didn relie e he pop la ion pre re ha hrea ened he er r i al of he en ire
anc ar .
The re l of he ann al cen for he hi e rhino pop la ion in he Umfolo i-Hl hl e comple
deal he Na al Park aff a n mbing blo . De pi e he cap re and ran por of nearl hree
h ndred hi e rhino o er a hree- ear period, he pop la ion had elled o an npreceden ed o al
of 912 rhino . I a deci ion ime. Ei her he e ce animal had o be cap red and reloca ed or a
cropping program had o be in i ed o rapidl red ce he rhino feeding pre re on he eld
before he ne dr ea on.
The rainle da of he dr ea on promi ed o ake heir oll on ho e animal ha co ld no find

a er. Large pop la ion of hor gra -gra ing animal o ld ir p he hallo and fragile op
oil, e po ing he moi roo of he gra o he dr ing ind . The roo of he gra b rn be ond
al age o ld pell doom o he gra area of he eld hen he rain finall came again. The
had onl hree mon h before hi dr ea her o ld begin again, o here a li le ime o make
de ailed plan or ga her eq ipmen no alread in ppl .
Earl h n er had hi oricall repor ed he pre ence of large n mber of hi e rhino in So hern
Rhode ia (no Zimbab e). Ho e er, e en i e h n ing for mea , roph horn and por , along i h
land clearing for crop d ring he pioneer ear of So h Africa, had ca ed he hi e rhino
pop la ion o di appear.
In 1962 fi e o ng boma- rained rhino had been r cked o he K le Dam Game Re er e in

So hern Rhode ia, nearl one ho and mile o he nor h of Umfolo i. If he rhino ran por had
been cce f l and he animal had adap ed o heir ne homeland, hen he o ld immedia el
begin o mo e more of he o ercro ded hi e rhino o Rhode ia. The eagerl called he Rhode ian
Wildlife Ser ice o learn of he e perimen o come and ere grea l relie ed ha all fi e of he
animal had r i ed and remained i hin he confine of he park.
The one ho and mile pread be een Umfolo i and K le Dam o ld eem o precl de he
emplo men of he q ick-ca ch-and-relea e me hod he had emplo ed o re rn he ra rhino
from he Pal mbo na i e loca ion back o he afe confine of he Umfolo i. On he o her hand, he
i o eigh eek i ook o boma- rain each animal, o ld ake oo long o prepare one h ndred
rhino for he o da dri e o K le Dam.
B he ime i ook o boma- rain he one h ndred head of he rhino and ge hem hipped o ,
irre er ible damage o he fragile Umfolo i eld o ld ha e alread aken i oll. The i a ion
called for a depar re from he andard proced re no prac iced if an effor ere o be of an
erio al e.
The decided o gamble i h he life of one animal o r ha had been con idered a ra h idea onl
a fe mon h earlier. Wallach fel ha he ne dr g echnolog i h he M-99 cock ail had been
pro en eno gh o prod ce he de ired re l , hich a o cap re a hi e rhino from he b h in
Umfolo i and ran por i direc l o K le Dam. S ch a mo e o ld req ire aro nd- he-clock dri ing
o keep he cra e ime do n o en fo r ho r and ha o ld nece i a e he ranq ili a ion of
he ne l cap red rhino for he en ire rip!

Wallach a akened earl in an icipa ion of he e perimen al ran loca ion of he hi e rhino o K le
Dam, b o hi di ma here a a hea clo d co er and ead dri le. Jo e , hi cook heard
him ra ling and gr mbling abo he ea her in he dark and e abo b ilding a ood fire o ha
he co ld ha e ho a er for a ho - a er ha e and ea. B 6:30 AM Wallach had breakfa ed on
ome cold mealie: pop and boiled ar hog prepared he nigh before.
Af er ha ing and packing a bag i h e eral change of niform , and hi pa por , So h African
dri er licen e, and heal h paper , Wallach made p a fre h bo le of M-99, a here had been a
plag e of dden precipi a ion of he dr g af er p ing he po der in o ol ion.
The eam had decided o ar he projec i h a o ng b ll in he 3,500 po nd range a he ini ial

e perimen al animal. Wallach didn an o ri k e perimen ing on a breeding female ince here
a a po ibili ha he animal co ld peri h d ring he opera ion. He prepared o dar in
ad ance o he da o ld no be lo if he ho en a ra .
Wallach a me b Head Ranger S eele, John Tinle , Ken Rochor , and So h African a e
e erinarian from Na al a he Mpila head office. The eam lef immedia el in he Land Ro er
follo ed b Mo e and hi labor cre in he Bedford lorr loaded i h he gra rhino cra e. The
pa ed he Madlo i ranger a ion and ro ed o men from heir leep o ac a he hor emen for
he cap re.
The eam a ill in pec ing he dampened a annah a 9:30 AM for a i able e perimen al
animal. Man b ll ere po ed, all oo old, and i h plen of co ih ckling cal e a heir
gra ide . I appeared for a ime ha he Umfolo i Re er e a all o of 3,500 po nd o ng
male .
I a ill dri ling a 10:30 AM hen he proper i ed animal a igh ed a par of a mall herd of
en rhino. The animal a in a and of i -foo - all gra , o i a nece ar o dar i high on he
hip. Beca e of he loped ana om of he rhino hip, he dar hi and bo nced a a in a clo d of
pra . I co ld no be di cerned immedia el if he pra a rain a er from he rhino kin or he
M-99 ele l pra ing from he needle af er a brief con ac i h he animal.
The rhino bri kl galloped off in o he ind i h he hor emen in a la hering p r i . Wallach
follo ed lo l , j keeping he Land Ro er i hin igh of he hor e o a o no dri e he rhino
far her han nece ar .
When he cara an reached him el e min e la er, he ere re ha all had been lo on finding
he animal do n on hi back, i fee paddling in he air like a cap i ed de ro er i h i propeller
ill r nning. Thi po i ion p nna ral pre re and re e on he rhino circ la or em and
re pira or em if i i main ained for an leng h of ime. The q ickl rolled he animal on o i
che and a more na ral ph iological po re.
The ro ine in pec ion of he animal i al ign indica ed ha he b ll a a heal h pecimen and
a brea hing normall . The a e e erinarian began hi in pec ion hile Mo e mane ered he
lorr in o po i ion for he loading proce . The loading pro ed o be an n all long proced re, a
he animal a do n in a ra her inacce ible donga i h a br h-co ered bank. A a re l a pa h
had o be cleared for he lorr o ge in o po i ion. Then he a e e erinarian ref ed o i e
heal h paper or relea e he rhino for hipmen o Rhode ia n il i a co ered i h an i- ick
grea e.
B noon he animal a finall in he cra e and on he lorr . The o ng b ll probabl hadn recei ed
he f ll do e of dr g a a re l of he glancing impac of he dar and a a re l a alread
anding in he cra e. He a going req ire addi ional long la ing ranq ili er .
The ne ep a o ge o he Ma inda Ranger S a ion o fill he lorr ank and pick p a railer
alread loaded i h pplie . A Ma inda he railer a hi ched o Rochor Land Ro er o ha fi e-
fif gallon dr m of ga oline co ld be loaded. In he back of he Land Ro er he p heir per onal
i ca e , pare par for he lorr , ool , and en fi e-gallon can of ga oline for a o al of 294
gallon , hich incl ded ha a in he dr m and he ehicle ank . The had o ake heir ppl
of ga oline a here o ld no be an oppor ni ob an d ring he r n o K le.
The loading a Ma inda a painf ll lo . Finall a 2:00 PM he afari headed o of he re er e

for he p blic road i h Mo e and Tinle in he lorr and Wallach and Rochor in he Land Ro er. I
had ar ed raining again and he p blic road a en mile of a en - o- hir degree incline i h
a q agmire ca ed b he con an pa ing of hea eq ipmen o er a dir road.
Bo h ehicle ere ch rning hro gh he m d ide a in fo r- heel dri e a a nail pace of fi e

mile per ho r. Thir min e la er e reached he Hlabi a ho pi al e lemen on he mmi .
Wallach a ed he lorr on hile he opped a he na i e ore o b a ca e of of drink o go
i h he food packed for b he omen a he camp. The depended pon he caffeine in he of
drink o keep hem a ake for he ne en -fo r ho r !
The ere oon off o ca ch p i h he lorr , aking each m dd hill a a lo fo r heeled grind.
S ddenl Wallach reali ed ha he ere going p a hill i ho ha ing o do n hif o a lo er gear.
The opped and looked a he back of he Land Ro er o find ha he ga oline laden railer had lef
hem! In a panic he heeled aro nd and charged back o er he peak o ee he o er rned railer
and he re n ga oline dr m in he depre ion be een he la o hill . The di r p ed railer had
come loo e on he do ngrade and plo ed a o-foo deep f rro in he m dd road for one
h ndred ard n il i r ck a rock and flipped o er, ca ering he dr m . The con idered i
mirac lo ha he dr m hadn r p red and pilled he precio con en .
Rochor and Wallach le ered he railer back prigh , a ached he ball hi ch and he chain o he
Land Ro er and began he proce of rolling he dr m back o ard he railer. The rolled he fir
dr m again he ailga e o e a a f lcr m and hen pried he remaining dr m o er i in o heir
proper po i ion back in he railer.
B hi ime he ere drenched in ea from heir labor . The h midi made he air aro nd hem
like a ran paren ea. When he had fini hed reloading he railer and had ar ed off again, i a
3:00 PM and no ime had become heir enem . The had gone onl fif mile ince he b ll had
been cap red, and rhino had onl been kep ranq ili ed for fo r o i ho r in he hi oric
ran loca ion o he Kr ger Na ional Park.
Fi e mile do n he road a rear ire en fla on he Land Ro er ca ing ano her en-min e dela .
While he changed he ire he ilen l en hro gh he ime ched le. The came acro he
lorr a he Pongola Ri er, p lled off he road and ere o of pe rol. The p mped f el from he
fif -gallon dr m in o he lorr and ed a fi e-gallon can o fill he ro er o a e ime.
The cre a no dri ing hro gh he Pongola Valle here en mon h earlier Wallach had orked
a a Na al a e e erinarian. The land a cared i h irriga ion di che forming geome ric pa che
of gar cane field and ci r orchard . The change of cener a r l a plea re for Wallach
af er nine mon h in he b h. B he ime he cro ed in o he Tran aal, he nor hern mo
pro ince in he Rep blic, he n a do n and he e ening ind ere beginning o b ild p.
The con in ed o dri e nor h hro gh he Tran aal, and b ome roke of l ck became lo onl
once. The lo he correc road for hir min e in he hea il fore ed cen ral Tran aal. The
oon fo nd heir a and con in ed nor h, grinding p he eep grade in fo r- heel dri e and
free heeling do n inding mo n ain road o pre er e precio ga pplie . The nigh a ill
o erca and pi ch black.
A a li le pa midnigh bo h ehicle ere opped o ref el. B no he fi e-gallon can ere all
emp and he ere p mping f el from he dr m in o bo h ehicle i h a hand p mp.

A Lo kop Dam Na ional Park he needed o make a nine -degree righ rn; ho e er, he ere
going oo fa on a do n-hill grade and needed o carr on for a fe mile o find a afe rn
aro nd. Reaching he high pla ea , Wallach fo nd he land cape o be imilar o ha of he Big
Thomp on Can on in Colorado, i h inding mo n ain road bi ec ing ark er ical land cape on
one ide and a precipi o drop on he o her. On a le el ec ion of road he opped again o ref el
and checked on he do ing rhino.
Again a 2:30 AM near Grober dal he grade began co ing a con iderable amo n of f el. The rhino
a l ing do n and re ing peacef ll .
A 5:15 AM in he gra morning a ro er- ail of orange park b r p from behind he pe role m-
laden Land Ro er. The railer had come loo e again and he ong e a ho ering i h park a
i gro nd along he pa emen . The lo ed he ro er, grad all ing i a a brake and b ffer for
he careening railer. The decided o p mp bo h ehicle ank f ll again and ran fer a m ch f el
a po ible from he dr m o he fi e gallon can . The hen had o and one half dr m of pe rol
lef hich ere loaded in o he bed of he ro er. While he eam orked fe eri hl o deal i h he
f el, he rhino became impa ien in he mo ionle cra e.
The belligeren animal oon had he op board of he cra e coming loo e and a remo ing grea
piece of he o inch l mber a a from he in ide of he fron door of he cra e i h i horn.
Wallach admini ered an addi ional do e of ranq ili er o he rhino and he railer and he emp
f el dr m ere hidden in he br h. The arranged for a mechanic a a nearb ga a ion in
Po gie ergr o pick p he railer and eld afe chain on i o i co ld no come loo e on he
re rn rip.
The deh dra ed and e ha ed rhino became depre ed follo ing he la do e of ranq ili er and
a in a deep por o ho r la er. Wallach ga e he rhino a jol of cor i one o relie e ome of i
ph iological re .
A Po gie erg , he eam picked p a main high a and q ickl pa ed hro gh Pie er b rg and
Lo i Trichard i h he ligh from he ri ing n making he dri ing ea ier. Thir min e la er he
rhino began mo ing aro nd again and he hole eam fel a grea en e of relief. The hadn come
hi far onl o lo e an animal. The pa ed hro gh W lie Por , here he opped o refre h
hem el e . Af er a cold a er ha e and ome ho ea he ere all r nning abo la ghing like
chool bo he ere going o make i !
The reached he Rhode ian border a high noon. The k a clear and he n a alread high
and ho , o he parked he rhino lorr in he hade of ome ree abo a half mile from he border.
Abo e hem a a Bri i h propeller dri en po er plane moni oring all of he lorrie pa ing hro gh
he border o n of Bie Bridge in order o rack he q an i of ga oline being e por ed from So h
Africa in o Rhode ia. Parking he lorr nder he ree crea ed a grea c rio i for he pilo , ho
hen began b ing he li le and of b h in order o ge a be er look a he hidden ehicle.
The lef Mo e i h he ehicle and ook hi paper i h hem along o he c om office, here
he ere gree ed b Jerem Ander on, ho a a game ranger from he Rhode ian Park
Depar men . He had formerl been a ranger for he Na al Park Board, o he re nion a hi
de ola e border a ion a a boi ero e en .
Wallach American pa por rai ed e ebro ince he Uni ed S a e a backing he Bri i h

economic anc ion again Rhode ia a hi ime. Wallach a gi en a hor - erm i a o co er an
e ima ed ojo rn ha o ld find him o of Rhode ia i hin e en - o ho r , and he had o
pro ide hem i h a de ailed map of heir ro e of ra el. A ide from he poli ical q e ioning he
Rhode ian ere q i e ci il and friendl . All ere in ere ed in heir niq e cargo and e pedi ed a
rapid pa age hro gh c om .

The afari p lled hro gh he c om and he border ga e a 12:30 PM and cro ed he Lipopo
Ri er o begin heir final da h acro he de ola e Rhode ian b h eld d ring he hea of he da .
Se en mile nor h of he border he opped in ome hade o check he ea ing rhino and ook
he oppor ni o re ch heir leg a bi . The empera re a ell o er 100 degree and he hea
ca ed he la of he nopened of drink bo le o e plode.
The con in ed he long rek p he Grea Nor h Road, pa ing he gro e q e, almo nreal,
baobob ree and ign ha arned: Yield Elephan Cro ing!
The armac rip had been b il d ring he Second World War o carr ma erial from o hern Africa
o he Nor h African hea er. Elephan had p hed large cc len baobob ree o er on he ide of
he road in order o reach he pper ig and he a er-filled che p lp.
A la e a 1893 here ere ar a For Vic oria be een he Rhode ian , ho ere r ing o op
he po erf l Ma abele ribe men from cap ring he eaker Ma hona ribe men and elling hem o
he Arab for la e .
The eam a me in For Vic b a Land Ro er f ll of j bilan Rhode ian ranger , incl ding Warden
Br ce A in, Tomm Orfi , and Tink Ha lam ho ere going o care for he rhino af er he
offloading.
In ano her half-ho r, en -eigh ho r af er lea ing Umfolo i, he arri ed a Lake K le i h an

e ha ed b er m ch ali e rhino!
The ranger a K le had e eral log boma prepared o he ne arri al co ld be ob er ed and

moni ored for an ad er e effec of he rip. The rhino cra e ere ha led off of he lorr b mean
of a chain come-along i h ro nd pole nder he cra e o ac a roller a i a p lled e er o
lo l along. The boma con ained ha and fre h c gra pl a concre e a er ro gh. Af er he
opened he cra e, he he i an rhino alked o and aro nd he pen a fe ime . I drank hea il ;
hen i laid do n i h a deep igh. The animal appeared o be a relie ed a e ere o ha e
comple ed he jo rne .
The hen en o Tomm Orfi ho e for a beer on he eranda and had he opera or ring he
elegraph office o ignal he official cce elegram. I a an e remel bea if l e ening a
he happil a ched he Rhode ian n e on Lake K le. Their jo rne had come o a cce f l
concl ion he pro ed ha he Whi e rhino co ld be a ed!!
Safari in o So hern Rhode ia (no Zimbab e) o deli er ild and boma- rained hi e rhino o K le
Dam Game Re er e and he Wankie Na ional Park became a ead ream, and Opera ion Rhino
rned in o Rhino E p e , he legend and he book.
While in Rhode ia, Wallach a in i ed o join in he elephan immobili a ion projec de igned for
marking and cold branding o d elephan pop la ion and migra ion d namic . The large elephan
pop la ion in Wankie Na ional Park a headed for a calami beca e ci ili a ion and in en i e
agric l re ere encroaching pon hem from all ide .
Hi oricall , he ann al elephan migra ion ga e he park fo r mon h o reco er d ring he rain
ea on; ho e er, man and hi en erpri e encircled he park i h claim o he ancien elephan
road re l ing in he end of he migra ion . O ergra ing and hea bro ing ripped he gra eld
and he b h bare. The da of he elephan a o er. Cer ain doom a on he hori on for he
elephan . No one an ed hem ince he ere nei her rare nor endangered, and he ere
con idered a de r c i e ob acle o progre .
The Rhode ian didn ha e he mone , rained per onnel, he immobili ing eq ipmen , dr g , or
ehicle o bring Opera ion Elephan o fr i ion. Wallach promi ed ha he o ld find all ha a
needed o in fac bring Opera ion Elephan o a reali , and o er a period of e eral ear he i i ed
Rhode ia and per onall deli ered Opera ion Elephan .

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In the end, it s not the ears in our life that count. It s the life in our ears.
― Ab aha Li c
Was an American politician and law er who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until

08/10/2020 The Ce e f he Bi g f Na a S e - E ige e ic : The Dea h f he Ge e ic The f Di ea e T a i i 1 Edi i
Epigene ics: The Dea h of he Gene ic Theor of Disease

Transmission 1s Edi ion
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
The Cen er for he Biolog of Na ral S s ems
A A i o le alked onde ing h o gh hi g ea oological ga den, he became con inced ha he
infini e a ie of life co ld be a anged in a con in o e ie in hich each link o ld be almo
indi ing i hable f om he ne . In all e ec , he he in c e, o mode of life, o e od c ion
and ea ing, o en a ion and feeling, he e a e min e g ada ion and og e ion f om he lo e
o gani m o he highe . A he bo om of he cale e can ca cel di ide he li ing f om he
dead ; na e make o g ad al a an i ion f om he inanima e o he anima e kingdom ha he
bo nda line hich e a a e hem a e indi inc and do b f l ; and e ha a deg ee of life e i
e en in he ino ganic. Again, man ecie canno i h ce ain be called lan o animal . And a
in he e lo e o gani m i i almo im o ible a ime o a ign hem o hei o e gen and
ecie , o imila a e he ; o in e e o de of life he con in i of g ada ion and diffe ence i
a ema kable a he di e i of f nc ion and fo m . B in he mid of hi be ilde ing ichne
of c e ce ain hing and o con incingl : ha life ha g o n eadil in com le i and in
o e ; ha in elligence ha og e ed in co ela ion i h com le i of c e and mobili of
fo m; ha he e ha been an inc ea ing eciali a ion of f nc ion, and a con in o cen ali a ion of
h iological con ol.
Will D ran
The S o of Philo o h :
The Li e and O inion of he Wo ld G ea Philo o he
In he Spring of 1966 Wallach men or, Marlin Perkin , direc or of he S . Lo i Zoo and ar of he
M al of Omaha Wild Kingdom ele i ion ho , en a elegram in i ing Wallach o mo e on from
he Opera ion Rhino projec in So h Africa and re rn o he Uni ed S a e and join him in a large
NIH pon ored re earch projec .
Perkin , along i h Barr Commoner, ho a an en ironmen ali , a former pre iden ial candida e
for he Independen Par , and a profe or and he head of he Depar men of Biolog a
Wa hing on Uni er i in S . Lo i , Mi o ri, had go en a $7.5 million gran from he Na ional
In i e of Heal h o d he orld ecolog , he en ironmen , and he impac of poll ion on he
plan , animal, and h man pop la ion of he orld.
The program a o combine he facili ie of Wa hing on Uni er i biolog depar men , he

Sha Bo anical Garden in S . Lo i Co n , and he S . Lo i Zoological Garden in o a ne
ni er i depar men o be kno n a The Cen er for he Biolog of Na ral S em .

Wallach pondered he in i a ion for abo a eek and ini iall re ponded i h a poli e hank- o b
no hank- o re pon e, hich a placed on op of he man el for mailing. A mon h la er he reali ed
ha he le er a ill here. I hadn been mailed!
Wallach reread he le er and hen ore i p. Hadn he a ed ha He o ld do an hing o ork

i h Marlin Perkin ? When he a fir hired a a kid o ork i h he elephan barn in he S . Lo i
Zoo? Perkin had per onall ri en he in i a ion, and he a no he or of man o co ld rn
do n, and he promi ed ha e o ld be orking i h a larger arie of animal pecie and
h man !
A Perkin direc ion, Wallach a appoin ed o he projec a a po -doc oral fello in compara i e
pa holog and compara i e medicine a The Cen er for he Biolog of Na ral S em . He a gi en
an office in he oo ho pi al, a f ll -eq ipped and affed pa holog labora or , and an a op
facili i h a alk-in cooler and an elec ric hoi on an o erhead rack for lif ing and mo ing he
larger animal . There ere kni e , clea er , a e , a , and ample bo le filled i h formaldeh de
ai ing o be filled. The labora or eq ipped for microbiolog , para i olog , blood and i e
chemi r , and prepara ion of hi opa hological lide had ligh micro cope and acce o elec ron
micro cope , pho ograph eq ipmen , cale , and -ra facili ie . The facili ie and ool ere all- oo
familiar.
Wallach liai on a he oo ere Mood Len he General C ra or, Rober Fr eh, a i an c ra or

of mammal , Charlie Hoe le, a i an c ra or of rep ile and Mike Flieg, c ra or of bird . Wallach
ad i or and per i or for h man pa holog and a op ie a Dr. Malcom Pe er on, a h man
pa hologi a he Barne Ho pi al, a eaching ho pi al a Wa hing on Uni er i School of Medicine
j do n he ree from he oo.
The elemen , mechanic , and in e iga ion of animal pa holog ere he ame a he elemen ,
mechanic , and in e iga ion of h man pa holog . The k ll and bod ca i ie are opened p i h
kni e , a , and bone hear o ha he cen ral ner o em and he in ernal organ co ld be
ie ed, eighed, and ample aken for microbiolog , para i olog , chemi r , and hi opa holog
e amina ion .
E ra effor had o be aken o pre en blood, bod fl id , or rine from pla hing in o one e e ,
no e, or mo h. The h man pa hologi ha o be do bl caref l o pre en c ing or icking
him elf i h an in r men or bone plin er o a oid inoc la ing him elf i h a po en iall deadl
organi m.
The h man pa hologi look for pne monia, ra ma, r p red ane r m , blood clo , perfora ing
ga ric lcer , hear a ack , cancer, and ma be ill do a chemical or dr g creen if he clinical
record gge he need or li iga ion migh be in ol ed. The h man pa hologi limi he da a in
he pa holog repor o he i e and color of he organ , gro finding ( ra ma, e c.), and a ca e
of dea h.
The h man pa hologi ne er li he n ri ional deficienc ha ca e bir h defec , ane r m ,

diabe e , ar hri i , blood clo , hear a ack , cancer, Al heimer , or e en o eoporo i . A a re l
of hi ema ic omi ion of cri ical informa ion clinical n ri ion ha ne er ad anced. Wallach
re pon ibili ie incl ded changing hi h ge o er igh .
T en o hir po doc oral fello ere a ached o he Cen er a an gi en ime. The ere an
eclec ic hink- ank of grad a e den ha incl ded bo ani , biologi , en ironmen al
engineer , biochemi , comp er e per , a er e per , gene ici , geologi , an hropologi ,
a ronomer , me eorologi , and Wallach, he compara i e pa hologi . To ol e problem q ickl
i ho each peciali redoing ano her re earch ha had alread been comple ed, each eam
member a obliga ed o learn he cien ific lang age of he o her di cipline repre en ed a he

cen er. Time a oo hor for dela ha migh be ca ed b eman ic . Af er all, here a an
en ironmen al cri i in he orld and he member of he cen er ere pecificall cho en o iden if
and ol e he looming orld problem and li erall a e he ear h!
While a he cen er, Wallach con in ed hi grad a e die a Wa hing on Uni er i in he bjec
of compara i e pa holog , bcell lar biolog , molec lar biolog , he genome, biochemi r , and
poll ion. Ne ool incl ded he elec ron micro cope, and Wallach co ld no look a cell lar
r c re a magnifica ion of 126,000 ime . He co ld ee chromo ome , he do ble heli , and
in ernal r c re of he mi ochondria, incl ding incl ion bodie and he RNA inner membrane !
Wallach a no able o ee ha had been po la ed b he earl philo opher , Epic ri , Dar in,
Mendel, Pa ling, Wa on and Crick, and o her .
Wallach i i ed i h Dr. Malcom Pe er on, pa hologi a Barne Ho pi al, Wa hing on Uni er i o

o hree ime eekl , re pec f ll gleaning hro gh f ll h man a op ie , orked hro gh he
a op repor , he pre er ed i e , lide e , and he chemi rie from each a op performed
a Barne ho pi al and from a op ma erial en in from o her eaching ho pi al .
Dr. Pe er on a par ic larl in ere ed in clinical problem and he pa holog repor from
nonh man prima e a he oo, o he a gi en a call hen an clinical proced re or a op a
carried o on a prima e. The had man di c ion regarding he iden ical na re of he ana om ,
ph iolog , biochemi r , and pa holog of h man and nonh man prima e . I a agreed ha
cer ainl e and he are bro her and i er !
Wallach a al o re pon ible for performing comple e a op ie on all animal ha died in he S .

Lo i Zoo and al o on fro en animal and pecimen en in b o her par icipa ing oo . The e
a op ie incl ding gro pa holog , hi opa holog , chemical creen for poll ion, n ri ional
a , hair and i e anal i , re ie ing he clinical record of each h man and animal pecimen,
a ell a a comple e recording of heir die , pplemen program, and heir li of o er- he-
co n er and pre cribed pharmace ical . The goal a o iden if poll ion and en ironmen al
problem and moni or percen age of gene ic di ea e and n ri ional deficiencie .
The command a Find a en i i e animal or e eral pecie ha co ld be ed a a modern da

Canar in he mine. Find a pecie ha co ld ac a an earl arning em for an impending
en ironmen al collap e, m ch a he legendar Wel h coal miner had ed caged canarie o arn
hem of he pre ence of mine ga e ha co ld ffoca e hem or e plode.
Wallach did comple e a op ie on e er nake, fi h, alliga or, r le, parro , d ck, pigeon, o rich,
kangaroo, omba , p ma, African lion, ebra, an elope, llama, fo , olf, pig, monke , hippo, rhino,
ape, eal, and alr ha died in he S . Lo i oo and i i er oo in Nor h America. Dr. Pe er on
and Wallach o ld hen compare he ca e of dea h in he oo animal i h imilar or iden ical
di ea e in he h man ho li ed and hen died in clo e pro imi o he oo. Ini iall he ere
onl looking for dea h for hich here a ome rela ion hip o poll ion.
The fir re ela ion ha Wallach a confron ed i h a ha he re pon ibili for he oo animal
die ar pplemen program ere no con rolled b an cen ral a hori . No one i h an
n ri ional raining a re pon ible. If an animal or gro p of animal ere a c ra or pe projec ,
he go lo of a en ion and clo e cr in regarding i n ri ional program. Animal ha eren
ha e ci ing or par of a herd or flock migh ha e i die regime lef o he him and deci ion of an
indi id al animal keeper ho ma ha e had a lo e for animal b onl a 9 h grade or high chool
ed ca ion and cer ainl no erio raining in animal n ri ion.
Some animal keeper concoc ed homemade i amin-mineral pplemen for heir charge b
grinding p pill and cap le de igned a m l i i amin for kid or ad l h man . Man oo keeper
applied he ad ice of heir o n per onal doc or o he animal ha ere in heir charge; he fal el
belie ed ha heir animal co ld ge all of heir req ired i amin , mineral , amino acid , and

e en ial fa acid b impl ea ing high q ali food. A a re l of hi impli ic and lopp
approach oo animal de eloped all of he n ri ional-deficienc di ea e ha can plag e dome ic
animal , free ranging ild animal , and h man . The n ri ional heal h of oo animal a a
calami ha had alread happened!
Al ho gh he a ed ni er al goal of all oological park a o pro ec and propaga e endangered

pecie , he high ra e of n ri ional-deficienc di ea e Wallach fo nd in oo pro ed here a
ome major piece mi ing in he p r i of ha goal. Wallach a marmo e , alliga or , and
hre ha died of pe 2 diabe e ca ed b a imple mineral deficienc (lack of chromi m and
anadi m). He a op ied do en of alliga or and heir co in . The ca man, a mall hree foo long
co in o he alliga or, had died of a global ea i i (a form of emic cell li e) ha ere he re l
of ea ing a high-oil (fi h) die here he oil had o idi ed, and hich hen combined i h a i amin
E and eleni m n ri ional deficienc had ca ed dea h.
He al o a op ied ha chling o riche and ao dad ( ild African heep) ha had died of m c lar
d roph (from a deficienc of i amin E and eleni m), and he recorded man ild heep, llama ,
grea er k d , phea an , and monke ha had died of h per rophic cardiom opa h (a eleni m
deficienc ). He fo nd phea an , o riche , gorilla , and q irrel monke ha had died of r p red
ane r m (ca ed b a copper deficienc ), and here ere lion , ol e , fo e , raccoon , ooll
monke , alliga or , ig ana , parro ho had reared bab animal of all kind ha had died of he
manife a ion and complica ion of o eoporo i ch a frac re , kidne one and c ic calc li,
and n ri ional econdar h perpara h roidi m (from a calci m and magne i m deficienc ).
There a e ere calcified ar erio clero i in he coronar ar erie and aor a of ege arian pecie ,
ch a phea an , parro , kangaroo , ao dad , an elope , and prima e (from con mp ion of
o idi ed oil in ored grain in combina ion i h a magne i m deficienc and a hor age of
an io idan ). Al o o eoar hri i a a ni er al di ea e fo nd in all pecie , incl ding ig ana ,
d ck , flamingo , phea an , heep, llama , monke , rhino , and kangaroo (ca ed b calci m,
magne i m, lf r, and race-mineral deficiencie ).
Wallach a a con an ream of congeni al bir h defec ha co ld be direc l a rib ed o

n ri ional deficiencie in he mo her prior o and d ring her pregnanc : cerebral pal in a llama
(from a copper and inc deficienc ); pina bifida in a monke (from a folic acid and/or inc
deficienc ); clef pala e in arc ic fo e (from a i amin A and or a inc deficienc ); a en ric lar
ep al hear defec in a kangaroo (from a congeni al i amin A and or a inc deficienc ).
Die ere re-e al a ed. Vi amin , mineral , and race mineral ere calc la ed and adj ed for
bod eigh o pre en di ea e and promo e fer ili and normal f ll- erm pregnancie i h perfec
o ng. Some ime Wallach co ld e e i ing commercial animal feed , a concep ha ini iall
horrified j abo e er member of he oo enior aff, ho o ld hink, The e are e o ic
animal . Ho co ld commercial die for dome ica ed animal appl o hem? A a ba e o ar
i h here ere rabbi pelle for kangaroo and omba ; dog food for bear , fo e and ol e ;
labora or monke bi c i for marmo e , monke , baboon , and ape ; rke pelle for
phea an ; d ck pelle for d ck , an , and gee e; rke pelle and hor e pelle for o riche ,
rhea and em ; hor e pelle for ebra , hippo , rhino , and elephan ; and heep and ca le pelle
for an elope , llama , bi on, and ild heep and goa .
More complica ed die ere p oge her from dog food de igned for o dog . Ca food and
labora or mo e pelle ere p oge her for hre , marmo e , and ig ana . Large rep ile
incl ding nake , alliga or , and or oi e had hole ra or fi h ffed i h ca food and
m l i i amin according o bod eigh .
There ere o pe projec ha Perkin an ed o ge ar ed immedia el hen Wallach arri ed.

The fir a a i e bank of fro en and pre er ed i e and organ of rare and endangered
pecie ha co ld pro ide in al able irreplaceable ma erial o in e iga or ho ere d ing he

ana om , an hropolog , biochemi r , gene ic , and pa holog of cer ain rare pecie . The econd
a o fig re o he ca e of li er cancer in bear ho ed in oo hro gho he orld.
Wallach con l ed i h o her oo , ni er i ie , he Na ional Science Fo nda ion, and he Na ional

In i e of Heal h a a member of he NIH i e i i commi ee ha appro ed or di appro ed
f nding for re earch being done i h e o ic pecie a he animal model.
Wallach a he fo nder of he Jo nal of Zoo Animal Medicine a a na ral progre ion of hi

re earch, o ha o her oo o ld q ickl benefi from ne l acq ired informa ion. He remained he
jo rnal Edi or-in-Chief for hree ear n il he pa ed on he re pon ibili o he o her oo
e erinarian ha had more ime, beca e hi re pon ibili ie i h The Cen er for he Biolog of
Na ral S em ere gro ing. All in ol ed belie ed ha ime a hor .
Wallach a no li ing on airplane , ra eling a a fea red peaker a medical, e erinar , and
ni er i cen er and oo , a ell a a n ri ional eminar . Along he a he orked for and
con l ed i h he orld foremo oo , incl ding oo and aq ari m in he Bron , Chicago,
Den er, De roi , Jack on ille, Kan a Ci , Lo Angele , Madi on, Memphi , Miami, Mil a kee, S .
Lo i , San Diego, Topeka, T c on, Wa hing on, DC, and o er ea . Hi re pon ibili ie reached o
London, Frankfor , Tel A i , Ne Deli, and Z rich, o name a fe .
Bea L e Ca ce M e
Perkin projec abo pre alen li er cancer in cap i e bear a he fir proac i e d ha
Wallach immer ed him elf in. Wh did free-ranging ild bear li e o be for -fi e ear of age i h
a nearl ero ra e of cancer, and in con ra o hem almo 100% of all cap i e oo bear ,
orld ide, died of li er cancer b he ime he ere hir ear old? Li er cancer in cap i e bear
a no a niq e problem of American oo . Thi li er cancer i e a a global problem of all oo
from all ind riali ed na ion hro gho he orld!
Wallach remembered ha in 1958 j abo e er rke rai ed in America for he ann al

Thank gi ing celebra ion died of li er cancer. I a a bad ear for o bean , o feed
man fac rer impor ed pean meal from Nigeria b he boa load o pro ide ome of he pro ein
needed o mee he gro er pecifica ion for heir rke rearing feed. I rned o ha he
pean meal a con amina ed b an o ergro h of A e gill . f ngi.
A e gill i a common bread mold. Ho e er, nder cer ain circ m ance i prod ce an e o o in
called afla o in, hich in large do e ca e a dden dea h from li er necro i (li er dea h). In lo
do e he afla o in prod ce a er pecific pe of li er cancer he ame pe of li er cancer ha
plag ed he cap i e bear pop la ion in he orld oo ! Where ere he cap i e oo bear ge ing
he afla o in?
Wallach made phone call and en le er a king ha ere he e animal fed, ha he ere
pplemen ed i h, here he oo ere loca ed in rela ion hip o ind rial and n clear po er
facili ie , and ha he li er cancer ra e a in he h man pop la ion ho li ed in clo e pro imi o
he oo .
I rn o ha each ear he direc or and c ra or of all of he major oo of he orld come

oge her for an ann al mee ing o hare informa ion. Small pecie of bear eigh 300 o 500
po nd ; large pecie of bear can eigh ell o er 1,000 po nd , and ha i a lo of animal o feed.
So oo learned from each o her ha a bear, being an omni oro pecie , co ld be pro ided a lo
of calorie b feeding hem mold bread from baker hrif ore . One lice of bread pro ided 110
calorie , a loaf of bread migh con ain 1,500 calorie or more, and a loaf of mold bread co onl
fi e cen ! So aro nd he orld he me age en o ha a oo co ld main ain large bear
i ho ha ing o break heir b dge b feeding mold bread and a fe fro en fi h!

While ai ing for re rn le er from he o her oo , Wallach en o he oo keeper in S . Lo i

ha cared for he bear moa and inq ired abo heir feeding program. A e pec ed. i a old
bread and ome fi h he ni er al recipe! Wallach ran back o he oo ho pi al and grabbed he
black ligh , a UV ligh ha o ld ca e ring orm kin infe a ion and o her f ngi and mold o
fl ore ce.
Wallach ran back o he bear gro o and a ked he bear keeper o ho him here he old bread
a ored, and he rned o he ligh and fla hed he black ligh on he bread hro gh he
cellophane rapper. The loaf of bread fl ore ced like a di co! The ca e of he bear li er cancer
a he afla o in in he mold bread!
The ne da , i hin o eek of arri ing a The Cen er for he Biolog of Na ral S em in S .
Lo i , Wallach had ol ed he en - ear m er of bear li er cancer in oo all o er he orld!
He i ched he bear die from mold bread o dr dog food, and he problem ended almo
o ernigh . Le er ere en and call ere made o he major oo of he orld. I a done! The
li er cancer plag e of oo bear had been conq ered he fir of man ic orie o be credi ed o
he cen er!
Af er pending el e-pl ear performing comple e a op ie on 17,500 animal of o er 454

pecie , and 3,000 h man a op ie for a compari on, he bo om line learned a ha e er
animal and e er h man ho die of na ral ca e die of a n ri ional-deficienc di ea e!
The a op re l for man and bea ere o ob io and o profo nd ha he creamed o he

an er o he q e ion I poll ion a major fac or in h man di ea e? hich a ha he c rren
le el of backgro nd en ironmen al poll ion a no o r immedia e concern. Apparen l o r bodie
had a capaci o fend off or ork aro nd lo le el of poll ion.
Therefore o r immedia e concern ere n ri ional deficiencie and he elf-de r c ion inflic ed b
ea ing oo man fried and o ercooked (b rn ) food b he o er e of die ar oil , incl ding
margarine , alad dre ing , cooking oil , a ell a he con mp ion of canned fi h packed in oil
and proce ed mea pre er ed i h ni ra e and ni ri e all of hich increa ed he dail load of
die ar ran fa acid , he eroc clic amine , and acr lamide !
Cer ainl hen major ind rial acciden , ca a rophic pill , rain and high a acciden , and ac
of errori m occ r, he poll ion rge ha follo can pre en a ignifican nega i e impac on he
h man and animal in he immedia e locali , b no on he con inen and no on he orld.
W A e e Ea Ocea D g?
One of he concern e a he Cen er ere ppo ed o in e iga e a : Wh ere he ocean

d ing and h ere he pop la ion of plank on, fi h, and o her ea crea re dimini hing? Wa
poll ion a fac or?
We ar ed o i h Where doe he ocean ge i food? The an er a er q ickl pro ided.

Wallach, ha ing become an e per in he area of agric l ral n ri ion and, in par ic lar, mineral
n ri ion, immedia el came p i h he heor ha omeho he ocean o rce of die ar mineral
( il ) had been red ced, and im l aneo l he came p i h he heor . He ho ed, The ocean
are d ing beca e e ha e dammed p all of he major ri er . We ha e ema icall c off he
ocean food ppl b p ing a liga re on he flo of il (mineral ) in o he ocean !
Prior o man ema ic damming of he ri er of he ear h, i i e ima ed ha ome en - e en

billion on of mineral-rich ri er edimen ( il ) po red in o he ocean ann all . Toda , hi
hi oricall ma i e food ppl ha been red ce o a mere rickle b h man in er en ion.
A econd food ppl for he ocean of he orld come from olcanic er p ion and d orm .
Each ear a c bic mile of mineral and rock d are blo n in o he air; ho e er, hi o rce i
ariable depending on each ear rainfall. Rain ear prod ce le d and con er el dro gh

prod ce more d .
The q e ion, Wh are he ocean d ing? a a ked and an ered. Ho e er, mo of he orld
(incl ding he biologi a he cen er) a hell-ben on ol ing a problem ha didn e i . E er one
belie ed ha poll ion a he problem. The h man bioma i p n compared i h he ocean
ol me and collec i e bioma beca e ocean , like h man , ha e he capaci o ne rali e e en
ha e o ld con ider ignifican poll ion.
The ba ic f nc ion of life i elf canno be performed i ho he pre ence of op imal amo n of
mineral , ei her a a major par of a f nc ional recipe, a r c ral b ilding block, and/or a ca al ic
cofac or nece ar o facili a e a chemical or en ma ic reac ion. No biological proce i e emp .
Thi fac hold r e for RNA, DNA, chromo ome , bcell lar and dige i e en me , biochemical
reac ion , i amin f nc ion, hormone f nc ion , energ e, and e en o r abili o ili e o gen:
no hing in a li ing em ill ork i ho mineral cofac or .
We de ermined ha mineral and mineral pplemen o o r meal ere j a nece ar o

h man a he ere for pe animal , labora or animal , farm animal , free-ranging ild animal ,
and cap i e oo pecie . The e pplemen program are a nece i for a long and heal hf l,
di ea e-free life for e co ld no ge he e n rien from food no ma er ho ell one a e, no
ma er ho piri all ele a ed one a . The fac i ha man need o pplemen i h all of he 90
e en ial n rien and, in par ic lar, he 60 e en ial mineral !
Since before recorded hi or , man cra ed and con cio l con med mineral from ario o rce ,
incl ding he major mineral , race mineral , and rare ear h ha al o come from ario o rce :
cla , al , and animal i e ( ch a bone , car ilage, li er, and kin), colloidal mineral rice plan
ma erial, and ood a he (con aining plan mineral ). Simpl aid, mineral are he c rrenc of life,
and he medical em ignore hi r h o he poin of ab rdi .
The Cen er for he Biolog of Na ral S em enco raged p blica ion of finding ha had re l ed
from o r die and re earch. Wallach alone p bli hed e en -fi e peer-re ie ed and refereed
jo rnal ar icle and con rib ed more han fif een chap er in eigh m l i-a hor e book ha ere
he direc re l of hi compara i e pa holog and n ri ional re earch.
Wallach a al o a member of he ad hoc commi ee of he Na ional Science Fo nda ion ha

a hored he Animal Welfare Ac of 1968. The ac , hich a q ickl o ed on pa ed b he U.S.
Congre , req ired ha a labora or animal e erinarian be in charge of he labora or facili and
implemen ing he la o en re proper care of he animal and he in egri of he e perimen . I
al o o lined he pecific n ri ional and ho ing req iremen for labora or animal and cap i e
oo animal . The medical em hich had ignored he ba ic precep of animal re earch a no
a are of Wallach.
Animal labora orie in medical en ironmen ere no orio l ab ed b he medical doc or ho

ere he lead in e iga or . The animal migh no be fed or a ered for da or eek a a ime,
hich re l ed in nder-do ing problem hen in e iga ing pharmace ical and n rien , and in
or ca e he animal cannibali ed each o her hile he doc or crea ed da a o ppor heir
heorie and he goal of he d .
A a direc re l of Wallach n ri ional ork a he cen er, man pecie of rare animal incl ding
he Gian Panda ha had no cce f ll reprod ced in cap i i , ere no becoming a gl on he
marke , and heal h oo animal babie of e er pecie ere appearing e er here! A econd
ad an age of hi rn of e en a ha he pre re o cap re ild animal e er ear o replace
ho e oo animal ha had died e er ear in cap i i ended! The marke ha had for h ndred of

ear (and in ome ca e ho and of ear ) enco raged illegal h n er and poacher o ca ch and
ell rare animal o oo , ild animal park , and ra eling animal ho dried p hich he indirec l
con rib ed o he r i al of man marginal animal pop la ion !
Ano her direc re l of Wallach compara i e pa holog and n ri ional re earch a ha e eral of
he leading animal-feed companie , incl ding Ral on P rina and Hill Packing Compan , crea ed
pecial commercial canned and dr die and feed for oo animal and cap i e ild pecie . The
immedia e pa off a ha he fer ili of cap i e oo animal a more con i en , from he
malle of m nicipal oo o he large and more ophi ica ed oological park . Bir h defec ere
elimina ed, and endangered pecie li ed longer and heal hier i ho he de elopmen of
degenera i e di ea e .
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30 J e 2018
Vie f The Ma ha a B idge U de C ci f Wa hi g S ee B i /Ne Y

- Feb a 21, 1908.
30 J e 2018

The h a ice ca e e each he di a ce ha i c e ed b he i , a ice f

c cie ce.
― Maha ma Ga dhi
Wa he ee i e eade f he I dia i de e de ce e e i B i i h- ed I dia.


08/10/2020 T e 150-Yea U da e <e >T e O g f S ec e - E ge e c : T e Dea f e Ge e c T e f D ea e T a 1 Ed
E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e

T an mi i n 1 Edi i n
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
The 150-Yea U da e n The O igin f S ecie
I - . , D ,
D H (1852), P inciple of P cholog (1855). I
1858 D L ; 1859
O , , O igin of
Specie . H ,
;
, . I
.
, .
A ,
D ,H , ,L P ;
B H C K ; ,
, N B ,
.I - ,
; , N
A .H
D , C .
Will D an
The S o of Philo oph :
L O G P
allach en back o Rhode ia h ee ime fo a mon h each o e p and moni o Ope a ion
Elephan . Ini iall ad l male elephan e e immobili ed and cold b anded o de e mine mig a ion
o e and e i o ie . T o foo b one foo coppe ba n mbe e e c ea ed and a ached o o-
foo long i on handle in he cla ical b anding i on config a ion. The o ld pick p li id ni ogen
a a ail head ha had been deli e ed o o in he b h. The elephan a elec ed and immobili ed
and hen he n mbe ed end of he b anding i on a placed in he en-inch deep in la ed b cke
of li id ni ogen fo en min e , d opping he i on empe a e o min 400 deg ee .
Af e he app op ia e face e e cleaned of d and m d, he pe -cooled b anding i on a

hen p e ed again he f on face of he elephan ea and i hip fo abo o min e . The
p po e of he en i e p oced e a o kill he pigmen cell in he elephan kin, and he e l ing
b and o ld de elop in abo fo eek a he pigmen ed kin a lo in he na al c cle of
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 1/39

kin main enance. In he mean ime he elephan n mbe a pain ed on he elephan ea ,

ho lde , ide, and hip i h a a e p oof ma ine epo . To ack he elephan mo emen , o i
o Wankie Na ional Pa k e e gi en a e and a ked o help i h he p ojec Ope a ion
Elephan b eco ding he e he elephan a po ed. I iden ifica ion n mbe a eco ded a
ell a ha i a doing. The p blic lo ed he pa icipa ion in he p ojec and al a ned in hei
e and ob e a ion a he ga e hen he e i ed he pa k.
B Wallach hi d i i o Rhode ia fo he con in a ion and e pan ion of Ope a ion Elephan , he
immobili a ion and b anding p oce became o o ine ha onl one ange , Je em Ande on,
o ld accompan Wallach i h a ho g n j o ca e off he he d if he e e lo in mo ing
a a f om he do ned elephan .
On one pa ic la da he no o-man eam, Wallach and Ande on, immobili ed a i - ho and-

po nd co o of a mall he d, b anded he , and applied he hi e epo ma ine pain . Af e abo
fif een min e of aking mea emen , blood ample , and collec ing a bo le f ll of ick , he
an ido e a admini e ed in a eno l , and he o men alked fif a d a a , a ed do n,
and ai ed fo he co o j mp p and n back o he comfo of he he d.
The an ido e picall ook effec in hi econd o o min e , b on hi da hi min e

en b . The elephan e pi a ion e ned o no mal, b he co j laid he e gi ing no
indica ion ha he a emo el in e e ed in ge ing p.
Wallach c o ed he fif a d , and flipped he gian Af ican elephan ea back off he face ( he ea
had been lef in he nna al po i ion co e ing he e e af e he an ido e a injec ed in o an ea
ein) and in o i no mal po i ion again he neck. Immedia el he dila ed p pil con ic ed and
he foc ed he lef e e on Wallach. She l ched p on he che , no a ing a Wallach i h bo h
e e in a in ed dea h a e.
Wallach no began o n back a d h o gh he loo e and a fa a he co ld. Af e he had

co e ed en a d , he co go o he fee , p he head do n, c led he nk nde he chin,
and cha ged a fa a he co ld a Wallach.
S ddenl he e a a ho g n bla ! Wallach nifo m hi a ipped off and he fel like he had
been ho i h ock al in hi back. The en aged co came o a f ll op, looked a he igh foo ,
hook he foo , hen ned and an o mee p i h he he d.
Range Ande on had a ed Wallach life ha da b hoo ing he co in he foo i h n mbe - i

bi d ho he e i alen of hoo ing a h man in he ba e foo i h a BB-g n eno gh o ge he
a en ion, b no eno gh o e e el inj e he . Wallach hi had been ipped off b he ho g n
bla a he a onl o a d in f on of he ange hen he p lled he igge !
While ill a The Cen e fo he Biolog of Na al S em and he S . Lo i Zoo, Wallach in e ac ed

almo dail i h he oo long- ime clinical e e ina ian, D . Alf ed Molle , ho a in p i a e
p ac ice in S . Lo i and a on call hene e he oo needed him. Wallach had a lo of e pe ience
in la ge animal immobili a ion and ane he ia f om hi Af ica e pe ience, o D . Molle o ld a k
him o do he ane he ia on he la ge oo animal hene e he needed o do an p oced e o
ge .
O AN T
D . Molle a al o he clinical e e ina ian fo Anhei e B ch famo Cl de dale bee - agon

eam, and he began o ake Wallach along o con l on ho e p oblem . Molle had con inced he
W.B. Sa nde P bli hing Compan ha a cien ific efe ence book co e ing da a of e e no mal
ph iological al e and he da a abo di ea e condi ion fo e e kno n animal needed o be
i en. W.B. Sa nde i he la ge and mo ell- e pec ed p bli he of medical, n ing, den al,
and e e ina e book in he o ld, and i a con ide ed a g ea ic o and a e o ha e hem
a he p bli he of a g ea book.
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 2/39
O iginall , he book a o con ain en -eigh chap e i en b en -eigh e pe f om oo

and ni e i ie . I a e ima ed ha he p ojec o ld ake fi e o eigh ea o comple e. Each
chap e of he book a o foc on a pecific g o p o cla ifica ion of animal . E e hing kno n
abo each g o p a o be a embled in he app op ia e chap e . If impo an da a a no
a ailable, he indi id al a igned o ha chap e a ppo ed o de ign and p e he die
nece a o collec he nece a info ma ion.
The comple ed ome o ld be he e i alen of a mode n da Noah A k of heal h info ma ion, he

mo comple e efe ence e e compiled on e o ic animal , bo h ild f ee- anging indi id al and
cap i e oo pecie . All of he no mal blood, ine and pinal fl id al e , ge a ion pe iod ,
eco ded longe i ie , kno n di ea e , and epo ed ca e of dea h (incl ding bac e ial, i al,
pa a i e , degene a i e di ea e and n i ional e i emen and deficienc di ea e ), and die a
e i emen o ld be fea ed in he book. E e kno n ane he ia, gical p oced e, and
accine and pha mace ical ea men a o be incl ded in each of he app op ia e chap e . I a
going o be a h ge nde aking.
A Wallach a con ide ed o be he j nio membe of he p ojec , he a o iginall gi en he h ee

chap e on in ec (bee , f i flie , and meal o m ) o he immedia el e o o k o collec
info ma ion and comple e hi e pon ibili a ickl a po ible. He onl kne ha he had lea ned
abo he in ec in oolog and en omolog in ag ic l al chool. Unda n ed, he immedia el did a
lib a ea ch fo e e hing kno n abo hem. Wi hin a mon h, Wallach a an e pe on he
n i ion, di ea e , DNA, gene ic , and he life c cle of bee , f i flie , and meal o m . He hen
d if ll e abo o i e hi a igned chap e .
In 1965 o d p oce o and pe onal comp e didn e i , o Wallach a ed i h he anda d

black Unde ood p igh pe i e , a eam of 81/2 b 11 hi e bond pape , and a bo le of Whi e-
o . Man pa ag aph and able e e ped, hi ed-o , c , pa ed, and epa ed. Q a of
co ec ion hi eo e e emplo ed. The mechanic of i ing in ho e da e e lo and edio ,
b he a on a mi ion and hi c p a half f ll, no half emp .
All of he anoin ed a ho e e in i ed and a embled in he Philadelphia pen ho e belonging o

W. B. Sa nde o officiall kick off he book p ojec , and o gi e di ec ion and deadline o he
con ib ing a ho . The p bli he p o ided a p ojec edi o , Ca oll Cann, ho a o be a igned
o g ide he p ojec fo a d and keep i on he ail . Edi o Cann chai ed he mee ing, and he
a embled o ld-be con ib o e e app op ia el ined and dined and gi en he VIP o of he
p bli hing facili .
Cann a ned he a embled con ib o ha o e he ea ome of he a embled o ld fall ho

and ne e fini h hei pa of he p ojec . Some o ld fall ill, ome o ld die, ome o ld ge
di o ce , and ome o ld impl i beca e of he men al fa ig e ela ed o he eno mi of he
book p ojec befo e i a comple ed. B Cann a ed, Fini h i , e ill! The en i e a emblage
chee ed and appla ded.
Si mon h in o he p ojec , Wallach ecei ed a call f om Molle , a ing ha one of he o iginal

con ib o had al ead i , and o ld Wallach plea e ake o e he p ojec of he chap e on fi h.
Sa ing a e , Wallach did he nece a li e a e e ea ch in a io lib a ie . Wi hin a mon h he
a an e pe on he di ea e , pa a i e , ane he ia, en i onmen al e i emen , n i ional
e i emen , and he ep od c i e c cle of opical fi h and fa med food fi h.
E e fla face in Wallach ho e a co e ed i h pape , ep in , jo nal , monog aph ,

efe ence book , along i h Wallach pe onal pa holog da a f om he Cen e fo he Biolog of
Na al S em and he ea l d af of chap e . Fini hing hi a igned chap e became an
ob e ion ha d o e him da and nigh e en da each eek.
B hen he e e e h ee mall Wallach (Je ica, Jennife , and S e e) nning gleef ll h o gh he

ho e nego ia ing he no i -foo all ack of pape ha had c ea ed a a a en like ma e.
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 3/39
Some mon h la e , he cena io epea ed i elf, and Wallach a a ked o i e he chap e on

a e fo l. The ied and e p oce a again epea ed. Wallach did he e ea ch and collec ed
ha a kno n and p bli hed on he no mal labo a o al e , di ea e , pa a i e , n i ional
e i emen , and ep od c ion of dome ic and ild a e fo l, pl he added hi o n pa holog
and n i ional da a on a e fo l. The c ea ion of each chap e fo he book a a acked in he
ame manne ha co e o k a a acked in ag ic l al chool, e e ina chool, and g ad a e
chool: If he em ain b oke, don fi i !
C A F G B D C B
Abo half a h o gh he de elopmen and p od c ion of he book, Wallach a offe ed he

po i ion of pa hologi of he B ookfield Zoo in Chicago. I o ld be a j mp f om a fif -ac e oo i h
an animal pop la ion of 2,500 animal o a 200-ac e oo i h an animal pop la ion of 4,500
animal . The pa a do ble a he B ookfield Zoo, and he ho pi al and e ea ch facili ie e e
con ide abl la ge and mo e ad anced. So i h Pe kin and he Cen e ble ing Wallach accep ed
he po i ion and mo ed hi pa of The Cen e fo he Biolog of Na al S em o Chicago.
The eal fac o in Wallach deci ion o mo e hi effo o Chicago a he p e ence of fi e ained
bo le-no ed dolphin ha e e di pla ed and pe fo med in he 250,000 gallon al a e ank a
he B ookfield oo. J do n he oad a he Lincoln Pa k Zoo ( he oo he e Pe kin had go en
hi a a a oo di ec o and a TV icon on Zoo Pa ade) and he Shedd A a i m, hich di pla ed
f e h a e dolphin , a o ld-cla fi h and ma ine animal collec ion, and a comple e efe ence
lib a on ma ine mammal and fi h n i ion and di ea e .
Wallach a i ed a he B ookfield Zoo o lea n ha he f ll- ime clinical e e ina ian, Wea e
William on, had been e e el ma led b a la ge male chimpan ee. F om hi fi da , Wallach had
o do ble a a clinical e e ina ian a ell a he pa hologi .
Wallach a n e en o all npacked and mo ed in o hi ne ho pi al office e hen he a

conf on ed b he o PhD biologi ha ing he office. The a ked, Do o kno an hing abo
gene ic ? Wi h a kno ing mile, Wallach e ponded, I kno he ba ic of gene ic ; ho e e , I
o ldn con ide m elf an e pe . In eali , Wallach a i e he e pe in gene ic a a e l
of hi aining in ag ic l al chool, e e ina chool, and hi po doc o al die in compa a i e
medicine and compa a i e pa holog .
A he con e a ion p og e ed, he ha ed ha he e e ge ing ead o go o Ala ka o cap e

e e al ild A c ic fo e o a o b ing back ild gene o in od ce in o hei pai of A c ic fo e
ha had bad gene . Fo he la fi e ea in a o he oo cap i e pai of oo-bo n A c ic fo e
had p od ced fi e malle han no mal li e i h 100 pe cen fa al bi h defec .
A c ic fo e picall p od ce li e of en o fif een ki . Thi pai bo e li e i h onl h ee o fi e

ki . Some of he li e e e bo n dead, and ome e e bo n ali e, b ome ha e e ali e had
h d ocephal , o he e e bo n e ele , and ome e e bo n i h de a a ing diaph agma ic
he nia . The la li e onl had h ee ki and he all had clef pala e .
The biologi belie ed ha he pa en fo e e e f om incompa ible gene pool , and ha he onl

a o ol e he p oblem a o o gani e a majo e pedi ion o he A c ic o ca ch ild A c ic fo e
and in od ce ild gene back in o he oo b eeding pai of fo e .
Af e an ho of li ening o he biologi heo ie , Wallach kne ha ha he fo e p oblem e e

he e l of congeni al n i ional deficiencie a he han a gene ic p oblem. Nai el , Wallach finall
offe ed, Yo e in l ck: o fo p oblem i no a gene p oblem. Looking like he had j been
lapped in he face i h a decompo ed fi h, he o biologi fi ed igh back, Ho do o kno ?
Yo e admi edl no an e pe in gene ic . Yo e j a i ed, and o ha en e en looked a he
fo e , no ha e o done an e !
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 4/39

Wallach e pon e a , If he e a a gene ic p oblem he bi h defec in he ki in each li e

o ld be he ame li e af e li e and ea af e ea . In o fo e ca e, each li e had diffe en
bi h defec han he o he li e . I i e ob io ha he p oblem a a n i ional deficienc in
he mo he d ing ea l p egnanc . The e a e congeni al bi h defec , no gene ic defec ! Of
co e, he ch ckled and e ponded, Tha he mo ab d hing e ha e e e hea d.
Wallach ne commen a o a k fo he defec i e fo e o be mo ed o he oo ho pi al fo

e and ob e a ion. Af e all, The o ldn an he e poo , pi if l, gene icall -defec i e
pecimen on di pla , o ld he ? The immedia el an o of he ho pi al, bo ed p he fo e
and b o gh hem p he hill o he ho pi al, and officiall igned hem o e o Wallach.
In e iga ing he die of he fo e , Wallach lea ned ha hei ba ic die fo he la fi e ea had

been g o nd ho e hea p inkled dail i h a po de ed i amin mine al mi a he di c e ion of
he keepe . The e ac amo n of i amin and mine al deli e ed o he fo e e e highl a iable;
ome ime he e e gi en oo m ch, and ome ime he e e gi en oo li le, and ome ime
he e e no gi en an . Each da do e depended on ho he keepe foo ball eam fa ed o
he he o no he had a bad hai da .
Wallach en o he g oce o e, bo gh ome off- he- helf dog food fo m la ed fo o dog and
began o feed he pai of fo e . Fo mon h la e , he p od ced a no mal li e of ele en ki .
Wi hin he ea , Wallach inb ed he mo he o he on , he fa he o a da gh e , and b o he o
i e . If he e a a gene ic defec and a defec i e gene pool, he in en e inb eeding o ld b ing i
o in o he open. All of he e l an li e e e heal h and no mal and each had en o fif een
ki .
The e e e o man A c ic fo e f om o ea of inb eeding ha he e e being hif ed o e e

oo b ilding. The oo c a o de eloped a pecial di pla of A ic fo e ha fea ed he a io
colo pha e , and he begged Wallach no o p ll he ame n i h elephan , b he o
biologi ha a ed he hole ad en e in cience aid no hing.
S F D S N -D D M
S
On da one of Wallach a i al, he ecei ed a call f om he Shedd A a i m, f om a c a o ho

a ked if he co ld plea e come o e and look a a dead f e h a e dolphin. When he looked a he
dolphin i a p i ingl mall hen compa ed i h he bo leno ed dolphin he deal i h a he
B ookfield Zoo. A oon a he opened he dolphin p he kne immedia el ha he p oblem a
he animal hea a enla ged. In ead of i being he i e of a na el o ange, i a he i e of a
ba ke ball, and i ho acic and abdominal ca i ie e e filled i h gallon of a clea fl id.
On e ioning he a a i m aff, Wallach lea ned ha he dolphin hadn fel ell fo mon h , and
he had gi en i an ibio ic cap le in ome of i food fi h. Wallach lea ned ha he a a i m
p oc ed h ee o fi e f e h a e dolphin each ea fo he p e io en ea . B he end of he
ea , he had all died, and he o ld ge a ne g o p each p ing.
The dolphin e e fed e cl i el hole-f o en lake mel , and a he e e being fed hole fi h no
i amin o mine al e e being added o hei die .
Wallach de e mined ha each ea he f e h a e dolphin had all died of conge i e hea fail e
f om a cla ic deficienc of hiamine ( i amin B1). I n o ha he fle h of lake mel con ain
an en me called hiamina e ha de o all hiamine, and a he e a no pplemen a ion o
eplace he lo he conge i e hea fail e a ine i able. I a a pe fec o m fo he p od c ion
of conge i e hea fail e.
The ol ion o he Shedd A a i m f e h a e dolphin p oblem a o eplace he hole-f o en

lake mel die i h ano he hiamina e-f ee hole fi h, and ff he fi h bell ca i ie iha
m l iple i amin and mega do e of i amin B1. The a a i m follo ed Wallach ecommenda ion
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 5/39
and he ann al dea h- a ch of he f e h a e dolphin ended.
The o k on he book con in ed. If he e e e no no mal blood al e a ailable fo Sibe ian Ibe , a
pe of ild goa , Wallach o ld enli he help of he oo c a o and ca ch he oo flock of
en -one animal . U ing hi o nd- p kill lea ned on Ang , He efo d, and ho ho n cal e ,
Wallach ca gh hem one b one ing a la ia . The e e eighed, iden ified, and agged fo he
c a o , and hen blood ample e e aken and he e l added o he book da aba e. An
o iginal a icle a p od ced ha a p bli hed in a pee - e ie jo nal; he da a and efe ence
a ed in he book and he B ookfield Zoo go a fea he in i cap fo he o iginal d ha o ld
benefi all oo and ild animal pa k ha e hibi ed ibe .
The ibe ad en e a epea ed i h Dahl heep, ha alina , monke of all pe , bea ,

kanga oo , allabie , phea an , pa o , o ich, nake , le , and e en fi h. Wallach fel like he
a he e e ina ian fo Noah and he animal on hi A k.
The a op ie con in ed o ho he ame pa e n of n i ional-deficienc di ea e ha Wallach

had ob e ed in he S . Lo i Zoo, and hich a al o e iden a he B ookfield oo, he Lincoln Pa k
Zoo, and he Shedd A a i m. All animal d ing of ha o ld be con ide ed b mo o be gene ic
o na al ca e ac all died of n i ional-deficienc di ea e . Fo e ample, kidne one in
o oi e and ig ana e e ni e al p oblem . The anda d oo die fo o oi e and ig ana
e e ba ed on f i , egg , a mea o fi h, and le ce i h no addi ion of i amin o mine al
ce ainl no calci m a added.
Whe e did he calci m come f om ha a in he o oi e and ig ana kidne one ? I came f om

he bone of he ig ana and he kele on and hell of he o oi e hen he didn eno gh calci m
in hei die and he had aging o eopo o i ! The fac ha kidne one de eloped a he e l of
oo li le calci m in he die a ell doc men ed in dome ic animal , o i a ea o find
app op ia e efe eed efe ence fo ano he jo nal a icle and fo he book.
B hi ime Wallach a on a oll. He a el a conf on ed i h a di ea e he hadn een befo e;

ho e e , he a lo of familia di ea e in diffe en animal pecie he hadn een befo e. Seleni m
deficienc , calci m deficienc , coppe deficienc , inc deficienc , magne i m deficienc , and iodine
deficiencie e e common. Vi amin and p o ein deficiencie e e le common, al ho gh bi h
defec e l ing f om a m iad of n i ional deficiencie e e i e common. The clinical
mp om , and he g o and he mic o copic-a op ign , and he biochemical finge p in of
n i ional deficiencie in nake , fi h, alliga o , o ich, omba , ak, Af ican lion, olf, ibe , Dahl
heep, llama, dolphin, and h man e e he ame!
The comple ene and al e of an heo depend on he n mbe and acc ac of he fac one
a emble o a i e a ho e concl ion . Da in, he na ali , a i ed a hi con o e ial heo ie
of e ol ion and na al elec ion hile on an np eceden ed fi e- ea con in o o ld jo ne , a
he a i land and con inen hopping on he H.M.S. Beagle. No one befo e him had pe onall
ob e ed he con ig o eam of fac nece a o ee he h of he concep of na al
elec ion.
P
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://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 6/39
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$7.5 ( $25 )
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T B E
Wo k on no ha a being called he book con in ed. Wallach ook a lea e of ab ence f om he

B ookfield Zoo and pen h ee eek of i ola ion in Ha aii en e ing fo ea of acc m la ed da a
in o he book. The p ojec a beginning o ake hape; b hi ime all b o chap e of he book
had o nd p in Wallach lap. Wha he didn kno f om pe onal e pe ience and e ea ch, Wallach
gleaned f om p bli hed a icle in e e ina jo nal , ildlife jo nal , oo eco d , and labo a o
animal jo nal .
The o co-a ho ill lef in he book p ojec e e e pon ible fo he chap e on caged bi d and
ep ile . The one ho a a ked o i e he chap e on caged bi d had a b p i a e p ac ice
peciali ing in caged bi d , and he p omi ed he ma e ial b ne e comple ed i . The o he
emaining co-a ho a a e e ina ian and an MD ho a gh p blic heal h a Ha a d Medical
School. Hi claim o fame of hi kno ledge of e o ic animal a ha he had once i en an a icle
on An Ameobic Infec ion in a Komodo D agon. The a icle a n e ac l abo Komodo D agon
D en e , b o ge he pic e.
The MD, being e emel a ogan , an ed half of he book o al ie o lend hi name o he

p ojec , e en ho gh he o ld con ib e onl one chap e o of en eigh . When he doc o
h ea ened o i he p ojec if he didn ge fif pe cen of he o al ie , Ca oll Cann, he p ojec
edi o a W.B. Sa nde old him o j mp in he lake! The con ac he had igned onl en i led him
o o al ie ba ed on hi pe cen age of con ib ion o he book. Ob io l Wallach o nd p i h
he chap e on caged bi d and ep ile , and no he book became an ob e ion.
P P R C :P C C
F H P
Af e fo ea a he B ookfield Zoo, Wallach mo ed on o he Ye ke Regional P ima e Re ea ch

Cen e in A lan a, Geo gia. The p ima e cen e a admini e ed b Emo Uni e i and f nded b
p i a e dona ion and a a ie of agencie incl ding he NIH and NASA. Ph icall he cen e a
loca ed ac o he ee f om he Cen e fo Di ea e Con ol ( he fede al agenc ha ack h man
di ea e and dea h ), a d eam loca ion fo a compa a i e pa hologi .
The e ea che , ha Wallach ppo ed, ed a a ie of Ne Wo ld and Old Wo ld monke ,

chimpan ee , go illa , and o ang an fo hei die and e ea ch animal fo p ojec in
n i ion, pha macolog , b eeding colonie , and beha io al die . Some ime he animal e e
killed a he end of he p ojec , and ome ime he died f om he effec of he d g o n i ional
deficiencie , and ome ime he died of na al ca e .
Wallach e pon ibili a o help he in e iga o o kno e e hing po ible abo hei
p ima e and hei die and if nece a de e mine he animal ca e of dea h. N i ional
deficiencie in monke , and g ea ape e e of pecial in e e beca e of hei clo e ela ion hip o
h man .
The ba ic die of he Ye ke p ima e a a comple e, comme ciall -p epa ed monke bi c i . The

monke bi c i con ained ha a ho gh o be op im m le el of i amin , mine al , ace
mine al , amino acid , and e en ial fa acid kno n o be e i ed b monke and ape . Thi
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 7/39

info ma ion had been ga he ed b li e all ho and of ba ic n i ion die in labo a o

p ima e .
The ba ic die of monke bi c i a pplemen ed i h cabbage, ci f i , banana , alfalfa ha ,

pinach, g o nd mea , onion , bee , n , ca o , egg , and olled oa , no nece a il fo e a
n i ion, b a he f om an h opomo phi m. The keepe co ldn imagine hem el e ea ing he
ame bo ing bi c i fo e e meal, o he ga e he p ima e he e h man food fo a ie and
o keep he caged p ima e b b o ing. The add-on ea e e of en ime p a ed i h al
a e o a ace mine al al block a i ed o he o ide of he cage he e i co ld be licked.
N i ional die in p ima e e e done b c ea ing pecial pelle ed die ha had one o mo e
n ien mi ing o a o be able o map o he a io ign , mp om , and di ea e ha e e
p od ced f om he deficien die . In he ea l da of oo and p ima e labo a o ie , bone pa holog
ch a o eomalacia in o ng p ima e and o eopo o i in ad l p ima e , a commonplace a
hei die e e almo e cl i el g ain , ege able , and f i i h li le o no ega d fo hei need
fo i amin , mine al , amino acid , and e en ial fa acid . The ad en of comme cial monke
bi c i p e m ch elimina ed he bone and join p oblem in mode n oo and p ima e colonie
nle deficienc di ea e e e being p po el c ea ed fo e ea ch p po e .
The e e e a man a en o en -fi e pa holog ca e pe da a he Ye ke facili . We looked

fo i e , bac e ia, pa a i e , degene a i e di ea e , n i ional deficiencie , and complica ion of
gical in e en ion and ide effec of d g die . Mic o copic lide e e made of all i e
and o gan , chemical anal i a pe fo med on all blood, ine, and pinal fl id , and ample
e e collec ed fo i al, bac e ial, f ngal c l e , and pa a i e die .
The l ima e goal a Ye ke a o find and de elop an animal model fo he d of ome h man
di ea e in hope of p od cing a p e en ion o c e. A eal ad an age of Ye ke p o imi o he
Cen e fo Di ea e Con ol a he oppo ni o a end hei eekl pa holog d p og am fo
h man di ea e . The o ld e pe on he e di ea e p o ided nkno n ca e ha came i h
hi o ie , mic o copic lide , and ome ime lab e l . In man of he ca e he lide e e made
i h anda d ain , and each pa icipan a gi en a eek o fig e o ha he di ea e a .
A he p e en a ion, he a endee , incl ding Wallach, pla ed he game of pin he label on he

di ea e. P e en e o ld p od ce a e ie of he clinical hi o and he pa holog e l , and
pecial ain e e emplo ed fo hi opa hological lide o make he pecific diagno i of he
nkno n m e di ea e. I a a ni e oppo ni fo Wallach o ad ance hi kno ledge of
h man di ea e and hone hi echni e on ho o diagno e hem.
Tho e pa hologi ho had made he co ec diagno i became all e ci ed and p mped. The made
ic o ign and pe fo med ic o dance like foo ball pla e ho had co ed a o chdo n,
claiming I kne i , I kne i ! The e , dejec ed, o ld e ponded i h, I a going o a ha
b I changed m mind, o i had me baffled f om he beginning. Wha he e e ci e did fo
e e one, of co e, a o hone hei diagno ic kill , o ha ega dle of hei e hila a ion o
di appoin men , all eme ged inne a he end of he da . Thi eekl challenge en on fo
e e al ea , and a each cce i e mee ing Wallach She lockian ded c ion kill became
ha pe and ha pe . The h a ge ing clea e . I a elemen a , m dea Wa on : When an
animal o h man die of na al ca e , he die of a n i ional-deficienc di ea e.
M S M D
Pa a i e e e he pecial of D . Ha old McCl e, he chief pa hologi a he Ye ke Regional

P ima e Re ea ch Cen e . He a Wallach immedia e pe i o and he d been a Ye ke fo fif een
ea . To keep hing fai be een o p bli hed cien i , he had an ag eemen . Whoe e made
an n al o e ci ing di co e o ld be he p ima a ho of a e l ing m al effo . Tha
nde anding o ld oon be e ed.
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 8/39

Af e Wallach had go en in o he ing of hi e pon ibili ie and he Ye ke ac i i ie , D . McCl e

en on aca ion fo o eek in No embe of 1977. Tha in of i elf ho ld ha e been fficien
a ning. Back a he Uni e i of Mi o i, hen D . Kin ne , Wallach pa holog p ofe o , en
on aca ion, he dead and d ing appea ed in d o e f om e e di ec ion. D . McCl e a no gone
h ee da hen a i -mon h-old he monke a p e en ed fo a op .
On he fi look, he bab he had no - hi e hai colo in ead of he no mal g a -g een, and i

a half he no mal i e fo i age and ffe ed f om a e e e anemia. I a no pa of an
pa ic la e pe imen , b a he a pa of a b eeding colon ha a ed o p od ce monke
fo NASA pace p ojec . Wallach checked he monke in o he em and began o go h o gh he
anda d o ine. The infan monke a eighed, mea ed, and iden ified b i a oo n mbe .
Blood and ine ample e e collec ed fo c l e and biochemical anal i . E e o gan and
i e a e amined fo colo , e e, eigh , i e and loca ion, and i e ample e e aken and
p e e ed fo hi opa holog e amina ion. S omach and in e inal con en e e collec ed fo
c l e of bac e ia and i e and e e chemicall anal ed fo o in .
Anemia made he i e and o gan mall and pale. The g o ph ical change of he monke
panc ea e e immedia el no able, hich made i mo e in e e ing han he o he in e nal o gan .
No onl a he panc ea mall and pale i a o nd and knobb in c o ec ion in ead of fla ,
and i a a ha d a a ock in ead of ha ing he e pec ed no mal con i enc of a chicken.
A he knife a ed o c h o gh he panc ea , i p od ced a noi e like o o ld e pec f om

nning a knife h o gh packed d and, and al o he p oced e c ea ed a g i e i ance. Mo e
ample of he panc ea e e aken fo mic o copic e amina ion and pecial ain . T en -fo
ho la e he a i h he p epa ed and ained lide e e on Wallach de k ead o be ead.
The panc ea , li e , hea , and l ng ho ed change he had ne e een befo e.
Wallach made no e and an o he lib a and had he comp e p ll all of he a icle ha co ld be

ela ed in an a o ch change in animal . He a li e all amped i h h nd ed of a icle
ha de c ibed a ace-mine al deficienc . All of he i e change in he monke e e compa ible
i h a global eleni m deficienc !
The ne a habi . Since he da of o king i h The Cen e fo he Biolog of Na al S em in

S . Lo i , Wallach o ld al a c o efe ence di ea e f om o poin of ie : animal pa holog
and h man pa holog . We o ld be looking a he ame di ea e b alking in diffe en lang age !
Ve e ina pa holog e m fo a di ea e e e picall de c ip ion of he i e change

hem el e . H man pa holog e m fo a di ea e ended o be he name of he fi pe on o
de c ibe and p bli h he ob e a ion , o he migh be ela ed o he clinical manife a ion of he
di ea e. Wallach en e ed he e ion of eleni m deficienc in o he h man comp e of a e and
came p i h a big fa e o no ma e ho he a ked he e ion he an e a ill a e o. I
a like no ha ing he co ec pa o d o ge in o he p og am.
Befo e o king a Ye ke , Wallach had nea hed all of hi efe ence and had p e io l pe fo med
ba ic e ea ch b hand. The p oce a ime con ming, b e acc a e and effec i e, o he
en back o he ba ic he nde ood and en o o k. He en o he medical lib a ie a he
G ad Memo ial eaching ho pi al and he CDC and began o look p all of he h man di ea e of he
panc ea , li e , hea , and l ng . The e l , a e pec ed, e e conci e and p edic able in each of
he e : cance , emph ema, ci ho i , panc ea i i , c ic fib o i , and hea fail e.
Wallach canned h o gh a do en diffe en e befo e he j ho gh of gi ing p. He a

f a ed and i ed of eeing he ame ho pa ag aph i en almo o d fo o d in e e e
nde he bold heading c ic fib o i of he panc ea . The e en on o de c ibe i a he mo
common gene ic di ea e, he gene fo hich e e fo nd in one o of fo Ame ican . Acco ding
o he li e a e, hi di ea e a an mi ed b a imple Mendelian gene ic defec . The child bo n
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 9/39

ihc ic fib o i failed o h i e and p od ced a po i i e ea e , a e he efe ence book

efe ed o a a gene ic ma ke . If he child i ed fo a fe ea he o ld picall de elop
l ng di ea e, and he all died befo e he age of el e.
Wi hin he e e ina li e a e, he ema k de c ibing c ic fib o i e e e e and aken f om he

ame e ac medical efe ence o ce ha aid c ic fib o i did no occ in animal and ha an
animal model did no e e i . Wallach in e iga ion began o pick p peed and in en i he
melled blood! He kne he had a inne , and ha a he e lea he had fo nd an animal model.
Ho e e , deep in hi hea he kne he had mbled on o he fi eco ded non-h man ca e of
c ic fib o i in an animal and no oo p i ingl , he animal a a p ima e.
Wallach a ked he comp e fo e e efe ence on c ic fib o i and ecei ed ho and of a icle
and book efe ence . The e e e pho og aph of hole o gan and pho omic og aph of he pecific
diagno ic fea e of he cell la change of c ic fib o i in he panc ea , li e , and hea . And
hen he e e e he pical e minal change in he l ng of he child en. The change in all of he
o gan and i e of he he monke e e iden ical o he c ic fib o i change in h man in
fac he e e dead inge !
The ne logical ep a o ake a deep b ea h, i do n ie l , and go h o gh e of info ma ion

and log he ma che o c o ma ch he mic o copic fea e and i e chemi of c ic fib o i
again he mic o copic fea e and i e chemi of a labo a o ind ced eleni m deficienc .
Ho on, e ha e a ma ch Bingo!
Time ood ill; Wallach had no idea ho long he had been he e. All he co ld emembe a being
o imme ed in ha he a doing ha an e p e ain co ld ha e pa ed o fee a a f om him
and h o gh he lib a a eigh mile pe ho and he o ld no ha e no iced. He j a he e,
hi mind acing c a il , pape and lide all a o nd him i h ome on he able, ome on he floo ,
and he all added p o he ame concl ion: he he monke did in fac ha e a eleni m
deficienc and did in fac ha e c ic fib o i he e e he ame di ea e!
G ea momen in hich cien ific h a e fi nco e ed and ecogni ed a e diffic l o de c ibe

fo o ea on . Fi he occ o a el ha fe ge m ch p ac ice a ch lonel b ce ainl
e ci ing e en . Secondl , i i no al a po ible o i ola e he p eci e momen of di co e hen
he mind achie e l cidi , he e eka o he ah-ha momen ! Some ime , di co e j flo
g ad all like a e filling a ank. O he ime di co e ike ddenl b ill ake a hile o
a me cohe ence and blo om in o a a ene , making he p eci e momen of eali a ion ick o
define.
The mo e he looked, he mo e Wallach a he ame pa e n congeni al and neona al eleni m

deficienc in animal e aled c ic fib o i in h man . No he had a g ea dilemma: ha o do.
Fi he had o pinch him elf o make e he hadn made a mi ake o of eage ne , and go
h o gh he hole hing again and again j o make e.
I didn ake long fo Wallach o eali e ha hi bigge p oblem o ld be o p o e he acc ac of

hi di co e o he holde of he gene ic heo . Af e all, hei en i e life and f e a e ed in
c ic fib o i being gene ic. Wha o ld be he mo cce f l app oach o engage and con ince
people ho e e con ide ed e pe in he clinical, pa holog , chemi , and gene ic of c ic
fib o i ha he e a no an an e ha co ld o all p e en and a e man ho and of
child en ho e e c en l ffe ing f om c ic fib o i . Ho co ld he ge hem o g a p ha c ic
fib o i a a congeni al deficienc of eleni m and no a gene ic di ea e? Ho co ld Wallach ge
hem o li en and no e el e pond i h, No, ha i no po ible, e e one kno ha c ic
fib o i i a gene ic di ea e ha i onl fo nd in h man befo e he go fi e o d o of hi mo h?
Hi fi majo h dle o ld be o ge a e io hea ing in f on of info med b objec i e li ene
ho had no a e o g ind.
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 10/39

Keeping a lo p ofile and feigning igno ance, Wallach made ie , di c e e in i ie . He con ac ed

he gical pa holog boa d a he G ad Memo ial Ho pi al, he eaching ho pi al fo Emo
Uni e i . He old hem ha he an ed o p e en a e of lide o hem i h he i e f om a
i -mon h-old, anemic, fail e o h i e infan . Wallach didn da e men ion he o d monke .
D e ed in gical c b and a med i h he app op ia e lide of he panc ea in e ion in he

gene ic nlabeled ca dboa d lide holde , Wallach p e en ed him elf a he appoin ed ho o he
boa d confe ence oom he follo ing da . He had el e e and made e ha he lide
p e en ed all had he cla ical iden if ing fea e of c ic fib o i , hich he hoped o ld a e ime
and a oid he pe of deba e ha he had i ne ed a he CDC Th da nigh e ion .
The el e membe of he gical pa holog boa d ie f o en lide collec ed d ing ge and

de e mine he he he panc ea , l ng, b ea , p o a e, colon, e icle, e c. i cance o Ye ,
ha cance o , ake i o o No, he i e i non-malignan . Wallach a ked he boa d if he
o ld plea e keep hei finding confiden ial, and he ag eed. Wallach handed he el e e of
lide o e o he head of he commi ee. Ele en o of el e o e hei opinion on a mall fo m,
and he all ag eed, Cance of an nkno n o igin. Wallach a d mb ck! The e e pe
pa hologi ho ld ha e a lea go en he i e iden ified, a he had made do bl e ha each
lide had an I le of Lange han , he iden if ing fea e of a panc ea , he cell in he panc ea ha
p od ce in lin.
The la of he el e pa hologi a ie l ponde ing fo a momen (he had ecogni ed Wallach

f om he Th da nigh CDC pa holog mee ing ), hen he offe ed, I hink I kno ha o e
ge ing a ! Yo hink hi i c ic fib o i don o ? Wallach, no e ci ed, nodded hi head in he
affi ma i e. The pa hologi a ked if he i e a animal o h man, and Wallach eminded hem
ha he had ag eed on confiden iali . Af e he all eaffi med hei ag eemen , Wallach hen
e ealed ha in fac he i e e e ho e of an infan he monke ha he belie ed had c ic
fib o i .
The mpa he ic pa hologi p lled a pa holog book off of a helf and flipped h o gh i o he
ec ion on c ic fib o i . The e e e onl fi e o i pa ag aph nde he heading of c ic fib o i
ha ended i h, No animal model i kno n. The pa holog commi ee all ag eed ha Wallach a
going o ha e a ha d o o hoe o ge confi ma ion of he diagno i b he app op ia e people.
Wallach eplied, The e ha o be a fi omeda , and I belie e hi i i . The helpf l pa hologi
eplied b elling him ha , The e i a c ic fib o i e pe , D . Vic o Na a , in he pedia ic
depa men he e a G ad ho ha he capaci and abili o confi m o picion. If o like, I ll
end a e of o lide do n o him.
The lide e e deli e ed a p omi ed, and he ne da Wallach ecei ed he call, D . Wallach, hi
i D . Na a . I had a good look a ho e lide ha o en me e e da . Na all Wallach a ked
ha he ho gh . Oh, no do b abo i ! C ic fib o i if I e e a i ! Wallach e ponded i h,
A e o e?
D . Na a came back i h, Ab ol el po i i e. When Wallach a ked, o ld he p ha in i ing,

he e ponded, Ab ol el ! And eeing a o j lea ning abo c ic fib o i I ll b ing o e a lo
of CF ma e ial ha I ha e he e: lide , e i e, c en jo nal a icle , ha o of hing o o
can ha e a look, a abo noon? Wallach eplied, Noon i i and plea e don fo ge o
confi ma ion le e .
D . Na a a i ed a he appoin ed ho , and Wallach had o figh hi emo ion o a calm. A oon

a Wallach had D . Na a le e in hi hand he ead i e en befo e he plea an ie of a ing hello.
The a do n a he mic o cope and Na a looked a he l ng , li e , hea , and mo e lide of he
panc ea . He a ob io l c io and hen a ked Wallach, a e e ina ian, he e he had go en
he CF i e ; he onde ed ho a e e ina pa hologi had go en ahold of h man c ic fib o i
i e fo an e al a ion.
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 11/39

Again Wallach a ked fo confiden iali , hich Na a ag eed o, befo e Wallach e ealed he
agge ing h. D . Na a , o e looking a he fi non-h man ca e of c ic fib o i . P obabl
no oo man people ha e hea d he e p e ion, A nned m lle . The m lle i no a e
e ci able o e ci ing fi h o begin i h. A m lle ha ha been h mped on he head i p e d ll.
D . Na a fi eac ion a o lean back in hi chai , i h hi mo h open and bead of ea
beginning o b eako on hi fo ehead, and i eemed like fo e e befo e he poke.
Yo e kidding me? D . Na a bl ed o i h a ga p. Wallach a ed him ha he a dead

e io and ha he had done hi d e diligence. He aid, He e le me ee ho e lide again!
Wallach had Na a le e of confi ma ion in hi hand and he a no nde e eme p e e.

E en i h he e ela ion ha he i e e e ho e of a he monke , he econd look e l ed in
he ame concl ion: c ic fib o i . Ti e doe n lie. Ti e doe n ha e a poli ical agenda.
The e no do b abo i ! he confi med, No hing el e in he o ld look like c ic fib o i ! Thi i
c ic fib o i ! I ll ake m ca ee , m life on i ! Then hi one changed, he looked in o Wallach
e e and a ked, Wha animal i i ? Then hen Wallach e ealed ha i a he i e of a he
monke . Man! Yo e j iden ified he fi non-h man ca e of c ic fib o i ! Thi i e ci ing!
Whe e i o phone?
Wallach a ked hom he e e calling and Na a e ponded, The C ic Fib o i Fo nda ion! I
j do n he ee ! The ne da he Ye ke lab a c a ling i h CF e pe f om he C ic
Fib o i Fo nda ion. The e en called he e ec i e di ec o ho a fi hing in Canada. He c hi
aca ion ho and he a on hi a back. The all ma eled a he mi acle benea h he len e .
The ne e a ked he l ima e e ion, o Wallach ne e offe ed he an e . The e pe e e all
nanimo in hei opinion: he i e he looked a e e in fac cla ical e ample of c ic
fib o i !
To make e, he C ic Fib o i Fo nda ion en a e of he monke i e lide o D . E.H.

Oppenheime , con ide ed he o ld e pe on c ic fib o i pa holog a John Hopkin Uni e i
School of Medicine in Bal imo e, Ma land. Fo good mea e a econd e a en o D . J.R.
E e l , one of he fo me pa holog PhD den , ho a no a pa hologi a he Chicago L ing-
in Ho pi al. No a o d a men ioned ha he o igin of he i e a a he monke . The onl
info ma ion en i h he i e a ha he ma e ial a f om, a i -mon h-old, anemic, fail e o
h i e infan , and a no e ha aid, We hink he e i e a ec ic fib o i , ha do o hink?
A e a God made li le g een apple , he p oclama ion f om on high a : Wi ho a do b

c ic fib o i ! I a all he e in black and hi e on hei depa men le e head. The o ld
e pe had e ie ed he lide and confi med ha he i e e e i ho a do b c ic fib o i .
Wallach e ead he comm nica ion looking fo an hin of affling o eakne , b he e a
none. The jo ne had beg n. The a ho i ie had ag eed and igned hei ag eemen i h he
diagno i .
Hi o had j been made; ho e e , a of e he kno ledge of he Di co e a confined o a

fe people. I a a o all ange, eal i a ion fo Wallach and ill f a gh i h dange . . .
ha ho ld ha e been he high ene g locke - oom fanfa e, he high-fi ing and p e - elea e
h e ia a in eali a m ffled ackno ledgmen . Thi demeano ignaled o Wallach ha he e
e e ill mo e h dle and ha he p oce a ill in he beginning age . He co ld no appea o
be mo ing oo fa , ffle fea he , o eem oo cock . G ea ego of p ofe o of a e, na ional,
and in e na ional fame e e in ol ed, and e e one a al ead po i ioning hem el e .
I a a if Wallach had a ed a he end a he han a he beginning. In eali all he had a a

naked fac . He had iden ified he fi non-h man ca e of c ic fib o i ; ho e e , i ood in o al
i ola ion. Wallach a ca ing a piece of d nami e a o nd in hi head. He da ed no mo e oo fa ,
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 12/39

d op i , o allo i o pa in o he ong hand , a lea n il he a ead . Tha a he ke , no

n il he a ead . The e a no accompan ing info ma ion, no doc men ed hi o , no o ce of
efe ence, no an hing. Befo e Wallach mo ed fo a d he o ld ha e o fill in all of he blank .
Wh did hi pa ic la monke ge c ic fib o i ? Tha a he million-dolla e ion ha no one

had a ked. E e bod kne ha c ic fib o i a a gene ic di ea e and cla icall onl de c ibed
in h man . Ho hen did a non-h man p ima e de elop c ic fib o i ? Whe e did he monke
come f om? Ho did i ge o Ye ke ? Wallach didn ha e fa o a el. The monke had been pa of
a g o p of i -f ee labo a o ai ed he monke being ai ed fo he NASA pace p og am.
D . Nell Gola de Bo ne, a beha io i , a pe i ing he colon . She a al o he ife of D .
Geoff e H. Bo ne, an ana omi and he di ec o of he Ye ke P ima e Cen e .
The e e e fif een pai of ad l he monke kep in mall cage . The idea a o ha e a ead
ppl of no mal, i -f ee, cap i e- ea ed he monke fo he pace p og am. When he
babie eached i mon h of age he e e eaned f om hei mo he and ai ed in a la ge gang
cage i h o he een-aged monke . When he eached ma i he o ld be pai ed p o
p od ce addi ional cap i e- ea ed, i -f ee no mal monke .
The ideal a a el achie ed in a p ima e colon . In addi ion o ha ing he ad an age of being able
o demand e al fa o in he confine of a mall cage, he male p lled he hai off of he female ,
gna ed on hem, bea hem p, and gene all inflic ed ma hem pon hem. In he ild e ing
he e o ld picall a oop of en o fif female and i o o male of diffe en age and le el of
dominance. In he ild e ing onl he dominan male e e allo ed o b eed he female , and if
he female an ed o e i he co ld objec o he male ad ance and e cape he n an ed
co hip. In he igh cage, con aining onl a pai p oge he b an a anged ma iage a
ano he ma e .
D . Nell de Bo ne no ed he hai lo and baldne of he female . She mi in e p e ed he

phenomenon a an e en ial fa -acid deficienc and decided ha each of he monke ho ld be
gi en he dail do e of one ea poon of co n oil in addi ion o hei anda d f ee-choice monke
bi c i . Wh , he ho ld ha e a ked, if he e e all on he ame die , did he male po a g and
hai coa and mane hile he female looked a and bald? Sho ldn he ame deficienc of
e en ial fa acid afflic bo h he male and he female ? The e a no e ioning he ac ion
he e, b Nell a he di ec o ife and ha e e he aid a la .
The ne di ec i e ga e he animal echnician ho fed and ca ed fo he colon a majo inc ea e in

e pon ibili . O e loaded al ead , he e a no a ha he e echnician co ld ha e implemen ed
hi ne polic . The e a no a he co ld go f om cage o cage, ee ing each monke mo h
open o deli e a mea ed do e of co n oil in o he mo h of a e i ing, i ming ad l monke . I
o nd imple eno gh o j manhandle he monke o ain hem and j ge i done. Ho e e ,
in eali , o implemen hi ne polic o ld e i e man ho of effo added o he echnician
o nd each da , inc ea e he i k of bi e , and o ld c ea e he e a me of cleaning p he oil
he monke o ld ling e e he e, and he p oce amo n ed o ing o fo ce feed a gang of
ang , pe - eng h een-age i h ADHD and long ee h! The d a he pi he co n oil in o
face han allo i !
Nece i being he mo he of in en ion, he colon echnician came p i h he idea of filling fi e-

gallon b cke half f ll of co n oil, and hen packing he b cke f ll o he op i h monke bi c i
and hen lea ing hem o oak p he oil o e nigh . The ne mo ning each monke a fi fed
e e al of he oil oaked bi c i , each bi c i like a handf l of b e ed popco n, befo e he e e
gi en he emainde of he da a ion.
Se e al p oblem e e immedia el c ea ed. The mo e bi c i he monke a e he mo e he oil he

go . N mbe o, he e a oil h e he n ien balance of he comme ciall p epa ed a ion
comple el off. In hi ca e, co n oil a no o io fo inc ea ing he need fo eleni m. E en if he e
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 13/39

a eleni m in he pelle , he added oil c ea ed a ela i e deficienc . I ne e c o ed an one

mind o inc ea e he eleni m le el of he die o compen a e fo he addi ion of he e a co n oil.
A a e l , he p egnan female e e all eleni m deficien , hich hen affec ed he de eloping
emb o . Like i e, he lac a ing female e e eleni m deficien and pa ed on eleni m deficien
milk o he infan monke .
A hi poin Wallach en back in o he colon and e amined he e of hem. The hai of he

ad l and infan had lo he no mal g a -g een colo and he babie e e ni e all mall fo
hei age and e e anemic.
Wallach applied fo and go pe mi ion o ga he li e and panc ea ic biop ie f om e e al of he

o -looking infan . Again, he cla ic change fo c ic fib o i e e he e fo all o ee;
Ho e e , he aid no hing, and nobod a ked. The ime a no igh e . A a ma e of anda d
p ac ice, blood ample e e collec ed f om all of he Ye ke monke and ape on a mon hl ba i ,
and iden ified and a ed in a f ee e in ca e he e e needed a a la e da e. Wallach e e ed
ha he blood of he of he CF monke pa en and he infan hem el e be e ed fo eleni m
le el and o look fo deficienc a e . Bingo! I a a head momen , b ill Wallach co ld no
ha e he info ma ion i h an one. S ollen cien ific ego a a na ional and in e na ional le el e e
in ol ed, and i co ld mean dange if he mo ed o di c edi Wallach o k a hi ea l age.
Ne e hele , i a no gene all ecogni ed ha D . Joel D. Wallach, e e ina pa hologi a he

Ye ke Regional P ima e Re ea ch Cen e , Emo Uni e i of A lan a, Geo gia, had di co e ed he
fi non-h man ca e of c ic fib o i .
The ne da ling of he p ima e cen e , Wallach a an o e nigh celeb i . He p e en ed a fea ed

pape a an in e na ional pa holog confe ence held in A lan a. Emo Uni e i p o a majo
ne elea e, and he o a fea ed on he f on ec ion of he S nda edi ion of he A
C J . Wallach ini ia ed he p oce of i ing a majo cien ific pape on he c ic
fib o i monke .
To op hing off, Wallach a gi en a $1,000 pe ea age inc ea e and ecei ed le e of

cong a la ion and commenda ion. NASA a e ci ed ha one of hei lo -b dge p ojec had
p od ced a majo cien ific b eak h o gh in h man heal h e ea ch. Mail po ed in o Ye ke , and
he e e e he e e fo adio and ele i ion in e ie . Repo e f om jo nal , maga ine ,
abloid , adio a ion , and ele i ion ne o k called in fo he o .
The Na ional In i e of Heal h began o ho e io in e e a he e e being be ieged i h

in i ie . Wallach a no ified ha ha he e e going o ho an animal model o k hop (Ma
25 26, 1978) a he main NIH camp in Be he da, Ma land, and he an ed him o be one of he
fea ed peake . Wallach a ppo ed o p e en he c ic fib o i ca e o o he co ld be on
he looko fo imila monke .
Wallach accep ed he in i a ion and a p omp l en hi ai icke , ho el e e a ion , and a $500

ipend fo e pen e . The NIH al o e e ed a b ief ab ac fo incl ion in o he p in ed p og am
p oceeding . Wallach began he a k of compiling he ab ac ha o ld fo mall in od ce hi
c ic fib o i monke o he na ional and in e na ional cien ific o ld. O e he ea , Wallach had
done hi o of hing li e all h nd ed of ime . He had bmi ed ab ac and had gi en imila
p e en a ion o hi cien ific colleag e , incl ding ph ician , e e ina ian , and PhD , o he a k
a nei he fo eign no fo midable. I appea ed ha he ime had come o ho hi hand. Af e all,
he had e en iall a ked he e ion: Plea e, ill o ell !
Wallach had done hi d e diligence. He had made he diagno i and had i confi med b he o ld
e pe , he had back acked and had iden ified he en i onmen al and ca a i e fac o and
deficiencie , and he co ld epea he p oce . He co ld in fac c ea e an nlimi ed ppl of
labo a o animal model fo he d of and elimina ion of c ic fib o i !
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 14/39

Wallach fel a if he concep of The Cen e fo he Biolog of Na al S em had p od ced a e l

fa be ond an one hope and d eam !
Wallach ie ed he e e en a a ofe , one h ah fo The Cen e fo he Biolog of Na al

S em and he econd fo he Ye ke Regional P ima e Re ea ch Cen e . Wallach enclo ed he
app op ia e pho omic og aph of he CF monke i e fo he p in ed p og am, p he ab ac
in o he en elope, ealed i , add e ed i , amped i , and en i . He hen en abo hi dail
e pon ibili ie and ne e ga e he ma e a econd ho gh .
Sho l he eaf e , D . McCl e e ned f om hi aca ion. I a immedia el ob io ha in ead

of being e ci ed abo he c ic fib o i di co e , ca ching he CF fe e , and a king ha he
co ld do o ppo he ne and ond o p ojec , he a miffed ha he c ic fib o i di co e
had occ ed hile he a off on aca ion.
Of co e, b hi o n le ha McCl e had dic a ed o Wallach pon hi a i al, he o ld be,

i ho e ion, he econd in e iga o of an die gene a ed b he p ojec and econd a ho
of an p blica ion . He had pen fif een ea in he enche looking h o gh monke in e ine fo
pa a i e ( o m ), and he ne g on he block nco e ed he bigge di co e e e a Ye ke
he ca e, p e en ion, and c e of c ic fib o i !
McCl e a no a happ campe . In he hall a hi ja m cle e e clenched and o ked

o e ime, and he g o nd hi ee h lo dl hene e he pa ed each o he . Hi office doo a
clo ed, a comple el ne beha io . I a no ob io o Wallach ha he e a going o be Big
o ble in Ri e Ci , o ble i h a capi al T li le did he eali e ho m ch o ble!
A he ame ime, Wallach ife Jo ephine had died f om complica ion of he e of a ne fo m of

chemo he ap fo Hodgkin Di ea e ha a ma ke ed a being f ee of nega i e ide effec .
Wallach a no a ido e i h fo mall child en age one and a half ea o eigh ea of age.
F I C T L C I T
Le han o eek la e , a e e- o nding D . Geoff e Bo ne mmoned Wallach o hi office. A

eek ea lie , Wallach a making hi o . No , in ide D . Bo ne office, i h Bo ne face a ed
a a oma o and i h neck and fo ehead ein b lging, he bl ed o : Yo e fi ed! Flabbe ga ed,
Wallach e ponded i h, Wha do o mean I m fi ed? I ha en olen an hing. I ha en done
an hing ong! D . Bo ne ang il e ponded, Yo li en he e, Wallach! E e one kno o can
c ea e c ic fib o i i a gene ic di ea e.
Wallach ickl e ponded, D . Bo ne, I didn a ha I co ld c ea e c ic fib o i . If o ead

he ab ac ha I ha e en o he NIH, I onl a ed ha I co ld c ea e animal model fo he
d of c ic fib o i . I a e ca ef l o make ha poin clea . All animal fo he d of
gene ic di ea e a e c ea ed b one manne o ano he . I o ld like o e e a c i ical e ie of
m ma e ial b a commi ee of app op ia e chola , m ch like a PhD candida e bmi o, o
defend hi e ea ch.
Bo ne e o ed, Don o nde and, Wallach, he on allo me o le o a ha c ic

fib o i co ld be c ea ed ! All of he o ld e pe ha e b il hei ca ee and hei li e on c ic
fib o i being a cla ic gene icall - an mi ed di ea e! The on hea of ome o ng p a
coming along and jamming i do n hei h oa ha c ic fib o i co ld be c ea ed! I o of he
e ion! The e i no a ha I can keep o , Wallach! Yo e gone!
Reco e ing fficien l o peak, Wallach added, Wi h all d e e pec , D . Bo ne, hen I a ha I
can c ea e an animal model fo he ad anced d of c ic fib o i , I mean i ! I can do i ! Tha
he h!
Then Bo ne bl ed o , The h doe n ma e ! No b , Wallach! Yo e fi ed, and ha final!
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 15/39

To add in l o inj , D . Bo ne called in o a med ec i g a d o ha e Wallach e co ed

f om he b ilding immedia el o p e en Wallach f om ga he ing p all of hi c ic fib o i ma e ial.
Ho e e , he decided he a no going o lea e i ho i ! He old he g a d , Look o g ,I
ha e o ge m book , I ll mee o a he doo . Wallach en fi o hi office and hen o he lab
and p all of hi c ic fib o i eco d , pe inen efe ence , gla lide i h he o iginal CF i e,
and he 2 2 p e en a ion an pa encie in o he bo om of a la ge bo and co e ed hem i h hi
pe onal book . The g a d d if ll checked h o gh ome of he book a he e i doo , b hen
he a Wallach pe onal amp on he in ide co e of each book, he a ed him o he doo .
Wallach lef Ye ke fo e e , i h a bo f ll of book and he c ic fib o i ma e ial cl ched in hi

a m . He had lo a ba le i h he fo ce of igno ance and ego, b he o e ha he a o e he
ca e of c ic fib o i a no o e e !
Tha da , Wallach o e a ilen oa h o him elf: The on in. I on le hem! I impl on

le hem! Wallach had he ma e ial he needed o fi e a ho ac o hei bo . Al ho gh he
Na ional In i e of Heal h in i a ion had been i hd a n, he e o o k i ing a pape on c ic
fib o i befo e he oei ing hi da a. He had o bea hem o he p nch. Th o ing all ca ion
o he ind a hi poin , Wallach decided o b ing p all hi finding in o he open in he fo m of a
cien ific pape a monog aph he o of hing ha Da in, Mendel, Pa e , and Lind had done.
Wh no Wallach!
Wallach added a mma of hi en i e ho gh on c ic fib o i in o he o k. He en i led he

monog aph P E C F . To be e, i a bold if no b a h o
claim ha he kne he ca e of c ic fib o i . In he face of a calcified cien ific comm ni
n illing o hea he h, hi a no ime fo e i oca ion, a eak hea , o imidi ! Wallach fel
obliga ed o make e ha he h ha CF co ld be p e en ed and c ed go o o he familie of
c ic fib o i child en. He al o fel he m al o do i fo he memo of hi la e ife, ho had
kno n abo he di co e befo e he pa ing. (E en a he a d ing he ppo ed hi effo o
ge he h abo c ic fib o i o o he p blic. He la o d e e Don le hem in! ).
Wallach do ed hi I c o ed hi T and added one h nd ed nimpeachable ke efe ence and

he elling pho omic og aph o comple e and ppo he p emi e of he monog aph. He a ached
copie of he confi ming le e b Na a , Oppenheime , and E e l on hei le e head ha he
had confi med Wallach diagno i of c ic fib o i , and hen he had one h nd ed copie of he
en i e package p in ed and cop igh ed.
A da befo e he NIH Animal Model Confe ence con ened, Wallach fle f om A lan a o Bal imo e,
Ma land. He checked in o a ho el and ead he CF monog aph en ime o he co ld gi e he
p e en a ion in hi leep. The ne mo ning, he ook a cab o he NIH camp and a i ed a he
animal model confe ence an ho ea l , aking a po i ion a he en ance of he emina hall he e
he had o iginall been in i ed o peak.
The a endee pa ing h o gh he g ea NIH po al e e each gi en a cop of he monog aph and

a mile. I a n long befo e he chai man of he animal model emina came o ide and g abbed
Wallach b he a m, Fo God ake, Wallach, ha a e o doing? We can ha e o pa ing o
n anc ioned pape . Yo ll impl ha e o lea e!
Wallach e ponded i h, Well, I g e o ha e a p oblem. I a f ee co n , i n i ? Dammi ,

Wallach, o don nde and! Yo e di p ing he hole confe ence! Demanding o be a e ed
o allo ed o peak, Wallach kep pa ing o he pape , and he NIH chai man e ponded i h, I
ill ha e o a e ed, dammi ! Then he di appea ed in o he mee ing.
Thei p oblem a ha he had p in ed he i le and he ab ac of he c ic fib o i pape and

Wallach name in he ea l anno ncemen of he animal model mee ing, and man of he
a endee had come pecificall o hea Wallach p e en a ion. The NIH finall capi la ed. Oka !
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 16/39

Wallach, li en he e! Wallach li ened. We e going o gi e o fif een min e o make o

p e en a ion. Af e ha , e ne e an o ee o face again! I ha clea , Wallach?
Tha a all ha Wallach needed. He p e en ed he c ic fib o i pape , ho ed hi lide , and

a ed fi e min e fo e ion . He lef he podi m i h lo d appla e inging in hi ea . On one
hand, e enge a ee . On he o he hand, Wallach lea ned all oo ickl ho gh ha he
immedia e ic o o ld onl la a flee ing momen .
Wallach had gi en a b ief, b nning p e en a ion and fel indica ed, b he kne he had
epped on ome p e e io oe ma be, e en ome land-mine ! The e e e bo nd o be ome
e io epe c ion . Nai el belie ing ha he h o ld p e ail, Wallach nde e ima ed he
icio ne he o ld ickl enco n e .
NIH a no am ed b Wallach beha io . In fac i a he fi ime in hei en -fi e ea

ha he p oceeding of an NIH- pon o ed confe ence a no p bli hed. The p oceeding of he
1978 confe ence a e ill mi ing f om he i en hi o of he NIH. In hei pi ef l mo e o kill
he p blica ion of Wallach pape , he NIH had, nfo na el , al o doomed he pape of he o he
p e en e . The p blica ion of man o ld e pe pape e e de ailed fo 1978. Man cien i
e e o aged b he NIH deci ion. B he pi e didn end he e.
F om he momen ha Wallach appea ed on he NIH ep he a on he hi li . He didn eali e

i a fi , b hi ca ee in ba ic e ea ch a o e . He a ended e e ina pa holog emina
looking fo job anno ncemen . He had fo li le kid o feed. He i i ed e e ina chool and
medical chool appl ing fo job a a e ice pa hologi . He a n g eed he j needed o go
back o o k. Wallach oon lea ned ha hi o k and hi life o ld ake on a hole ne di ec ion.
Joble and ido ed, Wallach packed p hi kid and mo ed back o Mi o i, he e he o ked fo
hi fa he loading ck o he co ld feed hi kid and pa bill . Wallach applied fo he labo a o
colon di ec o hip a he S . Lo i Uni e i , and again i h Ma lin Pe kin ecommenda ion, o
Wallach p i e, he landed he job. He began p ing hing oge he , a anging ched le ,
cla if ing e pon ibili ie , and p epa ing o be emplo ed again.
Thi ime Wallach a going o be e pon ible fo making he admini a i e deci ion a ell a
di ec ing he cience. Wallach mo ed hi bo e of book and efe ence ma e ial and file in o hi
ne office, b befo e he had comple ed hi npacking, he dean of he medical chool came do n
o he lab and handed him a le e i hd a ing hei offe of emplo men .
The S . Lo i Uni e i had en o an anno ncemen of Wallach appoin men a he ne

di ec o of he animal e ea ch colon in hei ne le e , hich d e a e pon e f om Emo
Uni e i , he Ye ke Regional P ima e Re ea ch Cen e and he NIH, all of hich con inced S .
Lo i Uni e i ha he a a n and infe ed ha hei fede al f nding o ld be p lled if Wallach
a hi ed. Ye ke and he NIH had ca gh p i h him again.
Wallach e o again o he e e ina emina in hope of finding a job. He kne he a no he

ma e g a o nd, b nobod co ld e e acc e him of e e gi ing p. Pe i ence paid off. He
an in o one of hi old e e ina chool ch m , D . John T o el. John had g ad a ed f om he
Uni e i of Mi o i, School of Ve e ina Medicine, one ea befo e Wallach had and hen pen
ome ime in he a m doing e ea ch. He hen opened p a mall animal p ac ice in Chicago. John
had b il a e cce f l p i a e p ac ice and a e e pe ienced in e e ina clinical medicine
and clinical e ea ch.
Wallach b o gh John p o da e on all of hi cce e , g ea ic o ie and di co e ie , and hi

mo e ecen e mina ion and n-in i h he NIH. John o make a long o ho , I m looking fo a
job, I need o feed m fo kid . Wi h all of o con ac , do o kno of an bod ho need a
good e e ina o compa a i e pa hologi ?
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 17/39

Li en o me, Joel! Yo e a ing o ime! Ab ol el a ing o ime! The ll ne e le o

back in o he em! Belie e me! I kno ! I e een he mi of ego, po e , and b ea c ac in he
A m ! Take m ad ice and go e ain fo ome hing el e John eplied.
B John, he c ic fib o i o i oo big o le go. S el omeone o ld be in e e ed in helping

he e CF kid , co n e ed Wallach.
Don ge me ong, Joel. I ll help o . B igh no o don belie e me. So, o l ck, and
hen o e o all di ill ioned, gi e me a call. We ll ake p he i a ion f om he e.
John a emen and a e men of he i a ion made no en e o Wallach a he ime. He ill

belie ed ha he p omi e of help fo he c ic fib o i familie and child en o ld be o in e e ing
and compelling o omeone o he e ha he eemingl ne e ending i ch h n b he NIH, Emo
Uni e i , and he Ye ke P ima e Cen e o ld be ne ali ed.
In be een mee ing and emina , ai ing fo kid , and he h n fo a job, Wallach chopped ood
and b oke p ca i on ba h b i h a ledge hamme fo c ap me al. He had o en hi ange
and f a ion on ome hing. I a he be ime of hi life and a he ame ime he o ime of
hi life. Un il ha lo poin , Wallach had been o eng o ed in doing hi cience and o king on he
book, ha i ne e occ ed o him ha he h co ld be pp e ed and ha pe onali ie
con olled cience a he han h! Wallach finall ga e in; he kne he had been black-balled
fo e e i a o e , and he had o mo e on. The ego in he NIH, Emo Uni e i and he Ye ke
P ima e Cen e had cinched he noo e igh a o nd hi neck. I a a if he da of i ch h n ,
o e, hanging , and being b n a he ake had e ned.
I a ime o call John T o el. John, of co e had been co ec in hi a e men of he eali of

Wallach pligh , b he an ed Wallach o fig e i o fo him elf. John a no p i ed hen
Wallach called. He onl a ked, Wha ook o o long?
Wallach confe ed o John ha he had been co ec all along, I didn belie e o a fi ,b I do

no .
John came back i h, I nde and, Joel. I doe n make en e o o ha I m igh , b

nfo na el I am. An a , ha nei he he e no he e igh no . The impo an hing i o do
ome hing abo i . I ha e a plan p m lee e ha I hink ill o k. Gi e me a co ple of da , and
I ll ge back o o .
Wha John did a o hi e he e ice of he mo p e igio p blic ela ion fi m in Illinoi ha he

co ld find. The cho en one had been in ol ed i h he poli ical campaign of e e ena o ial and
p e iden ial candida e o come o of he a e of Illinoi . John e plained he hi o , ci c m ance ,
and he c en a of Wallach i a ion, and a ked hem o come p i h a plan of ac ion ha
o ld b ing he ma e o he la ge po ible p blic a dience. In e n, John o ld i e a check
fo $20,000.
When Wallach lea ned of ho m ch mone John a in e ing in him, he a ked, John, $20,000, a e
o mad? T en ho and dolla i one ea ala ! I ll ne e be able o epa o ! Don
o Joel, I ll ge m mone o h. Yo and I a e going o ha e ome f n oge he , he aid i h
an impi h ch ckle. Wallach a d mbfo nded. Wh o ld John pend $20,000 j o ha e ome
f n?
Li en, Joel. The mone i m p oblem, John aid. Yo job i o ge o ac oge he . Ha e

e e de ail a o finge ip . Be p epa ed o an e e e e ion, co n e e e acc a ion.
Kno o fac , fig e , da e , people, place , and p o o in o he be po ible fo ma . Yo
do ha and I ll do he e !
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 18/39

Wallach again a ked John if he ho gh he plan o ld eall accompli h an hing. E en if i doe n

o k 100 pe cen i ill accompli h ome hing d ama ic and pec ac la , o ge o ac oge he
and be f ll ead hen I call o .
AB A : T C O T H F
In A g of 1978, Wallach fo nd him elf in he middle of a media bli ha o ld ha e made an

p e iden ial candida e en io . The c clone a ed a he legenda Ne Yo k Ci Waldo f A o ia
Ho el. E e TV ne o k a he e. E e ne i e e ice a ep e en ed incl ding he UPI and
he AP. Medical epo e and i e f om e e ne pape and maga ine had been in i ed. Media
ki hich incl ded a h ee-page endi ion of he ba ic c ic fib o i o of he di co e iha
pic e of Wallach i h one of he c ic fib o i monke , and a cop of he o iginal Emo
Uni e i ne elea e f om Ma ch of 1978 a handed o each a endee. Wallach ga e a ella
half-ho p e en a ion i h lide e plaining he al e of being able o c ea e an animal model fo
he d of c ic fib o i , and h i a a nece a ep o a d ol ing he n ol ed m e of
he e ible childhood di ea e.
The ne da a pen in he 21 Cl b fo l nch i h he medical i e fo he UPI ne i e

e ice and an e ing phone call ha had been gene a ed b he TV ne o k ai ing of he c ic
fib o i o he nigh befo e. The o a Wallach and he p blic ela ion fi m had i en i
appea ed in 1,700 ne pape a o nd he o ld a a e l of being picked p b he UPI ne i e
e ice.
The ne TV maga ine 20/20 con ac ed Wallach and an ed o a ange a egmen fo an pcoming
p og am. A lec e ci c i a e p and ched led. Wallach lec ed a o nd he co n a he
in i a ion of he indi id al a e chap e of he C ic Fib o i Fo nda ion and c ic fib o i ppo
g o p . The mee ing ook place in ho pi al a di o i m , ho el , and ci ic cen e . Wallach li ed i h
familie ha had had one o mo e c ic fib o i child en. He a e i h he c ic fib o i familie and
pa ien , in e ie ed he pa en , looked a hei bo el mo emen , hei blood labo a o e
e l , hei che X- a , and e amined hem. Af e a fe eek in o hi ched le, he kne
e e hing he needed o kno o p e en and c e c ic fib o i he he monke finding e e
co ec !
TV 20/20 en o a p od c ion c e o follo Wallach lec e ci c i . The filmed hi lec e in VA

ho pi al , ni e i ho pi al , and o ppo g o p in home li ing oom . The in e ie ed CF
familie . The 20/20c e a f iendl , b i a ob io he e ej going h o gh he mo ion .
Wallach fel ha he e e ac all hoping fo p o e b doc o and he e e e emel
di appoin ed hen no hing nega i e eall happened. I a almo like c eaming in o he ind.
The 20/20 e pe ience a Wallach fi ad en e i h he in e iga i e TV ne media; he o e

hi hea on hi lee e and a e open and hone i h hem. When he 20/20 c ic fib o i
o a finall ai ed, he a p i ed o ee ha mo e han fif pe cen of he o and ai ime
a de o ed o he o hodo ie of CF being a gene ic di ea e . . . a ie ha Wallach had
comple el di c edi ed.
The an i- eleni m ie on he 20/20 ai ing a p e en ed b he di ec o of he Na ional Poi on

Con ol Cen e in Den e , an MD/PhD o icologi . I a 1978, and he fac ha eleni m had been
decla ed an e en ial n ien had been kno n in academic and cien ific ci cle ince 1957, en -
one ea ea lie . The medical di ec o of he Na ional To icolog Cen e ac all decla ed on
na ional ele i ion ha he ace mine al eleni m a o ic, o o ic in fac ha he o ldn gi e i
o a p egnan oman o heal h bab , le alone a ick child i h CF.
E en ho gh he ne p e en a ion of he 20/20 p og am a o h of ne al, Wallach ecei ed

ho and of in i ing call and ho and of in i ing le e . The people an ed o kno ! The
gene al p blic and CF familie e e hi fo info ma ion ha migh help hei child en. The e e
all ea ! I a immedia el ob io ha T o el a co ec ome hing a going o happen!
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 19/39
The cien ific comm ni and he e abli hed dogma had ac all been a oadblock o p og e
ce ainl he p ac ice of banning, o ing, hanging, b ning a he ake, and being d a n and
a e ed b fo l nging ho e a no hing ne in he o ld of cience and medicine.
Wallach lec ed in en Ame ican a e , and he a in i ed o Z ich, S i e land, and Rome,

I al , o lec e o c ic fib o i familie . C ic fib o i a he ame di ea e in Z ich, Rome, and
in all of he Ame ican ci ie he i i ed. B he end of A g 1978, Wallach had acc m la ed all of
he p bli hed ma e ial e e i en on CF and had become he holde of all of he kno n info ma ion
( igh o ong) abo CF. He kne c ic fib o i !
The dilemma fo he p oponen of he gene ic heo of di ea e an mi ion fo CF a ha he

clinical p e en a ion of CF, e en i h CF pa ien in he ame famil , ill a el e hibi he ame
fo m of he di ea e. In a famil i h h ee CF child en, one migh e hibi majo panc ea ic
mp om , one migh ha e li e di ea e, and he hi d majo complain migh be e e e l ng
di ea e and migh die of a ca diom opa h hea a ack. The c ic fib o i o had he ame
p oblem a he A c ic fo o a he B ookfield Zoo: hen o ha e e e al diffe en bi h defec
occ ing in he p ogen of he ame male and female he canno be a gene icall - an mi ed
di ea e. The can onl be ca ed b a congeni al n i ional deficienc of he emb o.
Addi ionall , c ic fib o i a heo i ed o be an mi ed b he mo cla ic fo m of a imple

Mendelian ece i e gene in hi e E opean . I a f he heo i ed ha one in fo h man had
he ece i e gene l king in hem. In ha Wallach ega ded a a fo h-g ade biolog e of he
heo he looked fo and fo nd e e he a i ic fo CF babie ho e e bo n o a mo he and
fa he co ple ho e e bo h CF pa ien hem el e .
If he imple ece i e gene heo fo he an mi ion of CF a in fac co ec , hen one h nd ed

pe cen of babie bo n o CF co ple o ld, b all of he kno n fac of cla ic Mendelian gene ic ,
be bo n i h c ic fib o i .
The o come of hi imple fo h g ade d a a o nding! O of all of he ho and of babie

bo n o ch co ple onl one had been bo n i h CF! Ano he p oblem he gene ici had a
hen co ple e e made p of one CF pa ien hen he n mbe of CF babie bo n ho ld
a i icall come o o one o of fo . B he e l didn ma ch he heo . I a impo ible
fo CF o be gene ic!
Wallach e pe ience and aining he acc m la ed a The Cen e fo he Biolog of Na al S em

p hi e pe ience and hinking a ahead of he accep ed kno ledge of he da ha he
e abli hed c ic fib o i e pe kne c ic fib o i a gene icall an mi ed beca e ha
ha he e e a gh ; ppo edl he kne ho o ead he lang age of c ic fib o i .
Wallach, on he o he hand came o he able a an emp la e and n ain ed b dogma. A a

e l , he kne ha CF a no a gene icall - an mi ed di ea e, and epigene ic a bo n! Si
William B agg aid i e acc a el , The impo an hing in cience i no o m ch o ob ain ne
fac a o di co e ne a of hinking abo hem.
Wallach kne ha c ic fib o i a no a gene icall - an mi ed di ea e, b a he i a a

congeni al o pe ina al defec ca ed b a deficienc of he ace mine al eleni m in he mo he .
The deficienc of eleni m ca ed a di p ion of he me abolic ac i i ie in high-p od c ion and
high-ene g i e ch a panc ea , li e , hea , and l ng .
The e e e h ee o he piece ha e e p in o he p le o e ime: (1) a people mo ed a o nd

he co n he le el of n ien in food, incl ding eleni m, a ied and e l ed in he
pon aneo e e al of a po i i e ea e ; (2) a ing deg ee of a e of appea ance of
mp om and e e i of he clinical di ea e; (3) gl en in ole ance affec pe cen age of
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 20/39

ab o p ion of a io n ien , o ho e mo he and CF child en ho al o had a gl en in ole ance

o ld ha e a diffe en p e en a ion of clinical CF han ho e ho didn ha e a gl en in ole ance
( o a e no ha o ea o a e ha o ab o b).
The e ci emen o e he CF di co e a g o ing, al ho gh Wallach a ill o of a job.

Telephone bill , a eling, ai fa e , e a an , bab i e , and feeding fo kid oon deple ed
Wallach meage financial e e e and he a dead in he a e , o o peak. He e ned o
Mi o i and again o ked fo hi fa he loading ck hile he fig ed ha o do.
G C : D N M N H F
A C
The media campaign gene a ed a phone call f om Clin on Mille of he Na ional Heal h Fede a ion.
The NHF a a con me ad ocac g o p ha ppo ed al e na i e ie on heal h ha
enco aged he e of i amin and mine al o p e en and e e e di ea e.
Mille poke p and aid, We e ha ing a con en ion in Chicago. The e ill be ho and of people
in a endance ho ill an o hea o o and me age. We d like o o be a fea ed peake .
The NHF ppo people like o , people ho ha e been do ng aded fo finding and e ealing he
h.
Mille con in ed i h, The con en ion i going o ake place a he ne l opened McCo mick Cen e
he e he facili ie a e fab lo , and e e e pec ing a eco d c o d!
Wallach a e hone a he lamen ed, I o ld be e hono ed M . Mille , e cep ha I m b oke.

I co ldn affo d he ip. Don o abo he mone , Clin on chi ped, We ll ake ca e of o
e pen e and pa o a $500 hono a i m.
The NHF ann al con en ion in Chicago a like no hing ha Wallach had e e een. The e a an
e hibi hall i h h nd ed of e hibi o . The e e a mo le c e ha incl ded p e o of a e
fil e , ebo nde , i amin , mine al , he b , algae, c al , book , ideo , and bead . The e e e
bell dance , d mme , inge , Tibe an monk Ohming, ma age he api , chi op ac o , and
i idologi . The e e e ege a ian, egan, and o ganic food boo h of e e de c ip ion: of , ice,
pice , ca o j ice, and bl e co n chip . The cene a igh o of an ancien Pe ian ba aa . The
onl hing mi ing a he o d allo e .
The lec e ook place in a io ball oom . T picall he e e e a man a eigh o en lec e
going on im l aneo l . A a fea ed peake , Wallach ga e hi p e en a ion in he main ball oom
hen he e e e no o he compe ing lec e . A he appoin ed ho he oom a packed i h
li e all ho and of e ci ed people!
Wallach p e en a ion la ed abo an ho , and he ecei ed a anding o a ion a he end of hi

lec e. He fel like he gl d ckling ho had fo nd a home f ll of like people. The an ed o
hea and kno ha he had o a ! I a a onde f ll po i i e e pe ience. Wallach, he gl
d ckling of cience, had been an m ed in o a an!
The e a a ef e hing ea onablene abo he e people. The came o he e en i h a ince e

de i e o li en and lea n. The e e e no ego , bia e , o p econcei ed no ion bogging hem do n.
Tha NHF lec e ned o o be a mile one and a ning poin in Wallach ca ee .
P io o he NHF con en ion, Wallach had ne e befo e add e ed a la ge, ecep i e p blic a dience.
P e io l , hi a dience had been g o p of en o one h nd ed p ofe ional , ho e e cien ific
people, e e ina ian , and medical people o pa hologi ho had come oge he fo ome high-
le el n i ion o pa holog emina o o k hop on n i ion ha a gi en a he DNA,
biochemical, and mi ochond ial le el .
M D .G S O I S
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 21/39

A fe da af e e ning o Mi o i, Wallach ecei ed a phone call f om D . Ge ha d Sch a e ,

Chai man of he Depa men of Chemi a UCSD. Th o gh e ie ing he eleni m e ea ch,
Wallach had become e familia i h D . Sch a e o k i h eleni m and hi a ocia ion i h
D . Kla Sch a , he cien i ho in 1957 had ho n ha eleni m a an e en ial n ien .
The e o men e e Wallach he oe .
D . Sch a e i o eleni m ha Lin Pa ling i o i amin C. D . Sch a e had ead he UPI

o abo he di co e of he CF monke and Wallach b e en e mina ion hen he
connec ed c ic fib o i o a eleni m deficienc . Ini iall , Sch a e a no o all familia i h all
of he ela ion hip be een c ic fib o i and a eleni m deficienc , b he a ang hen he
lea ned Wallach a ea ed badl and had been mma il e mina ed i ho he oppo ni o
defend hi e ea ch.
Sch a e in i ed Wallach o come o La Jolla, Califo nia, and peak o a mall b ill io
in e na ional g o p incl ding e e al Nobel la ea e ha a ched led fo he follo ing eek. D .
Sch a e , a p og am chai man, o ld g a an ee Wallach he oppo ni o defend hi finding
and hi heo de pi e he la -min e a angemen and all e pen e o ld be paid in ad ance b
UCSD!
Wallach en o Califo nia, and a he Uni e i of Califo nia, La Jolla Camp ga e a hi -min e
p e en a ion o he mo ed ca ed and he mo c i ical cien ific a dience i h e pe i e in he
field of chemi , gene ic , and n i ion he had e enco n e ed. The c ic fib o i info ma ion
a ell ecei ed and he a enco aged b all o p e he o k beca e he h needed o be
e po ed o he ligh of da .
D . Sch a e a ed ha if Wallach didn p e he c ic fib o i info ma ion him elf i co ld be

a long a one h nd ed ea o mo e befo e he concep of a congeni al eleni m deficienc a he
ca e of CF faced again. Wallach fel a ho gh he had been handed a mi ion, and ha hi
ob e a ion had been indica ed and ecogni ed a a alid concep b ome of he op cien ific
hinke in he o ld. Af e all, if Wallach hinking a o all o of he ealm of ea onable
ce ain , D . Sch a e o ld ha e been hone eno gh o ell him ha he a a ing hi ime.
T N C N M P ,O :U
N P T D
Ano he oppo ni a o e o of he Chicago NHF confe ence. A i happened, he e e e e e al

membe of he boa d of di ec o (Jim Sen enig, ND, B ce Can a e , ND, Je Schle e , ND) of
he Na ional College of Na opa hic Medicine f om Po land, O egon, in a endance. The chool had
a boo h a he e po and he boa d membe e e he e o ec i den and fac l membe .
Wallach had ne e hea d of a na opa hic ph ician o ND. He didn kno ho he e eo ha

he did, o he i i ed hei boo h, a ked e ion , and picked p hei li e a e. Wallach became
in e e ed beca e he na opa hic ph ician e e f ll licen ed a p ima ca e ph ician in he
a e of O egon.
Na opa hic ph ician in he a e of O egon co ld deli e babie , do ge , i e p e c ip ion ,

and p ac ice ac p nc e. The p ima il diffe ed f om he MD comm ni beca e of hei ic
adhe ence o he philo oph : Fi , do no ha m.
While Ame ican medical doc o claim o belie e in hi ame philo oph acco ding o hei
Hippoc a ic Oa h, man pa ien a e ha med b hei of en nnece a gical p ac ice and
dange o e pe imen al p e c ip ion fo illne . In con a o hi , pa ien nde he ca e of
na opa hic ph ician fi offe choice of he apie ha ha e a e lo i k of inj ing people,
and pe fo m ge and p e c ibe medicine onl hen ab ol el nece a .
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 22/39

The NCNM boa d membe e e e e ci ed abo Wallach backg o nd in pa holog , n i ion,

and eaching o he ck p a con e a ion. The a ended Wallach one-ho lec e, he e he
ho ed lide ha fea ed a kno n n i ional-deficienc di ea e in animal and hen ho ed
lide of he ame di ea e in h man , making he connec ion be een n i ional-deficienc
di ea e in animal and h man . The boa d membe ook Wallach o o dinne , he e he
con e a ion became mo e anima ed hen he lea ned ha he a looking fo a job.
Wallach a in i ed o gi e a lec e on n i ion a he Oc obe 1978 ann al mee ing of he O egon

A ocia ion of Na opa hic Ph ician (OANP), a lea ning e en he e he ND co ld ge ome of
hei con in ing medical ed ca ion (CME) c edi fo licen e. He a o eco n he c ic fib o i
o and co e a m ch gene al n i ion a po ible in a o-ho p e en a ion. Thi e e a
no a p oblem a Wallach had lide of h nd ed of deficienc di ea e . Again, e pen e e e o be
paid and an hono a i m a o be gi en. Wallach ill didn i e kno ha a na opa hic
ph ician a e ac l , b he an ed o li en o ha he had o a , o o mon h la e he a
off o O egon.
Wallach a gi en a o of he NCNM camp , incl ding clinic b he dean, boa d membe , and
licen ed na opa hic ph ician . NCNM, e abli hed in 1957, a he olde f nc ioning
na opa hic medical college. The cla oom and clinic e e ho ed in he hi o ic Po al B ilding
in do n o n Po land. The NCNM camp a mall in e m of inf a c e, minimall e ipped,
and a ha dl ha Wallach a ed o a he la ge ni e i camp e he e he had been a
den and a gh and did e ea ch fo he NIH and he Na ional Science Fo nda ion.
Wallach a ho n an a chi ec ende ing fo a ne camp and had l nch i h boa d membe
and membe he eaching fac l . The fac l incl ded PhD , pha macologi , MD , ca diologi ,
ND , and admini a i e pe . The en i e g o p eemed o be gen inel in e e ed and ppo i e
of Wallach ie of n i ion and he abili of pplemen o p e en , ea , and e e e di ea e.
Wallach a ea ed a a celeb i , hich endea ed hem o him.
An ND i a p ima ca e ph ician ho i eg la ed b a a e medical boa d, in he a e ha allo

hem o be licen ed ph ician, m ch he ame a an MD i . A na opa hic ph ician can e amine
pa ien , diagno e, and ea all di ea e ; deli e babie ; pe fo m ge ; ge a DEA n mbe ; ie
p e c ip ion fo pha mace ical ; pe fo m ac p nc e; p e c ibe he b ; p ac ice homeopa h ;
pe fo m manip la ion, ph ical he ap , and co n eling; and b O egon la m be eimb ed b
heal h in ance fo hei e ice .
In O egon he o hodo allopa hic medical p ofe ion looked pon na opa hic ph ician a
ange off hoo of old- ime medicine bo de ing on acke . In n na opa hic ph ician look
pon he o hodo medical comm ni a nca ing, a ogan , hea -handed p a ho o e -
p e c ibe pha mace ical i h ha mf l ide effec , pe fo m nnece a and dange o ge
o of g eed, and deli e nnece a and dange o chemo he ap and adia ion o of igno ance
and g eed.
In 1978 fi e a e licen ed na opa hic ph ician a p ima ca e ph ician . In 1999, O egon,

Wa hing on, Ala ka, Mon ana, A i ona, Ma ach e , Connec ic , Maine, Ne Hamp hi e,
Ve mon , and he Di ic of Col mbia licen ed ND a p ima ca e ph ician .
The na opa hic ph ician had a ed ced cope of p ac ice in man o he a e beca e of
po e f l medical lobbie , and in he a e of Tenne ee b con i ional amendmen ND can
p ac ice heal h ca e in an fo m.
Na opa hic ph ician e e of en p e en ed f om deli e ing babie in a e he e mid i e e e

allo ed o deli e babie . In ome a e ND e e no allo ed o p nc e he kin o d a blood
o deli e ac p nc e he ap , he e an eigh een- ea -old off he ee i h h ee ho of
aining co ld be a phlebo omi and d a blood fo an clinic o ho pi al.
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 23/39

The na opa hic a dience a an eclec ic collec ion of den a a io le el of hei die ,
academic aff f om he college, and p ac icing na opa hic ph ician . The e e fa cina ed b he
p e en a ion app oach of ho ing lide of he kno n n i ional-deficienc di ea e in animal
pa alleled i h he ame di ea e in h man . I a an en ap ed a dience he e e e
in e e ed in n i ional-deficienc di ea e in h man . The demon a ed hei app o al of Wallach
i h a anding o a ion a he end of he p e en a ion. Wallach a in a g oo e and eemingl
among kind ed o l ; he gl d ckling a a ing o look mo e like a an again!
D .J F H G V P N P
Af e he p e en a ion, Wallach a app oached b he chai man of he boa d of di ec o of NCNM,

he dean of den , and he chool p e iden . Thi ime he offe a fo a job a an in c o in
n i ion. The an ed Wallach o each n i ion a he college and c ea e a e ie of fo co e
ha co e ed n i ion fo each of he fo ea of he na opa hic medical c ic l m.
Wallach had eached a p ofe ional j nc e. Sho ld he o all gi e p on en ea of o hodo

ni e i -le el e ea ch and a ocia ion i h he main eam of cience and join hi ma e ick
band of heal hca e p ofe ional and a ni h hi backg o nd p e io l eeped in p blica ion of
ba ic e ea ch and c edible ni e i connec ion ? Then he emembe ed ha D . John T o el had
aid, Joel, he ill ne e le o back in.
Wallach accep ed he offe of a eaching po i ion a NCNM i h one p o i o: Wallach an ed o be

able o ake co e o a d comple ing an ND deg ee a he ame ime ha he a eaching. He
didn ee an p oblem ince he had done i befo e a he Uni e i of Mi o i, Io a S a e
Uni e i , and Wa hing on Uni e i .
The a k of e ing p a e ie of fo e en ial n i ion co e of inc ea ing de ail and diffic l

o ld be econd na e. B no mean o ld i be he fi ime ha Wallach had lec ed o a g o p
of highl ed ca ed and mo i a ed p ofe ional den .
Wallach l ima e goal a o be able o ea c ic fib o i pa ien a oon a po ible and ge

he me age o o he c ic fib o i comm ni ha Wallach had c ing-edge info ma ion o help
hem e e e hei di ea e and p e en he occ ence of addi ional c ic fib o i pa ien b
emplo ing a gl en-f ee die and he pplemen a ion of a comple e n i ional pplemen p og am
piked i h addi ional eleni m o o ng omen ill in hei child-bea ing ea (pa ic la l ho e
ha had al ead p od ced a c ic fib o i child).
Af e a b ief clo ed mee ing, he boa d app o ed Wallach e e and a ked ha he be in place
and ead o each b Jan a 1979. The p ojec ed ha b aking co e pa ime ha Wallach
o ld be able o comple e hi ND deg ee in i o eigh ea . The p oce eemed oo long fo
Wallach a he a al ead hi -eigh , a ido e , and he ingle fa he of fo mall child en. He
didn a an hing o lo d, b he kne he o ld ha e o peed p he p oce .
Wallach ho ed p fo o k on he 26 h of Decembe 1978. The ea he a bad. Black ice had

a aged Po land fo a eek; he le ome ai o of hi i e and a i ed afel a he office o find
ha he a he onl one he e e cep fo a ec e a manning he main office phone and he chool
p e iden , D . Jim Sen enig. The e a no h bb b of den e , and in he ie he en o o k.
Wallach a ked fo and go ad ice and g idance on ho op e co e i h he goal of becoming
a licen ed ND a oon a po ible.
B Decembe 31 , Wallach had comple ed he o line of he nece a co e , o de ed he

e i ed e book , and a ead o go, e en ho gh he cla e didn begin n il Jan a 4 h,
1979.
Wallach d g in and began o p epa e co e o line fo na opa hic n i ion 101, 102, 103, and
104. He p oge he he lec e , p e en a ion lide , hand-o ma e ial , and o de ed a mall
ppl of e book fo he den in each of he co e le el .
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 24/39
Wallach emained in he Mi o i Ai Na ional G a d; ho e e , he an fe ed hi ni d ill loca ion

o he O egon Ai G a d in Po land fo con enience. He a p omo ed o he ank of majo and a
e en all p omo ed o L . Colonel and an fe ed o he Ala ka Ai G a d o fill hei need fo an
en i onmen al heal h office o deal i h chemical a fa e and NBC (N clea , Biological and
Chemical) a fa e e pon e.
Ne ep a fo Wallach o fo mall appl o be a den , fill o he fo m fo he c ic l m

commi ee, an fe all ele an an c ip fo he a io ni e i ie and comple ed co e o k,
and e e an ad anced den a o he co ld al o begin hi e idenc immedia el and
conc en l . The goal a o begin ea ing c ic fib o i kid a ickl a po ible.
T o eek la e he c ic l m commi ee had app o ed Wallach ad anced- anding a . Hi

ea of clinical o k i h animal , hi in e na ional acclaim a a compa a i e pa hologi , hi
p e io ni e i co e o k in he ba ic cience of bo h h man and e e ina medicine, and
hi p blica ion in pee - e ie ed jo nal all con ib ed o he commi ee j ifica ion of accep ing
hi an c ip , an fe c edi , and g an ing hi ad anced den anding conc en l i h hi
e idenc .
He a acked he ma i e load of iple-academic p ojec and famil e pon ibili ie i h he ame

mili a app oach ha had been o cce f l in ge ing him h o gh he Uni e i of Mi o i
ag ic l al chool, e e ina chool, and compa a i e pa holog im l aneo l .
Wallach immedia el began o ee pa ien in he NCNM clinic nde he pe i ion of aff

clinician and enio and g ad a e den . He i i ed and o ed e e al p i a e clinic n il he
fo nd o p ac icing na opa hic ph ician ho e e illing o ake him nde hei ing and
allo him o i in on hei pa ien i i . One p ac i ione a a oman (D . Lo i Ma el), he o he a
man (D . B ian MacCo ) affo ding him he diffe en gende pe pec i e .
Wi hin eek , Wallach a deli e ing babie nde pe i ion, pe fo ming office ge , and
p epa ing and connec ing IV d ip nde he a chf l e e of hi men o . D ing hi fo een ea
a a e e ina ian, Wallach had al ead ma e ed mo of he common clinical and labo a o
diagno ic kill . The e ci ing pa a ha he a ob e ing he ea men of h man di ea e ih
n i ional and he bal fo m la . Af e a ho pe iod of ime, he pe i ing doc o began o a k fo
Wallach opinion and e en emplo ed ome of hi e e ina n i ional fo m la fo hei pa ien .
Comp e ing and Conden ing e e Wallach a ch o d fo nego ia ing h o gh and fini hing hi
na opa hic aining a ickl a po ible no hing a lef o o c ho ; he impl had o he
ame amo n of d and o k a an o he den in a ho e pe iod of ime. A 38 ea old, he
impl co ldn pend ano he eigh ea a a den !
In o de o comp e and conden e hi e i emen , he commonl o ld be aking cla e on one

bjec hile an e amine fo ano he bjec o ld i be ide him i h e of a h nd ed
mic o copic lide fo iden ifica ion of no mal i e fo he h man hi olog cla , o lide on
h man di ea e fo ba ic pa holog co e .
Wallach o ld cce f ll iden if 100 pe cen of he no mal and di ea e i e hile aking no e

and pa ing e fo he lec e being a ended. Ha ing been a compa a i e pa hologi fo o e
fo een ea , and ha ing e ie ed li e all million of no mal and di ea ed i e fo bo h
animal and h man h o gh he mic o cope o e he ea , ende ing he e e ci e a a imple
fea . Emplo ing hi me hod Wallach a able o cce f ll ge e i alen and/o an fe c edi
fo e e ina and h man g ad a e cla e in ph iolog , p blic heal h, mic obiolog , pa a i olog ,
animal and h man ne oana om , ba ic gical echni e, medical biochemi , pha macolog ,
o icolog , ba ic co e in clinical labo a o and hi o of medicine, and a allo ed o e -o
of g o ana om , hi olog , ba ic and ad anced pa holog , and all fo co e in n i ion.
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 25/39

In addi ion o he hi l ind ched le of e ing-o o of ome co e and p ing ad anced

clinical d , Wallach had o ph icall a end and ake co e in he hi o of na opa hic
medicine, in e nal medicine, ca diolog , pha macogno ( he nde anding of he b and me hod of
e ac ing he ac i e p incipal of he b fo medicinal e), he bal medicine, ba ic and ad anced
ob e ic , ge ( hich Wallach helped o each), Chine e medicine, ac p nc e, homeopa h ,
o hopedic , pedia ic , EENT, ad anced clinical diagno i , ph ical he ap , e idenc , and
in e n hip .
The e l of hi in en e p og am of in ellec al a fa e a a hal ing of he p ojec ed ime-f ame

fo Wallach g ad a ion a a na opa hic ph ician, c ing eigh ea do n o h ee and one half.
The academic na opa hic comm ni a in hock. Wallach had pa ed b he academic le el of
o he in co ho had been on he ame ack of eaching and d ing o be a na opa hic
ph ician ho d a ed e e al ea befo e him.
The academic na opa hic comm ni a picall laid back. Mo e e en o fif een ea
o nge han Wallach, e e ege a ian , and e en a mo i a ed o j ge on i h he p og am.
No onl a Wallach en ea olde ; he a connec ed o he mili a and a habi al hamb ge
ea e . Hi colleag e a him a being le pi i all ele a ed han he . Soon he ga e Wallach
he nick name of Conan he Ve e ina ian.
Wallach al a had clinical d ie on he eekend beca e no one el e o ld ake i . If he e e

a igned he eekend clinic d , he o ld j kip o ! A a e l Wallach p obabl a en
ime he n mbe of pa ien a he o he e iden . Once each mon h Wallach, al o had hi
eekend Na ional G a d d ill, hich ended ea l in he af e noon j hen hi clinic e pon ibili ie
a ed. He o ld ge pe mi ion o lea e en min e ea l , go h o gh he McDonald d i e-
h o gh and ge a a e po nde . A i ing a he den confe ence oom in mili a fa ig e ,
ea ing a hamb ge , and e ie ing pa ien cha impl confi med hei ie ha Wallach a in
fac Conan he Ve e ina ian.
S U H O C L N P
In 1981 Wallach p cha ed a mall clinic in Canon Beach, O egon. He paid licen ed na opa hic
ph ician o ope a e he clinic on hi behalf and o pe i e hi ac i i ie a an ad anced anding
den ( hich al o ped p he comple ion of hi e idenc e i emen ).
Wallach adap ed man of he e e ina n i ional fo m la ha he had lea ned a he Uni e i of

Mi o i o emplo on hi h man pa ien . I a no p i e o him ha he e e ina n i ional
fo m la did in fac o k on h man j a he did in animal . Pe hap he mo pop la of he e
fo m la a D . Wallach Pig A h i i Fo m la. The e e e no pig in he Pig A h i i Fo m la,
b he fo m la came f om a n i ional p og am ha a de igned o p e en and e e e a h i i
in pig ( he o iginal Pig A h i i Fo m la ha been pda ed and imp o ed a he Heal h Bone and
Join Pak ).
Se en -fi e pe cen of all Ame ican o e he age of fif ge one pe of a h i i o ano he o

ome deg ee. Acco ding o he Cen e fo Di ea e Con ol, ome he e be een 35 million and 50
million Bab Boome had a h i i in he ea 2010, and he e i no a ingle medical ea men
de igned o p e en o c e a h i i ; in fac man doc o ill ell hei pa ien ha a h i i i a
gene icall - an mi ed di ea e, he e i no a ha ca ilage can be eg o n, and ha he onl
medical an e i he e of pain- elief medica ion, injec ion of gene icall enginee ed em cell
ha ill elie e pain, and l ima el , in he end, join eplacemen .
A pi in doe n fi a h i i , and i can ca e ga ic bleeding and dea h. T lenol doe n fi a h i i ,

and i ca e 40,000 ca e of kidne fail e in he Uni ed S a e each ea , 5,000 of hich a e o
e e e ha he pa ien i gi en a kidne an plan . Ad il, Ib p ofen, and Ale e don fi a h i i
and hei e can ca e li e di ea e in fi e o en pe cen of he e . Me ho e a e and gold ho
don fi he ma oid a h i i and he can bd e o bone ma o o he poin he e i can
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 26/39
p od ce ed blood cell , hi e blood cell , and pla ele . P edni one and co i one don fi a h i i
ei he , and he can ca e he pa ien o ge pe 2 diabe e and p ecipi a e di ea e fa mo e
ho ible han a h i i he e e oid ac all peed p he bone-lo p oce and ill p od ce
o eopo o i and f ac e and pe 2 diabe e .
When he e o e he co n e and p e c ip ion d g fail o elie e pain and inflamma ion an mo e,

he o hopedic geon ill a , The onl ea men lef fo o medicall i join eplacemen
ge .
In J l of 2002, he N E J M p bli hed an a icle, he i le of hich a

Knee Replacemen S ge fo A h i i i Wo hle . In No embe of 20006, he J
A M A p bli hed an a icle, he i le of hich a Back S ge fo Scia ica i
Unnece a .
Eli abe h Ta lo had h ee hip eplacemen ge ie . Ho man hip did Eli abe h Ta lo ha e?
De pi e being a ended o b he be o hopedic geon in Holl ood, he ill de eloped
comp e ion f ac e . Eli abe h Ta lo needed D . Wallach Pig A h i i Fo m la o he Heal h
Bone and Join Pak!
Wallach e ea ched a io e e ina n i ional fo m la ha e e de igned o p e en and c e

a h i i in pigeon , ke , dog , ca , ho e , co , pig , heep, lion , ige , and bea and
adap ed e e al of hem o h man e. Ca ilage, ligamen , endon , connec i e i e, and bone
i elf e e p edic abl eg o n ega dle of he pe on age.
Wallach ha een ca ilage and bone eg o n in ho and of h man pa ien . In he 70 and 80 ,

D . Wallach Pig A h i i Fo m la a a mi of en o hi pill and cap le con aining gela in
(collagen), mine al , ace mine al , amino acid , and i amin . The pig a h i i fo m la o ked like
a cha m. I a a p edic able a g a i ; ho e e man people fel ha he fo m la a oo
incon enien o ake en o hi cap le and able o o h ee ime pe da .
In 2010 Wallach p od ced he Heal h Bone and Join Pak, hich con ain 245 n ien (incl ding
115 f i and ege able ) and he 90 e en ial n ien . Thi p og am i p ima il li id and
con ain onl h ee omega-3 of gel cap le pe do e. Ca ilage can be eg o n b ppl ing he
n ien (i.e., he a ma e ial ) nece a o n on he gene ic c ip and ppo and p omo e
main enance and epai ha epigene ic !
D . G F S N M O
In 1982 Wallach g ad a ed a a na opa hic ph ician f om he Na ional College of Na opa hic

Medicine. Thi a al o he ea fo he n e e ie p oce fo na opa hic medicine, a e ie
ha ook place e e eigh ea fo all healing p ofe ion in he a e of O egon. I a a
con i ional p oce ha allo ed he a e legi la e o e amine no onl na opa hic medicine,
b al o allopa hic medicine, o eopa hic medicine, pha maci , chi op ac ic medicine, adi ional
Chine e medicine, den i ,n ing, ph ician a i an , mid ife , e e ina ian , e c.
The n e e ie p oce a o iginall in i ed o eaffi m he p ope aining, p ofe ionali m,

p ope kill le el, and licen ing p oce in an effo o p o ec he ci i en of he a e of O egon. The
n e e ie p oce had been going on fo almo e en -fi e ea follo ing he1914 Fle ne
Repo ; ho e e , in 1982 he poli ical en i onmen in he healing a in O egon a ch ha all of
he licen ing boa d banded oge he and ecommended he n e ing o de-licen ing he
na opa hic ph ician .
The eek befo e he a e of O egon n e commi ee p o do n o e on he e i al of

na opa hic medicine in Ame ica, i a lea ned ha he e l of he e ie had al ead been
decided: i a o be h mb do n, and o ld be he dea h of a p ofe ion ha had offe ed an
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 27/39

al e na i e o allopa hic medicine ince he Decla a ion of Independence a igned in 1776! I

appea ed ha he p edic ion of D . Benjamin R h (a igne of he Decla a ion of Independence), in
he fo m of hi o nigh ma e, a abo o come e:
The Con i ion of hi Rep blic ho ld make pecial p o i ion fo medical f eedom a ell a
eligio f eedom. To e ic he a of healing o one cla of men and den e al p i ilege o
o he ill con i e he Ba ille of medical cience. All ch la a e n-Ame ican and de po ic.
A eam of na opa hic ph ician a fo med o i i he a e legi la e and lobb he membe

of he n e commi ee o info m hem on he ef lne of ND fo he people of O egon and, in
effec , emind hem ha he na opa hic p ofe ion p o ided a high- ali heal h e ice fo he
people of O egon fo mo e han e en -fi e ea , and ha a he olde of he Na opa hic
college , NCNM, he Ha a d of Na opa hic medicine, a acc edi ed b he U.S. Depa men of
Ed ca ion, and o e he ea had g ad a ed mo e na opa hic ph ician han all of he
na opa hic college and ni e i ie in Ame ica combined.
The na opa hic ph ician eam ha a en o beg he n e commi ee fo a econ ide a ion
of hei deci ion and p e e e na opa hic medicine fo he people of O egon a made p of
p ac i ione , membe of he boa d fo licen ing na opa hic ph ician , p ofe o f om NCNM
(incl ding Wallach), and fo h- ea na opa hic den .
A Wallach and he o he membe of he eam i i ed he office of he membe of he n e

commi ee i a ob io ha he e a a e io p oblem. E e membe of he n e commi ee
ga e a b ief a dience o he eam, b he all ga e he ame e pon e: na opa hic medicine in
O egon a going o die ha af e noon and no hing co ld change he deci ion of he n e
commi ee chai man. Had Wallach come all he a o O egon and o ked o ha d o become a
na opa hic ph ician, and in he e mon h of hi g ad a ion and a ainmen of a deg ee in
na opa hic medicine, ha e he na opa hic p ofe ion e ec ed befo e hi e e ?
A ha poin Wallach in i ed on ge ing a i i i h he chai man of he n e commi ee, and af e

a lo of gna hing of ee h he chai man g dgingl ag eed o ecei e o membe of he
na opa hic eam, b no one el e an ed o go o ee he chai man fo fea of being blamed fo
he lo of na opa hic medicine in O egon, hich o ld nece a il mean he clo e of NCNM.
Wallach hen p opo ed ha D . Jim Sen enig and Wallach be he me enge and amba ado fo
he p ofe ion, and i h g ea elief all of he membe of he na opa hic eam o ed e . A he
appoin ed ho Wallach and Sen enig appea ed in he commi ee chai man office. The chai man
a a e n-faced Vie name e man in hi fif ie . He a ed in o hi office, folded hi a m o e hi
che , leaned back in hi chai and aid, Well, I can a e o a lo of ime; he e i no hing o can
a ha ill a e na opa hic medicine in O egon i i dead, he e i no appeal!
A dead ilence filled he oom. Wallach looked a Sen enig ho eemed in hock, o Wallach poke,
a ing, A lea o o ei o o le kno ha e ible hing ha happened o ca e he
n e commi ee o n e na opa hic medicine in O egon, hich in effec o ld kill na opa hic
medicine in he en i e co n .
The chai man laid hi che ac o hi de k, iff and ide-e ed, e ched o hi igh a m and
poin ed hi finge a Wallach and elled, Yo e all a b nch of God-damned d af dodge . M on
a a g een be e ho a killed in o hea A ia and na opa hic medicine i dead.
Wallach e ponded, I ha all? Wha if i i no e ha na opa hic ph ician a e all d af

dodge ? Will o gi e ime o p o e o ca e? The chai man aid, I ill gi e o fif een
min e o p o e o ca e!
Wallach and Sen enig ga he ed p he na opa hic eam in he capi al l nch oom and iden ified
ho e ho e e mili a e e an :
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 28/39

Joel Wallach, L . Col Ai Fo ce ne l licen ed na opa hic ph ician, p ofe o of N i ion, NCNM
Jim Sen enig, U.S. A m Dean of S den , NCNM, licen ed na opa hic ph ician
Jim Ma e , Cap . U.S. A m fo h ea na opa hic den
Bill Hen , U.S. Na membe of he Boa d of Na opa hic Ph ician , he S a e of O egon,

licen ed na opa hic ph ician
Don Walke , U.S. A m Chai man of he Boa d of Na opa hic Ph ician , he S a e of O egon,
licen ed na opa hic ph ician
Each e e an ho had hei mili a iden ifica ion ca d ga he ed hem el e and e ned o he
chai man office fo hei final plea. The eam of na opa hic mili a e e an in od ced
hem el e o he chai man and di pla ed hei mili a iden ifica ion ca d . Af e e amining each of
he iden ifica ion ca d , he chai man began o eep. Af e he compo ed him elf he a ked, Wh do
he medical doc o ha e o o m ch? To hich Wallach a ed, M . Chai man, i i a f ba le
be een MD and ND fo he hea and mind of he people and pa ien of he a e of O egon.
The chai man ponde ed fo a b ief momen and p ono nced, Don o gen lemen, na opa hic
medicine ill no be de o ed hi da . Beca e of o mili a e ice o ha e changed m mind
and o ha e p e ailed!
T S T B F E I I P
O e he ea , Wallach ended p i h all 28 chap e of he book. The Book had become hi book
b defa l ! Wallach aid a he ime ha The e a e a lo of people ma e han me, b he e a e
fe ho a e a pe i en o ho a e illing o o k a ha d a me o comple e a p ojec . A Ca oll
Cann, he W. B. Sa nde edi o p edic ed, all b one of he 28 o iginal book con ib o e cep fo
Wallach had fallen ill, died, o ga e p in e ha ion.
T el e h nd ed page , o ho and ill a ion , h nd ed of edi o ial mee ing , 25,000 a op ie ,

10 million chemi ie , 10 million lide i h pecial ain and eigh een ea la e , Wallach fini hed
i ! In 1983 he ome en i led D E A a finall fini hed. The book
ep e en ed 20,000 animal (454 pecie ) and h man a op ie and en of ho and of clinical
ca e .
To ell he book a $140 each, W. B. Sa nde in i ed ha Wallach add he name of a clinical

e e ina ian a a co-a ho of he book and add an ob io clinical b i le o enhance ale . The e
a e fa mo e clinician han pa hologi in he o ld. Wallach a o ge 90 pe cen of he o al ie
and he clinical e e ina ian en pe cen . Wallach cho e D . William Boe e , a fo me in e n of hi a
he S . Lo i Zoo; Boe e e i ed hi ea la e , ha ing o ked hi en i e p ofe ional ca ee a
he clinical e e ina ian a he S . Lo i Zoo.
The book, D E A : M M , i fo nd in e e
e e ina chool and medical chool lib a and in he p i a e lib a of e e e e ina ian, ildlife
e pe , and oologi and b 2013 copie e e being old on he in e ne a p ice ha anged f om
$400 o $10,000 depending on he condi ion of he book.
Wallach had hoped ha he 23- ea collec ion of n i ional-deficienc h and hei ela ion hip
o h man di ea e in he book D E A o ld p ecipi a e a e ol ion in
heal hca e. In ead i ha become a ome, a efe ence book o ma i e ha no one can affo d o
pda e he p ojec . I i a cla ic ha an academic p ofe ional o ld be p o d o ha e a ho ed
and p bli hed, b i didn i he medical p ofe ion o inco po a e n i ion in o hei ea men
p o ocol . The p blic, of co e, i almo en i el na a e of he book e i ence, o no heal hca e
e ol ion co ld be e pec ed f om ha a e ei he .
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 29/39

G M A N D P C H
A
Wallach had done hi be . He had been ed ca ed ing a -pa e mone o he ne of $7.5

million, and he had ed he be cience o p bli h pee - e ie and efe eed a icle in e pec ed
cien ific jo nal , p bli hed efe ence book , and con ib ed chap e o m l i-a ho ed e book
on he bjec of n i ion and n i ional deficiencie . In fac he a no b defini ion and di e e
e pe ience and aining a pol ma h ; ho e e , he ill fel ha he had no been cce f l in
eaching hi goal of changing h man heal hca e in Ame ica fo he be e men of all. He kne ha
he had o find ano he a o be mo e effec i e in ge ing he me age di emina ed o he gene al
p blic. Wha o ld Pa acel , Pa e , Da in, and Mendel do?
In 1990 Wallach, along i h hi ife D . Ma Lan, p bli hed an a icle ha epo ed he de ail of
1,700 a op ie of Chine e child en nde he age of el e ea ho had died of Khe han di ea e
h pe ophic ca diom opa h , a kno n eleni m-deficienc di ea e. The p po e of he d a o
ee if c ic fib o i ( heo i ed o be a gene ic di ea e of ea e n E opean child en) occ ed in he
d g o p. Wallach had di co e ed he fi non-h man ca e of c ic fib o i in a he monke
hich a p o ed o be ca ed b a congeni al eleni m deficienc , and he belie ed ha if hi ini ial
o k a co ec and ha c ic fib o i a a eleni m-deficienc di ea e, hen a ce ain n mbe
of Chine e child en ho had died of Khe han Di ea e (a kno n eleni m-deficienc di ea e) o ld
ha e c ic fib o i a ell a ca diom opa h .
The e l of he Wallach/Ma Lan Chine e Khe han di ea e d a p ofo nd: 35 pe cen (595)
of he 1,700 ca diom opa h ca e al o had confi med c ic fib o i le ion of he panc ea , l ng ,
and li e and p i ingl one h nd ed pe cen e hibi ed he cla ic le ion of m c la d oph of
he hea !
Al ho gh Wallach belie ed ha he kne he ca e, p e en ion, and c e of h man c ic fib o i in

1977, he h laid do man n il 2003, hen a mall gi l (S dne M e ) ho a o ea of age
a p e en ed o D . Wallach a a c ic fib o i pa ien ho a e io l ill. S dne a placed on
a ic gl en-f ee die and gi en he 90 e en ial n ien and e a eleni m. Wi hin eek he
a mp om f ee.
Wallach fi o ked i h he Lanca e Co n , Penn l ania Ami h comm ni in 1993 he e one

of hi fi Ami h pedia ic ca e a a mall i - ea -old bo ho a bo n i h m c la
d oph . The bo a o eak ha he mo ed h o gh he ho e holding on o f ni e o olling
like a log f om one oom o he ne ing hi head and neck o p opel him elf. Wallach placed he
child on a n i ional p og am and a pplemen al p og am ha a made p of he 90 e en ial
n ien and e a eleni m.
Upon hi e n o Lanca e Co n h ee mon h la e , Wallach a lec ing in a comm ni

ch ch b ilding on a ho A g nigh . Lacking elec ical po e , he f on and back doo of he
ch ch e e open. Well in o he lec e a g o p of mall bo an f om he f on doo ho gh he
main i le of he ch ch and o he back kicking a occe ball, and in he lead a he i - ea -old
bo ho had appa en l comple el eco e ed f om m c la d oph .
In 2012 Wallach a con ac ed b Debo ah Ram e , ho had a nephe (Sk le Colli) bo n in I al

ihc ic fib o i (I al c een all ne bo n child en fo CF, MD and man o he gene ic di ea e )
and a ked if Wallach had a p og am ha co ld help he bab . Wallach ecommended he 90
e en ial n ien i h an empha i of e a eleni m app op ia e fo bod eigh and a gl en-f ee
die .
The gene ic ma ke fo c ic fib o i i a po i i e ea e , hich i he abno mal eading of

elec ol e in ea . Af e h ee mon h on he Wallach p o ocol Sk le po i i e ea e
con e ed o no mal, acco ding o ho pi al eco d !
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 30/39

In 2005 Wallach eamed p i h Ma in Ropp, a e i ed Na SEAL. Ropp had been ai ed Ami h in

Jame Po , MO. A age eigh een he handed hi eam of ho e o e o hi b o he , ha ed hi
bea d, and joined he U.S. Na . Af e e i ing f om he na , Ropp joined D . Wallach p og am o
ol e a pe onal fe ili p oblem and o a e he Ami h colonie f om e ploi a ion b he medical
em.
Wallach ga e a n i ional p og am and a pplemen al ecipe o Ropp and hi ife de igned fo

infe ile co ple and a ed, af e nine da o ill be a p egnan co ple. Af e h ee ea of
being childle Ropp a i e kep ical, b he p egnanc occ ed in fo mon h , and Ropp
decided o join he Wallach eam and ake he heal h me age back o he Ami h comm ni .
Ropp poin ed o o Wallach ha he Ami h e e being ed a an ATM machine b he medical

em claiming ha man di ea e ha afflic ed he Ami h comm ni ie e e gene ic.
Ce ain comm ni ie of Ami h, Mennoni e , and H e i e had e emel high a e of c ic fib o i

and m c la d oph . Some familie had child en i h bo h c ic fib o i and m c la
d oph .
Ropp abili o peak Ami h D ch and in e face i h he Ami h c l e allo ed Wallach o o k

i h Ami h child en ffe ing f om c ic fib o i and m c la d oph . O e a pe iod of fi e
ea i became e iden ha he e e e e e al fac o in ol ed in he gene i of c ic fib o i and
m c la d oph .
Almo e e mo he of a Khe han di ea e (h pe ophic ca diom opa h ), c ic fib o i , and o

m c la d oph child ha clinicall ignifican gl en in ole ance. The familie li e in a
geog aphical loca ion ha i kno n o ha e eleni m-deficien oil (b ac al ni e i a a ); he
c l e ha a high-g ain die (ea en b he Ami h, Mennoni e , H e i e , Khe han Chine e,
Mo mon , Se en h Da Ad en i , e c.) and he picall do no pplemen i h eleni m.
O e a pe iod of fi e ea , ing die a change o elimina e gl en (in hea , ba le , e, and

oa ) and pplemen ing he c ic fib o i and m c la d oph afflic ed child en and o ng
ad l i h he 90 e en ial n ien pl high do e of eleni m, child en apidl imp o e and
became mp om f ee!
In Decembe of 2013, Wallach a no ified ha a fo - ea -old Ami h bo in Indiana ho had had

e e al po i i e ea e fo c ic fib o i a b o gh back o he pedia ician af e mon h on a
gl en-f ee die and ha Wallach p o ocol (90 e en ial n ien piked i h e a eleni m) and
p od ced a pe fec l no mal ea e . Hi p e io l po i i e gene ic ma ke had been e e ed
and he had become a no mal, c ic fib o i f ee child.
Wallach m c la d oph da a a en o Je Le i in 2010 o ee if he an ed o be he

pe on o make he anno ncemen , In fac e no kno he ca e, p e en ion, and c e fo c ic
fib o i and m c la d oph . Viole , M . Le i a i an , ackno ledged ha M . Le i had
ecei ed he da a in bo h e-mail and ha d cop fo ma and o ld e ie he ma e ial. We did no
an mone f om he M c la D oph Fo nda ion; ho e e , i fel igh o offe he oppo ni
o Je Le i o make he anno ncemen ha he ca e, p e en ion, and c e of m c la
d oph had been fo nd and p o ed in clinical ial o be co ec in fac he c e fo MD had
been fo nd fo Je Kid !
M . Le i , i eem , ook he da a o he medical commi ee of he M c la D oph Fo nda ion,

b he ef ed o e ie he da a and fi ed Je Le i fo in i ing ha he in e ie Wallach
and Ropp o ee if he e a an alidi o al e ha migh benefi Je Kid . The fi ed Je
Le i !! The en him on a c i e o p e en him f om being a ailable o epo e ho o ld
in i e a o h he didn fo he fi ime in en - o ea pa icipa e in he MD Tele hon o
ai e mone o find he c e fo MD and Je Kid .
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 31/39

In 2013 Todd Ha i on, a 24- ea -old m c la d oph pa ien f om S ock on, Califo nia, epo ed
o Wallach ha he had been on Wallach p o ocol fo m c la d oph fo i mon h , and
h o gh he In e ne he had doc men ed hi clinical imp o emen h o gh eg la ideo pda e on
Facebook. He had a ac ed 2,700 m c la d oph pa ien and familie ho e e follo ing hi
p og e , and man had op ed o follo Wallach p o ocol fo he e e al and p e en ion of
m c la d oph .
Befo e a ing on he Wallach P o ocol, Todd co ld do 30 c l i h a fi e po nd d mb bell in h ee

min e i h hi lef a m. Af e one ea on he Wallach P o ocol he co ld do 30 c l i h he fi e-
po nd d mbbell i h hi lef a m in 33 econd , and hi alking gai i ignifican l imp o ed.
Todd, hi mo he , and he b o he , Da id, ( ho al o had m c la d oph ) fo med a no fo p ofi

o gani a ion called Def ing M c la D oph . B he ime he had me Wallach, he had
ai ed $50,000 fo a FDA app o ed d ha looked a a medical de ice ha a an elec onic
m cle im la o ed fo he p po e of oning p eak m cle in m c la d oph pa ien .
La ne Cha e , an 18- ea -old o ng man, in od ced him elf o Wallach a a Long Beach, Califo nia
Heal h E po, a ed on he Wallach P o ocol fo M c la D oph , and in i mon h en f om
being heelchai -bo nd fo eigh ea o iding an ad l ic cle on he ee .
In J l of 2013, Wallach a appoin ed a he Chai man of he Scien ific Ad i o Boa d fo he no -

fo -p ofi Def ing M c la D oph o gani a ion.
In 1994 Wallach began o e KSCO, a San a C , Califo nia AM adio a ion, o b oadca an
in e ac i e alk ho o p ead hi me age of elf-help and pplemen a ion of he 90 e en ial
n ien o p e en and e e e h man di ea e .
The adio ho a called Dead Doc o Don Lie af e he cce f l la nch of an a dio ca e e
of he ame i le. The in od c ion a ed i h Hello, elcome o D D D L . Thi i D .
Joel Wallach, o ho , a e e ina ian and ph ician . . . I a n long befo e he co n medical
a ocia ion la nched a la i o cha ge Wallach i h nla f ll ing he o d ph ician o
iden if him elf.
Wallach ob ained a ce ified cop of hi deg ee f om NCNM decla ing him a a g ad a e na opa hic
ph ician and a ce ified cop of hi c en O egon licen e decla ing him a licen ed na opa hic
ph ician in good anding. The la i a d opped, and Wallach a ne e again ha a ed b he
medical comm ni of Califo nia, and in 2005 he a e of Califo nia pa ed he Na opa hic P ac ice
Ac allo ing he licen e of Na opa hic Doc o in he S a e of Califo nia. D . Wallach Califo nia
licen e n mbe i 061.
In 1997 Wallach a con ac ed b La en Knie el, he niece-in-la of E el Knie el ( he famo da e

de il). She a o and a half mon h p egnan , and he emb o had been diagno ed i h Do n
nd ome a he o and one half mon h age b bo h an amniocen e i and an l a o nd b o
epa a e labo a o ie . She an ed o a oid an abo ion ha man e e ecommending.
Thi a he fi ime ha Wallach had o an e he e ion, can he emb o be a ed and he

Do n nd ome gene defec be e e ed?
Wallach an e ed ha he didn kno ; he had ne e been a ked befo e o in e ene in an ea l

p egnanc o a e an emb o. He old he , ho e e , if he an ed o , he a illing o and
o ld do hi be .
Wallach kne ha he m o k ickl , a he indo of ime ha o ld allo a e e al of ch

a gene ic defec ma ha e al ead pa ed. Wallach p oge he a fo m la of all he kno n 90
e en ial n ien and he e da ha La en Knie el po ed he e ion, Can he gene defec
ha ca ed he Do n nd ome in he emb o be e e ed? he began o con me he 90
e en ial n ien .
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 32/39

La en Knie el bab a bo n a f ll- e m pe fec l heal h bab he Do n nd ome gene ic

defec had been e e ed!
In 1996 Theo Ra liff, a 28- ea -old NBA ba ke ball pla e , a old hi ca ee a o e . Theo a a
o ng age had bone-on-bone a h i i in bo h knee , he ca ilage on hi igh hip had popped off,
and he o hopedic geon fo he A lan a Ha k a ed ha he inj e i ed ge o eplan
he ca ilage. Hi igh i a b oken ca ching a pa d ing a eg la ea on game, and he
o hopedic geon fo he A lan a Ha k aid, We can ign off on Theo. He oo m ch of a i k
he oo f agile o pla p ofe ional NBA ba ke ball.
Theo a cleaning o hi locke in he Ha k aining facili hen he hea d Mike Glen, The
S inge , he legenda g a d fo he Ha k alking o ano he pla e abo eb ilding hi o n
knee i h Wallach pplemen p og am (Glen had eg o n hi knee ca ilage in bo h knee af e
e i emen and had decla ed, I co ld ha e pla ed fo fi e mo e ea if I had kno n abo
Wallach p og am ea lie ! ). Ra liff alked o e o Glen and a ked if he ho gh ha Wallach
p og am co ld al o help him. Glen eplied in he affi ma i e, and Glen a ed Ra liff on he p og am.
Ra liff pa ed all of he ph ical , and he ne ea on he a gi en a $40 million con ac i h he
Po land T ail Bla e ! In 2012 Ra liff fini hed hi p ofe ional ca ee of i een ea af e h ee
ea i h he Lo Angele Lake .
In 1998 Wallach a gi ing a lec e in Sal Lake, U ah, o a oom packed i h 300 eage a endee ,
hen d ing he e ion and an e pe iod, a man en i ed abo hi mo he ho had been
decla ed legall blind fo eigh ea a a e l of ch onic mac la degene a ion, and he a ked, Can
an hing be done o e o e m mo he e e igh e en ho gh he ha been decla ed legall blind
a a e l of mac la degene a ion?
Wallach eplied, Mac la degene a ion i ea o p e en and ea o e e e i h a die a change

and a comple e pplemen p og am ha incl de a hea an io idan app oach, a mac la
degene a ion a d e o he acc m la ion of ce oid lipof cin, a pigmen ca ed b f ee adical
damage o he e ina of he e e. Immedia el a man j mped in he back of he oom and elled,
Wallach, o e a lia ! I am an e e doc o and he e i no a ha o can p e en o c e mac la
degene a ion, a i i d e o aging and he e i no a o p e en o c e i .
Wallach A ked, Who a e o ? To hich he doc o eplied, I am D . Ronald P gh. Wallach hen
challenged D . P gh, Gi e me el e of o mac la degene a ion pa ien ho ha e been legall
blind fo eigh o en ea , and if I can ge half (6) o be able o ead 20/20 in nine da , ill o
apologi e?
D . P gh e ponded, If o can ge o o of el e o be able o ead 20/20 in nine da I ill

apologi e! The ne da D . P gh b o gh a bo f ll of en - e en cha of pa ien ho had
been decla ed legall blind fo eigh o en ea beca e of mac la degene a ion. Wallach ook all
en - e en, ga e each hi 90 n ien /an io idan p og am fo mac la degene a ion, and in
nine da all en - e en co ld ead 20/20 and onl o e i ed gla e ! D . P gh kep hi
o d and p od ced an apolog on a CD en i led, B !
La e in 1998, Wallach a in od ced o Elaine Iago a, ho a diagno ed en ea ea lie ih

p ima cle o ing cholangi i , a fo m of li e ci ho i ha ca ed he dea h of NFL g ea Wal e
Pa on, and fo hich he p efe ed medical ea men a o in all in in o he bile d c o
p e en hem f om being c hed b ca i e and gicall emo e a m ch damaged li e a
po ible n il a li e an plan became nece a . Iago a had had 12 majo li e ge ie a he
Ha a d Teaching Ho pi al p io o mee ing Wallach and a on he li e an plan li .
Wallach p Iago a on a gl en-f ee an i-inflamma o die and added he 90 e en ial n ien

pplemen p og am piked i h eleni m and mega do e of B i amin . In i da he had
eg o n he li e o no mal i e, canceled he plan fo a li e an plan , and en back o a no mal
life.
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 33/39
A p e en a ion a ched led a he Ha a d Medical School Camp o ha e Elaine Iago a o

i h he fac l ho e e i e familia i h he pligh . In pi e of indi id al in i a ion o he
fac l , no a ingle one appea ed fo he e en .
Wallach con in ed o gi e 300 f ee lec e each ea o p ead he info ma ion abo n i ion and
ho i co ld e e e di ea e ho gh o be gene ic b he medical em. Thi allo ed Wallach o
ha e an in e face i h he gene al p blic h o gho he o ld and ha e he oppo ni o ea he
n ea able i h n i ion.
Wallach had been gi ing h nd ed of lec e in Canada fo o e fif een ea , and in 2008 he a in
Moo e Ja Canada gi ing hi anda d lec e hen on hi occa ion a co ple app oached him
befo e he mee ing a ed and a ked fo help. The ife did he alking a he h band a in he
ad anced age of Pa kin on di ea e. The man name a Da id Die ich, and he had a e e e
o al bod pal ha a n emi ing. Da id a a e eal h man; ho e e , hi doc o had
e en iall gi en p on him and e e in a ho pice mode ai ing fo he ine i able.
B he ime Die ich had ho n p Wallach had cce f ll ea ed n me o people i h m l iple

cle o i , ALS, and Pa kin on di ea e. Die ich a a big man, eighing 260 po nd , and h
e i ed a a he la ge amo n of n ien o achie e he de i ed effec .
In addi ion o he 90 e en ial n ien (Die ich a do ed fo a 300 po nd h man), Wallach

admini e ed p od c o inc ea e b ain ci c la ion and inc ea e ene g con e ion in he b ain, and
he admini e ed n ien ha e e he a ma e ial fo he b ain o man fac e
ne o an mi e and n ien ha inc ea ed an io idan po e .
In addi ion o he pplemen p og am, Die ich a admoni hed o a oid an -fa acid ,
he e oc clic amine , and ac lamide o op ongoing damage, and he a in c ed o ea a lea
el e o fo een poached egg each da o p o ide a ma e ial fo he eb ilding of m elin.
Th ee mon h la e Wallach e ned o Moo e Ja Canada fo follo - p mee ing , and Die ich
ho ed p a he mee ing. He a e ci ed, ene ge ic, and o all mp om f ee! He hanked Wallach
p of el and in od ced him o he egional di ec o fo S n Life of Canada, ho had come o mee
he doc o ho had o gh Die ich mi acle eco e , a he ho gh ha Wallach had
h pno i ed Die ich in o hinking he a c ed.
When Wallach a ked he S n Life ep e en a i e , Wo ld o con ide pa ing doc o fo follo ing
he n i ion p og am ha e e ed Die ich Pa kin on di ea e? he S n Life ep e en a i e
eplied, The e i no a e co ld do ha , e en ho gh i o ld a e mone ; he doc o o ld
d i e hei pa ien o o he in ance companie .
In 2008 Wallach a lec ing in Ga , Indiana, and pon e n o hi ho el a 1:00 AM., he a

me in he lobb b Pa o T one C ide and hi ife Regina. C ide a ed ha he a efe ed o
Wallach b Ma in L he King III. The o men had been oomma e a Mo eho e College a
o ng men and Wallach had helped Ma in i h hi o n heal h challenge . C ide , i fee all and
eighing 300 po nd , a ffe ing f om co ona a e di ea e, h pe ophic ca diom opa h ,
and conge i e hea fail e. Addi ionall , he had man complica ion , a on 27 p e c ip ion d g ,
and had been ge ing a half-da f ll ph ical (fo hich he paid $5,000 ca h fo each ph ical) e e
F ida fo h ee ea o be p epa ed if a hea become a ailable.
In pec ing he 27 p e c ip ion , Wallach no ed ha h ee of hem e e diffe en di e ic ( a e

pill , incl ding La i ) i h h ee diffe en mode of ac ion, e C ide che and bell e e f ll of
fl id hich made him b ea hle and nable o alk fi e fee i ho holding on o he back of
chai and opping o ca ch hi b ea h. Thi mean ha he a p obabl ha ing an ab o p ion
p oblem and co ld no e en ab o b he p e c ip ion .
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 34/39

Wallach p C ide on a gl en-f ee die , elimina ed all inflamma o food (f ied food , oil ,
p oce ed mea , e c.), and p him on a pplemen p og am (90 e en ial n ien , eleni m,
amino acid , and mega do e of B-comple i amin ) fo a 300 po nd man. One eek la e C ide
en fo hi eg la eekl ph ical.
On he follo ing F ida , C ide ca diologi called hi ife and a ked o ha e C ide o e n o
edo he ph ical a he fel he had mi ed hi lab o k i h ome o he pe on lab o k and
admoni hed he no o gi e he h band an medica ion , and, Oh, b - he- a end an addi ional
$5,000 ca h.
On e-e amina ion, C ide ca diologi ook him off of all 27 p e c ip ion and ook him off of he
hea an plan li af e onl fi e da on a die change, and Wallach 90 e en ial n ien !
La e in 2009 Wallach a gi ing lec e in Cook Co n Illinoi nea he o n of Nape ille hen
he ecei ed a call f om a man ho iden ified him elf a Joe Le . He aid he and hi b o he S e e
an ed o ake him o o l nch beca e he info ma ion on Wallach D D D L a dio
ca e e had helped hi b o he e e e an inope able and e minal e en cen ime e ao ic
ane i m i h he 90 e en ial n ien and he an ed o ake Wallach o o l nch o hank
him.
Joe en a limo o pick p Wallach and hi fo -membe aff and ela ed he o . Af e he

dinne , Joe b o he a ked ha he co ld do fo Wallach in e n fo a ing hi life, o hich
Wallach eplied, Fi e o doc o . S e e called hi ec e a Ch i ina and in c ed he o fi e hi
doc o of 20 ea , pon hich Wallach aid, We a e no e en.
In 2013 S e e Le had a ph ical ha incl ded an angiog am, a he hi o icall had had a nine -
eigh pe cen blockage of he main de cending co ona a e . The e l of he angiog am
ho ed ha hi a e a 100 pe cen clea and open!
In 2010 Wallach a gi ing lec e in Popla Bl ff, Mi o i, and h o gh a m al f iend he a

in i ed o mee i h D . Je M ph fo a b eakfa . M ph o ned Gama Lab , a la ge medical
labo a o ha p o ided anal ical e ice fo ho and of ho pi al and medical office h o gho
Ame ica each da . M ph a afflic ed i h e io b i le and ncon olled pe 2 diabe e .
M ph , a he o ne and ope a o of a la ge in e a e medical labo a o , had acce o he mo

highl ained endoc inologi , he mo c ing edge diabe e e ea ch, and he mo ad anced
medicine , a in o ble he j co ldn ge hi diabe e nde con ol and abili ed.
M ph aid ha he o ld gi e Wallach a chance o ho hi ff, and if i o ked he o ld be

be f iend and he o ld p hi aff on Wallach 90 fo Life n i ional p og am and elf-in e
fo onl he e io ca a ophic di ea e . If Wallach failed, M ph aid he o ld be de e mined o
de o Wallach and oa him befo e medical g o p e e he e. Wallach ag eed o M ph
challenge i ho he i a ion, hich li e all a led M ph .
To make a long o ho , Wallach p M ph on hi anda d Heal h Blood S ga Pak

app op ia e fo hi bod eigh , admoni hed M ph o do a fa ing blood ga e each mo ning
befo e he medica ed him elf, and old him o con ac Wallach e e o mon h i h hi fa ing
blood ga and A1C lab e l .
M ph follo ed Wallach in c ion and had hi blood o k d plica ed b e e al of hi o n

labo a o ie nde a fal e name o ha he e l o ld no be ain ed and o ha one e e l
co ld be compa ed i h he e l f om ano he lab.
J M B S AIC T R
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 35/39

I a ob io o he mo a den c i ic ha Wallach p og am had e e ed M ph diabe e . And

in keeping hi pa of he ag eemen , M ph p hi emplo ee on Wallach n i ional p og am
and elf-in ed Gama Lab , hich a e M ph Gama Lab million of dolla each ea !
In Feb a of 2012 Debbie Ram e , one of Wallach a ocia e , called and info med him ha he
i e ho li ed in I al had gi en bi h o a mall bo named Sk le , ho had a po i i e ea e
( he gene ic ma ke fo c ic fib o i ) d ing he anda d c een a bi h fo gene ic di ea e b
he Me e Uni e i Ho pi al. She a ked if he e a an hing ha co ld be done fo he nephe .
Wallach ecommended a gl en-f ee die and he ba ic 90 e en ial n ien pplemen p og am

i h e a eleni m app op ia e fo bod eigh . In Ap il 2012, o mon h la e , a e n of he
ea e a nega i e, and in J ne 2012, o mon h af e ha , i emained nega i e. The die
and pplemen p og am had appa en l e e ed he gene ic ma ke fo c ic fib o i .
Pre io s
P
Ne t
P
SEARCH
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 36/39

T e me hi g...
FOLLOW US
OUR TWITTER
30 J 2018
- F b a 21, 1908.
30 J 2018
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 37/39

Ne er aste a min te thinking abo t people o don t like.
Was an American politician and soldier ho ser ed as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 ntil 1961.
://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 38/39

://d c b. f /ge e c /e ge e c /16. 39/39

08/10/2020 E igene ic Manife a i n f Di ea e - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1 Edi i n

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
Epigenetic Manifestations of Disease
T a ,a a db , c a a a a
a .A a ad
a a a a ab W b. B a d b
.T a a E a
a a a A a c C c a a d a .E
c d c ba .W ca d, a d , d
a a c a .T a ca b da, a b ca
a c a a a .S a a , ac ca b c
c b a c a , d da .B a a
c , b a d a c d, a a a a a b a .A d
a ac ac db , a ca c b ad.
A mand Ma ie Le i
MU(T)AN(T)S
On Feb a 15, 2001, a eam f in e na i nal gene ici ann nced ha he had ma ed he
h man gen me. H man e d c i n, de el men , and life an a d i en b he lang age f
me 30,000 gene .
T f ll nde and he lang age f he gene ne m em l a R e a S ne ha can each he

al habe , cab la , g amma , nc a i n, n a , and c e f he bi chemical en ence,
a ag a h, cha e , and b k f he DNA.
The ea n ha he cce f l f nc i nal em l men f he ma ed h man gen me ha

fallen h f h e and e ec a i n b he medical c mm ni i ha he gene ici ha e ied
nde and he c n en f he DNA b k b ening i he la age, eading he la a ag a h,
elling he la d, and hen h ing E eka!
In fac , if ne an nde and h man de el men and h man di ea e e ha e l k a he

DNA b k bef e he en i a e . Life d e n begin a c nce i n; i begin in he 23
ch m me f he fa he and he 23 ch m me f he m he . And f e al im ance he
d c i n f a iable and ana micall and bi chemicall f nc i nal and e fec g e i he
n i i nal a f he DNA. T f nc i n e l , i i im e a i e f he DNA c n an l ha e
acce all 90 e en ial n ien (60 mine al , 16 i amin , 12 amin acid and 3 fa acid ), and
each ne m be a ailable in imal am n and in he e ai each he . The DNA and
he a cia ed gene a e n inde enden , f ee- anding ein ha can k in a ac m. The
each e i e ene g , a ma e ial , and n/ ff i ching c -fac .
E D N , DNA M M T

F m Wallach, J.D. and Ma, L. Ra Ea :F b dd C , 1994
C C D H
If an di i n cc in he a ailabili f acce he e n i i nal elemen f he e

f nc i ning f he DNA and gene , he g e, ga la, emb , and fe ill be d ama icall
affec ed, ibl ca e PKU, en me em deficiencie , inb n e f me ab li m, D n
nd me, ce eb al al , clef ala e, ne al be defec , he nia , c ngeni al deafne , hea
defec , kidne defec , geni al defec , facial defec , limb and digi defec , c nj ined in , ga
beha i (a a e l f h la ia f he e- ic h halam ), he ma h di e , m c la
d h ,c ic fib i , e c.
The fi cha e f he DNA B k i en i led C nce i n, a ming a e fec n i i nal a f

he g e, i ill, b he e en h da f ll ing c nce i n, begin b i elf in he
end me ial lining f he e in ea ch f addi i nal n i i n and gen. If all g e ell, b he
nin h da he cell i hin he h ll emb nic ball ill begin diffe en ia e in e a a e la e .
Thi ce e i e an en m am n and an nin e ed fl f ecific bi chemical
n i i n; an elemen al deficienc a hi in ill be ca a hic he emb .
The ec nd cha e in he DNA b k i en i led Ga la i n and i ab ha cc 13 da

f ll ing c nce i n hen he emb nic ball i c m le el imme ed in he eng ged end me i m
and ha beg n he diffe en ia i n ce . Then he mall cl e f cell i hin he ball i he e-

fe , he nding cell a e bec ming he lacen a, mbilical c d, and he amni ic ac. A hi

in he emb i a im le di c; a g e a ea , and hi imi i e eak bec me f nc i nal,
and mig a ing cell begin g a iae i like lemming e nding a call nl hea d b hem;
hi ce d ce a h ee-la e emb , he ga la.
The face la e bec me he ec de m ( kin and cen al ne em), he middle la e

bec me he me de m (m cle, b ne, c nnec i e i e) and he inne la e , hich bec me he
end de m, diffe en ia e in he ga -in e inal ac , anc ea , leen, li e , e c. Man b d
a , gan , and i e a e all and m aic f he ec de m and me de m (limb , kidne ,
b ea , ee h, and geni alia). The emb ha n an i i ned f m a di c in a e eb a e. I ha
a head, a ail, en al and d al a ec and a igh and lef ien a i n.
A 18 da f age he emb i a hi e al di c a ima el ne millime e in leng h al ng i

a i . The e a e n clea l defined gan a ha in ; h e e , he h ee i e la e and a
defini e ge me ha e eme ged. Wi hin 28 30 da he emb i ec gni able a h man i h a
head, neck, inal c l mn, GI ac , and a hea . I f m a gh, hen he edge f ld ge he ,
and b he 23 d da i i bec me a be hich e l e in he cen al ne em ( he b ain
and inal c d); he me de m a hi in clea l nd he ne al be bec me he f -
f e eb ae, m cle , and he de ma f he kin; he en al face f he emb and i lk
ac i lled in he emb and e l e in he GI ac ; he igh and lef edge f he emb
j in ge he en all f m he abd minal ca i . I ill n bec me ha William Ha e
de c ibed a The F nda i n f Life, he P ince f All, he S n f he Mic c m, n hich all
ege a i n d h de end, f m hence all Vig and S eng h d h fl . The m ca dial cell begin
bea a 21 da .
Acc ding hi ian , Cle a a had a e ence f egnan la e gi l e ec ed and di ec ed

ack he de el men f he h man emb in an a em nde and h man de el men .
In Ma ch f 1512, L cca Land cci, a Fl en ine a heca , en e ed in hi dia : I a e iden

ha e il he m n e bi h had mean f hem! I eem a if me g ea mi f ne al a
befall he ci hen ch hing a e b n.
Land cci, him elf, had n ac all een he m n e a i had been de ed a ed dea h b
J li II, and Land cci c mmen e e ba ed n d a ing f he infan c ngeni al
malf ma i n .
P in ed d a ing , dc , and eng a ing ead he ala m f he m n e bi h, and a he

ne ead a idl h gh E e. O iginall , he m n e , b n in Ra enna, had leg , b
hen i a i ed in Pa i nl ne emained; in me d a ing i had ba -like ing ; in he he
ing e e m e bi d-like; he m n e had he ma h di e geni alia.
Man d a ing f he Ra enna m n e e l ed in a blend i h an he m n e ha had been

e ed in Fl ence in 1506. In me d a ing he m n e a c mbined i h a medie al ic n f
inf l h mani F a Wel a inged ha h a de ic ed a cl ching he ea h in a al n-
f .R m e e ha he child-m n e a he d c f a e ec able ma ied man ; he
acc n fe ed ha he m n e a he d c f an affai be een a n n and a f ia .
The m n e a b n d ing a ime hen N he n I al a a a ; Ma imillian f Ge man and

L i XII f F ance e e a ing again he S ani h, Engli h, and P e J li II f c n l f he
Vene ian Re blic. Village af e illage a a ed and b ned a each a m a ed. Ra enna
ende ed eigh een da f ll ing he m n e bi h.
Th gh he 16 h and 17 h cen ie m n e , babie b n i h e e e c ngeni al defec ,

e e i e c mm n. R al c llec ed hei m mmie a c n e a i n iece , bi l gi ec ded
hem, and he l gian e hem in eligi fai - ail .

In 1523 Ma in L he and Phili Melanch h n di ib ed a am hle hich e ed a malf med

M nk-Calf b n in F eib g and an he m n e ha had been ha led f he Tibe Ri e . I
laid blame f he m n e a ea ance n he R man Ch ch c i n. The Ca h lic Ch ch
e nded b claiming ha he calf a in fac L he .
In 1557 C n ad L c hene f Ge man bli hed hi b k, P d ac

c c (The D me, calling all men j dgmen ).
In 1560 Pie e B ai a f F ance bli hed hi b k, H d (Hi f digie ,

1560 1582). The b k i filled i h dem nic c ea e , and in addi i n a i id de c i i n f he
M n e f Ra enna i de c ibed he M n e f C ac , an infan b n i h ba king d g head
m n ed n i elb , che and knee , and f h la e a i died e claimed, Wa ch, he L d
c me h.
In 1573 Amb i e Pa bli hed hi b k, D d (M n e and digie ).

He e a m e cien ific e lana i n f he a ea ance f m n e i ffe ed. Pa i ian ge n
Pa e ca al g e he ca e f m n e : (1) he a h f G d; (2) ha ing e i h animal , hich
ld e l in h man/animal h b id ; (3) e d ing men a i n; (4) im e i n , ch a a
egnan man l king a an gl igh d ing egnanc ; (5) m ch li le emen, na
mb, indecenc .
In 1616 F ni Lece i bli hed hi b k, D a a ca d (On he

na e, ca e and diffe ence f m n e ).
In 1642 Uli e Ald andi bli hed hi b k, M a (Hi f m n e ).
In he 16 h and 17 h cen ie , eligi e e i n c nflic ed i h ec la hinking. Re l i n and

chi m d mina ed he he l gical ld and he a ea ance f m n e (c ngeni al bi h defec )
ld be in e e ed a a ign f di ine ni hmen Sa an in e en i n.
William Ha e , f ll ing hi d c men a i n f he mechanic f he ci c la i n f bl d, en hi

ime ing de e mine h animal de el ed. In 1642 Ha e d c men ed he de el men f
chick emb . Ha e f en e n he ca e f he bi h f m n e . He ein e iga ed
A i le claim ha chick ha ha ched a m n e e e he d c f egg ih lk .
Si F anci Bac n, a c n em a f Ha e , a ed, We m make a c llec i n f a ic la

na al hi f all he m n e and digi d c f na e, f e e n el , a i ,
abn mali .
R d lf II and F ede ick II f A ia c llec ed n al d c f na e d ing he 16 h cen .

Uli e Ald andi, a na ali , acc m la ed a c llec i n f ddi ie ha eached 18 h and
ecimen in hi m e m in B l gna.
Bac n a a h ician- hil he . In 1620 he eN a in hich he cla ified na al

hi , and he a ed ha , We h ld d de ian in ance , f nce a na e ha been
b e ed in i a ia i n , and he ea n f i ha been made clea , i ill be an ea ma e
b ing ha na e b a he in i eached b chance.
In 1890 he ci f Am e dam cha ed Willem V lik ana mical c llec i n f he ice f

12,000 g ilde . I c n ained 5103 ecimen incl ding he b die and a f 360 ad l and
infan ha e e afflic ed i h c ngeni al defec ; me e e a ic la ed kele n and he e e
e e ed in alc h l f maldeh de.
The V lik c llec i n i ne f man e a l gical c llec i n ha e e a embled d ing he 18 h

and 19 h cen ie . The e i al he G c llec i n in L nd n, he G d n c llec i n held a S .
Th ma H i al, he H n e ian c llec i n h ed a he R al C llege f Ph ician and S ge n ,
he M e c llec i n f nd in Philadel hia, and Pa i ha M e m d Hi i e Na elle and he O fila
and D en c llec i n .
Be een 1844 and 1849 Willem V lik bli hed a f li en i led, Tab a ad a da
b a a a a a a ab (Pla e dem n a ing
n mal and abn mal de el men in man and mammal ):
The e i a cabine c n aining child en i h ac e fail e in ne al be f i n. Thei back a e

clea ed en and hei b ain ill f m hei k ll . Ac he galle i a e ie f c nj ined in ,
ne f hich ha a a a i ic in alm a la ge a him elf ding f m he f f hi m h.
And ne hem i a ecimen labeled Aca dia am h , a kin-c e ed he e i h n hing
hin a he child i alm became e ce f a mall mbilical c d, a bi f in e ine, and he
dimen f a e eb al c l mn.
The e a l gical li h g a h f he V lik c llec i n fea e h man and animal fe e . The m

n al a e h e ha ha e nl ne e e, a ingle e e l ca ed in hei f ehead, and he named he
defec af e he G eek c m l g , C cl . V lik had died he c cl ic m n e f m e han
en ea and bli hed a ignifican m n g a h n he bjec . The V lik c cl c llec i n i
c m i ed f en -f ecimen : eigh ig , en lamb , fi e h man , and a ki en.
In ead f e a a e b ain hemi he e , he b ain f a c cl ic child i f ed in a ingle n n-

di ided h le called h l ence hal . I i he m c mm n b ain def mi f h man , a ea ing
in 1:16,000 li e bi h and 1: 200 mi ca iage .
The e a e man e en ha can ea il ca e he c cl ic defec , ch a e e f he emb

hea , c ld, adia i n, h ia, e he , chl f m, ace ne, hen l, b ic acid, li hi m chl ide,
e in ic acid, alc h l, able al .
In he 1950 an e idemic f c cl ic lamb in he e e n Uni ed S a e a eci i a ed b

egnan e e g a ing n c n lilie , a bal ine lan ha d ce an alkal id. Diabe ic and
alc h lic m he - -be ha e an inc ea ed i k f ha ing a c cl ic child b 200 ime .
In 1894 William Ba e n bli hed hi b k, Ma a S d Va a :T a d

E ca R a d D c O S c , in hich he c in he e m h me i .
H me i i manife ed b he a ea ance f e a a : babie i h e a ea , heife ihe a
ea , fi e- inged m h , eigh -legged bee le , and l b e ha ha e an ennae he e e e h ld
be f nd.
The h me i an f ma i n c nce led Ba e n he calc la f fa e. The calc la f fa e

a fi b e ed in f i flie . F i flie , in a imila fa hi n ea h m a e b il f egmen .
Segmen in he ad l f i fl a e eciali ed; head egmen fea e labial al (ea ing a ) and
an ennae ha ide he en e f mell; h acic egmen fea e he ing , leg , and hal e
(balance gan ); he abd minal egmen d n ha e an a endage . Th gh an eigh - ea
e i d f d , gene ici ha e iden ified d en f m a i n (h me ic gene ) ha di he
iden i ie f he egmen : leg n he head, l f he en e f mell, hal e an f med in
ing , f - inged di e an , ing ha bec me hal e ha d m he fl a e e ial, fligh le
life.
H man and animal limb e hibi a high a e f c ngeni al def mi ie ; he e a e m e named

c ngeni al defec f limb han f an he c e gan. The e i he l b e cla
nd me; he li -hand- li -f nd me ( ec dac l , G eek f m n finge ); he
O ich-F ed Pe le ( he Wad ma e le f he e eache f he Zambe i); l dac l (e a
finge and e ); ndac l ( ebbed finge and e ); limb all ab en ; achei d (G eek
f ab ence f he hand and fee ); eal-limb (Thalid mide e a gene i ).
E ne Heming a ca e e l dac l and hei l dac l gen ill li e in he a d f

hi Ke We h e. Fif een e cen f he fe al ca in B na e l dac l . One in h ee
h and E ean a e l dac l and 1:300 Af ican a e l dac l .

A ca a hic e a genic e en a e ed in 1961. William McB ide, an A alian h ician,

e ed an ick in he a e f babie b n i h c ngeni all def med limb . In j a fe m n h ,
a Ge man h ician (Len ), e ed a e ie f imila bi h . B h d c belie ed ha he defec
e e ca ed b he e f a eda i e ( h alimid -gl a imide) b he ade name Thalid mide ( he
hi d-be elling ha mace ical in E e).
Beca e f he e f eal-limb, a c ngeni al limb defec d ced b he ma e nal e f

Thalid mide in f - i c n ie , he FDA ef ed all i ale; h e e , he genie a f
he b le in Ame ica. Milli n f d e f Thalid mide e e gi en f ee Ame ican men a a f
a e ea ch and de el men g am.
The Thalid mide babie di la ed a e ecific f m f limb defec . Diffe en f m achei d ,

hei limb e en am a ed in he mb, a man had n mal hand and fee , h lde
blade , and el i , b he e e mi ing hei e a m and f ea m , hich ca ed he hand
and fee bec me di ec l a ached hei .
C ngeni al e en and bi h defec f he cen al ne em ( h e cc ing in ce eb al al ,

D n nd me, h d ence halal ce l, ne al be defec , ga ne , e c.), f he m a a e
manife a i n f a ma e nal n i i nal deficienc d ing a ce ain in in ime f ea l emb nic
de el men .
M e diffic l nde and han he h ical bi h defec a e he bi chemical defec (inb n e

f me ab li m, c ic fib i , m c la d h , e c.), beha i al, lea ning and em i nal defec
ha a e e en able i h imal ec nce i n n i i n f he emb . The inci al f
e en ing he Bad Seed , he child en i h em i nal and lea ning defec , a e he ame a h e
f e en ing he h ical bi h defec . Child en i h a c n cience ( ci a h ), i len
beha i , d le ia, e a da i n, fe al alc h l d g nd me, ADD, ADHD, a i m, and c ngeni al
h m e ali a e all e en able f a fe ennie e egnanc , b e en i e and diffic l
deal i h medicall and li icall af e he fac .
T P C S -C G D
In fac , he e a e d en f h man di ea e cla ified a gene ic ha can be e en ed, and in he

ea l age e e ed c ed, i h he lemen a i n f ecific mine al . Fi e e g d
e am le f gene ic di ea e ha can be e en ed and c ed a e e 2 diabe e , H n ing n
di ea e, c ic fib i , m c la d h , and Ka a aki Di ea e.
T 2D
T e 2 diabe e h ld be he n mbe ne hame f he medical em in he 20 h cen .T e2

diabe e i ea e en and ea and ea c e. The e i n need f he e ible ide effec
and c m lica i n f blindne , h e en i n, am a i n , ea l dea h, and f h.
Since 1958 i ha been ell d c men ed ha lemen a i n f he 90 e en ial n ien al ng

i h ch mi m and anadi m an he i e e fec die ill e en and c e h gl cemia,
eac i e h gl cemia (na c le ), h e in linemia, and e 2 diabe e . Wal e Me , he
di ec f he U.S.D.A. field e ice , bli hed he e l f hi e ea ch in F d a
P c d ha h ed clea l ha an en i e medical ecial (end c in l g ) ld be i ed
b ni e all adding ch mi m an he i e e fec die . T 2
- !
In 1985 he medical ch l a he Uni e i f Vanc e , BC, Canada, a ed ha anadi m ill

e lace in lin he a f ad l n e diabe ic .
In c n a hi , in he Uni ed S a e in 2012, in ead f ennie elimina e e 2 diabe e b a

im le lemen a i n g am, he medical a ach f gene ic , ha mace ical he a ie , and
ge c he Ame ican ec n m m e han $245 billi n ne a e f a illi n d lla

ea l , a 41% inc ea e f m $174 billi n in 2007.
The Cen e f Di ea e C n l and he Ame ican Diabe e A cia i n e ed in 2013 ha alm

26 milli n Ame ican child en and ad l ha e diabe e (8.3% f al U.S. la i n); 18.8 milli n
a e diagn ed and 7 milli n a e ndiagn ed.
The e a e maj e f diabe e ( e 2 and e 1). In ad l , e 2 acc n f 95% f all

diagn ed ca e ; 79 milli n m e Ame ican a e e-diabe ic .
S m m f diabe e incl de hi , h nge , fa ig e, bl i i n, dela ed healing f nd , and

f e en ina i n. Indi id al h a e be e, eni , and ha e a famil hi f diabe e a e a a
highe i k; addi i nall Af ican Ame ican , Me ican Ame ican . and Na i e Ame ican a e a
inc ea ed i k.
In A il 2013 a bli hed d in he j nal D ab Ca e ed ha he di ec medical c

aled $176 billi n, eflec ing h i al and eme genc ca e, ffice i i , and medica i n . Indi ec
c added $69 billi n, hich incl ded ab en eei m, ed ced and l d c i i , and
nem l men ca ed b diabe e - ela ed di abili . The d al n ed ha , g e nmen
in ance, incl ding Medicaid, Medica e, and he Ve e an Admini a i n c e ed 62.4% f he
c f diabe e ca e; i a e in ance c e ed 34.4%, and 3.2% a aid b he nin ed.
C F
C ic fib i (CF) i an im an , en iall fa al di ea e f animal and h man , hich a

iginall h gh be an mi ed b a im le Mendelian gene ic defec limi ed hi e
la i n f Cen al and Ea e n E ean igin; da CF ha been diagn ed in i all all
e le f he ea h incl ding Black , Chine e, A ian , Na i e Ame ican , Hi anic , e c.
In 1977 Wallach di c e ed and d c men ed he fi n n-h man ca e f CF in a he m nke a

he Ye ke P ima e Re ea ch Cen e a Em Uni e i in A lan a, Ge gia. Hi di c e a a
fi la ded b Em Uni e i and an fficial ne elea e a en all f he maj media. A
n a Wallach e ealed ha CF a ac all a n i i nal deficienc f he ace-mine al eleni m
ha c ld be e en ed, e e ed, and c ed i h lemen al eleni m, he a mma il
e mina ed f m hi i i n a a a h l gi a he Ye ke facili in A il f 1978.
In he 1980 a c nce ed eff iden if he CF gene led h ee claim f he gene di c e .

H e e , af e cl e c in , he ea lie claim e e di c n ed b he gene al cien ific
c mm ni beca e he die e e ba ed n linked DNA ma ke h e e ac ela i n hi CF
e e n ce ain; he hi d claim (Se embe 8. 1989, Sc c ) i f a ic la in e e beca e he
a h e ima e nl 46% acc ac in iden if ing CF in a ien f m familie ih a e i
hi f CF and a 68% acc ac in iden if ing CF a ien in familie i h a hi f CF. The
a h g n a e ha i i bable ha hi c ndi i n (CF) i al de e mined b he gene ic
n n-gene ic fac and ha he ba ic bi chemical defec f CF i e be defined.
The mi nde anding and ign ance ab he ca e and ea men f c ic fib i i he c ime f
he 20 h cen , ec nd nl lack f kn ledge f e 2 diabe e , and ha i nl beca e
diabe e affec milli n f Ame ican and CF affec h and each ea .
Cla icall , he diagn i f CF i made b em l ing an ff ec gni ed c i e ia, b m

clinician a e el c an make a diagn i f CF i h a ii e ea e .
F C C D C F
E c ine anc ea ic in fficienc
B nchiec a i /a hma
P ii e ea e

Famil hi f CF
The ea e ha been ele a ed b medical d gma he gene ic ma ke /diagn ic e f CF,

e he e a e n le han eigh een kn n di ea e and nd me ha al gi e a ii e ea
e , leading a lea ne g f in e iga f m he Cle eland Rainb Child en H i al
efe CF a a nd me (c llec i n f di ea e ) a he han a di ea e.
D S T R P S T
Ad enal in fficienc
Ec de mal d la ia
Ne h genic diabe e in i id
Gl c e-6- h ha e deficienc
P illa nia/a n mic d f nc i n
Alle gie
Calcif ing anc ea i i
An e ia ne a
C ic fib i
F cal he a ic ci h i
Defec in aglandin me ab li m
H h idi m
F c id i
M c l accha id i
Maln ii n
K a hi k
Diabe e
Gl en in le ance
Ini iall de c ibed in 1933, CF a iginall h gh be he e l f a i amin i A (a i amin A

deficienc ), beca e f ecific i amin A deficienc change f nd in a bg f ng a ien
diagn ed clinicall i h celiac di ea e.
In 1938 he e m c ic fib i a c ined beca e f a cell la a h in he anc ea ha

eminded he a h l gi f c hen ie ed nde he mic c e.
In 1952 he fac ha c ngeni al CF cc ed in ne b n in a ignifican n mbe f CF a ien a

e abli hed.
The gene ic he f CF an mi i n a gge ed b he c ngeni al na e f CF, a de c ibed in

e i l bli hed a e . The fi , a blica i n ha a ea ed in 1913, a a ca e e f
child en f m a famil f fi e h e eb n ac le h e e fi c in . One child died
a he age f ele en m n h f m deh d a i n and dia hea (n a a e f med); he ec nd
a an eigh - ea - ld child h had dia hea a he ime f he a icle a ea ance. The a h

he i ed ha he clinical blem a an inb n e f fa me ab li m and babl he e l

he e l f a im le Mendelian gene defec . Thi f m he hi he a en gh make he
medical em d gma icall cla if CF a a gene ic di ea e!
The ec nd a e f in e e he nen f he gene ic he f CF an mi i n a an

e idemi l gical d f 232 A alian familie , in hich 24.3% e e diagn ed i h CF. Si e f
in , h ee iden ical and h ee f a e nal, failed hed clea ligh n he ed gene ic
an mi i n.
I a ell e abli hed b 1975 ha he a e and e e i f he anc ea ic, li e , hea , l ng and

in e inal change in CF, a ell a he a ea ance f he ii e ea e e e age and ime
ela ed.
A T F S L C CF
F m Wallach, J.D. and Ma. L. Ra Ea :F b dd C , 1994
In 1978 he fi ni e all acce ed diagn i f n n-h man CF a made (b Wallach) f m he

anc ea and li e f an infan he m nke . The iginal CF m nke and n ela ed age ee
(diagn ed i h anc ea ic and li e bi ) e e c ea ed ia genicall (acciden all ) b a
eleni m-deficien die fed a n mal b eeding g f m nke a he Ye ke Regi nal P ima e
Re ea ch Cen e de ined f NASA ace g am .
Wallach diagn i f CF in he he m nke a c nfi med b edia ic a h l gi , c n ide ed

be e e n CF, f m G ad Mem ial H i al, Em Uni e i , A lan a, GA; De a men f
Pa h l g , J hn H kin Sch l f Medicine, Bal im e, MD; De a men f Pa h l g , Chicag -
L ing-In H i al, Sch l f Medicine, Uni e i f Chicag .
Ini iall he e a g ea e ci emen b e e ne, incl ding e e en a i e f he CF F nda i n

n il he lea ned ha he CF in he m nke c ld be e d ced i h a eleni m deficien die .
When he al a f h ha he a h gn m nic ( ni e iden if ing change ) anc ea ic
le i n f CF, a ell a he li e and hea change (h e hic ca di m a h ) f CF, e e in
fac he e l f a ena al eleni m deficienc , e e ne came ngl ed, claiming CF a a gene ic
di ea e and ha a ha !
Wallach iginal al ha CF c ld be ca ed b a ena al eleni m deficienc a ba ed n

ac m e li e a e ea ch f e e ina j nal f i e change f e eleni m deficienc in
a a ie f lab a ecie and n Wallach e nal b e a i n f he anc ea , li e , hea ,
e c., f he eleni m-deficien m nke . Wallach f nd ni e anc ea ic change in a he
m nke ha e e c n i en i h he diagn i f CF; h e e , he e had ne e been an animal
diagn ed i h CF and he di ea e a c n ide ed a gene ic defec f nd in h man nl .

In 1958 im an n i i n a e e e bli hed e en ing he a and m e a m del f he

e en iali f eleni m in n i i n. In 1972 he chick m del f eleni m deficienc a in d ced.
In he ca e f he chick , c ngeni al eleni m deficienc d ced he m CF-like le i n in he
anc ea . When he e eleni m deficien chick e e gi en eleni m in he fi 30 da af e
ha ching he anc ea ic le i n e e 100% e e ible.
A e ie f e 350 bli hed a e f CF a ien e ealed 79 e f a ni e

ca di m a h iden ical i h he ca di m ah f Chine e child en in Ke han P ince f he
Pe le Re blic f China. The ca di m a h in China a iden ified i h and ela ed a
eleni m deficienc f he il in Ke han P ince b WHO.
In 1990 Wallach and Ma e f med and e ie ed 1,700 a ca e f Ke han Di ea e (KSD) in

Chine e child en nde he age f en ea , and he b e ed anc ea ic, li e , hea , and l ng
blem c n i en i h CF in 595 35%, and 100% di la ed he cla ical le i n f h e hic
ca di m a h and change c n i en i h m c la d h (MD).
La ge- cale Chine e d ble blind lemen a i n die c nfi med he iginal he fa
eleni m deficienc a he ca e f KSD.
F m 1974 1977, e ch l and ch l-age child en e e di ided in g .G ne a

made f 36,603 child en h e die e e lemen ed i h 1 mg f di m eleni e all
h ee ime e eek; g a ac n lg f 9,430 child en gi en a ga able laceb .
A , KSD
13/1,000 1/1,000 ; KSD
13/1,000. C - , 500,000
,
KSD.
M D
Afflic i n i h M c la d h (MD) i an he c ime again he Ame ican e le b he medical

d c f ea n f m ne . If he al h i ha MD i a im le eleni m-deficienc di ea e
and all e en able and c able i h a gl en-f ee die , a lemen g am b il n he 90
e en ial n ien and fea ing e a eleni m lemen a i n, and ha a a e l he e c ld be
an elimina i n f MD, an en i e medical ecial ld be i ed .
A c a a i eem n he face, c m a e he gene ic a ach h man MD i h he ea ch

f he gen mic e ai mechani m he e e ina ind a ach MD ( hi e m cle di ea e
aka: m c la d h ) he e m cle (mea ) i King (i.e., k ch , beef eak, lamb ch ,
a ,g nd ed mea , chicken, ke , e c.). M c la d h (MD) kn n a hi e m cle
di ea e, iff lamb di ea e, and m lbe hea di ea e (KSD in ig ), ha e been i ed in he
e e ina ind b he im le lemen a i n f eleni m a c m le e n i i nall - e fec
ec nce i n a i n f egnan female and a idl g ing ne b n animal .
In addi i n he e eleni m deficiencie in he Ame ican die , he l f he in e inal illi

a cia ed i h a gl en in le ance f e en l e l in an inabili efficien l ab b eleni m
e en if i i in he die . The be a ance f an ade a e eleni m l f a fe a id CF,
MD, and KSD, i f he m he be lemen ed i c nce i n i h all 90 e en ial
n ien i h addi i nal chela ed eleni m ( elen me hi nine) lan de i ed c ll idal eleni m;
and he e a ia e a gl en-f ee die h ld be em l ed b he m he - -be ma imi e he
ab i n f he eleni m. Y a en ha ea , a e ha ab b.
P e en i n i he name f he game f MD; he eleni m le el in he die and lemen f

ec nce i n men i im an he main enance f egnanc a ell a he e en i n f MD
in all f i f m (i.e., D chenne [leg and back], E b [ ca l h me al], Becke [benign j enile],

and G e [hand and fee ]), hich a e in eali a ificial cla ifica i n f MD b g f
m cle ini iall affec ed b and m chance a diagn i .
Ke han di ea e (i.e., KSD, h e hic ca di m a h , hea m c la d h , m lbe hea

di ea e, e c.) ha i al ca ed b a eleni m deficienc h ld be added he li f e en able
and ea able f m f m c la d hie .
In he N embe 2012 i e fM J a , an a icle en i led Wh A T a D ? n ed

ha e he e i nine ea 43 c m e i had died in USA T ia hl n- anc i ned e en , i in
2012 al ne. D c a ib ed he ia hl n dea h e-e i ing and f en ndiagn ed hea
c ndi i n , ch a h e hic ca di m a h (HCM), a hickening f he hea en icle . The
m c mm n finding i an nkn n hea blem, hich ld edi e an a hle e ha ing
dden a h hmia n ace da , a D . La ence C e ell, a hea ge n n USA T ia hl n
anel. F man a hle e , he im i he m e f l a f he ace f he hea . I ,
, , KSD
.S 90
.F -
K D
Ka a aki Di ea e, h gh b he medical c mm ni be a gene icall - an mi ed di ea e, i in

fac a c ngeni al c e deficienc ha ha a . The h man infan b n i h Ka a aki Di ea e
i b n i h a c ngeni al c na a e ane m (a e a a i n f he middle and inne la e f
he a e a ball ning f a eakened c na a e ), hich i in fac ini ia ed b a c ngeni al
c e deficienc , c e being e i ed man fac e and main ain ela ic fibe in a e ie a
ell a he i e .
The ec nd a f Ka a aki Di ea e i a S e c ccal bac e ial in a i n f he ane m i e.

S e c ccal infec i n ill e in he damaged a e all f ll ing a leakage f bac e ia in he
bl d eam f ll ing a e h a infec i n l den al k. Ka a aki Di ea e i all
e en able i h a ec nce i n lemen a i n f all 90 e en ial n ien , addi i nal c e ,
and an ibi ic .
H m e ali ha l ng been h gh be an em i nal and/ en i nmen al abe a i n c ea ed in

he child b im e le m del and im e a en ing, e c.; hen h m e ali a elega ed
a ch ice f e al efe ence.
The e i n a kaleid c e f e al beha i , ch ice , and di la ; h e e , n ne f he

membe f hi e e -g ing bc l e can ef e he fac ha he e a e nl e e : male and
female.
A e ie f e en able emb l gic c ngeni al e en f e en l e l in h ical and/ em i nal

and beha i al abe a i n . The e c ngeni al e en can e l in indi id al h a e a e al, h
a e nei he male n female, h c ld be b h male and female a nce, f ming fi e c mm nl
acce ed cla ifica i n .
Le nde d i he inc ea ing f e enc f ga indi id al h a e fe ile and h icall

n mal male female .
In fi di c ing c ngeni al e en , in e e i he medical e m ed de c ibe he e m

he ma h di e. A female he ma h di e migh e ne e icle and ne a , a male e d
he ma h di e c ld ha e e icle and me ec gni able female geni alia b lack a ie , and a

female e d he ma h di e ma ha e a ie and me n iceable fea e f male geni alia b

n e icle .
The high file e al c n e i n f Ch i ine J gen n ened he ab bjec f in e e al

he gene al blic. A he 1972 Ol m ic Game , held in M nich, Ge man , all female a hle e
e e bjec ed a ch m me e . A hai f m hei head a ed de e mine hei gene ic
e and female a hle e i h he male ch m me a e n e e di alified. T fam R ian
i e (Tama a P e , he ld cham i n h e and I ina P e , he ld cham i n
en a hel n a hle e) e i ed f m ld c m e i i n hen he ch m me e a made an
Ol m ic e i emen .
J hn M ne f J hn H kin Uni e i , a eciali in he field f c ngeni al e al gan defec

(defec ha a e e en a bi h and a e ela ed mine al i amin deficiencie f he emb ),
a e ha in e e al can c n i e a man a f e cen f all bi h .
Ve fe in e e al main ain hei fa l dich m f e , and m a e iden ified a bi h and

laced in g am f h m nal and gical c ec i n enable hem blend in he
he e e al cie a n mal h ical and beha i al male and female . The g al f he e
g am a e clea l n n-j dgmen al and h mani a ian and a e be a la ded; h e e , g a e
mi ake a e made a he gene ic gende ba ed n he e ence f Ba b die ( he female X
ch m me) in bl d mea d n al a c incide i h he b ain e ce i n f gende beca e
f c nc en c ngeni al e en ela ing h la ia f he e ic h halam .
An Oc be 31, 2013, a icle in T Wa S J a , C n ie E and Rec gni i n f

Al e na i e In e e Gende , li S i e land, Finland, A alia, E ean Uni n, and Ge man a
c n i e ha can dela c ec i e ge n il child en a e en ea ld lde he can make
hei n ch ice.
H e e , he cial and gical blem f in e e al c ld be all a ided b iding a

e and c m le e ec nce i n n i i nal g am f he emb .
The e m he ma h di e i a c nnec i n f he G eek male He me and he female A h di e.

G eek m h l g ell f he g d ha d ced He ma h di e , h a age 15 ( be ), fell in
l e ih a n m h and f ed hi b d i h he . He ma h di e a a de c i i n f a male
he ma h di e h a b n e 2,000 ea ag .
In man e he ma h di e , he e icle and a ie de el e a a el b e all n he igh

and lef ide ; in me, he g nad f e f ming an - e e . F e en l , a lea ne f he
g nad f nc i n , d cing e m aa ell a he a ia e male and/ female h m ne .
P e d he ma h di e ha e he ame g nad , ei he e icle a ie , in c nce i h he

male (XY) he female (XX) ch m me c m lemen .
Male e d he ma h di e ha e e icle and XY ch m me , e he al ha e a agina and a

cli i and a be de el b ea . The d n c cle men a e.
Female e d he ma h di e ha e a ie , XX ch m me , and me ime a e ,b he

al ha e me e e nal geni al fea e f he male.
Beca e f he ide bi l gical a ia i n in he e c ngeni al defec , he e i n cla ifica i n em

ha de c ibe each and e e ec ded ana mical in e e al. In 1969 Pa l G ine f he End c ine
Clinic, L n , F ance, and Jac e Dec n f he End c ine Clinic, Pa i , li ed 98 diffe en e f
e he ma h di e , ba ed n he a ea ance f e e nal geni alia and a cia ed be and
d c . In me, he in e e al h ed ng female de el men ih e a ae ening f he
agina and e h a and a clef l a i h b h la ge and mall labia ( aginal li ). A be he
de el ed b ea and began c cle and men a e; h e e , hei e i ed and e all
en i i e cli i hen a ed l ked and f nc i ned a a eni .

A ec nd e f he ma h di e e hibi b ea and a feminine b d , and he al men a e;

h e e , hei labia and l a f e, f ming a ell-defined c m, and he hall (cli i / eni )
can each alm h ee inche l ng. The m f e en e f e he ma h di e (55%) de c ibed
b he F ench in e iga i n ha e a ma c line b d , and hei eh a n h gh nea he
hall , hich i ana micall f med in a eni .
Acc ding hi ian , Pla i he nl ec gni ed a h i ha e mi ed ha he e e e

h ee e e (male, female, and he ma h di e).
Acc ding Pla , membe f he h man ace e e iginall j ined in ai , men,

men, and a man/ men ai . Ze c each ai a a dimini h hei e and each
hem fea he g d . H man h end hei ime n he ea h ea ching f hei he half,
i h h m he can me ge in l e.
The di i i n f he e e le diffe ed, Pla e, acc ding he iginal ai ing: h e

h e e had been mi ed e e b e ed b c ling and f en became ad l e e , he ea e le
ng f m ingle- e ai e e m e fi ed f he e e da b ine f he ld. In a ic la
men h e b nd a i h an he man e e m i ed f g e nmen and leade hi ! Th
Pla ga e he fi in e e a i n f he igin f h m e al beha i .
In ancien ime , he enal f h e l i h c ngeni al in e e bi h defec c ld be

dea h. In he 1600 a Sc i h he ma h di e li ing a a men a b ied ali e a a i ch af e
ge ing he b e da gh e egnan .
In 1937 H gh H. Y ng, a l gi a J hn H kin , bli hed G a ab a ,

H a d a d R a d Ad a D a , in hich he acc m la ed man ca e f in e e al
acciden f bi h.
One f he in e e al ca e Y ng ci ed a a he ma h di e, Emma, a female h had a eni -

i ed cli i and a agina hich made i ible f hi in e e al ha e e i h he e e al
men and men. A a een, Emma had e i h e e al female , and a nine een he ma ied a
he e e al man; h e e , he e al ela i n hi i h he h band ga e he e li le
lea e, Emma ke e e al gi l f iend n he ide.
In 1967 D . Ch i he J. De h and D . R nald R. G d n e T I a D d , in

hich he a ed, In e e al infan a e a agic e en hich immedia el c nj e i i n f
me ne d med li e al a a e al f eak in l neline and f a i n.
Ve e ina ian ha e a l f e e ience i h n mal animal ha ha e n al e al ana m and

al abn mal c ngeni al defec a a e l f emb nic n i i nal deficiencie .
Ma ial , ch a kanga , allabie and m e m , f e am le, n mall ha e h ee

agina . S e m ma a cend an all f he la e al cen al agina , and he babie j e
ma be b n h gh an f hem. T e hi n el ana mical geni alia ac all ked e all
i h an f he h ee agina , Wallach a i ed ne A alian bi l gi b ing ff and gicall
em ing he la e al and cen al agina in e e al female m e m , had hem b ed, and
ed ha fe ili and n mal bi h c ld cc h gh an ne f he h ee agina .
The d ck-billed la i a mammal ha la egg in a ne .
Man ecie f animal ha e m l i le bab li e ha e l in he emb c m e ing f

n ii n. The m e limi ed he n i i n, he g ea e n mbe f emb ha a e nega i el affec ed
(b ha ing n ) and he m e e e e he bi h defec ill be. E e kn n c ngeni al defec f
he e al gan f man ha been ec ded in man ecie f animal (f e en l , man diffe en
defec can cc in he ame li e if ade a e mic n ien a e n a ailable).

F eema in i a e m gi en female animal b n a a f a e nal in f male ; 80% f h e

e ed cc in ca le and 5% in hee and g a . The f eema in ma in heife i infe ile and
f e en l ill ha e c ngeni al defec f he geni alia, and he di la ma c line beha i .
Gene icall , he animal i chime ic: ka ing f a am le f cell h XX/XY ch m me . I i
la ed b he nen f a gene ic ca e ha he f eema in igina e a a female (XX),
b ac i e he male (XY) c m nen in e b e change f cell la ma e ial f m i male in,
h gh a c la c nnec i n be een lacen a . E e nall , he f eema in i ana micall a
female; h e e , a a ie f female e d c i e de el men a e changed a a e l f
ac i i i n f an i-M lle ian h m ne f m he male in. F eema in a e a c mm n c me f
mi ed- e f a e nal in in all ca le ecie and a le e deg ee in hee , g a , and ine.
The 18 h cen h ician J hn H n e di c e ed ha a f eema in al a ha a male in. I a

h he i ed ea l in he 20 h cen ha ma c lini ing fac a el f m he male in he
female in h gh he a c la c nnec i n f he lacen a beca e f he a c la f i n and
effec n he in e nal geni al ana m f he female.
Se e al e ea che made he di c e ha a f eema in cc hen he female fe ha i

ch i n f e in he e i h ha f a male in. The finding e e bli hed in 1916 b Tandle
and Kelle . The di c e a al made b Ame ican bi l gi F ank R. Lillie, h bli hed hi
finding in Sc c in 1916.
In he Ald H le n el, B a N W d, a f eema in efe ed in cha e 1, 3, 11 and17

i a man h ha been delibe a el ende ed e ile b e e male h m ne d ing fe al
de el men . In he b k, g e nmen lic e i e f eema in make 70% f he female
la i n.
The R be A. Heinlein n el B dT H li he cle e and e l i el bea if l e d -

feminine f eema in a ne f he gene icall enginee ed eciali f m f h man ha e e
c ea ed in he E G a K a (Cha e 2).
In he R be A, Heinlein n el Fa a F d, he ag ni , H gh Fa nham, i gi en a
c m ani n (bed a me ) h i li ed a a a a a .
In Da id C hle c ime n el, F a , an F M an gende man i a m de e .
In he A am Da id nn el, T H Ba B , he ca le a e f eema in .
In Ch i he R le fan a b k e ie , Ba B a , f eema in a e a b eed f e ile female

d ag n .
In he La Ni en and Je P nelle n el, F ba , a lende man e i n he e ali a

he he n he i a f eema in.
The Alf ed Kin e Re in he 1940 and 1950 li ed h m e al a 4% 10% f he Ame ican

la i n. M e ecen l , D . Richa d Pilla d, a chia i f m B n Uni e i , a 4% f
male and 2 3% f female in he Uni ed S a e a e ga . O e ea , he la e e indica e
ha in G ea B i ain he le el f ga indi id al ha ibl eached 25% f he al la i n in
he 90 . The g ad al inc ea e in he e cen age f ga in Ame ica and he ind iali ed na i n
f he ld a allel he g ad al dec ea e in he mine al c n en in fa m and ange il and
he ef e a dec ea e in he mine al c n en f f d l .
Ga beha i al cc in animal ke h gh be in ame e g , imila

ni ic h m e al beha i ha ake lace in i n.
The c en f c n he ga hen mena ha m ed f m ha f a lea ned beha i a life le

ch ice ha f a ena al bi l gical e en , in he d , a e en able c ngeni al e en ca ed
b a deficienc f mine al and i amin in ea l egnanc . Thi 180 deg ee change in hinking
e l ed f m he finding f a c mm n h ical change in he b ain f ga men. Thi change f
hinking ac all a ed in he1970 hen Ge man d c fel ha an a ea f he e- ic a ea f

he h halam in he b ain f h m e al men a abn mal and he ied i h gical
ced e n mali e he defec . The Ge man e en cce f l and he d a aband ned.
Pilla d l ked a 50 aigh men and 50 ga men and f nd ha ga men had ignifican l m e
ga b he . He j ined f ce i h Michael J. Baile , a ch l gi a N h e e n Uni e i ,
Chicag , and he f nd ha nl 52% f he iden ical in f ga men e e ga hem el e
( ing ha ga beha i i n gene ic, f if i e e gene ic 100% f he iden ical ga in ld
ha e be ga !); 22% f ga men f a e nal in b he and he bi l gical b he e e ga ,
hile le han 10% f ad ed b he e e ga .
I i a mi ake hink he e i a ga gene a Dean Ha me , a gene ici a he Na i nal Cance

In i e.
Sim n LeVa , head f he In i e f Ga and Le bian S die in We H ll d, Calif nia i ell

kn n f finding ana mical b ain diffe ence be een ga and aigh men.
In a die , LeVa f nd ha an a ea in he b ain f he e- ic a ea f he h halam

(cen e f e al a e i e and e d i e) i malle in h m e al men han i i in he e e al
men.
In 1990 LeVa c m a ed cell f m he medial e- ic egi n f he h halam ( hi d

in e i ial n cle f he an e i h halam ) f m 19 h m e al men (all f h m had died f
AIDS).
A ima c nce n i h LeVa d a he fac ha me f he men had died f AIDS, hich

can affec and de b ain cell . H e e , he cell c llec i n in he b ain f ga men in he
d e e iden ical in i e and cha ac e i h h e f he e e al men.
An he b ain fea e ha h a diffe ence be een h m e al and he e e al men i he i e

f he an e i c mmi e, a b ndle f ne e fibe ha c nnec he igh and lef ide f he
b ain. The an e i c mmi e i malle in he he e e al man and f iden ical i e in ga men
and men. The h ical diffe ence in he b ain f h m e al and he e e al men a e in
all likelih d he e l f a c ngeni al malf ma i n e en f he h ical c e and a
bi chemical deficienc e en again e l ing f m a c ngeni al deficienc f mine al .
R ge A. G ki a UCLA in1978 iden ified he e- ic h halamic n clei in a ha c n lled

e al a e i e. In addi i n i e diffe ence in male and female cell g ,G ki f nd ha
male h m ne la a ke le in d cing he i e diffe ence in male and female . Ini iall , male
and female ha e he ame i e and n mbe f cell in he e- ic a ea, b a ge f
e e ne ec e ed b he male fe bef e bi h a ea abili e he e cell la i n . In
female he lack f he e e ne ge all hem a h . Rem ing e e ne f m
ad l male b ca a i n d e n ca e a h inking f he cell !
C mbined i h he d f iden ical in ha failed h a gene ic a e n ( he a e f b h

iden ical in being h m e al ld ha e be 100%), he LeVa d i a e indica i n ha
ga beha i i a c ngeni al deficienc e en a he han a gene ic defec a life le ch ice. The
ga e n bec me ga ea l in he f ma i n f he emb nic b ain!
A a allel d f 147 ga men h had iden ical in i e h ed nl 48% h ha e in

ha a e ga , and 16% f f a e nal in f ga men a e ga , hile nl 6% f ad ed i e
a e ga a ima el he ame e l a a e ed in he iden ical in d in ga men.
Sim n LeVa finding ag ee i h he Ge man die f he 1970 . When ie ed in he ligh f

kn n h ical and beha i al e al defec in animal f m m l i le emb li e ffe ing f m
c ngeni al mine al and i amin deficiencie ( a i h 14 emb f eema in in ca le i h
f a e nal in ) he e emb c m e e f limi ed n i i n, he high e cen age (b n al) f

ga in in iden ical and f a e nal in i nde andable. H man in a e c m e ing i h each

he f limi ed e ce a g ea e deg ee han ingle emb . The ef e, m e c ngeni al
defec in m l i le bi h .
I i an ea men al lea e cei e ha ne h ld be able e en he c ngeni al

he ma h di e and he in e e al a ell a he ga emb h halamic e en i h c m le e
ec nce i n n i i n i h 90 e en ial n ien incl ding mine al ( inc, mangane e, magne i m,
galli m, c e , e c.), i amin (B12, f lic acid, i amin A, e c.), amin acid , and e en ial fa
acid . Thi can e ha be be de c ibed a in ance again he d c i n f all c ngeni al
e en incl ding h m e al emb .
Wallach ha in e ie ed h nd ed f ga men and men and f nd ha in each ca e he m he f

he ga male female a in n i i nal di e d ing hei egnanc . The men ei he had
gl en in le ance (l efficienc f ab i n), e e alc h lic , had l inc me i h ed ced
acce heal h f d, failed e ena al i amin and mine al , e c.
Wallach e al h ed ha he ga indi id al kne he e e ga me he e be een he

age f i en ea f age indica ing ha ga beha i i n a ch ice, b a he he ga
indi id al i d i en be ga b a c ngeni al e en mi e f b ain de el men and chemi ,
h making i im ible a a a c ach a a ga beha i .
Ale ande G aham Bell, he in en f he ele h ne, ned hi c ea i e mind he cience f

e genic . Bell dabbled i h animal b eeding im e hi li e ck and hi c ning gl a
hee ihf ea in ead f .
He de ed hi eff in hi eni ea he gene ic f deafne . In fac , c ngeni al deafne

i d ced b a ma e nal mangane e deficienc .
Bell ned hi in e e in gene ic and e genic he gene ic f h man l nge i . Bell an ed

c ea e a h man d-b k, al h gh he did n c nd ne e ili a i n e e mina i n f le e
being ad ance he h man ecie . In ead he belie ed he c ld ide a da ing e ice
ba ed n bea , in elligence, and l nge i .
Bell belie ed hi da ing e ice ld all indi id al eek (in a e cien ific a ) he e fec
ma e and fall in l e and b eed. O e ime hi di ec ed e l i n ha em l ed c n ci ai
elec i n ld im e he l k , in elligence, and l nge i f he h man ace, a man ha d ne
i h he ac ice f im ing li e ck b inb eeding inc ea e he a e f a ea ance f de i ed
ai .
In fac he b e i e ac ice f a c mbina i n f e fec bi chemical n i i n, a cal ie- e ic ed

die , and an a idance f inflamma f ee adical ( an -fa acid , he e c clic amine , and
ac lamide ) ill elimina e all bi h defec and g a an ee an inc ea ed life an b hi 100
e cen !
De i e he fac ha Ame ica end m e f heal h ca e ann all han all he na i n c mbined,
a f 2013 he nl heal h ca eg ha he Uni ed S a e i anked n mbe ne i be i .
Obe i i ni e all belie ed ha e a gene ic ca e and ha i can nl be deal i h b mean f

ga ic b - a , e e ci e, and igilan cal ie and i n c n l. N ne f he e belief a e c ec .
In 1980, 15% f ad l in Ame ica e e be e. In 2000 he be i ae ed and m e han

d bled 30.5%, and b 2012 he a e had c e 40%. I i b i he ca al b e e
ha he medical he ha be i i d e ea ing m ch and lack f e e ci e and he
ac ice f be i c n l i h d g and ge had failed.

The belief ha e e ci e c ld e en and c n l eigh gain and be i a da hed in Jan a

2009, hen Chicag L la Uni e i Sch l f Medicine decla ed ha e e ci e n c e
be i . The ac i i ne f ba ia ic medicine ( eigh l eciali ) h f gh he d e e
f ced elen af e a c i ical e ie f he da a h ed ha he iginal c ncl i n a c ec . In
A g f 2009 a c e a icle in T maga ine decla ed The M h Ab E e ci e: E e ci e n
make l e eigh .
Obe i i n a gene icall -gene a ed di ea e, n a e l f lack f e e ci e, and n a di ea e

ha can be a ib ed le e ea ing.. Obe i i in fac ca ed b a deficienc f mine al ha
ni e all manife m ma icall a c a ing , binge ea ing, m nchie and ica! In 1994
Wallach and Ma bli hed hei iginal e ie n be i in he b k Ra Ea : F b dd C ,
and in 2006 Wallach and Ma bli hed hei defini i e finding n be i in a landma k b k
en i led H K c .
Demen ia manife i elf a a minim m f f diffe en di ea e . S me ime , indi id al ill ha e

me deg ee f , h ee, all f f he cla ic demen ia a he ame ime:
1. Va c la demen ia cc hen he ce eb al a e ie bec me b c ed i h a he cle i

and/ a e i cle i . The ca e f he e b c i n i inflamma i n f he a e ial lining (in ima)
b he ame f ce ha al b c c na , c la , and enal a e ie .
The ccl i n cc hen he an i idan le el in he die a e l and he a e ie a e e ed

inflamma i n a a e l f he c n m i n f f ied f d , ce ed mea , il , and gl en. The
n i i nal he a a ach incl de ing he ng ing inflamma i n b c ea ing an elimina i n
die ha a id inflamma f d , lemen ing i h all 90 e en ial n ien , an i idan , and
iding ignifican a c la ca e.
2. K ak ff nd me cc a a f he Be iBe i ( hiamine i amin B1 deficienc )

c llec i n f di ea e . The di ea e can be e e ed b he elimina i n f ga , f ied f d ,
ce ed mea , il , and gl en f m he die a ell a a lemen g am ha ide all 90
e en ial n ien i h a ecial em ha i n he lemen a i n f hiamine ( i amin B1).
3. We necke K ak ff nd me i a - a di ea e nd me in hich he a ien i

diagn ed i h b h K ak ff nd me and m l i le cle i (MS) im l ane l . The di ea e
nd me can be e e ed b dealing i h b h di ea e . T he ng ing inflamma damage
he m elin f he b ain ( ha cc in MS) i h a die a change, add 6 8 egg e da
ide a ma e ial hel main enance and e ai f he m elin and lemen i h all
90 e en ial n ien i h a ecial em ha i n an i idan , incl ding eleni m.
4. Al heime di ea e i a h ician-ca ed di ea e, d ced b l e ing ch le e l and

a a ed fa in he a ien die , e c i i n f a in d g , and he di ec i e a id i amin
and mine al lemen . I ,A -
. P e en i n f Al heime ha been d c men ed b a J hn H kin and mi ed and
d ble blind d n alm 5,000 e le e he age f 65. The en- ea d bli hed in 2004
dem n a ed clea l ha he c n m i n f a ecial die , a idance f ce ain f d and he
lemen a i n f n ien can ed ce he i k f Al heime di ea e b 78%! The n i i nal
a ach Al heime di ea e incl de all f he an i-demen ia n i i nal lemen a i n and
die a change em l ed f he he h ee demen ia (incl ding ea ing n f ied f d , n
ce ed mea , n il ; ea 4 6 egg e h nd ed nd f b d eigh e da , e c.), a id all
a in d g (in A il 2012, he FDA en an gen a ning, S
2 ! and addi i nall he em l men f dha and e a e en ial
fa acid all he d c i n f ne an mi e ecificall f mem and c gni i n.
M :T C L

Pa e b gh ab a e l i n in medicine b a cia ing bac e ia ge m i h di ea e, h

di lacing he cen ie ld he f n ane gene a i n. Hi k ca ied h gh he la e
1930 hen enicillin a di c e ed b Flemming. D ing ha nea l h nd ed ea e i d i
a h gh ha m di ea e incl ding cance and men al di ea e e e ca ed b bac e ial ge m
he di c e f he cen . E e hing in medicine a gea ed a d cha ing hi gl bal
bac e ial ca al he f di ea e, and c l al echni e n a ificial media-en iched h le bl d
e m; accine , an ibi ic , and ani i e magicall a ea ed a e f m bac e ial di ea e.
Af e W ld Wa II, i e became im an . Techni e in iden ifica i n and aga i n (cell

c l e ) e e de el ed and e e eff a made a ib e e e di ea e f m cance
men al di ea e a i al ca e. The elec n mic c e, m nke f accine d c i n, and HPV
accine f ce ical cance e e he l f he da i echn l g became he di c e f he
cen .
The de el men f he gene ic ma ing echni e ha bec me he di c e f he cen .

T da , h gh ma ing f he gen me, e e ne kn ha gene ic defec ca e e e hing f m
b d d cance and men al di ea e. S nd familia ?
The h i gene ic defec a e n m e he ca e f all di ea e han i i a fac ha gl bal

a ming i ca ed b h man ac i i . The e ible a allel be een he medical fe e e bac e ia,
i e , and gene ic enginee ing i ha eceding he di c e f he cen a he
de el men f lab a echni e ; f e am le, e de el ed bac e ial c l ing i h ligh
mic c e , i al c l ing f m cell c l e , and he elec n mic c e f gene ic ma ing.
N he e a e amni cen e i and e be babie (ac all e e ina ian had been f ee ing emen
and fe ili ing and im lan ing egg , he e be babie , f 50 ea bef e medical d c had
e e d eam f i ). And he l ima e cl ning f D ll , he lamb, acc m li hed b a e e ina
echnician f m Sc land, a a f m f gene ic enginee ing.
In b h he i al an e and he gene ic an e h ge m f m ne e ed a n f
g e nmen c ffe and i a e ha mace ical fi m f e ea ch and de el men , a en , and
ck i n , and blic ffe ing n he ck e change fl ed f eel . Unf na el n ne f he e
an e ha e e n he a n cance , diabe e , Al heime di ea e an he f he
he e icall gene icall - an mi ed di ea e .
T
, , , ,
.T -
140 .A
!!
C n a la belief, bi l gical e n ibili ie a a en begin l ng bef e c nce i n!

P ec nce i n n ing f ne b d b h male and female, al h gh he maj e n ibili i
eigh ed a d he man, a emb nic cce i de enden 100% n he female n i i nal
a i e en ial cce and i a m if ne i e all ac i e and ill in he child-bea ing
ea f a a ie f ea n .
Fi f all, he beginning f a ne life in animal and man i efe ed a an emb n il c m le e

de el men cc (90 da in h man ), a hich ime he emb bec me a c m le el
de el ed fe . The g e i n f m a fe ili ed egg ( g e) he emb he fe cc in
he fi ime e , he fi ne hi d f egnanc , in all mammalian ecie i h he e ce i n f
he ma ial . In ma ial he bab i b n a an emb and fini he de el men in he
m he e e nal ch.
D ing he 90 da f emb nic de el men in man, all b d i e , gan , and em a e

c n c ed, c nnec ed, and j m - a ed, lea ing nl he inc ea e in i e f m a m e-like
h man a 90 da f egnanc he i en nd h man fe a e m (bi h).
The c m le i f e en f ll ing fe ili a i n, he ga la age, leading he imi i e eak n

he emb nic di c, he gene a i n f a allel ne al idge , ha ickl i e f m he di c and mee
f m he ne al be. Thi i de ined bec me he b ain and inal c d, ha incl de he 12
ai f c anial ne e : he e ina f he e e, he a di ne e , gl al ne e ha igina e in he
b ain and inne a e he ng e, and he g ea ag ne e ( he 10 h c anial ne e ) ha igina e
in he b ain and inne a e he gan f he che and abd minal ca i .
The e i he egmen al de el men f he m c la em, 44 e eb ae and e i he al ne e

and he nde f he f ma i n f he f chambe ed hea ha i in ima el in eg a ed i h he
en i e a c la em made f mile f a e ie , ein , and ca illa ie . The en al enf lding f
he emb nic di c bec me he h acic and abd minal ca i ie c m le e i h hea , l ng , li e ,
anc ea , mach, g , geni - ina ac f e d c i n and c n lling a e d c f m
he bl d. The end c ine em e l e ha ide he h/ ll c n l e he b die
de el men , h i l gical c cle , e al and me ab lic c n l and main enance. La l , b
ce ainl n lea , he DNA, RNA, and en f h and f bcell la en me and en me c cle ,
a h a , and em ha c n l em i n , e al d i e (and efe ence ), e e c l , heigh
en ial, and life i elf a e me f he mi acle f life ha igni e d ing hi e i d.
The n i i nal e i emen f he egg, e m, he ch m me in he egg and e m, and he

gene n he ch m me a e e i i el c i ical bef e c nce i n, d ing he emb nic e i d,
d ing he fe al e i d, and d ing life ide f he ec i e c c n f he e n il he
m men ha e die!!
Ch m me and gene a e c i ical in hei ec nd-b - ec nd e i emen f mine al , ace

mine al , a e-ea h me al , i amin , amin acid , and e en ial fa acid . The e i n a e ,n
m f defici he c n e ence f fail e a e de a a ing.
A a e l f he fail e f ical f d lie mee he c i ical bi chemical need f h man and

animal DNA, ch m me, and e m and egg, a man a 15% f Ame ican c le a e infe ile,
hich enc age fe ili clinic e n di a gh c le . The e m c n f Ame ican men
ha d ed b 50% e he la 100 ea , and 10% f Ame ican babie a e b n i h lea ning
di abili ie , deafne , h m e ali , in e e c m lica i n , an i cial beha i , ADD, ADHD,
a i m, inb n e f me ab li m f e e en me, ch m mal and/ h ical ne al be
defec (D n nd me, ina bifida, anence hal , h d ce hal , ce eb al al , e c.),
nece i a ing he c ea i n f a di ing n mbe f f nd ai ing and g deal i h
edia ic di abili ie ha a e all e en able and in man ca e e e ible (a in he ca e f
c ic fib i , m c la d h , ca di m a h hea di ea e, Ka a aki di ea e, e2
diabe e , l , and he di ea e ).
Addi i nall , milli n f Ame ican babie a e b n each ea ih all e en able ch m mal
and h ical bi h defec (e.g., D n nd me, ce eb al al , in e e al , clef ala e, clef li ,
deafne , hea defec , hia al he nia , mbilical he nia , e a, mi ing and ebbed limb and
digi , and he .).
Inj he ch m me , DNA, and gene f he h man egg and e m can be ca ed b

e e adia i n and ll an ( ch a in he L e Canal c n amina i n ca e) al h gh e
li le f hi e f inj cc beca e f a idance and a a ene f hi ), ic chemical
f m ind ial acciden mi managemen ( ch a f m me c , c de il, fa m chemical f
DDT, e c.), e c i i n d g ( e l ing in Thalidamide babie , e c.), and alc h l ( ha ca e fe al
alc h l nd me, e a da i n, e c.)
H e e , he m c mm n ca e f bi h defec in Ame ican babie and babie a nd he ld

a e e clinical deficiencie f ne m e f he 90 e en ial n ien f he m he - -be and
he ef e f he emb i c nce i n and f he fi 90 da f egnanc !

The 20 h and 21 cen OBGYN belie ed ha he i m fD n nd me i a dela ed

gene ic ch m mal defec ha ima il manife i elf in men e he age f hi -fi e
ea . S a i icall , he e 35 le f h mb a e hen men b e eigh en child en.
The men ld be de le ed f mine al , incl ding inc, b he ime he a e hi -fi e
ea ld, he la h ee emb e e a a highe i k f i m and he deficienc
gene a ed defec .
In he la e 20 h and ea l 21 cen ie , he eenage m he i n l nge a a e hen men n.

Teen a e ha ing babie a an e e -inc ea ing a e, and he ha e a highe i k f d cing babie
i h bi h defec , incl ding D n nd me, han d e he m he e hi -fi e. Teenage
m he and hei babie a e a a highe i k beca e f he eenage die a habi and
e emel l ae f e i n i i nal lemen a i n. Teenage m he a e in fac ill child en
hem el e and he ef e e i e e a dina le el f lemen a i n deal i h h ical
g h and he n i i nal e i emen f be . The in fac c m e e i h hei n emb f
limi ed n n-e i en le el f i amin and mine al .
The animal ind ha c m le el elimina ed all bi h defec in animal (in li e ck, e animal ,
ca i e ild ecie in and ild animal a k , and lab a animal ), n f al i ic
ea n , b a he enhance fi abili !!
When a anche feed ne h nd ed b eeding c , he e ec ne h nd ed nc m lica ed

egnancie , ne h nd ed nc m lica ed deli e ie , ne h nd ed e fec cal e , and ha he cal e
ill each e d c i e age hi ing eigh f he f d ind ih he need f an
e e ina ca e.
The e ind and he lab a animal ind ha en e $100 billi n e he la 100

ea in n i i nal e ea ch ha ha e l ed in he i ling f life an . Si ea ag an ld
d g a eigh ea ld, b da an ld d g i en -fi e ea ld, and hi n i i nal
e ea ch ha elimina ed all bi h defec in all animal ecie and elimina ed all degene a i e,
a imm ne, and gene ic di ea e ha c n in e lag e h man !!!!!!!!
The e a e n heal h in ance licie i ae g e nmen (n maj medical, n h i ali a i n,

n Medica e, n Bl e C /Bl e Shield, e c.) c e clinical ca e c financial l e f
animal , incl ding e , lab a ecie , and li e ck. The ef e he e ne , he lab a
manage , fa me , he h band man, and he anche m indi id all bea he financial b den f
animal heal h ca e al ne. T ed ce elimina e hi financial i k, he animal ind ha lea ned
ha i i im l chea e and m e efficien elimina e infe ili , bi h defec , and gene al
heal hca e f animal b e l en iching hei die ih imal le el f all 90 e en ial
n ien (60 mine al , 16 i amin , 12 e en ial amin acid , and 3 e en ial fa acid ) ha i a
ba ic e i emen f life f all e eb a e .
The clinical eali ie a e ha fe n i i nal deficiencie cc in he e a e. In he d , if

he e i an b i clinical deficienc , ch a i n deficienc anemia, he dd a e ha he e a e
he , ma be d en , ince he e a e n la ha a can ha e nl ne deficienc di ea e a
a ime. Thi i h he e a e h nd ed f h and f Ame ican babie b n each ea ih
ca a hic, agic, famil - ending bi h defec and m l i le bi h defec nd me n a he
e l f a bad h f he dice e f gene ic aged , b a he f m he h igh ed
ena al i amin men ali f he all a hic OBGYN, h a , I ill e c ibe a ena al i amin
nl af e a men i de e mined be egnan (a la G e n Sa ah Palin OBGYN!).
Man men h ha e had m l i le egnancie kn he e f egnanc and he OBGYN

ce , he ill f en ai f h ee f m n h in he egnanc bef e beginning
lemen i h i amin and mine al a e m ne . Remembe , he emb ha bec me a f ll
f med h man (f be e e) a 90 da -c nce i n!

Af e he 90-da ma k, e ce f c ic fib i and m c la d h ( hich a e e en able and

e e ible e en af e he bi h f he child), and ce ain inb n e f me ab li m (m a e
managable i h change f die and n i i nal lemen a i n), and ickle cell anemia, bi h
defec a e like he H m D m em, he e all f he king h e and all f he king men
c ldn H m D m back ge he again.
F e en l , in (iden ical and f a e nal) a e b n c nj ined. Thi agic c ngeni al defec f

inc m le e di i i n f he emb i 100% e en able f $50 h f he 90 e en ial n ien
e m n h aken f a lea h ee m n h i c nce i n and h gh he egnanc .
N b d kn m e ab m l i le bi h hink f li e f ie , ki en , ig , a , mice,
abbi , and f h han he animal ind , and h gh ec nce i n n i i n e ea ch and
im lemen a i n, he ha e elimina ed n (l bi h- eigh babie ), and c ngeni al and gene ic
bi h defec , ch a D n nd me, m c la d h , ce eb al al , c ic fib i , inb n
e f me ab li m, H n ing n di ea e, and he .).
T in gi l , Angela and Am Lakebe g, e e b n in Indiana n J ne 29, 1993. The e e c nj ined

a he che and ha ed a ingle e e el defec i e hea and a ingle li e . F ll ing e a a i n,
ne in (Am ) a ac ificed in de a e ne (Angela).
Af e ele en m n h and nine een da he i ing Lakebe g in, Angela, died. Wi h

c n ide a i n f he h man aged and famil de a a i n, he medical c al ne f he a em
fi ha c ld ha e been e en ed f f d lla , a e $1 milli n a a e ($600,000
e ac ed f m he a a e f Indiana al ne).
We m in i ha heal h d lla be en m e i el . The Lakebe g e e nf d am

ha he aded f ee d g , he c nj ined in e e de ec ed ea l in egnanc b
l a nd, and e he medical c mm ni a eage ake e e ne m ne .
Pre io s
P
Ne t
P
SEARCH

T e me hi g...
FOLLOW US
OUR TWITTER
30 J 2018
- F b a 21, 1908.
30 J 2018

The bes e ec i e is he one ho has sense eno gh o pick good men o do ha he an s

done, and self-res rain eno gh o keep from meddling i h hem hile he do i .
― Theodo e Roo e el
Was an American s a esman, a hor, e plorer, soldier, na ralis , and reformer ho ser ed as he 26 h Presiden of
he Uni ed S a es from 1901 o 1909.


08/10/2020 N i i n: The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1
E c :T D a G cT D a
Ta 1 E
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
N :T D a G cT D a
Ta
N c c a d ,d a a .I c ,
ca , a a c d ,b a a ca d
c a c d c c d a .I c d, d d cad
c ,( a a ), ca a db c b a d c ca
c d a b a
d c c d a .I d, d a d c a dc
, c a b d c (c ,b c ,b ,( c ),
a ac ,b a , dc , a ac , c c ,a da a c c ) a
c d a dc a c c c c da c
c a a d c c d a .
J a a W. E d, E .
G ba C H a I a
F a d f ea ea e a e ec g ed a ec f c f d ca e e a d ea d ea e .
D g e 18 , 19 a d 20 ce e , a f e ec f c fac f d ( c a d ac
e ) a ca e e a d e e e d ea e a a a d a ad bee de f ed.
U f ae e e a be ef f e ed ca c a a e de e
d a ed dd eed e e a f ee e a e .Ca ce a e f
ce f c a d ed ca g a ce a d a ga ce a ega e affec a fe c de e f
Ge ge B ff , a 18 -ce a a a e e f e( f ae a
ed b e be f fac a a ab e):
If e c de eE ea , e eg , e C e e, e A e ca , e g c ed a , e
a age, e c , e , e ab a f ec , ed e e ec , d ffe e f
ea e e e e ec , ag ee e ,a d a e e a ed a , e a e
e a f e g e c ad e a d e g a e, a e d ffe e ce f ace, c a e,
f f d, f c f , a e d ffe e ce ed a f fe, be ee a ce a e
d a f fe de e d e e ab , c , e a f f d, a g ca
c a ge e f ed a c eg a e e be f ea .
Fa e, da ge a dc a ad ce g e e A e ca b cb e g a g a
Q ac B e , a ed c ed ge e de eg aea e a ec e
e ed ca . Me be f aeg fd c c de V c He be , MD (
a Dead D c ) ef de f g e a ed T e C ee Aga Med ca F a d.
O e Q ac b e e be c de J Re e , MD, ( a decea ed), a e a W a
Ja , MD ( f e CDC), a d S e a Ba e , MD ( c a d a
c a aga a e a e ea e f da ba e e ). Be a a e e b D .Vc
He be :
I a bee a ce ( e 20 ce ), e e , a e ea c e a e de f ed
e ec f c f d b a ce a a d e a a a e e a e e g e e
def c e c d ea e . A a e f c ea ed edge a d e a a ab fa a e ff d
c a a d e a , def c e c d ea e a e a e e U ed S a e a d e
aff e d a ed a . De e , f A e ca be e e a e f d d
ade a e a a d e a , a d e ef e e a e a e e , fe
e a da ge ega-d e , a d e e e g ac a a .
Vc He be , MD, a ca ed ef g:
Hea ad e a d ea ad - eg a , - ac a g e ea a a ed d e ge
a f e a a d e a e eed . . .
T e fac ,e e a a g a de de ade ae a a d e a ; f a e a a e age,

ea A e ca , ea a e f a e e e ed b a ede de e a
(a d e a ) def c e c e .
I fac , ca g a a ee e a a e f c ac e , e e b ea g e .
I ea a d , e e fec f c a d ac e added ede e e
e fec f a d ea e e a ce, fe , ea bab e , a d a d c
f ea , , a d egg , a d ae e e feed ef c de ed a e added. B
c a , e a a e a e be e e fa e beca e f d ec b e ed ca
c , a f e ea e e ca ge e e g e eed d ce e fec bab e ,
a e fe a a d ea !
I 1990 L c a Le e, e ead f e De a e f P b c Hea a Ha a d Med ca Sc ,

b ed a e c e ed f ec A e ca a ad e g e a e age age.
Le e g a a e a e e ea ca e e a e e ed b e e be f e ge -
gc e ed a d d ca ed b a A e ca c e eg a f a g e a e age
fe a f a A e ca , a f g a be e.
W a Le e f d, e e , a a ec e e ge - g e e A e ca e e
c e ed e d- e , e e d- e a d e a ae .T e c e age a
Sca d a a . T e e e S ede , S ,F ,N eg a , Da ,A a .T e e e a
da fa e c ed a e ea b ac g, e g, a g, g g, a d ba g.
T ec e f e e - g e e Le e d e e ef d e d C fede ae
Sae a d I d a Re e a e f eM R e T e ec e f ed e e g; a
e e e ec ed e f d, e e e e e ed e e a e ,a d
a a e a e, ed ca ec g , a added b ac ed ea f e fe. T e
a ea be ef a ded b defa a dd b c b ge ed a ae a a e
a e e e f de ed ca ec g !
Le e ed a e de f a A e ca c e ad e a acce a ea ca e e ce . E e
e ed g de e b dge ad acce a ea ca e e ce g Med ca d, e
e d C fede a e S a e e e e e ce e f e ea a ac , e, d abe e , be ,a d
ca ce be f A e ca.
I eA 16, 2012, e f e a F dC , e e a a e a ed fac

a c e c a bab f d c a e a 20% f e da e e e f e a
a d a a a e e ed b a fa . I c a , d g f d, ca f d, c c e f d,
ee , g, e, a d ca e feed a a e 100% f e a a da e e e fa
90 e e a e .
I Ma c 20, 2013, e U e fW c P a Hea I e e ed a Re de

f e a ea ea c e dea ce e a e f e g e ae ea e
c e , de ea a e e e a e f e a e dea . I a ea a acce
a ea ca e, e e , acc f 20% f a c a g. T e ca e e
(a d ) e g ed e ea e a g .
T e ba a e a e f eW c d a ad a e fac a ec e
g e e e f ea ca e a d ea e ce a P ade aC ( ea g e
d c , e a , e ea ca e f d g, e c.), e P ade aC ad e
e e f ea f e de a a e A e ca C !
T ac e e a fe a d ea c e fb -defec f ee eg a c e , ea f
d ea e-f ee e a d a ge e e e a 90 e e a e
a a e a da a e. Y ca de e d f d be e ce f ac
a d c e . Fa g be ac e a d c e e a e e g a ba ed
b d eg , c ac a -def c e c d ea e a d e d e ce ea f
ea d e ed ca ca e a d e c . T e ec e g e b d e a
a e a , e 90 e e a e , a e a de e d ec g dea d ea e af e
e a ea .
Y ca be a e be fa e g a d cce f e e e 90 e e a e .
Y ca be a ege a a a d cce f e e e 90 e e a e .
Y ca be a ega a d cce f e e e 90 e e a e .
Y ca be a ea -ea e a d cce f e e e 90 e e a e .
Y ca ce a d cce f e e e 90 e e a e .
Y ca ea ga c a d cce f e e e 90 e e a e .
You Are What You Absorb
T e e a d adage a ae a e a ea . U f ae , d adage
c ec . I e c ec a d acc ae a a e a ab b.
T e ea e a e a a e be c de ed e e a ab :
c d a ( .e., ac ac d e e ) a d g e e a ce:
H pochlorh dria
T e a ae a f e C ef Ce , e ac d- a fac g ce f e ac , a e
d c c ac d NaC , c a .S ac ac d e ed ee e ac e e
e e a d f ee f bac e a, e , ea , a d f g . Fa e ee e ac e e a a
H be 2.0 e ga e g , ga c fe e a ,a d ef . T ac d c ga c
e e a e ed fac a e e ab f a B12 b ac a g e c
fac a d ced b ec a ed ce e ac a ; ac a e e ac e e
e , c e e e ce f ac ac d b ea d e a ac d , e de ,
a d e de a fac a e ab ;a d fac a e e ab f e a .
Gluten Intolerance
G e e a ce, a a ega e eac g a c , a ec g ed b e Eg a

a d G ee ca a d f ea ag . G e e a ce a a e g ea , ba e ,
e, a e .H e e , e a e e a f a -g a e , ec
fg e d ce a c ac e e a ac ac de a e a d d a
e ed e ce f .N e a e gc ; e e , ab e e e
e a f .

T e ga e a da age a d ced b e g e -c ac e e c de ce ac d ea e
( ea a e g a cc c c e c ac e e ), d e c ,a e dc , ab e
b e d e, f a a b e d e, ea g d e, c , ce a e c ,
C d ea e, ga , b a g, a d ef .
T e g ad a a d g e e f e a a a e fc ac e e d ce a
aed c e f a -def c e c d ea e a a e f a ab , c d g fe ,b
defec ( c a d ,c cfb , ce eb a a , D d e, e e d e, ga
be a , e c.), c c bab e , e a , ec e a, de a , a , acea, a a,
fb a g a, , a c d , d abe e , d e fa e, d e e ,a , be ,
e , e d a d ea e, de e a, ea d ea e, e e ,a ec a, ac a
dege e a , de a b e , ca a ac , a ec da e a a d ,
d , e e a e a e , e d ea e, c a , d a ea, e c.
S a e a ab b.
T ef g g e ee e a e f g d ea .
The 60 Essential Elements, Metals, Minerals, Trace Minerals and Rare Earths
A G d R e
A e c Haf R bd
Ba H Sa a
Be H d ge Sca d
B I d e Se e
B e I S ca
Ca c La a S e
Ca b L S d
Ce L ec S
Ce Mag e S
C de Ma ga e e Ta a
C M bde Te b
C ba Ne d T
C e Nc e T
D N b T a
E b N ge Va ad
E O ge Y e b
Gad P Y
Ga P a Z c
Ge a P a e d Z c
The 16 Essential Vitamins for Humans and Non-human Vertebrates
V a A
V a B1 (T a )
V a B2 (R b f a )
V a B3 (N ac )
V a B5 (Pa e c ac d)
V a B6 (P d e)
V a B12 (C a c ba a e)
V a C
V a D
V a E
V a K
C e
Fa d a db fa d
F c Ac d
The 12 Essential Amino Acids
Va e
L e
T e e
Le c e
I e c e
T a e
P e aa e
Me e
H ad e
A g e*
Ta e*
T e*
*W e ge e a c de ed be a c a ce e a a ac d, e def c e c d e e
ec f c d ea e a e .
The Three Essential Fatt Acids and Cholesterol
L e c Ac d
L e c Ac d
A ac d c Ac d
C e e *
*W e ge e a c de ed a c a c e e a d, def c e c d e e d ea e ae
(e.g., A e e d ea e, e 2 d abe e , e ec e d f c , -T, e a e, ad e a
e a , e c.).
T e Rec e ded D e a A a ce (RDA ) a e bee e a ed b eF da dN B a d

ce 1941. RDA a e def ed a e e e f a e fe e a e a, e ba f
ce fc edge, a e dged b eF da dN B a d be ade a e ee e
e eed f ac ca a ea e . T def a e a ed c a ged ce
1974.
T e RDA a e de ed f e e a d ffe e ce f e de ce:
1. S de f a b ec a a ed de c a g def c e e e fa
e ,f ed b a c ec f e def c ea ed a f e e ;
2. N e ba a ce de a ea e e a ea a e;
3. B c e ca ea e e f e a a ade ac f ec a f c
ea a ec f c e a e;
4. N e a e ff b ea fed fa a d fa a e ea e ef e
f d ;
5. E de g ca b e a f e a a ea a e; a d
6. I e ca e , e a a f da a f a a e e e .
I ac ce a d ea , e a a a de , e ea ee e e ed da a f c e
ca e ae e a a e e e f a . Beca e e e a e ce a e e
edge ba e ( f a ), be e e RDA f a f e e e a
e ba ed a da a a e.
Vitamins
V a a e a c ec f e a ed ga c c d a a e ece a a c fac f
e ab c c e ca eac ce a d e e a f a g a d a e a ce f ea .
V a a ee e a e a ca be a fac ed eb d a d a e f
a c e e .V a d ca e c b e b d a .
V a eg a e e ab , a c ae ec c ac d c c e a d c e f fa , ga ,
ca b d ae a d e e e g .
T e ea e ee ca eg e f a :
1. Fa be
2. Wa e be
3. Fa a -E ca ecc
H ca , a def c e c e ( c e , g b d e , c , be be , e ag a, a ,
de e a, ea d ea e, b defec , e c.) e e e a e ca e f d ab e a d dea
f a , de , ee , a e , ace ( c a Na e A e ca , Na e
Ca ad a , Af ca -A e ca , e c.) a d c d e . Beca e f e ed ca c g a ce,
b a , a d ac f e e f d fac a c d e e a dc e d ea e , f a
a e ffe ed e b a d d ed ece a e e af e e a f a d f ea
b a ae d d a .

I e 20 ce , e ed ca c a aba d ed e g ea e f edge
e be ef f a a d a e a e b g ed ea , a ,a d
ge a f e f e e H G a a g e ge e.
A e eb a e , c d g a , e ea f ee a , ca b -ba ed e e a
e a ca e e a dc e d ed f d ea e a d e e d fe a .
I e d c e ed a ge ed c ca be a a ed b g e e e e g .
Te e e a e f ag e f DNA a a e de c bed a ca a ee d f e DNA eac
ce a d a e e ed e ec e a c a ee d fa e ace.
A e e e a e f e e e ce de e e ce a ee d fac a d, c ec e
e d f ec ef de e a a d add a ec ee d f ec e
f f g a eg b gc e. T e e e e e de ed f e G ee e
(e d) a d e ( a ).
D g ce d ,e e a e ed ca f DNA a e ed a d
e ca b a a c fac a e a a ab e. Def c e c e f e e a
age f DNA d .
E e e a ce d de , e e e ea e e d f e DNA g e .A e e e e ,
e f dege e a e d ea e a d ce dea c ea e d a a ca . Te e e e a e ed a a
a e f b g ca ag g. I a bee de a ed a e e a a a
ec ed e e e , a a ed e e e e g a d ed ced da e da age a d f a a f
e e e e c e.
I 1975 E abe B ac b ,a d c a fe a Ya e U e , J e Ga , de f ed e
e ea ed DNA e e ce c g ee d fc e . E abe B ac b , Ca B e de ,
a d Jac S a e e a a ded e 2009 N be P e P g Med c e f ed c e f
c e a e ec ed b e e e a d ee e e e a e.
I add e eg e , e e a e add a c a a eg e f e a e RNA

(Te e a e RNA). I a , e e e e e ce a e ea g g f TTAGGG, be ee 3
a d 20 ba e e g .
I e ea 1970 R a e Ae O f ec g ed a c e c d
c ee e ca e e e d ece . H e b Le a d Ha f c b e a a f
ed a c ce d (Ha f c 51 d ca ), O ed a DNA e e ce
e e eac e a ce a DNA e ca e e de e a eac e a e d ,a
c e e ab f a ce e ca e c e a e d.
A a e f ded eff b Ge , a b ec c a , a ed e ge e f e RNA a d e

c e f a e e a ea d e e ea be ee e e e e g
ce a a d e e a e eac a ce a a .
I a e e e ec a ce c e f f g a eg b g
c ea df ea a g g-ab a e a ca ead ca ce . M ca ce ce a e e
d c f a ce a a e e a a e a da ( g a ed ce
dea ).
S ec f ca , g e d e f e e a a C, D, a d E b a d de
a a ed c ea ed e e e e g , de a ed a (ce dea ), a d e e ded fe a f
e a de a d e eb a e .
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Fa be a ,a e a e e , e fa ( d) e ab e e eb a e ce .
Fa be a ca be eff c e ab bed f e e e e a c e
fa d e .I d d a a e e ga b adde e ed d e e b e c ea e
e e fb e a c a e e ed f e eff c e ab f e fa be a A,
D, E, a d K.
Vi amin A (retinol) function
T a , a ed 1913, c a a ac e f c d g, e , e c ac d a d
e e e a d ec . Be a ca e e a fa be a A ec a e ed f
a e a ce f a d g ( e Eg a e ed beef e ce, a a a ce f
a A, c e g b d e 2000 BC), a a ea a d ea c
e b a e ,b e , a d ee ; a bee ed ce e fe e a ca ce .
Ma f a A def c e c e e ec g ed e dd e f e 19 ce ,a d e e
a c a ed a ade ac f ede . T ec d a a aB a a a
( e a c ), a d ea e f e e e a a aff c ed ed a e , a f
de c bed 1865.
I 1887 e de c g b d e a ec g ed a g e d R a Ca c fa ed
d g e Le e e d. Of g ea e e a e b e a a g f e fa ed
e ea g f g g ce f ec ea. A e a e e e e f def c e c -
d ced e a a ac a f ed f ef c e f e ea c d g eU ed S a e .
E e e a, a e a b e a a e de ce, ed ed c e f a A 1913. T
g (O b e a d Me de ; McC a d Da ) de e de e ed a a a fed
a fca de a da a e ce f fa de e ed a a def c e c a c d be
c ec ed b e add ff d c a b e , egg ,a dc d e ede .A e
def c e c f e c ed e e e a de a e a a. C ca a d e e e a
a A def c e c e e e ec g ed a be g e a ed WWI, e beca e b a
e a a a a e e f a dec ea e acce de a b e .
T e e b e a f S ee b c (1919) a e a Ac e f ege ab e a d ec
e a ed e deg ee f g e a ; E e e a (1929) a d M e (1929) f d a e f ed
a g e ca e e ( a A) a a e e ce f a A. Re ,a a
ac , e e g c ce a f a ef e (c d e , e c.).
V a A a a be f f c eb d .I a a e e a e g a , e
a e a ce a d f c fe e a e c d g e e a, e a c a, a d .
V a A a f c e e f ad e c ca e d , a c a e
c e f eg e - e ge e e, f de d e a d e e a d e ed e, a d
de c c e e c c e e. T e c e f ae e c e e , e ge a e-
de e de eac , a d c de e de e a a e de e ed b a e def c e c .
Vitamin A-deficienc health problems include:
Ng b d e (N c a a)
C c
Xe a a
Ke a a ac a (Ke a c c ea ce )
I fe
B defec
De e

De e ed e e
O e e a, e , e a , e a ac a
Fa e e, ed g
Ac e
De a (d , e a , e c.)
H e e a ( g efe )
Ic ( a , Da e d ea e, e c.)
I c ea ed ca ce
Sign f e d e: c a A d ca ed b eadac e , b ed , fa g e,
d e ea, a d b e a , d c ac ed , a , c e ,b defec (f e a e,
af a f ec a , face, ea , , a d ce a e e ), e d ea e, a d
e d - a d ce ( e e bec e a ge e a a e f g e e f be a ca e e
a e, ab e e e g a d ce f e c a c e a).
Sg f c a a ea a ed da a e f 50,000 IU f e f ad
a d 20,000 IU fa .
Vi amin D f nc i n
T a a ef ac : D2 e a ce a d D3 e a a ce, c c ea ed b
e g e de fc e e UV g . V a D e ed f e ab ,
e ab ,a d e de f ca c a d e b e a d ee .
Rc e a a c ge fc d e f bef e ed e a e g e g-f ed da f e
I d a Re e 20 ce . Beca e c e a a e a c a ed dea , a
ed a d ffe e ce a d a a ed de a g ba a . Pe e,
a c a c d e , c ed e , b ed eg a d e a ged e e c a
ee a.D g eI d a Re e e e e a ca e f e ab e dea a
e e e e b g e, e da eff a a ad a ade e
c f ab e a e .
U f ae gf e a d c e , a c a E ga dd g eI d a
Re , e e g (12 ) a ec d e e e a e de d g e da ,
a d e a b c ed b g, e, a d c a d a e g a e g
e ee . A d g a f ce e a Sc f e a ad ea ed
e e a dc e c e c d e ,d c e ed e e c e f ce e !
O e f e ea e c - e e e e f e ca e a d c e f c e a ed b F a c
G e d-17 ce . He c c ded a a bad e e ca ed c e . W e e
dd c de a d e a def c e c a a ca e e d d ea e a a ac fe e g a a
ca a e fac . T e e e a a ca f ac f g a c ed e e e 150
ea . H e e , ca c ed g e e b a d c e c ed def ,
a c a E ga da d e c a -b gc e .
C d e , e Sc f e a ea e f c e ,c ed be ed b e a
c g e 19 ce .A a dT ea , a F e c c a , ea ed c e
a e c d e , e, a d b e g ef a de a d e a ed a
a e e ca e, e e ,a dc e f c e .T ea f d g ,a g a
a d b e a f e da , e e ge e a d ega ded b e ed ca c beca e e
e e b e ed a ea c f e c e ge .

Ea e 20 ce , e a ae e e e e de e ed f e ca e f c e . O e
a ed a c e a d e e e a fac , e ec a ac f g , e ec d
e ed T ea e a de a ed. D . K H c ,e ed c e -def ed
c d e f Be e c a a ,d ca g e a e g ,a d e b
a g e ed af e .
A e a e e, E g a d, Ed a d Me a b ed e Sc f e e ae fc g c e
c d e be c ec . E.V. McC fJ H de ed e a A c d e
ea , a d ad a ac c ac a d c ed a d e e ed c e . A e a e e,
A f ed He f Ne Y ed a a e f d ad e bee e ed e dd
de e c e . Fa b a ce (e g e ) e f d e e be g ac a ed b e a e
a d ce a D2 (ca c fe ).
N a ca c a d ab a d e ab de e de e e e f a
D. B d e e f e e a e f e ced b ga e a ab , ee a e ab ,a d
e a e c e ,a d a e ed a de e c f a D, a a d e, a d
ca c .T e c ce a f ed Ca a de e de b d Ha d e
c ce a f a a e .A de a d g f ec e ea be ee a D
e a a d e f a a ce e c de g e a e f effec e ac ed b
a D e gf a a e fde a a d a c d .V a D e ed f e
f a ge f a a d ef c .
T e ea e e c de a Da e, a e ea e a e be ee a Da d
e ac .S e ca a e ace e e (f e a e, e ) a d e a ge
ga f d e e e e (a b e). I ec a f ac , a a fad e e, e ge ,
a d e e e, g be ed a ac DNA-d ec ed e c ce e .
S de d ca e a e e a ce e f e a ab f Ca b a D 25- d
e ab e e a ed a ac a c ea e e f a ca c -b d g e ,a d a
ac a e ace ea e e e c ce , , a e e f, DNA-d ec ed
RNA e . T e e e ce f e e : (1) ca f a D e g ; (2) f a f e 25-
d de a e; (3) a f RNA e ; a d (4) e a ced e a ca c ab
c e e e de ce a gge a e fa e e e ed f a
D ac .
Def c e c : The universal deficienc of vitamin D in the 20th and 21st centuries is a
ph sician-caused disease. T e d c c d c a ed b e ed ca c e
A e ca e e a de e e , ea b c e , ea de-b ed a , g-
ee ed a dg e ,a dc e e e d e ( c d g egg ,c c e , da
d c , a a ed fa , e c.), a d a e a - e a e e ed be e
e fec c ea e a e a a D def c e c .
Vitamin D-deficienc health problems include:
Fac a c ,T e e d e
T c e , cec a
Te a (f b d c a ), c
C d d c e ( ac c a ), b ed eg , c - ee , ge c e ,P f e ea g
Re e eg d e
E a ged , e e a, e , e d a d ea e, a , e a , dege e a e
a , b e b e a ,b e ,Kd e e .
Ue efb d

Vitamin D deficienc is a ph sician-caused disease in the 20th and 21st centuries because
of bad advice (e.g., sta out of the sun, wear sun-blocker, wear long sleeves, do not eat
egg olks, do not take vitamins and minerals, etc.) and as a result is quite common in the
United States. In the 20th and 21st centuries, it has been determined that vitamin D
deficienc can result in a higher risk of cancer.
Sign f i amin D e d e: e ca ce a ( g ca a be d ced b ag g Ca

def c e c , a ec da e a a d , e c.), ea e , fa g e, a de, a ea,
g, d a ea, M e be g ce ( a c a ca c f ca f e dd e c a a e f
a ge a d a a e e ), ca d a ca c f ca , e a ca c f ca ,a d f e ca c f ca ( f
g, , e c.).
C f 1,800 IU f c eca c fe e da a bee a c a ed g f

e a gc d e .
Vi amin E f nc i n:
T fa be a , a ed 1922, ac a a g fc d efe ed a a a-
c e .I a a da f c , ec ce e b a e f da e f a a ,
ec ed b d ce f e ,a d c b a e ace e a ee ca ed ce
e f ce a ca ce . I d e ag g ce , e e e e e g f e e e a d
ed ce e fA e e d ea e, e c ca d a , c a d ,a d
c cfb , e c.
T ee e ce f a E a f ec g ed 1922 e a ea ed a fe a e a
e ed a e d e a fac a a eg a c e . Def c e fe a e d
a e a d c ce e e ; e e ,a e e eg a c a a e ca age
d cc ; add a , e e ae e e e e e ed.
Vitamin E-deficienc health problems include:
A e e d ea e
A e a( e c)
I fe
De e ed e e
Age , e
L d e da , ce e
I c e c ea d ea e
Fb c c b ea d ea e
M ce ea e , a g a, a g a, f b aga
C cfb ( c c ee def c e c )
M c a d ( c c ee def c e c )
H e c ca d a ( c c ee def c e c )
I c ea ed f ca ce
Sign f e d e: C a ed e e fa be a a E e e e afe e
a e a .M ad a e be a g 800 g/da , g c ca
b c e ca g f c .
Vi amin K (mena in ne) f nc i n:

T a , a ed 1939, a fa be a a e ed b e e f e d c
f b a d a ea f e e e (fac VII, IX, a d X, a d e C a d S) a d
e b g ca ac e b a ce e e a f e b dc ga df e e de
f ca c b e .A ae 50% f e e e e f a K d ced b b c
bac e a ec .
Da e a (1935, 1936) ed a e ag c d ea e a
e e c ed e e ed b a
a c d be c e ed b feed g a a e de f ed fa - be b a ce,
c e a ed a K (K ag a a ). Ea de ed a a K a a fa -
be b a ce e e g e fa a d a fa fa (c ce a ed ec a f a ea e
a d ege ab e ). C de ab e a e f a Ka ef d fece f a a d
a a beca e d ced b e e c c ga .
V a K cc f : (1) K1 ( e) d ced b a a d (2)

K2 ( e a e ) e ed b g a e e a c - ga a d a ea a
e e a c d .T e a g ca f c f a K e e e a c
b e f b , c e (fac VII), a a b a c e (PTC,
C a fac , fac IX), a d e S a fac (fac X).
Vitimin K-deficienc health problems include:
O e ca c def c e c
E e ded c g e
Ecc e ,e a ( e b eed ), e a a, GI b eed g, e c.
L e d ea e
D f c f ca c ab a d de b e .
O e , a e f ac e
O e a
Sign f e d e: S c de a d ce ( e c e ) e b fa ; a d a e
ec f e ad a ca d ce f g, d ea, c e a , a d dea .
La ge d e f e ad e( e) ad e ed a a a d ced e c
a e a, c e a( a ed b d ce ), e ega , d e a d e da age
( e b b e a) a d dea .
Water Soluble Vitamins
T e B-c e c f 10 e a a e a e - be a . I ge e a e f c a e e a
e e e ab c ce e f a g ce b ac g a c fac ee e
e a d e e da ff da d e d c fe e g .
V a C a ae - bea da a ca be e ed b a a a b b
g ea g a .
Vi amin B1 ( hiamine) f nc i n:
T ae be a a d c e ed 1897 a d a ed 1911. I a c fac e ed f

e e g d c a d a e ab f ca b d ae .T a ec b e
f ec e e a e a e (TPP), c f c a a c ca b a ee e.
TPP e ed f e da e deca b a f ae f ac e ace a e a d ace
c e e A, e c ca c d f e K eb c c e. TPP c ca f e da e
deca b a f 2- e ca b ae d ced f ea ac d e e, e e,
e c e, e c e a d a e. I add TPP a ec e ef e a e a e eac ,
c f c e e e ae ,a a e a e a a f g c e da .
T a e e ed f e e ab f ca b d ae , e , a d fa . T a e def c e c
ec f ca d ce d ba ce f ca b d a e e ab , a c a e b a (de e a)
a d ea (c ge e ea fa e). T e da a e e e e d ec ed ede a
ca b d a e da a e. T fac d ca e f e deca b a f a e, c
c ec ed ca b d a e e ab c de e de e e e ce f a e (B1).
E e ead g e de f ca f a e cc ed e 19 ce , e Ta a , a
Ja a e e a a ff ce , e a ed e dea aef be be e Ja a e e Na b
e a g ed ce, e ac g b ce, a d add g a b ad a ge f f d .
E a ,aD c ca Ja a, ed a a e a de e ed be be e ea g
ed ce c d be c ed b e e d c f e ce b a e d e . He a
e e e a d ced be be c c e e e fed e ed ce. S e ea ae ,
F d ced a c a e b a ce f ce g a d ea a a effec e e
e e a dc e fe e e a d ced be be . T e b a ce c a ed a g H (ba c)
ge (a e), F ca ed a -( a)a e. T e e a acce ed a a b ad abe f
de a b a ce a e e dee ed be d e a e e a .
Thiamine (B1)-deficienc health problems include:
A e , e a, c f
Na ea
De e
Me a c f
A e a
M c a ea e
Fb aga
Be be ( ce a g, c ge e ea fa e, K a ff d e [de e a] a d We c e-
K a ff d e [de e a & MS])
Pa a .
Pe e a e a e
Sign f e d e: V a B1 e d e ca e a ea e eac e def c e c f B2 a d B6.
Vi amin B2 (riboflavin) function:
V a B2, d c e ed 1879 a d a ed 1932, a e c fac f fa c e e a

a e e ed f da - ed c eac a de e g d c fa c e de (FMN)
a dfa ade ed c e de (FAD). A g ee e a e e b fa e FMN-
de e de da e e bef c e f a ed d e f c a c e e
a d e FAD-de e de d a e ed ec e f a ac . R b f a
a e ed a a ea , c e b a e ,c ea f e e e, a d e e ea .
Riboflavin-deficienc health problems include:
C e (c ac a ec e f e a d )
A g a a
Seb e c de a f e a a f d
S e e a db g f , a d g e

Ge g a c g e, age a g e
P ba
Lac a ( ea g)
Ca a ec fc ea
A e a
Ne a
Sign f e d e: V a B2 e d e ca e a ea e def c e c B1 a d B6.
Vi amin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide) function:
V a B3, a ed 1900, f c a a a a f ec e e c a de ade e

d c e de (NAD) a d c a de ade ed c e de a e (NADP), a e d e
c e de . T e e c e e e ac ce a e a e e .T e a ee e a e
da - ed c eac e e ea e f e e g f ca b d a e , fa a d e .T e e
c e e e ed ced f a e NADH a d NADPH. I add NAD e ed f g c ge
e .
I e ea a f e 18 ce , a d ea e a a c a ac e ed b a g , ed ca
de a ,f ed E e. Nea 200 ea a e , e d ea e a de a a g a
a , a c a S a ,Ia ,a d e e eg f e U ed S a e . Pe eg a, a
a e de c e U.S. e e d be ee eC Wa a d e ea 1900 . I a ea ed
c f e e c a ed ca e e e e c f de a a a fec d ea e a a ed
f e e a e ; e g a ca ed b ea g e c ; e g
a ead b a ec e f f beca e cc ed a g e ae e g e f e e e
a ac g a - ged d .
E e g e ag a a ee be c e e a ed c -ba ed d e , aga e ed ca
d c e ec ced a ca ed b ge a d a ed e ag a a e e a da
ce e c e a e fa a g be c a e a a f a a d
ec e .
D .J e G dbe ge , a e f ef ca be c ced a e ag a a a def c e c

d ea e. He bega e e e ede fc d e aM a age e e a
c -ba ed d e a d ffe ed f e ag a. Af e add g ea , , a d egg e d e , e ag a
d a ea ed.
I 1915 D . G dbe ge c d c ed a c a c e e e a .F
G dbe ge fed e aM fa e ca d e f e e e e a d
e ag a. Af e e de e ed f e d ea e e c a ged e d e c de ea ,
, ea a d e a d d a ea ed.
P ca e a ed e ca 1937, e C ad E e e a eU e fW c
e ed a d g e e e a d ced e ag a c d be c ed af f ac
a ed c c ac d. P f ed ac a e ed a a e ca c g f e ag a
a d e d ea e a c ed W e ac a a ga ged b a e ab e e e , e
a e f e e a a e ed g e e a e e ea e g f ac
a ged f 39 86 g. C e a a 60 g f a e ae e g f
ac .
Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficienc health problems include:
Pe ag a c c de e ee D (d a ea, de a , de e a)
Re a da
M c a ea e
A e a
Beef g e ( e , e, ed g e)
S g e a
Sca , c de a
Sign f e d e: V a B3 ( c c ac d ) e d e ca e f e f e ,
ce , e d ea e, e e a ed b d ga a d c ac d, ca d ac a a, a d d , c .
T e ge fa a ac g ca d e f c c ac d a g g f ee eg a e da
d ce a a e f e ab c , c d ga c ea ed a f c e g c ge
e , dec ea ed e d ( .e., e c e e , e c.), a d dec ea ed b a f fa
ac d f ad e ed g e e c e.
Vi amin B5 (pantothenic acid) function:
W e ce d c e ed a e c ac d e 1930 , e e e ea c g f a ca e,
e e , c ef a a c a d ea e. I fac , e e e gf a e a d
ae eg f ea . A g e a , e ga f da b a ce a d
eg f ea , a e g a a de d d ce def c e c d ea e .
T e f a e c ac d def c e c a ed f ea a ec e a e . I ge e a ,
e e ,a a a e e aced a e c ac d-def c e d e de a ed a ed ced
g a e, a e a, e e dege e a e d ea e , ed ced ef c , ga c ce , a d a
de a e fb defec .
Pa e c ac d, a a a B5, a a ed 1940. I a g ca e a a
c e f ec e eA ec e a d e4 a e e e e f e ac
ca e e f fa ac d e a e, a e e ac -g ac a a d a fe eac .
T e e eac a ee e a f e e ea e f e e g f ca b d ae ; g c e ge e ;
e e a d deg ada f fa ac d ; e e f c e e a c d a e
a d e d e , , a d ace c e; a d ac a eac .
Pantothenic acid-deficienc health problems include:
De a
B g fee
M cec a
A e a
A e a
Q a e ea de
S e
De e ed
I a
De e ed e e
Tac ca d a
Fa g( g eaded e )

GI d e (ga , d a ea, g a )
Sign f e d e: V a B5 e d e (10 20 g a e da ) ca e a ea e
def c e c f a e, d a ea, a d ede a.
Vi amin B6 (p ridoxine) function:
V a B6, g a de g a ed B3, f da ee c e ca , e ab ca , a d f c a
e a ed c e d e( d , PN), d a (PL), a d d a e (PM). T e e
c e a ec e ed e e , ed b d ce , a d e e d a a e (PLP)
a d d a e a e (PMP), c ac a a c e e a a a eac .
PLP a a c ae deca b a a d ace a fA a ac d , e e ab c
a f a fa ac d , a d e e ab f d a d c e c ac d . I add , B6 e
e e a c e e f g c ge a e. T e ce e f e ac e f f a
B6 a e d ed bef e e ea e f ce . A , PL ca be f e d ed d c ac d a d
e ac e da d c , c a e e c e ed e e.
T e a f df f a B6 a e ab bed b e a c a ce g a
a ab e ce . Ce a B6 e ab ca a ed, a d f e -f
(PNP a d PMP) a e d ed PLP. PLP a ge e e e a a a a PLP-a b c e
a d e c e a ca e g b .
T e Na de F dC S e d e 1980 e ea ed a e U.S. c f
d e fe be 70% f e RDA 50% f e d d a e ed. T e e f e c
ed ca c d gb c , e d , a b c c a a d (f e ea e
f be c ) e c a e, c ea e e eed f d e. T e ea e e d d a
a b e f e ab a d c e-ce a e a a e d B6 e e a .
P ridoxine (B6) deficienc health problems include:
De e , e a c f
I fa a f e a c e b a e
Na ea
V g
PMS
Seb e c de a
Ic ca
O a c e b a e e
Ca a e d e
TMJ
Pe e a e
Aa a( ab )
H e ab .
Head c (T e e d e)
Se e .C
Sign f e d e: V a B6 e d e ca e e e a e a e f ge a d eg .
Vi amin B12 (c anocobalamin) function:

T e ea c f a B12 bega 1926, f g e b e a a d d a e c

a e ac dc e e d ea e b c ga d f a e e da . D . W a Ca e
e ed a e e c a ed a a e c a e a (APA) fac . He a e ed a
d d a de e ed e c a e a ac ed a c fac (Ca e I c Fac ) a
a e ed f e a f e APA fac .
T e f e APA fac a a de e 1948 (beca e a ed a d ec c ed

a B12), e a a e e e a a a a d c e ed a c d be ed f e g.
T e dea ab a a a ed be a c ga , Lac bac ac .
La e 1948, de e de ea ( e e UK a d e e e U.S) e e ab e ae
e e APA fac : a B12. T e e e ab e g ea 20 g f e B12 f a f e .
T e e a B12 a d c ba a a e ed f a f e c ba -c a gc d a ca be
c e ed e c ba a 5 -de ade c ba a e c ba a ec e e ac e
a e ab .C a c ba a e a c e ca f f a B12 f d
a a d a ace ca . T f ae b e a d ea e a ,a d e
ge ed ec ed c e ed (b e e a f c a de) ef a a e e ab ca
ef e eb a e c d g a .
I a
aa d e, e a f f B12 a e e c ba a , ade c ba a ,a d
d c ba a .A a d c a d bac e a fe e a a e e c ce f B12.
T e c f f B12 ea a e ade -a d d c ba a ; da d c
( c d g a b ea ) e c f a e e -a d d c ba a .
Bac e a, f g , a d a gae ca e e a B12. H e e , ea , g e a a da a f

a f a e ab e . V a B12 a d f a e a e b e ed f e e f DNA a d RNA,
c ca e a ge ef e e g ce . V a B12 e ed ef c
fb e a a d e d c f e ( e e f be a c a g) a d a e e f c
ac d e ab .I e ed e ea e f ee f a e f b df ca be ab bed,
a ed a d ed. A def c e c f a B12 e a f c ac d def c e c e e g
e a e f f c ac d a . A def c e c fe e a d ce a a f f
ac c c, ega b a c a e a.
D c c : T e def c e c f c a c ba a e ca e f a e d e a def c e c a e a
ec da c d a ( ac f ac ac d), a def c e c , a d g e e a ce.
Vitimin B12 deficienc health problems include:
Pe c a e a ( ac c c, ega b a ca e a)
De e a
Ne c a c be a
B a , a c d, c e ea d e e a e e de e a
Ne a
S e g e
Ge e a ea e
L e d ea e
Sign f e d e: F a B12 e d e: N c ea c a bee e ed f da a

c f B12 d e f 100 g.
F lic Acid (Folacin) vitamin B9 function:

F c ac d a de f ed 1946. I e ed f e e f DNA a d RNA a de c e .

F a e a d f ac a e ge e c e f c d a a e a ac a d c e ca
c e e e f f c ac d ( e g a c ac d, PGA). Me ab ca ac ef ff ae
a e ed ced ( e a d ) e d e g a d a g a c ac d a ac ed ( g a a e ).
F a e ac e ab ca a c e e a a g e ca b f ec d
a e a ac d e ab a d c e c ac d (DNA a d RNA) e .F ae a d a
B12 e de e de . A def c e c fe e a d ce a ega b a c, ac c c
a e a. I 1930 L c W a d e e ga g ea e ed a ea c a ed a b a ce
a c d c e ac c c a e a eg a e .H e e , a 1946 a f c ac d
a a ed.
Ma ed ca e fe e f c ac d ab a d e ab c d g e e a e,
a , a c ace e ,a -c e ,a - a c, a d ca ce ea e a ace ca .
Deficienc : The deficienc of folic acid can result from a diet lacking in green leaf
vegetables and from malabsorption problems (such as gluten intolerance [includes
bourbon, scotch and beer], celiac disease, leak gut s ndrome, IBS, etc.) and can include:
I a ed ce d
B defec (Ne a be defec ( d e ce a ce e, a b f da, e c.)
Fa e e
A e a
Da ea
B eed g g
We g
ab
O e d e f f lic acid: T ca ca ea ea e c def c e c b a g ab .
Bi in (B7 or vitamin H) function:
I e ea 1930 , a E g e ga f eL e I e f P e e a e Med c e
L d fed ab a a egg e f e e a ee , c d ced a ec e a e f
fa a ,a ec a, a a ,a d bc a e e ag g. I a ca ed e egg e
d e. I 1940 Pa G g de f ed e b a ce c e a b a H. I
e ed f g c e e ab a df e d c f fa ac d . B a f -c a g
a .B a a a fe e a fac a e e a f ca b a df
ca b d de a a e. T e c e fb e ac e f f ec e e
de e de e e e ce f ag e a d ade e a e (ATP).
T b e e , a e ca b a ea d ace -c e e A (C A) ca b a e, a e e ed
f g c e ge e a d fa ac d e . A Fa e a d fa d e , g ce a, a d
ed ced g c e ge e e e a ec ab def c e c a e. T e b
e e , -C A ca b a e a d 3- e c C A ca b a e, a e e e a f
a e e ab a d e b ea d f b a c ed-c a a ac d .
T ec f a egg e f ee ca d ce a b def c e c beca e c a

a d ,a b a ce a b d b e e ea d e e ab .
T e def c e c f eb e e e e a e c e f ga c ac d , a ,a d
a ec a. M e ca b a e def c e c e a e c e e f defec e ca b a e
e a e, c e ed f ec e f ac e a ca b a e f ac e

ca b a eb e e e a fb .T b e f e ab ca be e c e
a e ge e c fa b e e a f a ge d e fb .
Biotin-deficienc health problems can result in:
Ec e a, de a
A ec a (ba d e )
M aga( ce a )
Fa g e
Fa e
I b e f e ab
De e
H e e e a, a ae e a
Be
G a , e e a
A e a
I a.
We g
Ha c a
Sign f bi in e d e: T e LD50 a d e e a e bee a c ed b e e f

c f a ge d e f b ,e e d e g ea e a 10 g da .
Vi amin C (ascorbic acid) function:
V a C e ed c fac f e d c fc age , c ec e e, ca age, b e , ee ,

b d e e a , ca a e , a d a c ea e e eff c e c f ab f ga c .
Sc , c a ac e ed b ce ea e , e a g , a d bc a e b eed g, a ec ded
bef e e C a e a. S g e ed a c a d de ead d ea e f a d g e
16 ce ; a ac d ea e d g e A e ca C Wa a d A a c ce e ,
c d g ad e e Ca a R be Sc a d c e d ed f c a a e a 1912.
C e f c e e ec ded af e e a g f e d ea e, c d g g ee a ad , f ,
ege ab e , c ed cabbage, ca , g ,a dd ade f d,
e ad ,a d a d eed. I 1530 e F e c e e , Jac e Ca e e ed e
a e f Ne f d a d c ed c e c a ea ade f e ee .
Sc c ed be e c ge f e a 200 ea ae e D . Ja e L d, bega a
e e e a de f ed a c e f c . L d ga e d ffe e e e e
a da d d e . T e a f e eac g , e ga e a d ffe e e e :
1. S f c ac d
2. C de
3. Sea ae
4. V ega
5. B e d f ga c, a d eed, ba a f Pe a dg

6. T a ge a d a e da
T e a c ed e f ec e ed c , e a a e c de ad a a
e e ee ; e e , e f e e ed. L d c b ed
e e e a e ,a g d be a e 50 ea bef e e B a added e
e a de .
I 1932 a C a a ed b C. G. K g a d W. A. Wa g f eU e fP b g ,
a d b A be S e -G g H ga . S e -G g e a e a ad e a e
ga , a d e a ed a e b a ce be a ed g c , La f Id
a d e e ff c ga . T e ed faB a ef ed acce e a e,
g S e -G g ffe ea e a e a e f g d e. U ae , e S e -
G g a ce a b ed, e a a d bbed e c ac d a d a e e a e a
c a ged a c bc c ac d.
T e b c e ca e e f a C c de f c a ac b ae d a
e g ec a ge , a e d a f ea d e ef a f
c age , f d a e e e e, a d f a 5- d a e. I a
ed eac ga e e f e c d c d g e, f c ac d, a e,
c c e d , e e d c e e de , a d b e ac d . V a Ca affec ef c f e
b d ce , ac age , e e e , d ea g, a d a e g c eac . A c b c ac d
c ea e e ab eff c e c fee e a e e a ec ed ge e .
Vitamin C deficienc can result in:
B eed g g
L e ee
B g
D g
A e a
P g
E e a ed ca ce
S d ea g
Sc
S e age
S e ( a c a a da e )
R b a d ca age f ac e
Sign f e d e: T c a C ca e e de f aa ec a , a
ac fa a ,da ea, e (b ea age f ce a ) f ed b d ce ,
Ch line function:
C e a bee be e e a a a e, c d g a , ce a a
d c e ed a d a ed f gb e 1862. I ca be b e ed f e a a ea d
e g de ed f ee e a a ac d e e, e e , be e ed a
f e a ce de ed f de a a de .

C e a a a cc e f a ge ec e ; a a c e f a d c e
( ec ), e e a
e c e f a ce e b a e , a a e ,a d a
fac a ; e ce a e e ,c ef c a a c a c e f
g e a d e e a e ace c e.
Choline deficienc can result in:
Fa e
L e c
Kd e e age
A e e d ea e, de e a
Ta d e d e a
H g d ea e
O e d e: N e
In i l function:
I a a - , ac c cac (c c e a e e ) a c e ca a
g c e. T e e a e e e , e e , - e e f e ab c
a ce f a a da a e ab .I f d a a c ac d a d a a -
a a c e f d b e b a e .M - be e ed be a
e e a e beca e - a e a ec d e e ge f ece - ed a ed
a f b g ace a ca c . Add a , - a ea a ea
cf c a a g aef a ea a b aef eb e f
a d a d - de , c a ee e a f e c e f
b e b a e .
Inositol deficienc can result in:
Fa e ab be
I e a d
Fa e
D abe e e
D abe c e a
S e ec d c e c
Re a fa e Ga ac e a
Sign f e d e: ea e ,e e a ge e e a d e .
Bi fla n id function:
B fa d ,ad e eg f ca b c d a a eb g ca ac e, e e a ed
1936. W e ge e a c de ed e e a e , e e e a e g e de ce
a ca f e e a . T e a e, f a d b fa d , a de ed f e
La , a , c a ae ec e c fa d . Fa a d e e g a
efe ed a a P, a e e e e a ed e e eab e e f a b d e e .
T e ea e ee c a e ffa d :
1. Fa d b fa d

2. I fa d (e.g., 3- e c e -4- e)
3. Ne f a d (e.g., 4- e c a e)
Fa d a e de a c a ed a .Fa d a e a g e a a ef d f e
a e , ed a d b e e a , e e c a e a ac a f a g ec a d a a
d ec a c a ed ea a e a c ce f a .I a ,b fa d a ac a
c e ca e e ge , g ca e e ge , a d ce c c e b .
Fa d a e a e a de a ge fb g ca a d a ace ca effec
de f a ce c e .I e e e ( de ) e e a
fa d a e de a ed c ca effec e e f ed c g e a ga e ge , a c a
a d a fa a ,f c ea g ORAC a da ac ,a c ba e e (e.g.,
bac e a, e , ea , f g ), g ga e a f c a d g e e
e ca ce a e .
Fa dc a g g a e- eed e ac a e de a ed ec ea da e e
aga eac e ge ec e e ga e a ac .
S de a e Pa gI e gge a ea da effec a b da e d ced b

b fa d a ed e a c ea e e d c f c ac d e a ed ee c e f
fa d .
S de gge a fa d d ce a a - f a a effec aa d a g
e ab b eac e ge a d ge c d .Fa d a ea g
b e - fa a ac fe e a d ce f ee ad ca c d g
c c ge a e, ge a e d cbe c de a e, a d df ace a
g a g a a e ce ec e .
P c a d ,aca ffa d , a e bee a ea - fa a ec a ,

c d g e d a f e a ac d c ac d a a , b f ge e a c , e
e e a d ac f fa a e e a e a ec e fa - fa a
ed a .
I e d c e ed a fa d a ea e e ed c g e f ca d a c a
d ea e b :
1. I b g c ag a , b f a ,a d a e e agg ega
2. Red c g fa e ce
3. Red c g a e a b d e ea d e e
4. Red c g da e e a d e a ed g a g a a f a c a ce
5. M df g a c a fa a ec a
6. I ge d e a a d ca a f c
7. M df gb d d e e
8. Reg a g ca b d aea dg c e e ab
9. M df g e ec a f ag g
Bioflavonoid deficienc can result in:
Ca a e age
Red ced e ca ac
W de ead f ee ad ca a d fa a
He d
Ve ff c e c
Leg ce
B g
N eb eed
I c ea ed ca ce
S e ed fe a
Red ced e e e e g a d ab
Amino Acids
A ac d a e a ba c g f c a a db g ca ac e ga c c d .A ac d
a e de f ed b e e e ce f a e (-NH2) a d ca b c ac d (-COOH) f c a g .T e
a ee e fa ac d a e ca b , d ge , ge a d ge ; e e , e
ee e a e e e de c a f eac c e. Ab 500 d ffe e a ac d a e .
A ac d a e e ba c c a f e , a d a e ec d ae a c e,
ce , e a d ga . A ac d a e a e e a ef c f e a ,
a .a db e .
I 1806 F e c c e L -N c a Va e a d P e e Jea R b e a ed a b a ce f
a a ag a e a ed a a ag e ef a ac d ad bee de f ed.
T e ea e ea ac d a a e c a ca c de ed be e e a a ac d : H d e,
I e c e, e c e, L e, Me e, P e a a e, T e e, T a a d Va e. T e e
a ac d ca be e ed b a a d be c ed a da ba e e
def c e c e a d d ea e c e e ce . T ee add a a ac d , A g e, Ta ea dT e
a e c a ca c de ed be e e a . H e e , e def c e c f e ea ac d d e
e ec f c def c e c d ea e a d a e e ef ec de ed e e.
Arginine
A g e (A g) a f a ed 1886 f a eed g b eS c e E Sc e
a d e ed f c eb e e e a e e f ec ce e
a g cc a e e a e (ASS) a d a g cc a e a e (ASL). T ce e e e
e fe e g ce e d c f eac ec e f a g cc a e e e d f
ade e a e (ATP) ade e a e (AMP), a d b e e g
a g e, e ATP a a ab e de ce f c f e.
A e c a e e f ec a ge e c , e e e ge b c e c ac d ( RNA), CGU, CGC,

CGA, CGG, AGA, a d AGG a e e e f c e de ba e (c d ) a c de f a g ed g
e e .
A g e e ed f c e e a d eff c e ce d , d ea g, fac a g eb g ca
e fa d ee c e fa a, e e , a d e a a ab f ed
e .T e a e e a fa g e e ed f e e f c de (NO), e
ed c f ea g ef g a a, a d a c a ef f b e a a; ed ce
b d e e a d c ea e b d f g b c ed b d e e .
A g e (8%) a e d ce a d a d effec e e ef f de a a b d c g a de -
e ae a a ade f ca c a d ae a de ed e de b e a d
e face f de .

A g e c e ed c c e a c a d e b ef e e ef f
e ec e d f c .
Histidine
H d e (H ) a a ac d a a aa ac d a da e f c a g .I
e f e 22 e ge c a ac d . H d e a f a ed 1896 b e Ge a
c a A b ec K e.
T e da e dec a f d e ac d a g ga d f e a e a d a a f
ca a c e ce a e e . I ca a c ad , e ba c ge f d e ed
ab ac a f e e, e e, c e e ac a e a a ce e. I a d e
e, d e ed c e .H d e a e ed f ae g b
e ce E a d F. H d e e ab a f ae g b a d e de ab a f
CO (ca b de) ae g b .A a e , ca b de b d g e a 200 e
ge ae g b ,c a ed 20,000 e ge f ee ae .
Isoleucine
I e c e (I e) a a aa ac d ec d AUU, AUC, a d AUA. A a e f

d ca b de c a , e c e ca ed a a d bca ac d. I 1903 Fe E c ,a
Ge a c e , a ed e c ef e g b .
I e c e b a g c ge c a d e ge c a ac d. F g a a a
a a e g e a e, e ca b ee ca be c e ed S cc C A, a d e fed e
TCA c c e f da , c e ed a ace a e f g c e ge e ( .e., g c ge c). I
a a , c d g a , Ace C A ca be c e ed bac ca b d a e; e e , ca
be e ed e e f e eb de fa ac d e ge c.
Leucine
Le c e (Le ) a b a c ed c a a aa ac d a c a f ed a a d bca ac d. I
a c d (UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, a d CUG) a d a g f ca a f e b f
fe , a ac , a d a c a f b ffe e .
Le c e a a f c e e , ad e e, a d c e. I c e a d ad e e,
e c e e ed e e e a d c b ed e e e e a ge a a
ed b e e . Le c e e e bef e e f ce e .
Le c e a a a ca a f ceg a d ce a ce. Add a , e c e

ac a e e a a a a ge f a a c a e a eg a e ce g .
Le c e c , a fe ed a dec e a ed Ma e S U e D ea e (MSUD), d ce
de , e gcc e a d ca be fe ea e g. E ce e e c e a e ca d ce
c ca e ag a ( e f D ), .e., d a ea, de a , de e a, a d dea .
L sine
L e (L ) a e e a a ac d ec d AAA a d AAG. L e a ba e, a a e
a g ea d d e. L e a c ae d ge b d g a d a ge e a ba e ca a .
C - a a d f ca f e c de e a d c g e -, d e -,
a d e e.
L e a a e ab ed d ce ace -C A g a a a a a
a a e g e a e. A e a de a e f ea d e ed f e d c fea a d
c age . I d ced b e ac f ee e da e ( e e ac e c fac )
ea d e e a f ec f a a ac ab e c age a d e a .L e
c c b e e e e a d e a f de e , a c e e , e d ,
a da e .
I e 1993 b g- c ee f J a c Pa (ba ed e 1990 M c ae C c e ) fea ed

d a a e eb g bac b DNA e g ee g f DNA c ec ed f f ed d a .
T e c fea ed e a ed a e e a e ed a e c d d ce e
( e ec ge c ) a d e e ed a a de f e a , f c g
e be de e de e e e ded b e a e e g a .
Methionine
Me e (Me ) a a a ac d a g e c d , AUG. Me e a f -
c a g e ge c a ac d e de a e S-ade e e (SAM) c e e
a a e d . Me e a e ed a e eb e fc e e, ca e, a e,
ec , a d c e, a d e d . T e AUG c d e c
e a e Sa e age f a b e a g a e a f e a a f
RNA e e AUG c d aK a c e e e ce.
Me e e ed b a f e e fe e e, e ce a e Ya g
C ce e e e c c e.
Me e c e ed S-ade e e (SAM) b e e ade a fe a e. SAM

e e a a e -d e e a e a fe a e eac ,a d c e ed S-
ade c e e (SAH). Ade c e a ec e SAH c e e, c
e e ed ege e a e e e e ec e e.
Lab a a fed a e e-f ee d e de e ed ea e a (fa e d ea e), a e a,

a d d f e b d eg e f e ee .S e e a e e e ed
a f e d ea e be f e d g .
S e de a e a e c f e e ca c ea e fe a f ab a a a .
A d , b ed Na , de a ed a add g e e ede ff f e de
d e a ca e e c e ed fec d ed c g e ge fe a a a e ca f
de a e c .
Phen lalanine
P e aa e (P e) a a aa ac d a c a f ed a a beca e f e d bc
a e f be de c a . P e a a e e f e a ac d e ed b c e ca
e e e c ded f b DNA. T e c d f e aa e a e UUU a d UUC.
T ef e f e a f e aa e e e ade 1879 b Sc e a d Ba b e ,
a ed e a ac d f e e e (L ). I 1882, E e e e a dL f
e ed e aa ef e ace a de de, d ge c a de a d a a.
P e aa e a ec f e, e a e g a g ec e d a e,
e e e( ad e a e), a d e e e (ad e a e), a d e a d a g e
ea ( ced e e e e c fac c e ). P e a a ee e a e ac e
a c a e a a c e b d-b a ba e , a ge d e e fe e
e d c f e .
T e b e f e ab a e e a (PKU), fa e be e ed be a ge e ca -
a ed d ea e, e ab e ab e e aa e. A da ce f e aa e
e e e f PKU.
A -f d ce f e aa e e - ga ee e e a a a e a e ed a E a a d
N aS ee , b f c a e e ab ed e e a c e ca b d c c d g
e aa e. T ,a d c A a a, e U ed S a e , a d Ca ada a c a a a a e
a e abe ed P e e c :C a e aa e. I e UK, f d c a ga a a e

be abe ed a a a e E951 a d e be abe ed e a g C a a ce f

e aa e. I B a , e abe C e Fe a a a (P g e ef C a P e aa e )
a da f a a a ec a g d c .
DL-P e a a e a e ed a a a e e a a ee a d, a a -de e a a da
a a a ge c ( a e e e ).
Taurine
Ta e (Ta) a a b g ca e c d g ec ga f b e ac d , ac a a a da ,
eg a , e b a e ab a ,a d d a f ca c g a g. Ta e e e a
f ef c g f e ca d a c a e , ee a c e, e e a a d e ce a e
e . Ta e e a a f c ac d, e ea e a fb g ca cc g
ac d c a e ca b g .
Ta e a ed af e e La Ta , c ea b ,a a f a ed f b e
1827 b e Ge a ce F ed c T ede a a d Le dG e .
Ta e e ed f e a e a ce f e e a c e a d e a e a ce f ea b d
e e. Ta e def c e c ca d ce ca a ac a d e a da age.
D e f a e e ce f 2 g /da a e bee c b e e ge e f a .
Threonine
T e e (T ) a a aa ac d a c a f ed a a ; c d a e ACU, ACA, ACC, a d

ACG. T ge e e e, e e e f e ge c a ac d a bea a
ac g .T e e e e d e ce b e e - a a d f ca ;
ca de g g c a a d a g e ac f e e a e.
T e e c e ed ae a e e de d ge a e, a e ed a e a a
ca de g C A d ce ace -C A a d g c e; ca a be c e ed a a
e b ae a ee e e e de d ge a e e e g e a a ead g cc -C A.
Tr otophan
T a (T ) a e e a a ac d e c ded e a da d ge e c c de a ec d UGG.
O L- a ed c a e e e . T e D- a f f d a e
e e de ca ed c a .
T a a a ed 1901 b F ede c H a d f ca e ( e ).
T a e ed a ab d gb c f e b e a d a b c e ca ec f
e (a e a e ), e ed a a d a e. Se ca be c e ed
ea (a e e); ac e ed f a a e ea d c
ac d a e e a b e c e ed a e ; a (a e) d ced e e e be
ee e de g a ( g a ed ce -dea ), a c e ed a .
T ed de , f c e a ab , ac e e a ce, a d g e e a ce ca e a ed ced
ae f a ab f e e e, e ef e ca g ed ced e e f a
e b d a d c ca de e .T a e e a e da ee a d .
A e ab e f a , 5- d a (5-HTP), a bee gge ed a a ea e f

e ed de a d de e .I a d c e e b d b a ba e a d a d
deca b a ed e (5- d a e 5-HT).
I 1989 e e a a a ge a -a c a ed b ea fe a- aga d e (EMS)

c ca ed a ea 1,500 ca e f e a e d ab a d a ea 37 dea .T e be a
aced a f L- a a a d ced a d e ed e U ed S a e b a

Ja a e e a fac e , S a De KK. T e f a e a a f e b ea f EMS, a a

a ge d e f a ga e e e ab e a b e a a e f deg ada f
a e, a d e ce a e a ed a e ca e f EMS.
T rosine
T e (T ) e f 22 a ac d a a ee ed b ce e e e ; c d
a e UAC a d UAU. T e g f e d e e G ee df c ee e, a a f
a ed 1846 f c ee e b e Ge a c e J L eb g.
I add be g a e ge c a ac d, e a a ec a f c beca e f e
f c a .T e f d e a a e a fa g a a d c f c . I ac a a
ece e f aeg a a e a fe ed b ea f e a e .P a f
e d g a e e ac f e a ge e .
I a , e e d e a a e e a e e .I c a , e ac a
a e ec d e ed c f d ed c .I ce e de g e
de a f e c OH-g .T ad ca ae ed ced e e b
ef c e a ga e e c e .
T e a be e ed be e f e e e g a a d c a d eg a
fe a c ac .
T e a ec f e e f e a e ,a d a c a f d a ea d
e e e. Se e a de a e e be f be ef f c d , e , fa g e,
fa ed e d ce, ged , a d ee de a , ed c f e
e e e , ed c e - e a ed e g ,a d e e c g ea d ca
e f a ce. H e e , beca e e d a e e a e- ge e, e be ef c a
effec f ea e e a e f L-D a.
Valine
Va e (Va ) a a aa ac d ec d GUU, GUC, GUA, a d GUG. Va e a b a c ed

c a a ac d a a a ed f e a a e a . I 1901 a e a a ed f ca e b
E F c e .I f c e e e c g ef c ,f c a d
a e a ce f c e, a d e ce e ec e a d e ab -e e c e a d f
c ea g e e c e e d a ce.
I c e-ce d ea e, a e ca b ef e d ca ac d g a c ac d
e g b . Va e d b c; e ef e e e g b e e agg ega e.
Essential Fatt Acids
E e a fa ac d (EFA ) a e fa ac d a a e eb a e ( c d g a ) c e
da beca e e ca be e ed a d e a e e ed f e b d f c .T e
e e e a fa ac d efe g-c a fa ac d a a e e ed f a b g ca
f c , e e , e EFA g d e c de e fa a a e a e ed a f e .
T e ea e fa ac d a a e c a ca ega ded a e e a : a a e c ac d ( ega-3

fa ac d) a d e c ac d (a ega-6 fa ac d). S e fa ac d a e c a f ed a c d a
e e a. T g c de : a ac d c ac d (a ega-6 fa ac d), d c a e ae c ac d (a
ega-3 fa ac d) a d ga a- e c ac d (a ega-6 fa ac d).
I 1923 e e e a fa ac d e e de f ed, b e e e g a ed a a F. I
1929 ab a a de d ca ed a e e fa ac d e e e e ca ed a fa
a e a be g ed a a .

I e
a b d e e e a fa ac d e e ef c ,a f c e e e
a be ee ega-3 a d ega-6 f .I a a ce b ed e a B a ,B a
a dI , e ea c de a ed a e e a f ega-3 fa ac d ede a ,
be e ad ece ed a be ef f e g e g f e DNA e e e a d a ed c
fa a a e .
T e fa ac d a e e ed f e d c a d a
e a ce f e c a d , e d ca ab d
(affec g d, be a ,a d fa a ), (a c a fec a d de a e g e
ge a e a a f ega-6 EFA ), a d e f ega-3 ( e e e ce f a ,
d eg a g f a a ), e f a , e f a , a e , e ,
e ec a e c ac d (EET ) a d Ne e D. T e f d af a affec ce a
g a g, a d e ac DNA (ac a g b g a c fac c a NF-KB, c
a bee ed - fa a c e d c .
E e a fa ac d def c e c e d ce b ( .e., ce eb a e, c a b ,
a e b , a d dee e b ), d ea e ( c d g d /c ac ed ,
de a , ec e a, a , acea ac ea, e c.), e a d ea e ( c d g a a, c c
b c , e g c g , e c.), a d de e .
O ega-3 fa ac d , d c a e ae c ac d (DHA) a d e c a e ae c ac d (EPA) a e e e a f

e a c a a e ed e ab e g-c a a a ed fa ac d (PUFA). L
a a c ce a f DHA a a e f ce eb a a f d e e f 5-
d d eace c ac d (5-HIAA). L b a c ce a f 5-HIAA d ec a c a ed
c ea ed a e f de e a d c de.
Minerals
U f a e , B ff dd ab e 90 e e a e (60 e a , 16 a , 12
e e a a ac d a d 3 e e a fa ac d ) a a e e ed da a d, a ca e , e-
b - eb a .H b e a a d g e e a d ed 18 , 19 , 20 , a d 21 -
ce a a ace ca a d e ge fe a d ed c e f c a d ed ca
c e a e a e c ea f a a e e a e , e a , ace e a ,a d
a e ea a e e ed a a a df f e ge e c e a f ea a d ge .
We a ead ec de a f ec e e ge g e e. T e a e
fe , e, a d e c ea . T e ba c f ea a d ge b d e e da
a a ab f a g - ab e ce f 90 e e a e , f c e c ca a e e
a -de ed c da e a e, e , b ,a d a d ! Ra ae a
a a e e ed b b g ca e a a ed ca ec g f ge e ca -
e g ee ed e , e ce , ga a a , e c.), e c e e e ga d e e g
b defec , a d dege e a e a dc c d ea e.
T e a da d fa e d, b b e ce a dga c a e fa , a e e f e a
c g g e , a e e fc c ae c c ae e ce c ea . T efed
b e ed a g e a c e ca d ce ea e e a c e a d e
ea e e e a c e e e ce f NPK.
T e ea e ee ba c f f e a :
1. Metallic minerals
Me a c e a c de egg e , e e , ca c ca b a e, e e, d e, c a ,
e a a , ea a e , G ea Sa La e a e , e a de (f de, c e de, e c.),
e a e , ea-bed e a , ( c a e a ef f c a ), ea-bed c a , c a ,
c f , a d a a ac d c a R ad a dT .

T ca ea c e a a ef d ab e a d de a g c a e (ca c g c a e, c
g c a e, e c.), ac a e, a e , ca b a e , a d de ( de !!!).
Me a c e a , de e dca ec a ,a e eg e ce e e e ce
b g ca a a ab e a e eb a e , c d g a ; af e a a g e age f 35 40 ea
e ab e a a ab a ed ced e e ea d ee f e e ce .
We fa a G a d Ra d , M c ga a P aP b e e a f d
a d f e a / e a ab e eb c ee e e P aP
e e c ea ed af e a b ce e e e a f ac c e. W e a ed, H d
a e ab e a e e a / e a ab e ? a d e e ed, Beca e e g a e
eadab e e c a g ( c a O e-A-Da , T e ag a M, Ce , e c.)!! O e e ea e a
acc a ed a e a a f e e a d d e ab e !!
A ca ea c e a e e a e a a fa e ca c ac a e. Ca c
ac a e ca be b a ed 1,000 g ab e , c b ea d 140 g f e a c ca c a d
860 g f ga ac e. T 1,000 g ca c ac a e ab e d g e 2,000 g f
ca c ; e g e 280 g f e a c ca c ,a da a e a ed e e ce
b a a ab a e, ab b 28 g f b g ca a a ab e ca c ; e ef e, ee
eed , d a e a e 30 ab e eac ea (90 e da ) a d d a e
e e a add a 59 e a .
A f Me a c Ca c a 1,000 g Tab e
Ca c g c a e...................................................................90 g
Ca c ca b a e...................................................................400 g
Ca c ace a e.......................................................................230 g
Ca c c a e........................................................................210 g
Ca c ac a e........................................................................140 g
C e 1,000 gf d...............................................10 g
2. Chelated minerals
C e a ed (Ke - a e) e a e e c ea ed b e e c d e 1960 e e
a a a ab fde a e a a a be g fed a d fa e ed f a e.T e g a
c e a g age ed a ca c EDTA, a a - ade a ac d a a e ed b e Ge a
WW II a a a d e a e c a d ead e e c e ca a fa e a ac .
(Ca c EDTA ed da f a e c ea e a c ea a e a b c .)
T e e c e a ed e a ea ca , b ed de c be e ce b c a a
ac d, e , e e (e e a e e a d ) a ed a d e e a a ,
a . ec e a e a ce e b a a ab f e ea c e a.
3. Colloidal Minerals
C da (K - d) c e e ,b de de d ab b e
ge e a b c. S a d, a c d efe a b a ce a e a a-f e a c e
(a g ) a a e e ded a ed f d ffe e a e .
T ec da ae e ae fa e ( .e., e a, a g e , ge ed fa , e c.)
a e ec e d e a ae a a a e ( d c de
a e a ae e a ae d a dc de a e a ), b a e e a
g ed ge e f e a ce .

T e e e ce f e e ga c c da a c e , c a ea ae e d ed- a d
e - f a ce ee d a e e (ab 400 a d f fa c ),
ca f e be de ec ed b ea f a e ec c c e. A a e f eg g f e
ec e , a e ec da a e ca a g a ab e e e eab e e b a e
a dg e e eg g b e c e e( e a g f e a e ), de e f
f ee g a dee a fb g effec .
T e e a-f e a ce f ec da e ba e a ge a ec e a d a e
ca be ee e a ed e e. Ab eb f e ec d a ce df ac bc
0.01 f a c .
T e a fac d de a d, ga , d ed c ec d a ce
a e e ded. T e e ded a ce ac d ca a be a d, a ga , a d, a d.
S e eca f ed b H. F e d c 1925 ee ca eg e :
1. T e
2. C da
3. E a d e
T ef a e d fca f g a f :
1. Ide f a ce e
2. De e e e e ce f B a e e ( a d e e f a ce e ded
d ga e e gf e ac f ec e f e f d d g e a ce )
3. Ab a g f e a e
4. Le e f b
I 1975 S. S. V (a R a ) e eca c e c da c e .V efe ed

a ec a d e e a d ee ge e g d e ed c da
e .
T e e ac be ee e ec a a d c da deg ee fd e ca be e ab ed
beca e e a f ec a d e ed e c a e d e ed e a
c a ge.
Ac da e a e ee ba c c a ac e c :
1. I be e e ge e (c fd a g ed e c e ).
2. T e e - a c ( .e., d/ d, ga / d, e c.).
3. T e a ce be b e (d d e e ).
Eac e f e e c a f ca e ac e e g ec d e e a e .T e
e e g g ab c d a e e a ee ge e , - a c, a d bea
d ffe e c ce a a g a a a ge be , f a f e a ce ,a e e a ge f
e fc d (1 100 ).
T e ec a g a ce f ec d e ca a e a e ec ca c a ge, ge e a f
e a e g ( ega e) f a f e a ce .A a e ce age f e e ga c c d
a g e e e fa ga a a beca e a a a c e a g ce a e
ace eg e e e ce f e -c a g f d.

I ga c c da a e a ead a e g f e a e b ac g e e f e a
c da d -c d a a c e e ded b d ed a e . T e ga c c d a e
a ge a g e e b a e, b e ec e f a , a c , a d ga a e
d ed b a ce a ead g e e e eab e e b a e ( e e a a e
d d a a e a ec e ). T d f e a a ce ca ed d a .
I e ce f d ge e ga c e a f d e e bec e ga c
c d ,a da a ga c c d e ca e e ae e e a a e e eb d
ea . I e e e ce f a ac d a a e ce age f e ga c c d f c e a ed
e a a d ga c c d a a e ab e be d a ed g e c e b a e f e
e a a eb d ea f f b a a ab e e a ae a a
c a d.
C a d ga c c d ead a g ce a , e ga c c d a e
a ge. Add a e g ga e ea e e g ca f ce a , c
e fe e df ee ec ed c e e .
C da e a e e a dc e ca c d a ef d f d ffe e f :
1. U ec ed c d a e ade f ba e c f . T ef f ga c ea c
c df d eabed e a ,ca , , a d G ac a M . T f f ga c c d
fac a e a c e a a d a a ab e a e e e a ea a f
bac e a a d f g.
2. T e ec d e f e a c d f d e g e f bac e a, f g , g ee
a (f d c ), a a a d a a d c a ed b ae - g( d c) b a ce
c a ge a , a b ,ab d , c age . T c a g ec e ga c e a
c d a da be a c a d f ab , age a d g ca e a d
a g b a a ab 98%.
3. T e d e f ga c e a c d a a ec e c a g f ca b a
ec a c a e g f 10 12 ca b a .T e fc d a f d bac e a, f g,
a ( c d g ef f e f ed d), a a a d a a d g be e
ab e f f a a cc g ga c e a c d .
4. T ef e f e a c d be f d a e, b a e a fac ed
d a b c a g e ea cc d fa ed ca ( c fa g) f
c e c a de e ge .
Bee e , b e g ee a gae ( e A ec ed e a d e e f ced e ca ba

ee e e a eed ), e ( e Ja a e e c e e e d- de e
be 79.9) a d g ee d c a e a de ed c da e a .H e e , e be f
e a f d eac f e e ce g a ab e de e d g a a d a
e a e e ca e f ,a d a , e c ce a f ec da e a a e a
a a a d a e ea e a 400 d a da ee e da eed f e e a
e a .
J c g a bee a a e d f ba g a f f e f a d ege ab e ,
a d fac e e be e a ge a f f e f a d ege ab e a ce.
W e e a ab e a f c g, e e e fc f de ce d ec . Re e be ,
U.S. Se a eD c e 264 a , T e e a e fe fa a e a ef fa a d
a ge ; e ef e, e e a e fe f a a e a ef g a , ,f ,
ege ab e . E e e a e ce , e e e e de e a c de
a f e a e a , ace e a ,a d a e ea .

H c ae
a e ce f a de ed c da e a .H c ae g a ed f
a a g e
(acc d g a g -a d ca b -da g e ) e 75 ea ag , a d
e ca a e 60- ea c e a a a ab e e f a fe e
a ad a a a 84 e a .T ea ce a c e a a e ee g e a
c a 25 fee e ea , a d e g ea b a de a d a a ed a b d eg f
140,000 d (70 ) a a ge a a fa e. T e ab f e
b a a a c ab c a a ea ea a a c g a
a c a ed c ce a ed e a e .
A ca c e ,c b ed g ba a ga da a e f d, e bed e e a c
f e a 25-f c e e ca c e g c ea e a a - g a a d d ed
de cca ed e a a dee acc a f c a , b dee e g ea
e g e e e d ed a ae a c a .
T ee bed c ae e e f ed e f ed; e d , e e e beca e c .

T e a e c e ed, d ed, e c c a a c a a ge c ce a f
a de ed c da e a .
H c a e, a a d c ffee-g d - eg a e a d ea, ca be ed a a ga c
c d e f ga c ga de , fa , a d a c e . I ca a c ce f a d
e a 60 a -de ed c da e a .
H c a e ca be g d af ec f a d a ed f ee f ee f e ed
g ae eac e a ec f c g a f 3.0. I e de a g - a ga c a -
de ed c da e a e e a c a 38,000 g f a -de ed c da e a e
e .
I a e 78 d f c ae d ce a c ce a f 38,000 g f c da e a e
e ; e 78 d f c ae e e e a a e 1034 d f e c g ee
e a- c a . T e f d e ac f g g ade c aec a e a 60 a
de ed ce f ed ga c c da e a a d 98% a a ab e f a a a d a .
If a a e f f e ge e c e a f ea a d ge a df e
e e a e e e a e c d g 60 e a .A g e , ag ca
a a e -f e ff ea f fe.
T ec e af e e a fa ace e a a e ea a e:
P e e a ea e f g ga .
C ce a e ea e c a f e ec e e e .
W d a a f eb d d ce e d cbe g ca a d c a ab a e
e e a ec e .
I e ace e e e e ( e a a e ce def c e c e ee b d g
de e e ca e ce a c ge a defec e e a ca be c ec ed ae fe
b e e a ) e e e d ea e ab a .
T e ab a e f e ace- e a def c e c a a a eab c e ca c a ge.
T e b c e ca c a ge f e def c e c d ea e ca be e e ed c ed e e
def c e c c ec ed.
E e a e a f c a e bce a e e a c fac f e a e a f ge e ,
DNA, RNA, c e ,e e , a ,a d e a ga , a a da a,
c d g a .

E e ae a a ea e ed b a ea ga f c a b d g b c (f
e , , ea e , b e , ee , ca age, e d , ga e , , a , fea e , e c.). T e
def c e c e f e e a e a e a a a 600 ca a c d ea e ; e e , e
ed ca c e f e ge c a .I a f e ed ca c
be e e a e ea fa , e e e a d e ea , a d a fec d ea e a e
ca ed b a e ge e a .
S e 79 f c a e a a e bee de ec ed a ,a a,a d a e (f a ce,

b d, e , c e, c ec e e, b a , g a d , e c.), c a fe a f e e e e
f e e a .L e a fa a (a d a ) de eg a , c g, ea ga d
a e ab a ce, a , abb , d g , ca , g , ee , ca e, c c e , e ,d c ,
ae ,a d a a ed c e ed add a e de ce f ee e a f a ea 60 e a .
M e a a c a ed e eb a e, c d g a , g ( e a d ega e) a d
d ea e (def c e c a d c )a e e e ed a abe ca de b c e ca b f
c e e acce .
Ac Andr -Louis Debierne, a F e c c e ,a ced e d c e fa e ee e ,

ac , 1899. He a ab e e a ae f e c b e de e d e ef b Ma e a d P e e
C e af e e ad e ac ed ad . I 1899 Deb e e de c bed e e e e e a a
a a d ( 1900) a a .
F ed c O a Ge e c ed ed ef e a a f ad c e ca e ac ( c
e g a a ed e a )a d e de f ca f a c be 89.
T e a e ac g ae f ea ce G ee a a , ea g bea a .
Ac g ad ac e, a d e e e a e ca ed ec a ab a e g .W e
ac c de ad e ed a e a ,a a e 33% f Ac de ed
eb e a d 50% de ed e e .I c c a ab e , b e a , a f
a e c a d .
Ac g ae f g e c a d a f da a e e e c ce a f 5.5
10 -16 . Ac ead ab bed b a ; e e , e e a ed e
e , ea e , a d f e a . Ac acc ae a d e ab a e ab c
f c eb e a d e .
Ag S e
g ae f g e c a d ed e a c a d f da e a e f 0.07
a d c a e a e f 0.1 ;f e a e a 0.00013 ; ea a e a 0.0003
; a e a gae a 0.25 ; e e a a f 0.06 1.4 acc a a
g g ea e e. E a a e d ca a .S e f d a 3.0
11.0 a ea a ; a d a a ge e a 0.05 0.7 ; c e a 0.16 0.8
a d e e a 0.05 0.7 .
S e a bee e ed a ea ca e a d e ea c f a ce e da f
eC e eac e 8,000 ea ag . Ma fee a e fac a e e a e e e ,
beca e e ed f a b g ca e ,b a e a a e cd fec a a d
e e .
S e a a -bac e a , a - a , a -f ga a - e ab e a d ab e ec f c e e a
c - ga ef e a .S e c a eff c e a -bac e ac da a g ea
g a d e e d a f e ee f ga e e a e.
H aca afe c e 400 g f e e da . A e def c e c e a a ed

e e .I e B d E c c D . R be Bec e de f ed a e a be ee e e
f ea dde a e a d e ae f e ( c a f , c d , e c.); e a ed, e
def c e c a e bef e e f c g f e e e ,a d e d e e
a d ea e ca g ga .I a a ed a g (a e c e af
e e a )a d e a f ed e. H a fb ba ce e e ab e a a g ea
a e, d c g a ge be f e e ce d a a e ab e d ffe e a e
a e e ce e a e ece a ea e d.
Acc d g Sc c D ( S e : O M g e Ge F g e . Ma c , 1978) e a
a b c a ca e 650 d ea e ca g ga ; e a a fa de e ; e
ab e - c a a a da d a e f c .
Al A f d g e c a 5,000 , a e a 82,000 , a d e a 25,000

, e e a 4,200 , a d c a a 71,000 .A e e e 12% f e ea
c a d 8% f e ea d face; I fac , e c ea e ea c ,
e d c ee e be d ge a d ca, a d f d a ec b ed
e 270 e a a .A f d g c ce a a a g e ,
c d gf dc .
Organic Colloidal Aluminum in Common Food Crops
F d A PPM
A a ag 20 200
Bea 20 250
B e 20 150
Ce e 20 300
C c be 20 200
Cabbage/ e ce 20 200
S ac / a d g ee 50 150
Me 20 150
Pea 10 80
Pe e 50 200
P a e 50 250
T /ca 20 300
T a e 20 200
A fa fa 40 300
Ca a 90 150
C 20 300
W ea 20 300
S bea 50 200
M 20 300
Pea 50 200
S f e 50 100

Ac d ed e g e e e f a a .I f d a e a a 60
a d e ec a g a a d ed a gae; a d a a (0.5 4,000 ) a a e age f
500 ; a e a a a 19 50 a d f da e g e e e e a a d g .
T e b g ca f c fa ac a e e e e cc c de d ge a e;
c ea e e a ae f e e b , a d acc d g fe Ge a d Sc a e , f e
ead a d fe e e f e de a e fc e a UCSD, d be ed a a
e e a e a f a e eb a e c d g a .
A e a ab c, a fa e a g a LD50 f 6207 g/ g ( a/ e),

c d be e e ae f 500 g a ( e a a d) f a 80 g a e da .
A ca c ee ca c ab , a d c ea ed a fde a a ca
e ed ced e e a e a a ( e e a). A a e ce age f d d a a e e e
a a d ad e ed c ac de a a d d ge ed de e e ge d c
c a ga ; e e , c de a e a a c
e e a d ce a a ca ea e a .S de a e a a c a e,
de d a ,a da e a a e ge e a afe a d ec ed e e . T e e e de ce a
e e a f d d ca e a d ea e , c d g A e e d ea e.
I a d a a ea ed N e be 5, 1992, e a Na ,F a Wa , e . A . (U e f
O f d) e ed a g acc a e ab a ec e a f e e e fa e
b a fA e e a e .T e g ea e, e f d e a e e e fa e
b a f e -A e e c a e dd e A e e a e . Wa be e e a
e ea e f g a e e A e e b a a d e c a a b e
a a a e e ed d g e a g ce , b e e fga a ed a
e e e fa a e a e b g .
Acc d g eA e e S ce 2013, e ed ca a d c e fc a de a e
c c g de a ed a ca a ea be ee a e ea dA e e
d ea e.
I e ea 1700 , E ea c e ea ed a a g - e g ea a a c a ed ca .A
a c a c a -bea g c a a f d La Ba , F a ce, g g Ba e, a -
c ca , a e.
A d e
cc a a f ee e a a e, b f d g
c b a
ge f ga a d de a a a. W e c a a ed ace f e ee e ,
a a bec e a ge , c a be a e , c add be g ed a e e ,
e e ge a ea bee ed a ed c e f a d f ea e ac ce f A ed c
ed c e.
S H e Da , a d g ed E g c e f e 16 ce ga e e a e a
e e a fca .
T e Da c , Ha C a Oe ad 1825 d c e ed e ec ag e c , a d a e
f f a b ea g a a-c a gca ca b a dac e a a ga f
a ge a e f a e e c a da ; e b ed e e c a a a a
a c ef a de ea a c a d e e a e e be .
Na e III, ea g e e a a a e fa , e a ed a
e g e ea c , a d a g d c c d ed, a e a ed a e ec
e a.
Am A e fA e c a e ad ac e a d a e a 7,950 ea a f fe. A e c
acc ae a a a b e.

Ar A g f d g e c a 3.0 5.0 a d ca be ed da e a c e c g
e a /a g da g e :f e a e a d ea a e a 0.06 a d a a a b d
a 0.75 .
As A e c a f a ed a d de f ed 1250 b A be Mag ,a d f d g e
c a 1.0 8.0 ; a e a 1.0 ;f e a e a 0.0004 ; ea a e a 0.003 ;
a 6.0 (A ge a a d Ne Zea a d a e e ed c e e f a e c e
eg ); a e a a 30.0 ; a d a a 2.0 ; a ea a a 0.005 0.3
(acc a ed b c e e e a e , M ca a d c acea ); a d a a a e a 0.2 (e d
c ce a e a ,ca a d a ); a d be e e a f ab f e e b
a d e aa g .
A e c e ab affec ed b ea db d e e f c, e e ,a g e, c e,
e e, a e, a d g a ace c ac d, a f c affec e -g e ab a d
a e e , c e e fa e cf c a g .
A e c e eg ae fc c a 90 120 .T e ae fg a d
ea f ad e e a ced b e e e ce f a e c.
T e d a e c a a e f e S ac da a a a d e Pe a d Za , c
a ae e g e , a a ed G ee a a ,a d c a ae
a c e. T e d a ad ed La a a c a dOdF e c a a cf c e
E g d a e c a c ed.
D g e 18 , 19 a d 20 ce e ,a be f a e c c d e e ed a a
a d ed c e , c d ga e a e (Pa E c )a da e c de (T a F e ).
A e a ea e a e a a a a d ca ed f a d a a .A e c
de a bee ed a a e f a e e a 500 ea , b c f e
ea e f ca ce . T e U.S. F d a d D g Ad a 2000 a ed c df e
ea e f a e ac e e c c e e a.
I N e be f 1998, T N E a dJ a M dc e ed a a e c a e a fe-
a e aga e e f e e a. Acc d g e ea c e a e Me a S a -Ke e g
Ca ce Ce e Ne Y , a ed a d a ed e e e - a e ffe g
f ac e e c c e e a, a fe fa a e f ca ce a affec eb da db e
a T ed c e e ef We e ed c e a d e fa e c de a e
effec e de g c ca ce ce . We a a e c ca afe b g a e
APL e , c a ae g e e a ec d c a ce a fe. T e C e e
e ed e a e e 1997 e a B d. S eC e e de e e
e e a-f ee af e e ea .
A e c a ed a F e f a .
A e c a f de f ed dead a b de 1834 b e F e c Acade .A e c ca

a ea a fe a e b d a 0.64 , e 0.93 d g e a , a d 2.20
d g f ea d f eg a c .
E g ee e ce fde a A a ed a e , e ea 0.7 e ce f e
a e c a ed a e ( e e 65 e g ea e c e a f ea ca e c a
f ga ca b d a e c).
A e c c b a c e e e 100 e ce f e ( ed e d ) c c e ,
e ,d c , eaf , e c. Pe b d e a ca a e, TMJ, gge f ge , a d
e e e e dege e a e d ea e.

A e c a bee ed e ge e c c a ge , e e ab e c a ge ge e e e a cc
c a ge DNA e e ce. A e c d ATP d c g a a a .A e
e e f e C c Ac d C c e, a e c b c ac d, c a c fac f ae
de d ge a e. I add ,b c e g a e, a e a e c e da e
a , b ge e g - ed ed c f NAD+, c d a e a a d ATP
e .
At A e fA a e a e ad ac e; e a ea e e e a f- fe f 7.2 8 .
I acc a ed b e a a a a d a d af e ge b a d e c e ed.
Au G d f d g e a d ed e a c a 0.004 ;f e a e a 0.00006 ;
ea a e a 0.000011 ; a e a a 0.012 ; a d a a 0.0005 0.002 (g d
c ce a e e e a a ); a e a a a 0.0003 0.008 ; a da a 0.00023
a d a a a e f ac d.
I ed e a e ,g d a fe ee a be ef c a f a ea , e be ef a a e
be f b a ce a d d be e a acea ed c e a d ea a d ea e. T e
ac e , e ea e fc e , e f e eff g a e ead a d
e ba e e a g d.
G d eaf, e e f a e d , ed a d eg e f d , ab ee a d d ,a
a dec a e g ed e . G d f a e a ed b b ed e a E e a a dec a f d
a dd , ef f eaf, f a e , d ,e e de ae e ea e
be ef a e g a a ab e a d a e be be ef c a e ea .
Da ge G d a e (Ge a : G d a e f Da g) G d a e (G d a e ) a ad a
Ge a e ba e a da Gda , P a d, a d Sc abac , Ge a , a c a
f a e f g d eaf. T e e a e e $1,000 c c a a c a f a e f g d eaf; e e ,a
ee e a g d e a b d c e a d ab bed, a ee , de
a a e, a d ea e eb d e fece a e ed.
G dc d (g d d aa ea dg d g c e a a a
a g c e) a e f e e g e b a a c ca a a add- e a a c ae
(a )f a e added a e ef e ed. G d a bee e ed be effec e
aga ac e fa a a d a e f f ad a ced de c e e a d
a .
G d a a a ge c b a ce; e e a a ea - fa a effec . S a da d d e
a e g e IM a ee e a : 10 g a , 25 g d g ec d ee , a d 50 g e ee
a a f eg a a bee ad e ed. T e e a e a ce d e ed ced 50 g
e e f ee . Re a e e ec ed ee f af e e ce a f eg d
ea e .
G dc d a e be ed a e e d e d ea e, b d d ea e , SLE.
T c eac g d e a e c de ( c g), de a , a , GI d c f ,
c ea e eab ,b d e e, a a c a e a, ed ced WBC, e a ,a d
e .
B B a e e e a c e ca a e a a ea c e a.I d ced b c c a
a a a d b e a ce e .I a -ab da ce e e e b e a e
a d e ea c .B c ce a ed ea b e ae - b f ec
a a cc gc d : eb ae e a .B ae e a a e ca ed a
e a a e , c d g b a , b c ac d ( a e), e e, c e a e, b ac e, a e, a d
e e.

T e a e b de ed f e A ab c d b a e Pe a d b a , c a e
e a e f b a .B c d e e a d f ea ag a d b a a
f e de e f e e T be a ca f e Sa .
B a ga e e e ed C a af e 300 AD a d e ca e e eac ed e We , e e e
Pe a a c e Jab b Ha a efe 700 AD. Ma c P b g e ca g a e
f C a Ia e 13 ce . Ag c a (1600) e ed e e fb a a af
ea g . I 1777 b c ac d a de f ed e g ( ff ) ea F e ce, I a , a d
beca e a a eda f ed ca e. T e a e f fb a f d a Sa ,Ia .
Sa a e a ce f E ea b a f 1827 1872, af e c A e ca ce
e aced .
E e e 21 ce ,b a ed a e d a d a d c ea g d c ,
c d g e c c 20 M e Tea B a a d b e a d B a a de ed a d a , a d
f d e e a e gc d .
B c ac d a a e c, a f ga , a d a a e e ,a d d fb c ac d a e
ed a dd fec a a da a e ea e c a .
B a ac e g ed e ef f d a ace ca a B e b (a ea e
b ) ed f e ea e f e e a (b e a ca ce ) a d ce a
a .
B f d g e c a 10 ; a e a 100 ; a d e a 35 ; e ea
20 ;f e a e a 0.013 ; ea a e a 4.0 6.0 ; a 2.0 100 ( g e
a ea d a a e ); Ca f a ce a de e a e c e e ; a e a 120
( g e b a gae); a d a a 50 ;C d ac a a d P b ac a a e d ca
a fa e ; a ea a a 20 50 ; a da a 0.5 .
I b g ,b ae a e c a a ( a ab e a ), b a e e c
a d ( ec ) a d a e ed a ec c de . B c ac d d a c ba.B
e e a fe f a ga c d g a a da a .
B e e a f b e e ab , c d g e eff c e e f ca c a d ag e a df
e e f c g f e a e , e e , a d ad e a g a d . P 1981, b a
c de ed a e e a e ;b a f be a e e a e a f g g
c c .I a 1990 a b a e a acce ed a a e e a e f
a .
B e ed f e a
e a ce f b ea d a b d e e fe ge a d e e e;
eg da f e e gb , e 40% e ca c , 33% e ag e a d
e g e e.
W e ge gb e e a ad b d e e fe ad 17B d b ed e e f d
e e ge e ace e e a , e e e f e e e b e a d e a
d be !
La ge de fb a da db e ed c e ed Dea Va e 1881. T e Dea

Va e de e e ade fa b e 20 e ea ag a a ed e ed b a .
T e ea ee e e e e f g , eac ag a ee f ga dc d ca 24,000
d (12 ) f b a . Eac e e ea ed ag a 1,200 ga ae
ag f a a f 36.5 eac ad!! T e a e g f eac ea a d e e a 120
fee g. T e a ead M a e a 165 e f e Dea Va e e e.
Ba Ba f d g e c a 425 ;
a e a 580 ; a d e a 50 ;
e e a 120 ;f e a e a 0.054 ; ea a e a 0.03 ; a 500 (ca be
f ed g b db ca e a ); a e a a 30 ( g e b a gae); a d

a a 14 ( ef fB a c a a ba c ce a a d ca a e 4,000
); a e a a a 0.2 3.0 ( g e a d e c a b ea d e ); a d
a a 0.0 75 ( g e b e, g a d e e ). E e a a a a e ab ed
1949 (R g , O.: B S cC B .31:1052 & 1403. 1949).
T e c a a cc g e a f ba a e ba e (ba fa e) a d e e
(ba ca b a e). B a e be a e . Ba a e de ed f eac e
ba a c c e f e G ee d ba , c a ae a ea . Ba a a ed
a a ee e 1774; e e , a c a ed a a ea 1808. A ba c a g
e a , be e (ba a ca e) cc a a e a eb ef e ce ge ea d
e ff c a a e ge f Ca f a.
Ba fa e a a e c a d ea e g de a d a a g ac X- a .I
ed a a c a ed a X- a ag g f e d ge e e , c a ba ea f
e GI d e a d ba e e a f e GI de .
Be Be d g e f c a 2.0 8.0 ; a e a 3.0 ; a d ea d

e ea e a 1.0 ;f e a e a 0.001 ; ea a e a 0.0000006 ; a 0.1
; a e a a 0.001 ( g e b a gae); a d a a e a 0.1
( g e ca c ); a d a a a 0.0003 0. 002 f e.
Be a ea e a eee e e e ea d ec f e ea . I ad ae
ee e a cc a a a e ee e e a . Ge e a c a
be c de be (a a a e a d e e a d ) a d c be .
T e e a be , c c a be , a bee a ea ce e P e a c d a f
Eg .I ef ce CE, R a a a ,P e E de , ed e c c ed a, Na a
H , a be a de e ad( a agd ) e e a . T e Pa G aec H e ,
e e d f ce CE, c a e e a ea fca e e ada d
be .
I a 1798 a e ead bef e e I de F a ce, L -N c a Va e e ed a e ad

f da e a e ea b d ga d de f e e a d a d be a add a
a a . T e ed f e a A a d C d P a ed e e a e ea
g c e f e ee a e f e f c d .
Ma He c Ka efe ed e a e be a d e e fac a aa f ed ee
a .T e e be a f ed b W e 1828. F ab 160 ea , be a
a a g c , g c e c e ca b fG, e a g de ed f e
G ee d ee f e ee a e f e e b a ce.
P e de ed be a d c d d be a d ed ca e beca e f e e a f
ac e be d ea e c e ca e , c a f e ed E e 1933 a d
e U ed S a e 1943. C c be e e be a a c d .
Bi B f d g e c a 0.17 ; a e a 1.0 ; ea a e a 0.000017 ;

a d a a 0.06 ; a ea a a 0.09 0.3 ; a da a a 0.004 .B
c e ca e e be a e ca da .I ab e ea a e ec e
f e d ced. H e e , af e a b ef c ac e ge ea d e a
c .
M e e da fac e ga e b e a e ec a ge , e be g ade,
e e e f e e ce f be g f ed e ea . B a a
e I ca a d c ed a g c e a d a ec a b ea f fe b ade .
B b a c ae ed a a a da ea ; e ac e g ed e P B
c d c a Pe -B ,a e a e 2004 ef a f Ka ec a e.

Ac b a fb b a c a e, b bc a e, a d e a b c e ac c e a bee
ed g ce 1952 ea ga c ce . T e a e f a a a ed b e FDA
Feb a a d 1994 f c g ga c ce a .S e a ca bee b a ed a e
b g - a ca g ac a d e c ce f e ac a d d de ; e e , e a e
bac e a ca e ga c ce g (H c bac ) a bee e be e ca e f
ga c ce a .
A a a ga e e g Ba Ma a , M.D. a d a g J. R bb Wa e ed e
e f e bac e a ca e f ga c ce a 1983.
Br B e a a ge e a ed d e, f e, a d c e. I f d g e c a
3.0 5.0 ; a e a 4.0 ; a d e a 1.0 ; e e a 0.2 ;f e a e a 0.2
; ea a e a 65 ; a 5.0 ; a e a a 740 ( g e b a gae);
a d a a 15 ; a ea a a 60 1,000 ; a da a a 6.0 .
B e a d c e ed de e de b c e , Ca Jac b L g (1825) a d A e Ba a d
(1826). Ba a d a ed b ef ea f ea eed c ec ed f e a a e f
M e e . T e ea eed a ed ba d eb a c a ed b e. L g a ed
b ef a e a ae gf e f Bad K e ac .
B ec d , c a a b de, e e ed a eda e e 19 a d 20
ce e . T e FDA e ed e - e-c e eda e c a B -Se e f b c ae
1975.
T c eac f a e d e ca e e b e ac e- e e .
C Ca b f d g e c a 200 ; a e a 15,300 ; a d e a 13,800 ;

e e a 113,500 ;f e a e a 11.0 ; ea a e a 28.0 ; a 20,000
( 90% f e ca b b d e ); a e a a 345,000 ; a d a
a 454,000 ; a ea a a 400,000 ; a da a a 465,000 (280,000
b e ).
Ca b de ed f e La ca b f c a a d c a c a ( e F e c d c a b ). Ca b
e f e fe e e e ce a . Ca b f c a a e e a c a a f
a ga c ec e ( .e., ge e , DNA, RNA, c e , ca b d ae , d ,a ac d ,
e e , a , e c.) c d g ed, a ed, a d f c g ga c c da e a .
Ca b a de f ed e ef f a dc a c a.Da d e e b e
C e e a ea a 2500 BC, a d c a c a a c e ca d ced e da f eR a
E e. I 1722 Re R a de a ed a c d be ade ee b add g e
f f ca b . I 1772 A e La e de a ed a d a d e e fac a a e f
ca b e eb ed a e fb , g a ae a d ced a d a b
e ea ed e de ca a f ca b d de e g a b ed.
Ca b e f f ee ab da e e e e ea c a d ef ab da
ee e e e eb a af e d ge , e a d ge .
I e e a fe f ,a d e a b d ca b e ec d ab da
ee e b a (18.5%) af e ge . T e ab da ce, ge e e ed e f
ga c c d a d e e -f g ab a e e a e fa ab e fe ea ,
a e ca b e c e ca ba fa fe-f .
U de ea c d ,c e f eee e a e a e. T c de ca b , c
f da ac a e e . T e ef e ce e a e ca b c ef e ce
a dd e f b e e d. T e a f ca b c c a e ea e e

a db a a e a e ca b c c e. P a c e ca b d de d a f e
e e a d e g e b db a ( .e., ca b e a , e c., e
Ca c c e ), a ce a ca b f a .
Pa ae a b a c ed b c - ga ,a a ,a d a ca b d de
be g e ea ed bac ee e a e e f e ab (fe e a , d ge ,
e ab , e a , e c.
Carboh drates ca ac a a ba c ce f e e g f b g ca ce e c d g
e e , , a d e ba c b c e ca f c f fe a e a e f 4.5 ca e e g a .T e
c ef ce f ca b d ae ed b a c de g a , ege ab e , f ,a d ga . I
e e f ef a f ca b d a e CH2O. T e d ge a d ge a e e e
e a e a a a f d a e (H2O) e ca b a f eac ec e f a e .
Pa a e ab e a fac e ca b d a e ( ga a d a c ), a ac d , fa ac d , a d
a .T e a ea e a e CO2 f ea e ea d e e e ce f c (Mg
ca b g c e a e Fe ca b g c e f e g b )a d ee e g
de ed f g ( e ce a e a e e g ) a fac e ca b
c a c d g ca b d a e a d e ea e O2 ea e ea ab - d c f e eac .
Ca b d a e a e c a f ed a acc a de (g c e g a e ga , f c e, e c.),
d acc a de ( c e=g c ea df c e; a e = g c e a d g c e; ac e=g c e
a d ga ac e), g acc a de a d acc a de ( a c , de , f be , ce e, a d g c ge
a a a c c a ea c e e fg c e ).
Lipids fa , e ca b d ae ,a ec ed f ca b , d ge , a d ge . L d a e e
c e f be g be ae ,a da e e a be ga c e c a
e e a dc f a da e ab e f a ce f e e g b a g ga .
Fa a ag f ca b c d c de d a fa , , a e a d e a ed c d .T e
a f d ce f fa f a c de b e , eed , e ,a a fa (f ,
, f , beef, a b, e c.), , eed , eg a , e ,a cad , egg , da
d c , e c. Fa e ea a ce f e e g a e a e f 9 ca e e g a ,b a a ce
f ed a e f e a d ed f e (b d fa ).
T g ce de ( e a c e f fa a d )a ec ed f ca b , d ge , a d
ge . S c a e a ee e fa d cac (g ce ) a d fa ac d . T e fa ac d
ca a ef f 30 ca b a a dc e eb f e g ce de a . O e
d ed g a f fa c a 95 g a f fa ac d .
A fa ac d d ca b c a de c bed ega d ee c a ac e c :c a e g ,
deg ee f a a d ge , a d e ca f ef d beb d.
T e e g f ec a a efe e ce e be f ca b a e c a (e.g., C16 a 16

ca b e c a ). T e e c a (e a 6 ca b ), ed c a (7 11
ca b )a d gc a (12 e ca b )a e ed de c be e e g f ec a f fa
ac d e c e f g ce de .
T e deg ee f d ge a a fa ac d def ed b e be f d b e b d
be ee ca b a e fa ac d c a . A c a ca c a a e d ge ca da d
a e d beb d , c ca e efe ed a a a a ed fa ac d a d. I ca c a
ed beb d( a a ed fa ac d c c ) a c a e a ed be
b d( a a ed fa ac d e ).
T e ca f ef d beb da c ed f e a e e d f e fa ac d
efe ed a e ega be ( .e., ega-3, ega-6, ega-9, e c.).

T ee a a ed fa ac d ( e c, e c, a d a ac d c ac d ) a e a e
e e a fa ac d (EFA). H e e , beca e a ac d c ac d ca be e ed f e c ac d
b a a da a, a d de g a e a ac d c ac d a a EFA.
T e EFA a e e a e fa e ab a d fa a , a a g ef c a d
eg f ce a (b - d a e e b a e ), e ( .e., ag a d , e c.) a d b a
c e a d g ( e a d e a e , e c.). T e a e a a f e fa ac d
fc e e e e a d d a a e a d c d a e . Se
c e e ca be a a ed e a a ge ( .e., 220 270) b ec f EFA.
EFA a e a e a ae a e ed b e a a fac e ag a d a eg a e
b d e e, ea a e, a c a d a ,b dc g, b c a d a ( e e a d e e e
a a), a d e a e f e ce a e e (b a a d a c d).
EFA def c e c a fa e g a e, ec e a, de a , a ,
acea, a a, b c e, a d a e ed e a ce fec d ea e.
Cholesterol a e be f a a ge g f fa a e .T e a a eac e ca b
g c e. C e e f d a a e, e e , a e a ef d
a .C e e a e e a a f e c e f ce a ,b a a d a c d( e ),
a d e a ae a f e a b d a fac e a D, b e ac d , e d e
(f a ce, ad e c ca e , e e e, e ge , a d ge e e).
Ac e e def c e c d ce A e e d ea e, a e e a ea g e a d e
-T a d ED a e . I Feb a 28, 2012, e FDA added e afe a g ega d g e
c ea ed f a d g ed e b dc e e a e c ea ed a e f
e (A e e d ea e) a d c ea ed b d ga (d abe e ).
I Sc c N , J e 16, 2012, a a c e a ad bee b ed La c , a fea ed a

e ed, G d c e e be ef c a a d g e HDL (g d c e e ) e e d ed ce
ea a ac . T e a c e d ca e a g d c e e (HDL) efd e ec e ea
e f; a e a d ca ba ee f e e ega e e e ( ea g a eg d
c e e a d e bad c e e , a e LDL, a e d ca f e a c a fa a a d
e e e f ee ad ca ).
E g e , a ea e , c e ed a D2 e e g a eg .
Be a- e ,a e a e , a ab bed a a , e e , g e e f
c e e a ac a a eb dc e e e e e a a ge.
Proteins a e e f da e ac a c e f e g ce (c a ), e a e
e e a a f e ce ce
a d a .P e a e e ab da fa f e
ca b c a g ga cc d e a b d . T e g ea e a fb d e
f d e ee a c e, e e a de f d e ga ( e , d e , ac , e c.),
b e , ee , b d a d e b d f d ( ). H e ,e e , DNA a d RNA,
c e a d ge e a e e a d .
P e e ca b d a e a d fa c a ca b , d ge , a d ge , a d add e a
c a16% ge ( e a eg ), e e a g f a d e ee e c a
, , f , a d c ba . T e ba c c a fa e ea ac d. T e
a e ed b e de b d gc a f a ge e c c e f ec f c
e . D ge f e b ea e e de b d e g f ag e f e e c a
( e de ) c e e d ge e ea e e d d a a ac d . U e f e f a
e e g ce d ce 4.5 ca e e g a .
Ca ca e ea e ee e a a ac d a a e e ed e da d e a e ca be
a fac ed b e a b d .F - ee e ce f e f fa be e e e a
a ac d , 36% e e a f eg g c d, a d 19% e e a a ac d a e e ed
f ad a e a ce. T f e
eca ce e a a ac d e d add ee
add a e e a a ac d a e e g a e e e ce a d ea e f ca ce a d
g b d e e (a g e), ac a dege e a (a e), g e ( e).
Essential Amino Acids
Va e
L e
T e e
Le c e
I e c e
T a
P e aa e
Me e
H d e
A g e*
Ta e*
T e*
*T e e a ac d a e c de ed a c a ce e a a ac d; e e , e def c e c e d
e ec f c def c e c d ea e .
A d d a c g e a 300 g a e da (a d f ea e da )
a ea ad e e effec f e e e e a dd a e e d ea e d e
d ea e.
Fatt Acids
E e a fa ac d c de e e c, e c a d a ac ad c fa ac d , c a ef e
d ded e O ega-3 (DHA a d EPA), O ega-6, O ega-9, a d c e e .
I 1971 Wa ac b ed a a e a c a ed e c a a e d ea e f e e a ec e f
ege a a ec a a e d ea e f e e a ec e f ca e .T e d a a f
e NIH/Ce e f eB g f Na a S e ec . I e ed a ega a d ege a a
ac a ad c a a e d ea e e a g ea e a a f ca e b ac a
a a a a .
Ge ge Re e F a c , a b ac a , a b J e 6, 1896, Ne O ea a d d ed a age 112

ea a d 204 da a e de a A e ca Dece be 20, 2008. F a c ed g
e ee U.S. e de ( e e ca ed f ed ca b d c e a e age age a dea
ff e ac a f F a c age!). F a c a e ec ed b e U.S. A d g WWII beca e e
a a ca a 50- d ac ; e ed c ga e a 75 a d e e a
e g .
T e a a fF a c a eb ea e e f ea ea g ade
ea da a d egg a d a d a d c e . H de a ea c e e a d a a ed fa
a d e beca e e de a A e ca, a fea a a e e bee ac e ed b a
ca a g ad a ed f Ha a d a d a a - a a ed fa a d a -c e e .

F a ea ef f f - ee ea fF a c fe e da e ( a e a )
ga de . T ee bef e dea , F a c de e ed e a. He a a e a Sac a e ,
Ca f a a e e e d ed f c ge e ea fa e (a a be be : a e a
def c e c fa ge a !).
Ca Ca c f d g e c a 41,500 ; a e a 22,100 ; a d e a 39,100

; e e a 302,000 ;f e a e a 15 ; ea a e a 400 ; a 7,000
500,000 ( e e e ac d a d g e e e a a e ); a e a a
10,000 300,000 ( g e ca ca e e ed, b e-g ee a d g ee a gae a d d a ;
a d a a 18,000 ; a ea a a 1,500 20,000 ( 350,000 ca ca e
e : ge , c a , c , ec de , e c.); a d a a a 200 85,000 (260,000
a a a b e, 200 500 f ea d e a 5.0 RBC). Ca c a
a ed a a e ea 1808 b S H e Da E g a d.
Ca c ,c b ed aef d a a e, c e e a fa a a d
a b e a d ee ; e e a c e f ec a a e ade f d a a e.
T ef c f ca c c de a f e c a c e f ce a f a ,a
ca ca e e a a da e a a ec e , c fac b g ca e ec c e ca
eac ;f c ce a d e e a a eac fac a g c fac ( .e., b dc g,
e c.).
Ca c eff ab da e a ec f e ea a d eb e ea d
e e a a ea d e g fe f . T e e e de ce a c ea a a e de g ed
c ea d e g -ca c d e . T e a e Pa e c Pe d f 35,000 10,000 ea ag
a e ece e a a a ce ed eb f c e ad bee
b c e ca de g ed. T e ag c a e cc ed 10,000 ea ag , a d ed ced e
de a e f df d e a f d c a a d c ea ed e ff de e g .T e e
c a ge f d ce e a a d f e e dec ea ed a de a a e f e a , ace
e a , a d a e ea .
T e c a ed f d a a d d ga e c a a ab e S e Age a d
1,600 g f ca c a e ba a e e g a e a d be ee 2,000 a d 3,000 g f ca c a e
e e g e e e ed f ga d .
L e a a b d g a e a a bee ed ce e c e ,g g a fa bac a 14000 BC.

T ef e da g bac 2500 BC a f K afa a , Me a a. N e e ef d da ed
bac 975 AD, a de c be e e f a e f Pa (ca c fa e) a ed f ca
e b e f ac e .
A a e 99% f e a a b d ca c f d e b e a d ee . T e e a de
f eb d ca c e e e e ed f e c , e ec a f e a e e ea e a d
cec ac .I e e ec ca c d c e f e ea , ca c e ace d a e
e a a de a e e ce , fe a g e ac e a . I ca d ac c e, d f
c e ce a ac e a,b d g a eff , e ca d ac c e e e e ce
ca c f , g g e ac e a a d c ea g a a ea a e fd a ce b .
H ca g -ca c a e e e be e ed b ed ca d c ca e d e e ; e e ,
a bee e ed e 20 ce (b Wa ac ) a a g a e f d e a ca c fac
ed ce e f a ec da e a a d , e ca ce a, a d d e e .
D g e 20 ce , A e ca ad a e a a e age ca c a e f eff e
da c a ddS e Age a . T e Na a Hea a dN E a a S e II
e ed a ed a ca c a e f A e ca e f be ee 300 a d 508 g e da a d
680 g e da f A e ca e .

O e e e A e ca d e agg a a e e a a ca c def c e c be .U -
e e ed d e a a e c a a d e ( ae ) e a c ea ed ca c
c , a, effec , c ea e e e e e f ca c .W e f d ea a ed, a
ca c c ea e f 96 g e da 148 g e da . A e ( a e) a e d b ed,
e a ca c c ea ed b 50%.
T e ea e e a 147 d ffe e def c e c -d ea e a a ed ec a

b ed a ca c
def c e c ba a ce. T e ece c ca e ea c c ea a ee e c e f
A e ca d e a e c ca def c e ca c a d a e ac ca a a e ff c e
ca c a e e e . Aga , e a a dd e d fa ed e ab b
ec e d g a eac ad A e ca ea f e c f b cc eac da a a a ab e ce f
ca c .T ge a d, a U.S. e de , a MD ea a c b cc . (A d e e
g a a ee c ca c e e e b cc !)
Common Calcium-Deficienc Diseases
D ea e C ca g fac
O e ( , c , D age H , Def c e c e f: Mg, B, C , S, Se, S , Ac, F ;

d , Legg-Pe e , a e f ac e ) E ce F , P, Cd, d e a d & NaC
Reced g g ( e f face & a ) Sa e a e
O e a ac a (fa e e a e e a ) Sa e a e
M e ce (b e a d a a, O e f b , Sa e a e
e c.)
A (dege e a e, e ,b e b e) Sa e a e
S d (a g d ) Sa e a e
B e (e d & ga e a ac e ) Sa e a e
Kd e e (c c ca c ) Sa e a e
NSH ( a e a a d ) Sa e a e
H e e ( g b d e e) Sa e a e
I a ( ee a ea, g, e c.) Sa e a e
Ca c de ( a c a , e d , ga e , Sa e a e
e e eg, a a -f b a , e c.)
C a & c e (T e e d e, f , ca f, Sa e a e
a g, e e d , e c.)
PMS (e a & ca ) Sa e a e
L bac ( c a ca, a , d c, e c.) Sa e a e
Ne a (Be a , ge a e a g a, c a ca, Sa e a e
e e eg, e c.)
Te a ( a b d c a c , NSH, e c.) Sa e a e
Pa c a ac ( e ab ) Sa e a e

T e ec ca c -def c e c d ea e a e ea ec g e a d a ge f c g
e f eb d e e e c e e e a g (ca c a c fac f eb dc g
ec a ), e ( a a a f a a d ea e f ag g), a (f c
a a e c be a e a d ge ), d e e ( c a a a c
ca c ).
Fa e e a e ffe ed ece a f ca c def c e c c de P e de (41)

Ge ge B ( e e ed e ace e ge ), P e J Pa II ( ffe ed a f ac ed
/ e ), E abe Ta ( ad e / e ace e ge ), B Jac ( ad
f ac ed / e ), B Wa , a ega f fe a ba e ba fa e ( ad ee, f ,
a db e b e ) a d Ted W a , Ba eba Ha f Fa e, ( ad e /a ), e c.
Ca c e ab da e a e a b d . T e a e age a e a 1,200 g a
(a ae 3 d ) a d e a e age fe a e a 1,000 g a (a ae 2 d ),
c a e ab e ce f e a b d eg ( a e a e 65 75%) a d
39 e ce f e a e a e e e f e a b d (a ). N e - e e ce f e a
b d ca c f d e b e a d ee , a d e e a g e e ce f d e b d,
e ace a f d, a d ce e e a c fac a d ac a f e c e ca , DNA,
a de a c eac .
T e ca c b e e f fd a a e a c ed f ca c aea d
ca c ca b a e aca c c a c eb d a e f a e ( ac c e
d c b e a a f ega a e e a e f 30 da a d e ca c be
eac ed f e b e, ea g a c age a ). S a e f d a a ea ef d e
e a e a d de e f ee ; e e , e a a ab e f ee c b e a d a a ab e
ca c a d a a e b d e e .
I add be g a a c a e a , Ca a e ed f e e ea e f e e g f
ATP f c a c ac ,b dc g( ed Ca ae e e ea e f b a
f e a ee ,c e b b ,a d b fac a e ec e f
fb ge fb .Fb c ea e e e eb a a e RBC f b dc ); Ca
ed a e e a f c f ce a d ga e e e b a e ; Ca effec e e ea e f
e a e a a c c ; Ca ed a e e e , ec e a d e ab c effec
f e a de e ; Ca e eg a e e ea bea , ce ea d ce
ece e e e e a a dc ca .
Ca c ab bed a g e d de , e e e e a e e ac d.
O ce e f d e e e bec e a a e, e ab f Ca d g f ca . Ca c
ab bed f e a e e b ac e ce a a a db e d ff . Me a c
ca c ab a be ed 10 e ce e a d affec ed b a b a ce e
g . Ca c ab bed e eff c e a de ed c da f a d ae be
c ea e .
Lac f a Da d ac ac d ( c d a c d ced b a NaC def c e c )

b d ce a Ca def c e c . Lac e e a ce, ce ac d ea e, g e e a ce, a g -fa d e
a da e a e, a d a g aec ( c ac d a c a g
ac d c df d a ege ab e , ,b a fg a a d eed a e a e e f a
a , e ec a a ea a d e ea a c b e Ca f ca c ae c
bea d a a ab e a )a e a Ca def c e c . O a c ac d ba b,
ac , c a d, a d g ee c b e Ca f a b e ca c aa e c
ab bed; f be e f, be de e aec e , e e Ca ab ;a a a e e e, g
e b , a ace ca (a - e e d g , d e c , e c.) e a dec ea ed eff c e c f
ab a d ee ; e ce fc f caffe e eac Ca f b e e e e .

Pa a e ec e ed b e a a d g a d a d ca c ec e ed b e dga d
a a a e Ca e e f 8.5 10.5 b c ea g ab f Ca a d b d a g Ca
e e e f e b e . Pa a ea affec e d e a e c age e
c e a f Ca. W e eb d e e f Ca beg e ab e a e e beca e f
c a a e ac , ca c ed ce e f Ca f eb e e e e .
I 1980 McCa e .a. e ed a c c Ca def c e c ed e e . M e a 30

b e e de ed e g a e f Ca def c e c a e ca e f e e .
Add a , ece de a e , a e ed Ca c e e a
ea ed e e . I a ece e e a c e, S e , e . a . ed a ea ca f Ca
a ea db d e e c ea e e da Ca a e f e a 500 g a da .
T e ee f a e c efab d e ea d a ed c ea e
a f Ca e e a c .A g b ac a d e de e e e a
e e , e c ed a e f Ca a d K, a e a e e a ed a c e f,
e bef e a e . I af - ea d f 58,218 e , e e a e
e de e fe a e e a 800 g f Ca e da .
I a 19- ea b e a a d f 1,954 e , 49 ca e f c ec a ca ce e e de f ed.

A a f e e ed e c ea a e c de ce f c ec a ca ce c ea ed 300% a
e Ca a e dec ea ed f 160 g/100 ca 24.9 g/100 ca f d e .
U 75% f c ed Ca e fece , e ce e ea d ea (15 g e

da a ea g. T ca d b e e ac ea e e ); ca e f e ce e
f ca c ( e , NSH, e ce d e a P, e c.) d ce d e e ,b e ,
a d ca c de .
B e , ee , a d ca c de a a de e a e e f e f e d
a d ga e d g a ag g e .B e , ee , a d ca c de ca be
e e ed a d e a ed b e e g g f ca a f c e a ed a d c da ca c
ce .
N a e fa a df d ce def c e ca c ; add a e ca a de
c P, c f d ab e e c a d e , fe e a df d add e .
Idea , e Ca:P a ede f a e eb a e c d g a d be 2:1; e e ,

dea a f d a a e a de e e e a a d a da ce f
g P f d( c a f d , e c.).
Cd Cad f d g e c a 0.2 ; a e a 0.3; a d e a 0.05 ;

e e a 0.035 ;f e a e a 0.08 ; ea a e a 0.00011 ; a 0.06 ;
a e a a 0.4 ; a d a a 0.6 ; a ea a a 0.15 3.0 ; a da a
a 0.5 (ca acc ae e d e ).
Cad a a ed 1817 b F ed c S e e . T e a e cad c e f e La

d cad a, c a ae ca a e c ca b a e. I 1907 e B P a ace ca
C de ed cad d de a a e a f e a ged , c f ga d ( be c ), a d
c ba .
Cad a f,b - e ea a ca ea be c a fe; a a

e ec c, a d d ce a c a ac e c c ea e a cad ba be .
F c f cad c de a
g e ac g f e a de ( )c . Cad -b d
e a e bee a ed f c a d e d e . Cad ca b ef c c
def c e c ae b ab ac a e e c de e de e e ( a , cad -
de e de ca b ca d a e a eda ).

Ce Ce , a Ra e Ea ee e , f d g e c a 60 ; a e a 59 ;
a d e a 92 ; e e a 12 ; ea a e a 0.0004 ; a 50 ; a d
a ca acc ae 320 b C a .; a d a a a 0.003 (acc ae
b e).
Ce a a ed f e d a f a e Ce e ( c a a ed af e eR a g dde f
ag c e). Ce e ab da f f e a e ea ee e . Ce a d c e ed
Ba a S ede b J Ja b Be e a dW e H ge a d a Ge a b Ma
He c Ka 1803.
Ce ca f c a a fa ca c a a ga , de ed b e a d
a bee a e e ab . Ce ca be c f d bacc a , ba e ,
a d e d f beec ee . Ce ae ed a a ca d fec a f e e eb
c .
Cl C f e d g e c a 130 ; a e a 180 ; a d e a 10 ;
e e a 150 ;f e ae 7 8 ; ea a e a 19,000 ; a 100 ( g e
a a e , ea e ea a d de e a a e c a geab e a a ); a e
a a 4,700 ; a d a a 2,000 ; a ea a a 5,000 90,000 ( g e
f c e e e a e ); a da a a 2,800 ( g e a a a a a d ).
T e c c d fc e, d c de ( a ), a bee ce a c e
e ; a c ae g a e d c e ed e de ce a c a a ed a ea a 3000 BC a d a
ab e ce 6000 BC I 1630, c e a de f ed a a ga b e Be g a c e a d ca
Ja Ba Va He . I 1774 S ed c e Ca W e Sc ee e a ed e e e a c e.
I 1810 S H Da c c ded a c e a ee e ac d, a d e a ed
e e ee e c ef e G ee dc g ee e . I 1811 e e
a ge a d ce a d ced b J a Sa C Sc e gge de c be
c e; e e , a e beca e a ge e c e f a ee e f d ec e a g
fa ( c d gf e, b e, a d d e).
I F a ce e e a a eed f a a e e d ce e g f ca e ,
G dbea e , e c. T e e ce e e e e f ed g fac e (b a de e ), c e e
b e e a e e a d da ge beca e f e a e f ge ea a
e e .
I 1820 e S c e e d e c age e d e a a e ffe ed a e a d f e

de e e fa d a ce , c e ca ec a ca , e a ae e e ea e b a e
f a a e e a da e a e e e e efac .T e e a a a ded
A e-Ge a Laba a e, a 44 ea dF e c c e a d a ac ad d c e ed a
c a ed b eac g ( Ea de Ja e ) d e e a de ae e d f efac
a d e e dec e f.
Laba a e e ea c d ced c de a d c e f e (ca c c e) a d f

d ( d c e) a e e ed, e b a de e , b a f e da
d fec a d de d g f a e , e e , a e , a g e e ,a a ab a e ,
a d g e .T e ec de d c e ea e ed a , a a e , , f a e
a d a d a ea, g ca a , ab e , ba ,e a f a b d e , e ba g,
d fec d g e de c , fe e , b ac eg ca e, a d f .
Laba a e c a ed e a d da e e ec e ded 1828 e e fec

( c ag fec a ed b a a )a d ea efac fe g e c
d .I 1828 , Laba a e ec e ded a d c b ea e c e, a e

a d c a ed e, a d ec a ed e e a e bed ca e f
c ag fec . I 1828 a e a acce ed a e fec e e c ag
e e g e ge ad e bee de f ed.
D g e 1832 c e a b ea Pa , a ge e fc de f e e e ed d fec
e ca a . Laba a e e d e ed e ae e e f deca f a a d
d ec g effec e de d g e La Q a e f Pa .
I 1854 a c e a b ea cc ed L d a d a aced c a a ed a e be g d a
f e B ad S ee . T e e de c a e ed b e g fc de f e e
ee d g e .
T e e - a ca f Laba a e c e a 1847, e Ig a
Se e e ed c e ae de d e e a d fA a d c , c Se e e
ced ca ed e e c f dec f ea e de e .
Se e e , g bef e e ge e , ad e ed a cada e c a c e e e e
a g deca f dead b d e e a e ,a d a a a d ae a e fa ed e
e be , ee ed e fa Laba a e a e e d e e
e e f deca a d dec f e a d fd c .H c ce f e c de
a a a dd fec a f d c b g a e d e a f c dbed fe e
( e e a fe e ) f d c a e e ae a d f eV e a Ge e a H a
A a 1847. F eff , Se e e a f cb c ed a a ea b
fe d c ,a d e eaf e a f d dead f b a a e ead. H ed ca
c eag e c a ed a e c ed c de.
B 1918 e U.S. de a e f e T ea dec eed a a b cd g- a e e be

d fec ed b e e fc e. C e ae e a ee e a effec e a a
d fec a aga E c c ac , a a e ae c ce a fb e, a d e a
e e effec e a a e a e c ce a f d e.
E e a f a g ga a d e ec c e ca a d ca a cf c , ac a e e
e e a d e ba c a ae a f e ga c c ef ce a fac e HC f ac
ac d ee e ac e e, c ea e e d ge e ca ac f e ( e e d ge g
e e), a d c ea e e ab f e a a d B12 ( c fac ). Sa ( d c de)
e e a ce f c de .
Cm C f d g e c a 0.0001 ;a e a e ad ac e a 2.5
108 ea a f- fe. I e e bde e , a d ad ac e e a acc ae
a a a b e.
C a f e ed, a ed, a d de f ed b G e T. Seab g, Ra A. Ja e , a d

A be G 1944 a eU e f Ca f a, Be e e . T e e ee e a a ed af e
Ma e S d a-C e a d e ba d P e e C e f e d c e f ad a d e
ee g de ad a .
Co C ba f d g e c a ab 25 ; a e a 19 ; a d e a 0.3 ;
e e a 0.1 ;f e a e a 0.0009 ; ea a e a 0.00027 ; a 8
( g e de ed f ba a e e e). Va a ea f e ea face a e
be ab e de d f c ba .
Ma e a c a c ba a 0.7 ; a d a a 0.5 (acc a a c de N a

a ca a d C a ,).
Ma e a a c a c ba a 0.5 5.0 ; a da a a 0.03 e g ea e

c ce a f d eb ea d e .

C ba -ba ed b e g e (c ba b e) a bee ed ce a c e e f e e a d a
a d g eab e ga .M e ad g e c ba e a e K b d e (Ge a f g b
e) f e f e b e- g e ed e a .T e e e a ed g b e beca e e
c a ed e e f e ea ,a d e e e e e ed e ga e ff
a e c-c a gf e . I 1735 g b e a ed c b e a e ea ( ef c d c e
ce a c e e )a d a a ed K b d. I de e e a ce f c ba a a
b d c fc e a d c e g.
C ba e e a f b e-g ee a gae, e bac e a a d f g , e a , ec , b d ,

e e ,a ba ,a d a a c d g a . C ba e ac e ce e f c e e ca ed
c ba a , e f c a a c fac a d ac a f e e ,f e ge d ga ac d
d c ;a g e c ba a e ce a ea c e f a B12, c ef a
c fac a d ac a (c ba de c e e )f e e a e e a e e .
B12 c ba c e a ed a a ge e a e g a e gf d e g b
a dc .T e g a B12 ec e a ed e ab a c a ed a c a de g ;
e a e c a c ba a e; e e a e e e a d ffe e c ba a ec d a a e a
B12 ac , c a c ba a ea d d c ba a e e ac e.
V a e B12 a ed c a e b a ce a ae b e; e ed c d e e c ba
e ec e. V a B12 deac a ed b ac d, a a , g , a d d g ed c g
b a ce ; ab 30 e ce f B12ac d gc g (b e ec c, d, ga ,
c a e).
I 1948, B12 a a ed f e e ac a d c ea de a ed a a - e c a e a
ac .
T ee e a f c ba a a e e e e f a c ba c e a
c a c ba a e a B12. A e c ba e e e f d ce a bac e a a d
a gae, a d e eed f B12 c ba g b e e e e a b c ea be ee
c be , c ge e a e a d a fac e B12 f e e e a c ba , a d e eb a e a e e
B12.
R e a ( .e., c , ee , g a , dee , a e e, b , g affe, e c.) ca e e e e a c ba a

a a ae a a fac e B12. H e e , e c be fe e g a d d ge g a ae a
e f ac ( e )c e e e e a c ba a B12 c ea a ca e.
Ca e ca ge e B12 f e e a b c g ac c e , e ,b e, a d
cef e .
P , ag ( abb a d a e ), a d de ac e ea fece d g e g
(c ag ) a d e ce b a B12 a a fac ed b e a c ga .
Me a c c ba , e f, ab bed a e a e f 20 26.2 e ce ce a d a f c
fac e e e ac a d e ga c 2.0 e .I c fac a c e
e e a Ca e I c Fac a d a f a ga c ec e .
If a e a c d a( ac ac d a a NaC def c e c ) e c fac

, a d B12 c ba ab bed. T d c f e e g e B12 de
e e a - e c ed d e . S b g a ( de e g e) a d a a B12 a a ab e; a
de ed c ba e b a a ab e, e e , beca e f a d e a d c ba de e ed ,
ege a a f e e ac e a B12 def c e c .
T e B12 I c Fac c e a ab bed e e a a e e e ;

ca c e ed f e B12 c f e e e e b d ea a e a a ac e
a c a b e a ce . S e d ff ca acc f e ee e ce f e
B12 ab .

T e e a e e e a c( e e d ec e e )c c a f B12 a ec c e B12 g
b ea d e e a ec e , c e a B12 def c e c a a ea -
e e ed ega f f e e ea .
T e a age e e f B12 2 g, c e ea ed eb e a a eeded.

E ce a e f B12 ed e e.
V a B12/c ba f c ac d, c e, a d e a ac d e e a fe ge
ca b g ( e g ) e e f e a ae a a e RNA a d e f
DNA f RNA (d ec ed ge e f c e e be ec ce ece a
e e b defec !). G , e f a (c e c e e e a g ae a
e f d d g e e e f be e b a a d a ge e e ), a d RBC e ,
a e de e de ade a e d e a e e fc e e a d B12.
T ed c e f ee e a f c ba ca e f ee a a b e g a fa a d ea e ca ed
b c e ca e a d ee f A a a a d Ne Zea a d. I a b e ed a b
c e c d be cce f ea ed a d e e ed b c ba e e a .
B c e e c a c a ac e ed b e ac a ( - e e ed ega ), d a e, a
e , a ed , ae c e b a e ,a e a( fa e e), a e a
( c c c/ c c), a d ge e a - f e .
I a , a fa e ab b B12/c ba e f a g ca e a f a f e ac
(e a e a ea f I c Fac d c ), g ca e a f e e f e a
b e,a a e a d e c a, a a e ( a e ), ce ac d ea e, g e e a ce, a d
e a ab d ea e . Pe c a e a a d de e a f e a c d a d a ge
e e a e c a c f B12/c ba def c e c .
Le a 0.07 C e e c ba def c e c a a a d e e ea c
g f e ; 0.11 C e e e a d c e C def c e c .
T e RDA f B12/c ba 3 4 cg e da , e efe e e e e a d e 250 400 cg

e da , e ec a e e a gf a eg a c a d g ( e e be : a bab be g ed b
a a -def c e e a e def c e c e e ded e a g e d f ea d a
e e e a e e e da age.
C ba e ce a (20 30 g/da ) a c ea e e e (e ce e RBC d c )

c ea ed d c f e ee e f e d e . C ba a a ece a
c fac f e d c f d e.
Cr C d g e fc a 100 ; a e a 90 ; a d e a 35 a d
e e a 11 ;f e a e a 0.00018 ; ea a e a 0.00005 ; a 5.0 3,000
( g e de ed f ba a a d e e e); a e a a 1 ; a d a a
0.23 ; a ea a 0.2 1.0 ; a da a 0.075 ;a d acc a ed b RNA
a d .
C de a e ed b eC e e eQ d a e 2,000 ea ag e ae
3 d ce BC c a e e a ea f d X a e Te ac a A .T ea ce
b e fc b b a d d f da e e ad e e da c
beca e eb e a de be a e c a ed a a e fc de.
C ac a e g c ea ea d e e e a d g a c a ed GTF
(g c e e a ce fac , a c b a fc III, d c c ac d a d g a e). T e
e ed a a e e fc a e e a 20 ea a a ged f 0.075 13
g/ . C ce a fc a a e e g ea e a b d, a g a
a a a c e acc a e e fc e a df c e a ( e e a
a e age f 1.5 g e a b d de a c d ).

Ve e ga c c ed e a b d ; ce ga c c ab bed,
a e e e c e ed e e ( e ef e ec e e ca be ed e ae
de a c a ). D e a ga ad ( c a c a ,a e ce, g a e ce, e , ca d ,
ab e ga , f c e, e c.) c ea e e a a a e f a C b 300% f 12 .
T e a e age a da a e f 50 100 g f ga c C f f d e 0.25 0.5

g f ab e c ,b c a 25% f c e a ed c ab bed. T e c RDA f
a a a ge f 50 200 g e da f ad .
T e c ce a fC a e e d be g e e b a a a d e b
a a a e fe. If fac , e eC e e f e e ed a ead
dec ea e g fe. Of e e e c ce a bee e ead dec e e a e age
A e ca e c ce 1948:
Mea C b d e e ( /) Yea
28 1,000 1948
13 1971
10 1972
4.7 5.1 1973
0.73 1.6 1974
0.16 1978
0.43 1980
0.13 1985
T e fa gc a a e e f eg a e e a a f - eg a e .
I c ea g a e fg c e e a ce a eg a c e d c e ed a d ef ec a
c def c e c fe e e g eg a c - e d abe e . O e d de a ed
ab a g c e e a ce 77 % f c ca a ad e e age f 70. Acc d g
R c a d A de , a USDA e e , a ed a 90 e ce f A e ca a e def c e
c .
Ga E a , f Be d S a e U e ,M e a, e c ea de a ed a c ea ed fe a
ab a a a b 33.3 % e e e e e e ed c .P d ,
ge g , ed b R Wa f d, fe a e e e e c f ca e a e a e e d
fe a e e e ded a e age.
Def c e c e f C a a e c a ac e ed b a de a e f c ca d ea e a e a a
e ed fe e ec a c . T e c ca a fe a fc def c e c d ea e a e
agg a a ed b a c c e a ad def c e c a d a c ea e d e a ca b d ae a d
ga .
Diseases and S mptoms of Chromium Deficienc
L b d ga
Reac e g ce a
Bed e g
P e-d abe e
D abe e (T e 2)

H e e a
H e ac
Lea g d ab
ADD/ADHD
H e a ab
De e
Ma c de e
B- a d ea e
D . Je /M . H de age ( Bad Seed )
I a ed g
Pe e a e a
Nega e ge ba a ce ( e / ce )
E e a ed b d g ce de (> 200)
E e a ed b dc e e (> 270)
C a a e d ea e
A cc e e a e
I fe (a a a d e c )
S e ed fe a
Cs Ce (cae ) f d g e c a 1 ; aea 5 ; a d ea d
e e a 0.5 ;f e a e a 0.0002 ; ea a e a 0.00005 ; a 0.3 25
; a e a a 0.07 . La d a a 0.2 ;a d a da a a 0.064 ( g e
c ce a e c e).
T Ge a c e , R be B e a dG a K c ff, a ed ce f e a ae
c ec ed D e , Ge a , 1860 g e e f a e ec c ec e.
A a a a e e a , ce be a e a d , a ,a d bd c e ca .
Ce a d a e e a ec e c a c ae a ag , ,
e eab eg a a d a e a ce f e c da ae e g ce . T e c ea e
de a a d e e a a c ea e e ae f e c e f ce .
Ce c de ed a a f a e a e ca ce e a . Ce de g H e a f
ca ce b e e g e ca ce ce a d d c ga a a ee e . Ce a bee
ec e ded f e ea e f a e f ca ce c d g a c a ,b c ge c
ca c a, a d c ca ce .
Cu C e f d g e c a 55 ; a e a 45 ; a d ea 5 ; e e
a 4 ;f e ae a 0.01 ; ea a e a 0.003 ; a 2 100 (c e
g ab bed b ; e ea e a ea e d e e ec e def c e c );
a e a a 11 ; a d a a 14 ; a ea a a 4 50 (acc ae e
b d f a e d / ,c acea a d c , e ec a ce a d ); a d a a a 2 4
g e e e e e .

T e ea a c e , a bee ed f a d f ea . I eR a E a, c e a
a ed C ; e ce ad e a e c ( ea fC ), a e e ed
c .I c d a ec f d a ea a ea d e.
A gc e a eb e a f e ed ab 4,000 ea af e ed c e f
c e e ga da a e 2,000 ea af e a a b e ad c e c e.
T eB e Age bega S ea e E e ab 3700 3500 BC, a d N e e E e
ab 2500 BC. I e ded a e beg g f eI Age, 2000 1000 BC e Nea Ea , a d 600
BC N e E e. B a , a a fc e a d c, a e a e e ec e. I a
e G ee , b beca e a e e b ed g eR a E e.
A d e a d Ve e e e ed c e g a dac e , beca e f bea ,

a ce e d c g ,a d a ca C , c a ac ed e
g dde . T e e e ea e b de ea ce e ea c a ed e e e ea
a , a d Ve a a g ed c e .
C e e a e a de e b g ca e ec a a d ge a a ,
ce e a a e e f e e e c e f C (I) a d C (II). T e b g ca e f
c e a ed ef a f ge e ea a e e. T e e e c a
e ge ca e f a d ea d ( c a e e e c ab, L
). Beca e e c a b e, e e e eb a e a e b e b d, e ed b d
f d e eb a e a e e g b .
C e a ac e f e e a a e ed ce ge . I c c ec
da e, c e ed f ae b c e a ,c e a d c e ae e ed c f
ge . C e a f d a e de d a e , e e a ca a e e
dec f e de , b c e g e (b d a ) ge a d d ge
e de.
C e e e a a g ga a d a e a ac fac f a d ed
f ea e e .C e def c e c de ead a d e e a d ea e a a ea
a f .C e e ed a g ca f c ( c d g RNA, DNA, da e
c fac , e a d c ( a a d g e ), e ec a fe f ge bce a
e a , e e e g f e a c f be b d e e , , e eb a d c , e c.).
Diseases and S mptoms of Copper Deficienc
W e a ,g a a , e a
D b e a ( ee ee )
E caa a ee
Mad c d ea e (BSE ca e)
C e fe d -Ja b d ea e (BSE a )
P ( .e., agg g e e e d , , b ea , be , e c.)
He a (c ge a a d ac ed)
Va c e e / de e ( e d )
A e (a c, ce eb a , c a , ga c, e c.)
Ka a a D ea e (c ge a a e e c cca fec )
Ma fa d e
A e a ( ega a d g de )

H a dH e d
A (e ec a e g ae ed)
R ed & b g g e eb a d c
L e c
V e be a ,b d age, e e be a ,c a be a
Lea g d ab e
Ce eb a a a d a a f e ce ebe (c ge a a a a)
Hg b dc e e
I age d ea e ( e de )
Red ced g c e e a ce ( g ce a, eac e g ce a)
Ne e a( eb d ce c )
Ne a a e c a a a ( a bac , a ) a ec g ed a a c ca e 1937 a a
c ge a a fe a fac e def c e c eg a ee . C e e e e e ed
e d e c a c a ac e ed b de e a f e ce ebe (ce eb a a ) a d
a c d.
T e e fe caa a ee a e c e e e f ad c d ea e (B e
S ge f E ce a BSE ca e a d C e fe d Ja b d ea e a ), c b
ca e a d a g b e ed ca c be a ed b (a -
RNA/ -DNA e ). De e f ge g ab e a-d e e , e a f e
a f ed K c ae b a g e d ea e b ec g e ce b e ca e
a ,a d ee e ce f a e a d f a c ,b e e fac e
def c e c , a e ed c ab f dc c e CJD. T d be e f e ed ca
e e e e a g ed ca g f e ca e f ce a d ea e a a fec
age ( .e., a e ed c , be be , e ag a, ca d a ,g g , Be a ,
e ce , e c.), e fac e d ea e a ca ed b a a def c e c .
C ge a c e def c e c ca d ce ca a ge a e f e ce eb a e
a e ,c a , e e-ce dea , e a a a (fa e f ), a d a c ge a ce ebe a
a a( de de e e ). T e e a e a c a ge de ca a ce eb a a .
Fa e e affec ed d g fa b c e def c e c c de A be E e ( e a ,
ed a e ), Paa Ae a ( ed ce eb a a e ), C a T ( ed
abd a a ca e ), Ge ge a d Ba ba a B ( d d ea e, e a ). F f
e e 100 A e ca a ed ad d ed f a ed a e , a d a add a 40% ad
a e a ad e ed.
T e a e age e - ed ad a b d c a be ee 80 a d 120 g f c e .
C ce a a e g e e b a , e , ea , a d d e . B e a d ce a e e
e ce age f c e b c a 50 e ce f eb d a c e e e e beca e f e
g ea e a .I f e e a e g ea e c ce a fc e f d e e b ,a d
e da e e e 0.08 g/ g; dd e e e 0.04 g/ g a d ad 0.03 g/ g.
T e a e age a a c e f e a ge f 87 153 g/d a d f e a ge f 89

137 g/d ; ab 90 e ce f e a ac e f d ce a .
C e f c a a c -fac a d ac a f e c e e a a e ed e
de e e (def c e c fC e eg a fe a e e c ge a defec f e ea a d
a b d e e ( c ec g be ge e c, c d g Ka a a D ea e a d Ma fa

d e) a d defec f eb a , c a ce eb a a a d a a f e ce ebe ), a d
a e a ce f e ca d a c a e (def c e c e ed ced da e ac
ca g a ed c c e f -e a ea ca g a dec ea e e e g f
a e a a , d ec g a e a d ed a e ,a d ee a eg .C e
def c e c e a ec f c e fa f e g ef f eb e g
a e; def c e c fc e ca d ce e (BSE) defec , a e a, a d a e a a
a d f a c .
Ne e a ( ed ced be f e c WBC) a d e e a ( ed ced a WBC) a e e

ea e d ca fc e def c e c fa ; fa ede a e a c
f e e de e a e a; age d ea e ca e f ac cc e def c e c .
Me e K
Ha S d e g be a e - ed ece e defec fc e ab .
T d
e ca be d ced g e - e a c d e b g e - e a e ( e -
ed b ge e ca a ed). T e affec ed fa e b e a ded g , defec e a
a d e a ,a da f a g e , b d e e a e, dege e a a d f ac e f
a cea (a e ), a eg ae f gb e ,a da g e e e a
de e a beca e b a e a f ee f e e e a e ec c ec da e.
Se a d a ac e c ea e 100% eg a e a d e g a
c ace e . Se c e e e a ea e e a ed d g ac e fec , e d ea e, a d
e ag a ( ac def c e c ).
D D , a a e ea e a, f d g e c a 3 ; aea 4 6 ;
a d e a 7.2 a d e e a 0.9 . C ce a e e a a a (0.01 )
a e g e eb e .
D a f de f ed 1886 b a F e c c e , Pa E e Lec de B ba d a e
e a d g de. He ga e e a ed f e G ee dd
ea g a d ge , e e , a a ed ef e de e e f
e c a ge ec e e 1950 .
D a e e bee f d a a f ee e e e b a e f d a e a c d g
e e, fe g e, gad e, e e e, c a e, b a d e, a e, a d ba a e;
fe e b a d e a e ea ee e .
Er E b , a a e ea e a, f d g e c a 2.8 ; a e a 1.9 ; a d e
a 1 ; e e a 0.36 ; a d a 46 Ca a .; a e a a a 0.02
0.04 a d a da a a b e.
E b (f Y e b , a age S ede ) a d c e ed b Ca G af M a de 1843.

M a de e a a ed a f e e a gad e ee f ac c e ca ed a,
e b a, a d e b a. E b de a a d c e c .
A a ge a e f ed ca a ca (de a g a d de ) ee b .
I Ca Saga e C ac , a ac e c c ed f ab e ece ed g a
e ae e a ad a .I a (a d e a ed) c e f e ac ea e
d e ade f e b .
Eu E a g a e ea ea f d g e c a 1 2 ; a e a 1.1 ;
a d e a 0.55 ; e e a 0.2 ; a d a a 0.021 (acc ae 16
Ca a .); a ea a a 0.01 0.06 ; a da a a 0.00012 f ea d
0.2 b e.
I e a e 1880 W a C e b e ed e e ce ec a f e a e ea ee e ;
e e , ed c e fe ge e a c ed ed eF e c c e E ge e-A a e
De a ca , a ed e 1901.
E a e e ded e fe f ab a ec e (e.g., T a a ) e e
a e ec ed fe a b 100%. E f d g e c ce a b ea f
e d dc e a A e ca e .
F F e f d g e c a 625 ; a e a 740 ; a d e a 270 ;

e e a 330 ;f e a e a 0.09 ; ea a e a 1.3 ; a 200 (f de
ca be f ed g b ded e e a e f c a ). Ce a F c Mad a , S a a d
S A e ca a e c g a g e c .
F e f d a e a a 4.5 ; a d a a 0.5 40.0 (acc a ed

b Dc a c ); a e a a a 2.0 (acc ae f b e); a d a a a
150 500 a a a f e a d 1,500 b e a d ee .
P 1972, f de a c de ed e e a a a beca e f a a e be ef f
e a e a d g ff de a ca e ( ca e ). I 1972 Sc a ed a f de a fac a
e e a e a.
T e ee a e e e ff de a ad a eac 2.6 g a ; e a e age da a eb

A e ca 4.4 gf c b ed ce f f d, a e, e e a d ae .
F da fd g ae g c e a.S e de a f da ed a e
e ed ce f ac e f e e e de ed a c ea e f ac e .
C ca c b e ed a de a f a f de c ce a f2 7 a d
e ce a 8 20 ;c c e c a ea e ef de e e eac 20
80 g e da e a e d f ea .
A a e 10,000 A e ca a dc e e g 100 e e a e added f de

e d g ae a e ae f1 g/ , c a e ed ed ced de a ca e b 60 70
e ce . I ce a e e ae e U ed S a e , e e a e ce ff de, eac g e e
f 10 45 a e a g f ee c d e .
A a e f e de g ca de b Ya a a dB 1977, f ca e c g e a
ea g e e ed e a e e c a ge a 10,000 e ce ca ce dea e e ca ed b
f da f ce a b c ae e .F g ec ee ea g , e U.S. P b c
Hea Se ce a g e a a da e c d c a a de c f ef e e e a
f da ed a e c ea ed ca ce dea .T e de e e ca ed b e Na a T c g
P g a de e e f e U.S. Na a P b c Hea Se ce a ec a f c
a , e , a d b e ca ce .
I 1990 e e f ef de d ed a c ea e a eca ce e e a
c e b a e ce ; e e a a c ea e ca ce f e a c e b a e ( a
ce ca c a); a a ef f e a c a a ea ed a d b e e a e a e a fe a e ; a d
e e a a g f ca c ea e d f c a ce a d e ca ce
( e a c a g ca c a).
Fe I f d g e c a 56,000 ; a e a 47,200 ; a d e a 9,800 a d

e e a 3,800 ;f e a e a 0.67 ; ea a e a 0.01 ; a 38,000 (
c e e bef c ); a a ab e ac d a d a a ab g ea
f e ced b bac e a ac e ; a e a a 700 ( e g a ); a d
a a 140 ; a ea a a 400 ( g eb d fa e d , ec de ,
f ,a d egg f ce a ad c ); e e a a a da a .
I e c e e e (b a )f g e a e Ea a a e, f g c f
Ea e c a d e c e.

I e a a bee ed ce a c e e , g c e a , c a e e e g
e e a e e e ed f .P e f ( fe a a ), b b a ab e b
e g. I a de ed a d e g e ed b e f e e g ce , c d g
ca b . A ce a e e f ca b (be ee 0.002% a d 2.1%) ed d ce ee , c
1,000 e a de a .
I b ec
fa ce e a e a ec a ed e ade f g d e d e e a d
da f . Bead ade f ee c da ed bac 3500 B.C. e e f d Ge a ,
Eg . T e bead e e 7.5 e ce c e c a g a e f ee c .
B ga e 1860 a ef ega d a a e e a e f a a .D g
e 1920 a a a de f def c e c e ea c a c ea ed b feed g a a e c e
de .
I a ece a e e e f d ea a g ga .I c a ge e a d
e
, fe c a g e e e cg , a c ae a b g ca da a d
a .E a e f c a g e f d g e ga c de e g b ,
c c e, a d ca a a e.
I a ea ad a e e a a e age f 3 5g f a .T e e b fa a
ea d be ea f e g a ad .S 70 e ce f e c a ed a
e e a f c a , a d 30 40 e ce a age .T ee e a f da a
eg a a f e g b , g b ( ce ge g g e ,a d a c a c
dee -d ga a c a ae , a , ea , e c.), a d e a e e ed
ace a da - ed c ce e .
F c f c de c fac a d ac a fe e a d ea e e ; e a
e e ( e g b : e g b a Mg c ) a d e ec a fe f
a ge .
I ed b e a a d e (a e de a d fe ). He e f ea 10
e ce a a ab e f ab e f f e a ce a e e e ce a a ab e
beca e f ae c c b e g . Ab f a e ace a e
d de e e e e a e e ac d.
E e e a e de ce e c ea a ca a ec f c g f def c e c . P ca
( b e e c a g ) ca d e c d e a d ad ea ce ( ag ag a), d (ge ag a), ead
a c , a d g ca e ac f d ( a ca e e g ga a d be ).
I def c e c ca e f a e e ed eg a c , e a ,c c fec ,
c d a( ac ac d f a - e c ed d e e f b ),
c c d a ea, c c b eed g (f e f ca ce , ce , a a e , e c.) a d a ed
ab (ca ed b g -fa d e , g a ede ,g e e a ce, e c.).
S f def c e c c de e e , fa g e, ea a a e e , a d e
( ac ca d a), ed ced c g , e def c , e g e, a g a a ,d ag a ( ca),
c c c c ca e a, e g ga , be , e c.
S ac d c c ac d e ed f a ab f ,a c b c ac d c ea e
ab f .Ca a d a e dec ea e e eff c e c f ab . T e RDA f 18 g
e da a ea c e f e a ega ea g a g f be , g ae a ae a
de .
E ce age f ca be ca ed b def c e c e f ee ,c e , c, e c., a d fa e

b a ed f e c ,fb f e a c ea , e c ca d a a d d abe e . T e e
d ea e a e e d ec e f e ce .

Fr F a c f d a ad -ac e e ; e ge ed a a a f fe f 22 e .
F a c a f e a e a-cae a d ac K. F a c a g ad ac e
ea a deca a a e, ad , a d ad .
F a c a d c e ed b Ma g e e Pe e F a ce 1939. I a e a ee e f d
a e a e a b e .
Ga Ga d g e f
c a 15 ; a e a 19 ; a d e a 12 ;
e ea 4 ;f e a e a 0.001 ; ea a e a 0.00003 ; a 0.4 6.0
30.0 ; a e a a 0.5 ; a d a a 0.06 ; a ea a a 0.5 ;a d
a da a a 0.006 .
Ga (III) f d a ea ace a ba ea d c e . E e e a ga a
b e da c d e e a e b e a d bec ea d e ed e a d. Beca e
ga a d fe c a be a e a b g ca e , ga fe c
ed ca a ca .
I 1871 ee e ce f ga a ed c ed b eR a c e D Me de ee ,
a ed e a-a e ba f e e d c ab e.
Ga a c a ed be e e a 1938 a d aga 1958. Ga a ec f c a ea f

ea e e ac e a b a a d a bee e ed ec f ca ed ce e a e f
b a ca ce ab a a a .
B e ea c a e e ed d e f eg a e ed ce e a e f b a
ca ce c d e . Ga a a e, a a ab bab e f f ga (III) , ed
ed ca ea e f b a ca ce , f a a , a d ce a fec d ea e .
Gd Gad , a a e ea e a, f d g e c a 5.4 ; a e a 4.3 ;

a d e a 2.6 ; e e a 0.7 ; a d a a 70 b Ca a .; a e
a a a 0.06 ; a da a acc a e gad b ea d e e c af e
ab .
Ge Ge a f
d g e c a 5.4 ; a e a 1.6 ; a d e a 0.8 ;
e e a 0.2 ; ea a e a 0.00007 ; a 1.0 , e ec a a a e
; a ea a a 0.3 .
T ee e ce f e e e e ge a ad bee ed c ed b Me de ee e d c ab e,
e e , a 1886 a a Ge a c e ,Ce e W e , a ed ee e a d
a ed Ge a .
Rad d - - ef f e 40 a d 50 ed e ge a d de c a a ac e
ad g a ad . T e ge a a c ed acce a d a e ec ,
ac g a a e c d c . I e ef e g a ge a c e e a ed
ca a d ca b .
B g ca , ge a a g eff c e e ec ca e a ace a a d ac a a
e a c c fac f ge a .
I 1950 D . Ka A a , a Ja a e e c e ,f d ace f ge a f ed a fe.

R a e ea c e c a b ed a -ca ce ac ge a . D . A a a ab e
c ec e ea g e e f ce a e b ea e g e e f ge a . Ma f e e
e b a e acc a a f ge a . Ge a e a ce e e e
b a g e d c f a a e ce , e c a IFN(Y), e fe ,
ac age a d T- e ce .

A a e ed GE-132, ca b e ge a e de 1967 b a d e d. T
ga c ge a c ef ac bc c e ee ega e ge a e ba e f
a c b c a g e.
A a ga c c e a ed f f ge a GE-132 ab bed a e a e f 30 e ce eff c e c

a d e a a e e c e ed e ee .
F d a a da a c a a a f ge a (e.g., bea a 4.67 ; a a 2.3

). Hea g e b c a ga c, a e, c f e ,c e a, g e g, a e c e , S a e
, ea ba e , a , , ae ,b eed, a d e a bc a
ge a a a g gf 100 2,000 .
T e ae a L de , d de f e ea g e e ,c a a ge a
f ge a a d .
Def c e c e f ge a a e f ed b a e e e ed ced e a ,a , e a ,
e e g , a d ca ce .
T e 30 g e da e ec e ded a e a ce d e f ge a ; 50 100 g e
da c ed e a d d a a a e e a e e a c ea ed ge
e e eb d .
H H d ge f d g e c a 1,000 ; a e a 5,600 ; a d e a 1,800

; e e a 860 ;f e a e a 111,000 ; ea a e a 108,000 ; a 600
24,000 ( e ac d ca bec e e a e c a geab e ca ); a e a a
41,000 ; a d a a 55,000 ; a ea a a 52,000 ; a da a a 70,000
; add a d ge a e a a f e ga e a e e.
H d ge f c a a a c e f a e (70% f e a b d ae )a da
ga c ec e . T e eg a f e ac d-ba e ba a ce e a b d fac e
eg a f e d ge (H+) e e f ce a a d e ace a f d .
T e ac d f eb d c ca eg a ed a e a a ge b e a dc e
e a c ec a . T e H f ea b d a ge f 7.36 7.44; e e H fa be
7.30, e a e a ac d ,a d e e H e ab e 7.44, e e a a a .
B d H e e be 6.8 a d ab e 7.8 a e a d fa a . I ace a H a ge be ee 6.0 a d

7.4; a d e ab ( e d) dec ea ed b d f ( ea a ac ) c ea e e ca b
d de e e a d e ef e dec ea e H ac d f e eb d.
I c a e e a b d , e H f ec e ( a a, ga c ac d) a d e c e ( e) ca
be e a ab e a d a ge f 1.0 e ac 8.2 a c ea c ce a d a a e a a
a d e ega .
H d ge c c ae eb d f , a ea d - a e ( e ab c d ge
). V a e d ge a ef d a a ea (ca b c ac d), c c be
e c e ed f e g a ca b d de a d a e .
N - a e( e ab c) d ge a e d ced b e a e ab c ce e f e b d
a ec ed a a f f d. T e a ge a f d ge a e d ced b a a d
ab a e ab . La ge a f d ge a be ge e a ed a d/ e a ed a a f
a d ea e ac ( .e., e e a, d abe e , a e fc de NaC def c e c , c c
fb , Add d ea e, e c.).
H d ge c cea ( H) c ed b e a b d b ea fd , b ffe g,
e a c f e a e d ge c ce a a d d e c f e - a e
d ge . B ffe e eac d ge c ce a f ac f ec d ,

e a c eac e ,a d e d e a e ea c a a e e a
da e d.
Me ab c d ge be e c e ed b e d e e f ee f :
1. 60% a a
2. 40% a ea ac d
3. T ace a a f ee d ge
I ea f f ee d ge e e a de e e e e H. B adde fec
(c ) ca fe e be c ed b ac d f g e e ee e ed c a be ce.
He He f d g e c a 0.008 a d ea a e a 0.0000069 .
Hf Haf f d g e c a 3 ; a e a 2.8 ; a d e a 3.4 ;

e e a 0.5 ; ea a e a 0.000008 ; a 3.0 ; a e a a 0.4 ; a d
a a 0.01 ; a da a a 0.04 .
Hg Me c f d g e c a 0.08 ; aea 0.4 ; a d ea 0.03 ;

e e a 0.3 ;f e a e a 0.000008 ; ea a e a 0.00003 ; a 0.03 0.8
( e e face a e f e beca e f eac ga da a e ); a e
a a 0.03 ; a d a a 0.015 (A a ac a a acc a a ); a d
a a a 0.046 (acc ae eb a , d e , e a d b e); a e a a a 0.0009
0.09 .
Me c cc e a eb a d a g bee a a e a
cee e
(a g ea C e eac e ed a e eg a c e c f ab e
g d a e a a ) a c d be c ce a ed b d , g e a ,
ag c e, de a e a (a a ga ), a d c ga a e ae e c e
ed e a eb ff e - a e a - ae e , a e , cea , a d ea .
Me c a bee de ec ed a e f fa a acc de c , e c e e
e ce f de a e c a a ga f g .
Me c f e e a e e c . Pe e a e ea f a e e e e f
e c (2 5 g/ g); de a e f c e a e 10 g/ g; g f c e (e ec a f
e ea e a ge eda f c a a , a, df ) ca a e g e e e f
400 g/ g.
Me c e e ca acc ae e c c ca eac e e a d ce d ea e.
Mercur Mine Workers (Cinnabar Miners) Tissue Hg Levels (ppm)
T eb g ca af e f e e c a 70 da a df da f ga c
e c .T e ace a ac a a ba e aga e a age f ga c e c b e
e c ; e e c a fe e ea e fe ( c ge a M a a a d ea e
fa ).

T e a d a ce f e c ec a a d ; a , de a a a ga ,
a ace ca , c de a d a g c de ( a e a d d ), eed ea e a ag c a
f g c de , e ec a da ge a e e c ;b g ff f e .
T e e ab c a ag be ee e c a d ee d ce a ec f ee
gb e c a d e ec aga e c gb ee .A a
a ag be ee Hg a d Se e ; Se ec e a d e f ec ( e dea )
b e c g a d e ace a a fe f e c .
Me c a f de a a a ga a bee c ea e e e ce fa b c- e a
bac e a eg f 9 e ce 70 e ce e g e de a e c f g ; e d g-
e a bac e a a d ed 12 e ce e ef g e e e ed.
Me c gf aa f e c a a e ed d g eVc a Age
a e ed e c c ae a e e e df g g fe a ( e e be
ad a a a e f A ce W de a d), g d a d e ; de e
de a e de e ed e a d ea e f c ce e e c a ( e a e e
g e ae f c de a g a e ea fe a ); de a a e a e de e ed e e a
d ea e d e c d g e ce , ALS (L Ge g D ea e) a d Pa D ea e
de e d g a a f eb a a e e e affec ed.
A e eF ce f eMc M e C b, a d ag ed e ce 1994 ( e d ed
A f 2013), c a d e ed b a be ca ed b a f de a
e c a a ga .
T e a fe a f d ec Hg ga e a e g ca ( .e., e , e g ,
ab , d e [ c da ], de e , a a , fa a f e [ a ]a d
d a ea).
I g ga c e c , e e a d d e a e e a ge ga a affec ed;
g e e ca e c e g e e fc d a , f ,
ea a a , f ea g a d e a de e a ca ed b a c e e ce a a
c e e a ce f e ce eb a a d ce ebe a c e a e e ec e affec ed.
I 1962 M a a a, Ja a , e c -c a a ed fac eff e ( a e a e ) a d ed

M a a a Ba , c c a a ed a a c a fe a a ea e b f ; e
c a a ed f e e ea e b e ba e de d a e .
T e M a a a Ba d a e a c a ac e ed b a g c de ce f c ge a da age e
e b f e a e a da , ce eb a a , a d g fa a .
I I a , a a ge- ca e e e c g a e ed e a ge be f e e e e
fed b ead ade e c f g c de- ea ed eed g a a d ea ( e a d d e ) f
a a fed e ea ed g a .
T e e fc g e e c -c a a ed g a a a d f bab e b e a ded
a da g c de ce f c ge a b a defec c d g ce eb a a .
Ho H , a Ra e Ea , f d g e c a 1.2 ; a e a 0.6 ; a d e
a 0.51 ; e e a 0.17 ; a d a a 16 Ca a .; a e a a a 0.005
0.01 ;a d a da a a 0.5 b e.
I I d e f d g e c a 0.5 ; aea 2.3 ; a d e a 1.7 ;

e e a 1.2 ;f e a e a 0.002 ; ea a e a 0.06 ; a 5 ( g
b d ; a ge a ea f Ea a e be de d f I); a e a a 30 500 ;
a d a a 0.42 ; a ea a a 1.0 150 ; a da a a 0.43
(c ce a ed e d g a d a d a ).

I d e be e e aed a d b a gae a d a e eb a e . I d e c b a
ea ac d e a fac ed e d e .I d e a e e
a de a beg ,b ce A e ca a e beg e c g e a a e
a e d c c , e ae f a a ca ed g e a d d a bec e
e de c.
T e a e age A e ca a e 170 250 cg/da f I; a ec de ab e a fI

e ea ( .e., a g a 146 cg/da ea de a e e e c e). Me a c I
c 2,000 cg/da .
G e de e Ja a e e ga g e ea c a de e g da d ec .
Ja a e e b ec e e fed C e e cabbage, ,b c ea , d e , 2.0 cg, 2.0 cg I,
bea ea eed. G e de e ed a g e ce e ea eed g .
N ef e Ad ca I a d ad e c ca g e a e e a ea , e e
e
a g e -f ee (46% f e a fP ; 40% f e a fP ea d
3% f e a fM a c ); e e de ca I c e f e a ee ca ;
e e , e e a e e ec e def c e c e f e a d e (c e a
e ed c fac f e eb a e be ab e e d e).
S e 11 A e ca a ee e a d( , de ac e) a e d
( e ac e) c d .T d e c a d eg a e d ge , ea a e, b d
e e a e, ea g a d ac , e a d e d c e e , ge e a e ab ,a db d
eg .
Ma f d a df d add e a e be g ge beca e e e fe e e a
d e ab a df c c d g:
De a a e (e.g., de ce , a d c ea , e c.)
Wa e b e ae
C c fe ege ab e (e.g., cabbage, b cc , ca f e ,B e , a e, e c.)
G e e a ce
P a be
Ge e a a def c e c e
S mptoms of H poth roidism (Hashimoto s Disease)
Fa g e
C d e a ce
M c e ac e & a
Hea ef e e e a e d
L e d e
B e a
We g ga
Ha
M cec a
De e
C a
E e a ed b dc e e
P ff face
D a d a
I ab c ce ae
P e
G e
I fe
C ge a b defec (C e )
S mptoms of H perth roidism (Grave s Disease)
I a
Hea e a ce
E ce e ea g
Lg e /e f e e e d
Ha d e
Ra d e
E a ( b ge e )
We g
I c ea ed a e e
M ce ea e
F e e b e e e
I ab
Ne e
G e
In I d f d g e c a 0.05 1.0 ; a e a 0.1 ; a d ea d

e e a 0.05 ; a da a a 0.016 .
Ir I d f d g e c a 0.001 ; a d a a 0.62 ; a da a a
0.00002 .
K P f a d g e c a 20,000 ; a e a 26,000 ; a d e a 10,700

e ; e a 2,700 ;f e a e a 2.3 ; ea a e a 380 ; a 14,000 (a
a e c a geab e ca a , e e , e g e e e a ef d a a e );
a e a a 52,000 ; a d a a 14,000 ; a ea a a 5,000 30,000 ;
a da a a 7,400 ( g e e e f d f e ).
P a e e a a ga a d e a ca ce a c a ,a de
a e f e ec c e ca a d ca a cf c f e e e .P a c e f e
e ce f e a e a c e f e a b d ; e a ca f e ace a
f da d e e a a a e e ace a f d. W d , e e e ec e, K
a c ae e a e a ce f a a e ba a ce, ce b a d ac d-ba e ba a ce.
P a a c ae Ca e eg a f e c a ac .

P a ea ab bed, 90% f ge ed K e c e ed g e e; e e e e a
age f K e a b d , e g a g f ca da a e f 5,000 g.
M c a ea e a d e a a a a e fea e f c c K def c e c ; a e c ca d ac
fa e e e K def c e c e e . D e c , b a a a d e c bed, ea g f
c d , f a d/ e e c e, g, a d d a ea c ea e e ae f fa e a c d gK
c a ed a e ec ed da e c e a e.
Kr K f d g e c a 0.0001 ; ea a e a 0.0025 .K
ege da f a g deb a g effec S e a b ea a a e f a ,
a d fac g be a e e a e e e .
La La a a g a e ea ea a d f d g e c a 30 ; a e a 20
; a d e a 7.5 ; e e a 6.2 ; ea a e a 0.000012 ; a 30 ;
a e a a 10 ; a d a a 0.085 (acc a ed b Ca a .a db e
ea Ca d da a b ca 370 /da . T a be Ca d da fe a ca e a
deb a ge e g a g c c fa g e- e d ea e b ea g La f e a e ); a e
a a a 0.1 ; a da a a 0.0001 f e a d 0.27 b e.
T eg f e aB aa dT a a a ed a d fe a
d b ed b e e e ce f La a c ce a f 0.32 .
Li L f d g e c a 20 ; a e a 66 ; a d e a 15 ; e e
a 5 ;f e a e a 0.0011 ; ea a e a 0.18 ; a 30 (L + f ee b e
e ); a e a a 5 ; a d a a 0.1 ; a ea a a 1 ; a da a a
0.02 .
S e f ee a eb be bad. Sc e a e a e e e ge f gd
ge e c a d b c e ca ab a e a ed e e bea e e ce. A a c e e
a Sc c e e f 1993 ca ed e ead e: EVIDENCE FOUND FOR A POSSIBLE
AGGRESSION GENE.
Wa g e g a e c d- e g g a , d g a fac e , a ce c a e ,c
g ad ca e , defe e a e ,a da c e f e e c a a e aced
e bead -e ed c a e b ge a .C e e a , g, d ce,
c e a, a c , e , ca be a , e ge ce, e g , ca ce , a d b e e e
a g e a a ec f a fe f c c a ed a b g (ge e c ) de .
P c a e bee ed f ea f d f ed c ,b b g a e
e e b d a ; e ce a d e a ace ca c a e e a d e d a ; ca
a e g e ; e e ,d cee a d e a e ge ba e e be
b g (ge e c ), a d e ge e a fac f g e a e c a d e a a .
A g ea d a d e b D . Ge a d Sc a e , fe a d ead f e de a e f
c e a eU e f Ca f a, Sa D eg e a g e e c ea d a dd g e ae
f Te a c e e e e ec e d g ae :
U g da a f 27 c e f 1978 1987, a e c de ce a e f c de,

c de, a d a e a e g f ca g e c e ed g ae e c a e
a c e ae e e a g gf 70 170 g/L; e d ffe e ce
e a a ca g f ca ( <0.01) af e c ec f a de .T ec e d g
a ca e c de ce a e f bbe , b g a , a d ef e e a ca g f ca
<0.05. T e e e gge a a de a g effec c da a d e c a
be a a e e a a be e c e ed c a ae e .C a fd g
ae e e e e ec e Te a c e , e c de ce f a e f e f
, c ca e a d e de a e ( e, e , a d c de e) f 1981 1986 a
d ced a ca g f ca e ea ca ...

S ce 1915, e f c ca de e ea d be eac cceed g ge e a .M a M.

We a ,a c a a C baU e , Ne Y C , a a , De e a
d de e e a e ga ge a d ge age .
I 1935, e age f ea e f de e a d g e a e 20 ; 1955 e f de e

d ed be ee 15 a d 20. O e f e a d e e e de e de e .
W e e fe a c a e ba a a de e a d a c de e a ed e
fee g a ea e fc f e , ega e g, e f- ec a ( I a e )
a e e ca e f de e , e ea de e cce f e ace e a L.
De e a d a c de e a a e d ag e a e a def c e c
agg a a ed b a g ga ac c .
P ac, A e ca ead g a de e a a ace ca a d ced 1987, a e a ed

$350 1989, e a a a e a a a de e a ea ea e .
P ec e aeP ac a e e ceed $ 1 b a e b 1995 a a e fa a c
d c ge e a g 650,000 e c f ed g e !
A a de a a def c e c fL e e d c e fa e, fe , ed ced g
a e, e ed fe e ec a c a d e be a a be .I a , a c de e ,
c ca de e , b- a d ea e D . Je /M . H de a d Bad Seed be a , e ac ,
ADD, ADHD a d a a e a a f L def c e c .
Human Behavioral Acts Resulting From Lithium Deficienc :
Ma de (A , TX, Wac TX, O a a, C b e, F H d, V g a Tec , Ba a

ea e , Sa d H ,B Ma a , Wa g Na Ya d)
Se a e (Jac eR e ,B S a g e , Jeff e Da e , G ee
R e M de e , M c ga O d Ma S abbe , e c.)
Ca ba
D e c e ce
V e c e (a , de , a e, a a ,a ed bbe , e c.)
S c de (C a , a , ee age , e c.)
S c de b be
Notorious Serial Killers (Vampires, Werewolves, and Cannibals)


*A e ea f E a Ab e a a (O d Ma S abbe ) g ee (20 abbed a d 5 ed), Wa ac

a a ac ed a e a g a a e ec G a d Ra d , M c ga b a a ed
aC e Ba e ( e e e c e) a d a ed, He d a , a dI e d a , e e
Wa ac e ded, H a dI e d a ! T ed e ( e ab E a Ab e a a )
ed ff.
T ea g ca deba e e ca ba , a de , a d e a e a aged e ee
e e f g : (1) T e a fac f ce a c e a eed ; (2) U a a ada
a ada e e e fa e b ea g e a ; (3) a c a g c f e c c e f fe,
dea , a d e d c ( a e d ca ba a ca ba ).
Sa ca ca ba ca be ed ge , b ge f ca e a d e a e ca be
ed ca ba , e add a f ca eg f ca ba : (4) e aee e f
ca (b a e c a g a d be a e gf e e e e a def c e c e , c a Fe, P, L ,
Ca, e c.).
T e 1973 eS G , a gC a He a a ce e ga , a ed a
be e e g e e e ea 2022, a ad dea db gg g e a .
T e e e e 40 e e Ne Y C a e a d a de e ed f d .
C e a ed L e e ed a 1,000 2,000 g/d ca ed a d e-de e de c ea e a L

e e ; a L e e c ea ed af e f ee f e e a a d e e ed ff a d beca e
ab e af e ee ; e eL e e a a ed, a e e d ed e-
e e a e .T ce a d e a ea e e f ca b a e
( e a c).
Ac a f 2,648 b ec ed a 65% ad a L a e a g g be ee 0.04 0.14

g/G; 16% c a ed e a 0.14 g/G a d 18.4% ad e a 0.04 g/G. T e g e e e
fL e ef d e de f T a a, Me c a d e e e e e ef d
M c , Ge a .
Acc d g Wa ac a d Ma eb Ra Ea : F b dd C , a c ed
a 400 e e a L a d e e c a f Ca f a, F da, Te a , a d
O eg .
T ee a ed da a e fL b e EPA a ge f 650 3,100 g/d; e e , c f L

ea ca d b g ca a a ab e. L e e a c ea e e a c ce a
f V, A , Pb, AS, a d C . S e e e a fL ee a e e B12 e e ; g e
e e a fL e B12 d .
Lu L ec , a a e ea ee e , f d g e c a 0.5 ; a e a 0.33 ;
a d e a 0.096 ; e e a 0.067 ; a d a a 4.5 b Ca a .;
a ea a a 0.003 ; a da a a 0.00012 f e a d 0.08 b e.
Mg Mag e f d g e c a 23,300 ; a e a 15,000 ; a d e

10.700; e e a 2,700 ;f e a e a 4.1 ; ea a e a 1,350 ; a 5,000
( g e de ed f ba a , e e e d e) Mg e ec d c
e c a geab e ca ; a e a a 5,200 ; a d a a 3,200 ; a e
a a a 5,000 ; a da a a 1,000 (acc ae a a a b e).
Mag e e e a a g ga a d a e ec c e ca , ca a ca d c a
f c , ac a e e e e ,a d ac e fa c .
T e ad a c a 20 28 g a f a b d ag e .A a e 60% f d
b e, 26% a c a ed ee a c e a d e ba a ce d b ed be ee a ga
a d b d f d . Se e e f Mg a ge f 1.5 2.1 E /L; ec d Ka a ace a
ca a f f e Mg, c d g a b d eb e e c a geab e.

Mag e e ed f e d c a d a fe f e e g f e e ,f
c ac f c e a d e c ab f e e , a d a a c fac ad f e e e .
AN EXCESS OF MG WILL INHIBIT BONE CALCIFICATION. Ca c a d ag e a e a ag c
e a cec ac ca c ac g a e a a d Mg a e ea e .A
e ce ea f Ca ca d ce g f Mg def c e c .
T e a e f ab f Mg a ge f 24 85%. T e e e ab ae f ea c
ce f Mg, e g e e e a e a c a ed a de ed c da ce . V a D a
effec Mg ab ; e e e ce f fa , a e a d ca c ed ce e eff c e c f Mg
ab .Hg e f a ce a e e eac de ab e a f Mg ea .
T e RDA f Mg 350 g/da f ad a e , 300 g/da f ad fe a e a d 450 g/da f

eg a a d ac a g fe a e . If d e a e ea e e e de ce f c a 6,000
g/da .
Def c e c e f Mg d ce a de a e f def c e c d ea e a d .
Magnesium-Deficienc Diseases:
A a
A e a
Me a g a e
G fa e
ECG c a ge
Ne c a be
Te a (c )
De e
M c a ea e
M ce Te
T e
Ve g
Ca c f ca f a a e e
Ma g a ca c f ca f f e
Mn Ma ga e e f d g e c a 950 ; a e a 850 ; a d e a 50 ;
e e a 1,100 ;f e a e a 0.012 ; ea a e a 0.002 ; a 850 (ca
be a a e c a geab e ca e ac d ); a e a a 1 60 ( e f );
a da a a 0.2 ( g e c ce a a a a e a d d e ); e a b d
c e fM a 10 20 g.
Ma ga e e e e a a - g ga ; ac a e e e e e
c d g e ed g c e e ab ,e e g d c a d e de d a e;
a a c e f e e a ea e e , e ,a d e f a . Ma ga e e
a f e de e e a ce fa d e c e f e f ag e ea b e a d ca age.
E ce e e e fM f d ce a c ae e a d e d a ce e
ca d ce a Pa a d e a c a cd de ( c a a ga ca ) e e b g
c e a.

Def c e c d ea e f M a e e g, a g g f e e ec ge a b defec ( c a
c ge a a a a, deaf e , c d d , e c.), a a, c , e a ded g , ee a
defec , d f fa a d ca b d a e e ab be c d e a d ad
(e d a d ga e dege e a , TMJ, e e e d e, ca a e d e, e c.)
Diseases of Manganese Deficienc :
C ge a aa a
C ge a Deaf e ( af a , a a, a a a f e )
A a
C d a ac a
C d d
S ed Te d
Defec fc d fa e e ab (e d a d ga e )
TMJ
Re e eM S d e
Ca a T e S d e
I fe ( .e., fa e a e, e c a a )
S b ( ca age )
L f bd b a e a d fe a e
Re a ded g ae
S e ed gb e
I 1994 M def c e c c c a e A e ca $20 b d a e ea a d acc f 56% f

e 331,600 g ad a e e a ed e e . I 1991 ed c ge e f ed 100,000
ece a ca a e d e ge e ($4,000 e ge ) , age , a d
ed ca c f $29,000 e ca e.
A f e e e e d ea e e a M def c e c , e g efed
fc e ( a ,a e e e a , d ec a a ce, a , da a e ,g a c
de g a d ec e b e age). C ef a g eb ec a c a e ea a e b
e ,c c e c e , ea c e , a e ee , d c e , e c.
Re e e d e a b e ed ee ce e ag e e c be a d a
de c bed 1717 b Be a d Ra a ,a Ia a c a (c de ed be e fa e f
cc a a ed c e).
Re e e d e c ( e e M def c e c ) a e eac ed c be a
fede a eg a a bee a ed ef f OSHA a d e A e ca D ab e Ac
(ADA) a e e e ace afe . A a e , a ge be fe g ca c ec
e b a d a d de ce a e bee de e ed. We ee f e ea Ve c ,
ec , e b , f ge , ee, bac a d a f M def c e ce !
T ea a c ed ca e d efe e d e a e ,c a , a a e ,
a dg e e e de ce , ge , a d a e ef, a e a e aea be b
e e g e a e e b c e ca .

Mo M bde f d g e c a 1.5 ; a e a 2.6 ; a d e a 0.02 ;

e e a 0.4 ;f e a e a 0.00035 ; ea a e a 0.01 ; a 2 ( g
c ce a ed b , e ec a a a e ); a fe d de a e c e g
bde ca e M g a a c g e ca a ; e d de
a e M def c e ; a e a a 0.45 ; a d a a 0.9 ; a ea a a 0.6 2.5
; a da a a 0.2 ( g e e e e e a d d e ).
M bde e e a a ga a ac e f e ea e e .
M bde be a eg a a f e a ee e e a e e :
1. Xa e da e
2. A de de da e
3. S f e da e
T e a e age A e ca da a e f d a ge f 76 109 cg e da ; e RDA f MO

250 cg e da .
T c cc a 10 g e da a a g - e d ea e a d e fe e ce c e e ab .
N N ge f d g e c a 20 ;f e a e a 0.23 ; ea a e a 0.5 ;
a 1,000 (99% e e a a -ba c N b d ); a e a a 15,000 ;
a d a a 30,000 ; a ea a a 75,000 ; a da a a 100,000 .
N ge f c a a c a a e , c e c ac d (RNA, DNA) a d a de a e f
ga c ec e . D e a N (a e )f e ea ac d f e f e e
a d e ec a e ab c f c :
1. P e a e ed e a b d e (a ab c ce )
2. P e a e ed b d e e( c e, fa g ,c d d, ee age , eg a c )
3. P e ca be a e e ge c ce f ea a d e e g (a be ee e e b g ca
e a fa ca b d a e)
4. P e a e e e a b d ec e a df d ( .e., e e , e , c , ,
e e , e c.)
5. B d a a e a a cf d ba a ce ( e e a e ede a)
6. P e a a ac d-ba e ba a ce f b da d e
7. P e ad a f e e e a b a ce (e.g., e a , fa , a , e c.)
8. P e a e ba c g b (a b de )
9. P e de a N f e e fa ac d a d e e
Ca c e def c e c e fe , g , e ed e a , ede a, a d
K a ( be ed, c d e f d dc e ). T e a a ab a d ab fN
f a f d e d ffe e a d be c de ed e c gN ce .
Nitrogen/Protein Utili ation Values of Common Foods
NS ce (P e ) C e ca Sc e Ra Sc e
W e egg 100 94
H a 100 87
C 95 82

S a bea 74 65
Se a e 50 54
Pea 65 47
C eed 81 59
Ma e 49 52
M e 63 44
R ce 67 59
W ea 53 48
Na S d f d g e c a 23,600 ; ae a 9,600 ; a d e a 3,300

e ;e a 400 ;f e a e a 6.3 ; ea a e a 10,500 ; a 6,300
( a a e c a geab e ca e ec a a a e ); a e a a 33,000 ; a d
a a 1,200 ; a ea a a 4,000 48,000 ;a d a da a a 4,000 .
Sa ge da e bac e e beg g fa a a d a a d e f e e ba c
c a g f g ga . Ca e ( a bea ) d ca e g ea c a gf
a beca e ea c a e a e a ge a f NaC , b e b e a d a ege a a
de a d a ge a f NaC beca e e e e a a NaC g a , ege ab e a d
f .
T e a e age Na d e a a e e da We e c e f e 12 G/da e e Ja a e e
e a e age e A e ca b f ea c e a a e age f 28 G/da !
S d ,C a dKa e ee d e ab e e ec e ae a c a ed eb d a
e ca be e e ed ge e . S d a e e ce , K f e e ce a d C ee e ce
f e a e a c e f e a b d .A ee a e de d b ed g eb d
e a df d ; e e , Na a d C a e a e ace a ( de e ce ) e a , eK
a ace a ( de e ce ) e a.S d ,Ka dC a e ed a ea f a
g ca f c eb d :
1. Ma e a ce f a a e ba a ce a d d b
2. Ma e a ce f a ce b
3. Ma e a ce f a ac d-ba e ba a ce
4. Ma e a ce f a c a ab a d e g ca ea d e g ca
a
H a c f Na, K a d C ba a ce eg a ed b e ad e a c e e a e a b
ea e a g a d. Add d ea e, a ff c f e ad e a c e , e e
f Na a d K e e c ca g f ge e a ea e , cec a , eg a da
a ed a ge . T e ca be e e ed e e e a f NaC b
ad e g ad e a c ca e .
Def c e c e f NaC cc a ea e ( e ea a e fJ 1993) ea

e e c e a e e e a ge e f ea a e e ed f b d c g. Wa e
ca cc ed fa fed Na f a beca e f e a a cd c a a a
ab Na. T e b a e ed ca g dea f a e Na def c e c .
T e ea e f Na def c e c ae a d a e e a IV ( a e 0.9%).

Nb N b f d g e c a 20 ; a e a 11 ; a d e a 0.05 ;
e e 0.3 ; ea a e a 0.00001 ; a d a a 0.3 ;a d a ea a a
0.001 .
Nd Ne d , a a e ea e a, f d g e c a 28 ; a e a 16 ;
a d e a 11 ; e e a 4.3 ; a e a a 5 ; a d a acc ae
460 Ca a .; a ea a a 0.5 ; acc ae e e a db e f a d
a a .
Ne d a g a e ea e e a ce a ce g a dd be e fe a f
ab a ec e .
Ne Ne f d g e c a 0.005 a d ea a e a 0.00014 .
Ni N c e f d g e c a 75 ; a e a 68 ; a d e a 2 00 ; e ea
20 ; f e ae a 0.01 ; ea a e a 0.0054 ; a 40 ( g e de ed
f e e e); a e a a 3.0 ; a d a a 3.0 (acc a ed b A
b a ); a e a a a 0.4 25 a d a da a a 0.8 (acc ae RNA).
S mptoms of Nickel Deficienc in the Rat:
P g
L e e a c (a e af B12 def c e c )
De e ed da ef c f e e
I c ea ed e b a
R g /d c a
De a
De a ed be
Dec ea ed ab ab bde a c
Le a 10% f ge ed ea c c e ab bed. N c e def c e c a f e ed 1970.
Nc e f c a a c fac f ea e e a d fac a e ga e a ab f
a d c. O a e e e f B12 a e ece a f e a b g ca f c f c e.
B12 def c e c e a c ea ed eed f c e b a a a d a .
Np A e f e a e ad ac e. T e a f fe f N 2.2 106. Ne
acc ae a a a b e af e ge ; Ne a bee f d f e ae
ga e Ha f d R e (USA).
O O ge f d g e c a 464,000 ; a e a 483,000 ; a d e a 492,000

; e e a 497,000 ;f e a e a 889,000 ; ea a e a 857,000 ; a
490,000 ; a e a a 470,000 ; a d a a 410,000 (e ce a ae b c ga );
a ea a a 400,000 ; a da a a 186,000 .
Te e a Oc f 99.76% 16O a a f fe f e a e . O ge a c a
a f ae ( a d f g e ), a d f a ga c c d fb g ca e e ;
O2 e ed f e a b a ga (e ce f a ae b c ga ). We ca e f 30
da f d, ee e e da ae de dea c c a ce , b f f
e ga e ge . O ge e c ca f a e e e a fac ece a f
e a e a ce f a fe.

Acc d g e 1980 U.S. Ge g ca S e , ea a e e ad 50% ge 75

ea ag e d a f ed ( e e ge e e e ae e ea ed a b e g
c - eed e a ed a b bb e a ce a d de e g e ge e e a ce ce).
S e ae g ca a e a e a d e a de e f ed a f ed e
de ead e g f e ea ca e a ed ced e e e fa e c CO2, c
ed ced e ge e e 38%. I e ed a e 12% d e ea ge
e e a ff c e ca e e a ca c de e f ed a .
T e Ge g ca S e a e ed a e ea a e e c a ed 38% ge a
ece a 100 ea ag . D g e 1950 , e e ce age f O a e ed ed
21% a d e 21 ce a d ed 19% f ga e a e e.
T ec ed d O e e a e e ef ec a c ea e ge -c g ec e
( c d g e a a a a )a df -f e b g ac e ( .e., e c e e ec c
a d e -ge e a g a , e c.) a d e ge d c (f dec ea g ac eage f a
f e a d a a c a gae). T e e e f c ed d ge e e a ea e
a ae bc a e c a ed e 38% f 100 ea ag a d a e a ed a ae b c a e
c a ed e 50% ge e e 75 ea ag .
M a ge c ga (d ea e d c g) a e b e e e a ae b c a d a e a e a d
f a d e d ce e g e ab e ce f ge (e.g., ga g e e ga , eA
e c cc , e c.) a e ab e ea dg g ce ea e ed b - ge
e e (e.g., e , ea , f g , ca ce , e c.).
T e e a e a ae b c d ea e dde a ea ed e 80 a d 90 d g e a
a e f e 20 ce , d ea e c e a e e a e e e ce?
Rega d e f e a e, be c c c f a ca be f d 5,000 ea d
e f Eg a dC a, 1,000 ea dc e f Pe a d a c e g f e
G ee a d R a .
T e e de da a ae b c d ea e a e a , f d e
b b ca a ce g de c b g HIV, EBV, CMV, He e II, Ha a V , Ca d da, T c S c
S d ef Sa c cc ., E. c a d f e -ea g T e A S c cc .
T e a be e a e a ae b c d ea e ca g ga ada d d a
ae ( e ) f 100 , 1,000 e e f ea a ga ea e g e e f ge
(a 50, 38 e e 21%) e e e e a e e b e ac a dg .W
e ec d a e c ge , e a e a g a ge c e e a
e a a ae b c b .
Aerobic Diseases of Humans
D ea e Yea fA ea a ce
VIRAL
M c a a( e a da - e) ?
He e II ( e a a ed e e )1978
HIV (AIDS) 1982
EBV, CMV (c c fa g e d e) 1982
Ha aV ( F C e D ea e ) 1993
BACTERIA

Sa c cc (T cS c S d e) 1982
E. c (T cS c S d e) 1993
T eAS e c cc ( fe -ea g S e ) 1994
YEAST/FUNGUS
Ca d da a b ca ( Ca d da ) 1982
C cc d c ( Va e Fe e ) 1900 (35 c / )
1992 (1,450 c / )
CANCER
A f 1900 (1 c /10)
1994 (3 c /4)
D .O Wa b g, f e Ma P a I e, Ge a , a e ec e f a ed N be
P e (L Pa g a e e d d a be a a ded a ed N be P e ) e
f d c e g e a ac d a d de c b g e ba c c f e a d e e f
de e g a e e ab f e ca ce ce fe e a e a d a ae b c e e a
-ca ce ce f ae b c. D g e 1950 Wa b g a ab e de a e c ea a
ca ce ce fe e ga de a ae b c c d a dde e e e ce f ge .
Ne ,a e f e b d ce a e defe d a b de f g, e g f g, a d
de g ad g c ga , c a a , bac e a, ea , f g , a a e a d ca ce
ce , e d ge e de a e e a ea . Ne a e ac ed a ga e e
( c c c ga ) ca ed e e , e ef c d ce d ge e de a d
e ec e ca ed a ge ca ce ce f e ec f c e f de g .
Ne e d be e ,d bb g e e - d c f d ge e de f ee
e ge e a c c a .
T e e a da ge f d ge e de f ee eb d ea a c d bec ea e-
ca . H e e , e a a e b e ed a e e ca ed ca a a e a e a c a e
face f a ed b d ce a d e g fb d e e .T ef c f ee e
ca a a e a d fac a e e dec f d ge e de d a e (H2O) a d
ge ge (O).
T e ea e c ce b e a ed ega d g e f ee ad ca a f ge ge (O)
c a a f ee e ec e e e e (O3), d ge e de (H2O2), ag e e de
(MgO2) c ed de (C O2) dec e ae a d ge ge , ag e a d ge
ge , c ea d ge ge .
W e ge a c ge c e d ec c ac e ce de f e c c a
e ( a ce c e, e be, d, e c.) e ce d e; e e , e ea a
a , e b g ca fac c e a ec e e ga e e e f ee
ad ca da age.
W e ge ed e d a e ac ad e ed b IV de e
c d , f d g ade d ge e de ead ab bed g e ac a d d de a
a d ec eb d ea e e ed a e b e d ae a d ge
ge . T e f ee e ec f e ge ge e e c b e a f ee e ec fa
ca c ge c-f ee e ec (ca c ge c b a ce ) e f ee e ec fa e ge
ge , bec g O2. Ca c ge c-f ee e ec f e e e a f ee e ec de a
c c a ce , ac a e a e f ee e ec a .O e e a d, e f ee

e ec f e ge ge d e e be a g e e ec a d f d e ca e a e
f ee e ec a ac a ec d g ab a e ge ge a d bec e a O2
e e ed ff f e a a d fe e f!
O e (O3) -> H2O2 + O-
Ca a a e -> H2O + O2
O ge ef f d ge e de a bee ed ca , a e a d a ce e
C Wa . I a bee ed de E ef e a 50 ea f a e a e ca ce e a e ,
c c a d ea e, a e ce ,e e a, a a, ga g e e a d e ece a a e a
f f e( e c a e ac e b g ce d g e e e
a ee g bea ce a ca be eac a ed a ed e e a ee ed
e e a a e e f ge e ba c c a be ).
I D . Re a e V cba b ,T U O M dc , c ed 22 efe eed ed ca a

a ce a a ed e e a e c effec f e aga ca ce ce . T e e d e a ea be
a be - a ed c e e a e c d ( .e., e )f e a d age f e (20
100 / f b d); a g e effec e a d a g e ca be da ag g a ce .
Os O f d g e c a 0.0015 .I d e ga c a e a O O4 a d
ed ced O .
P P d g e f c a 1,050 ; a e a 700 ; a d e a 170 ;

e e a 400 ;f e a e a 0.005 ; ea a e a 0.07 ; a 650 ( f ed
b d de f A a d Fe ac d ). G ea a d a eac e f Ea a e def c e P;
a e a a 3,500 ; a d a a 2,300 ; a ea a a 4,000 18,000 ;
a da a a 17,000 44,000 .
P a e e e a e e a e a . H e e , ge e a e f
beca e de a a ab e a f d .P a a c a e a
f b e a d ee ,a d a ef c e a a a e e a, c d g
ea a a c e f c e c ac d ; ac a e e e f e e a e f e ATP e e g
c c e; a d ed RBC e ab (a c eed c fP d e ead c f
e e e ab c f c e b d ).
Sec d ab da ce ca c e a b d ,Pc e 22 e ce f e b d a
e a c e .T e a b d c a ab 800 g a f P, ( f d ), f
c 700 g a f d b e a d ee a b e ca c ae( d a a e
c a ). T e ba a ce f P e a b d f da b g ca ac e aa de ace a
c da P c b a ca b d ae , d , e , a d a de a e f e b g ca
ac e ga c c d c d g eb d a H b ffe g e . B-c e a
f c a c e e ace a e ab c f c e c b ed P.
P a f a da e
c bec e b e a c (e e a ed P a e c ea e
Ca e e e ) g e
e de a ec ed b agg a a g e ,a ,
g b d e e, e ee , e c. P e e a ae ce ea a d g a f .
T e ef e, f b ead ade f ea e ed f , e c ac d c e Ca, Fe, Z a d
e e a eg , f e e g e ab a e.
T e a e age a ad de a a e f P 1,000 1,500 g/da . I ad a d de c d e ,

e ab f ea cP ed a ae ee f e e ce a d a g a eg
12 e ce fa . M ed d e a ce f P (c e a ed f ) a be ab bed a e a e f 40
50%. O a ab f e a c a d c e a ed P cc e e Ca:P a 1:1. C da P
ab bed 98%.

Def c e c e f P a e g bee ec g ed e c ,b ece a a def c e c f P bee

c de ed a a . T e de ead, e a,a d a e fa a e fP
def c e c a e e a ed de ead e b g ca f c , g f ca a a e fa
dec ea e ATP e (c e e e ab c e e g fa e) a c a ed e c a ,
e e a , b d, a d d e d ea e .
P a e a e e a de c bed b LeVa a (1796) a ea ea c b ca e a e-

def c e S Af ca a e f d ca ded d g c e -b e ( e ag a); e a c e ed
d (c bb g, ca) a d eac e .B ec e g( e ag a, a f f ca) a bee
e ed a d ec e f e b e c d g e e dee , ca b , ed dee , ca e , g affe,
ee a a d e debee .
Ee a a e bee b e ed ea g e e adbed a d a ge e e ea a ead a d

a a ab e e a e e . A ea c f ca c - c ed b e c a a d a d e a
d e e ed e ed a ba Af ca.
Obe a da e eg c d A e ca . I fac , a g, A e ca
e be e a e d A e ca be e! P ca a f a
be a a d e b e a def c e c e (f e a e, f , , e c.)
I e e g e g , e e a def c e c e , e def c e c e , ca e def c e c ae
ca be a ; e e g a ea g ga , ca b d a e , fa , e ,
a e c !!
Wa ac a d Ma b ed H K c , c ed a d d c e ed e ca e, e e ,
a dc ef be a e a def c e c e ( f , , e c.) a e a ac fe e c e
a d ea g c .
C ca P de e a d e a b dP( a e a) e f IV ad a f
g c e TPN (T a Pa e e a N ) P e e a , e ce e e f a ac d ,
e a a d ( ca c / g a e d e a e e ca e f e), e
ea e f d abe c ac d , e fd e c , ea g d g e e c e, a d a c a d
e d ea e.
Vege a a a d ega , d e e e a , a e a e P def c e c ( e e

a eac cg e e a ce f g e-g a c ). H e e , beca e f e
g c ac d a e( a ege ab e ) e a a a e e e a def c e c e ( c a ac f
Ca, C , C , V, L , Z , e c.) e e e e .
Pa P ac f d g e c a 1.4 10-6 a d ea a e a 2.4 10-31 .A

e a e ad ac e a a f- fe f 32,000 ea . P ac acc ae a a a
b e af e ge .
Pb Lead f d g e c a 12.5 ; a e a 20 ; a d ea 7 ; e e
a 9 ; a 10 ( g e e e a d ); f e a e a 0.005 ; ea
a e a 0.00008 ; a e a a 8.4 ; a d a a 2.7 ( a a ec e a e
ada ed Pb- c a d acc a e Pb c d g A a ca c ); a e a a a 0.5
( g e f b e ); a d a a a 2.0 ( g e e e f d b e, e , a d
d e ).
Lead a a b g ca f c a e eb a e c d g a . Sc a e ae a ead a
e ed c fac f a e e ( ead e ) a a f ed ca ce f RNA.
C d e c a g ( ca) f -f d e ( c d g a , a d, d , e c.) a e e
ce b e ead g( b ). I fa a dc d e ca ( e a def c e c e )
c e e (e.g, ee- ea - d Na a e Ha ,f Te a Ha e, IN e ed G d
M A ca (Ma c 2011) a e a e g b b , d e c e ca , d , c , a c ,
a e d c , ca db a d, e c a ag e , e c.)
I c a fa a dc d e a e e a def c e c ca ca c e e
,c b , d , ca g, f ea d a .Ac f ead a e e fa e ca
c a a c a 50 100 g f ead, c g a f ead da e ee
e ead g.
T e a b
d ead e e be 40 g/d . C d e b d ead e e ab e 60 80 g/d
a e f g, ab , eg , c a ea e , eadac e, abd a a ,
a, a d a e a. C d e b d ead e e ab e 80 g/d a e a, d e
da age, (Fa c d e, a d c ea ed a fa ac d , g c e, a d ),
e e a e ,aa aa d c a c d a , a a d e ce a a (b a
da age, ea g d ab e , e c.) e e a dea .
T ea ac ea g ead g c de e e g 60 c da e a ( c d g
Ca a d Fe e a e ca a d f e ge f Pb), e g f d a d e ec e ba a ce
(e ec a K a d P) a d e e f IV IM c e a g CaEDTA (ca c -
e e ed a e e aace c ac d) a d BAL(B A -Le e) f a f f e da . I
a f a a a 25% f Pb ed d d a a e e d a f IQ, f
c d a , e ac , ea g d ab e , a d e e .
Pd Pa ad f d g e c a 0.01 a d a da a a 0.002 . Pa ad
acc ae a a a e a d d e af e ge .
C b a f a B12 a d a ad a ee ed f a e a e ca ce e a e .
Pm P e e a e a ad ac e a a f- fe f 2.6 ea . P e a
a f d c a a e e ed eb e e( ade- ade c ea e P
dd e a e). P acc ae a a a b e a d e af e ge .
Po P f d g e c a 2 10-10 .
Pr P a e d a
g a e ea ee e a f
d g e c a 8.2 ; ae
a 6 ; a d e a 2.8 ; e e a 1.4 ; a e a a 5 ; a d a
acc ae 46 (Ca a .); a e a a a 0.5 ; a da a a 1.5
(acc ae a a a b e a d e ).
P a e d e a ce fe a f a ce g a dd b g f e fe a
ab a ec e .
Pt Pa f d g e c a 0.005 a d a da a a 0.002 .
Pu A e a e ad ac e a a f- fe f 24,000 ea . P a e ea ed
e ea a e eb c ea e . Ma e a c ce a e P 4,000 e
ab e e bac g d e e f ea a e . La d a ec d 0.4 2.2 d eg a / ec/ g; a d
a a ec d 0.07 6.8 d eg a / ec/ g (P acc ae b e af e c ac
ge ).
Ra Rad f d g e c a 9 10-7 ; a e a 11 10-7 ; a d ea 7

-7 -7 -10
10 ; e e a 4 10 ;f e a e a 3.9 10 ; ea a e a 6 10-11 ;
-7 -8 -9
a 8 10 ; a e a a 9 10 ; a d a a ( ) 10 ; a ea a
-9 -9
a 0.7 15 10 ; a da a a 7 10 ( g e c ce a a a a b e);
a e f Ra a e ad ac e.
Rb R bd f
d g e c a 90 ; a e a 140 ; a d e a 60 ;
e ea 3 ;f e a e a 0.0015 ; ea a e a 0.12 ; a 100 (f ed b
ca ); a e a a 7.4 ; a d a a 20 ; a ea a a 20 ; a d
a a a 17 ( g e e e e a d c e; e e e b e).

R bd ca e ace e e ec ef c fK a ec e c d g bac e a, a gae, f g

a d ce a e eb a e (ec de a f ).
Re R e f d g e c a 0.005 ; a e a a 0.014 ; a ea a
a 0.0005 0. 6 ; a da a acc a e Re d e.
Rh R d f d g e c a 0.001 .
Rn Rad f d g e c a 4 10-13 ;f e a e a 1.7 10-15 ; ea a e a

-16
6 10 ;a e f R a e ad ac e a a f- fe f 54 ec d 3.8 da ; R ga
ca c ge c a d g c e a ed. Rad ac e d a a d, d e a d
c e ; de ec e e e e fa a ge e a a a ab e.
Ru R e f d g e c a 0.001 ; a d a a 0.005 ; a da a a
0.002 (R 04 g c a a a d a ).
S S f f d g e c a 260 ; a e a 2,400 ; a d e a 240 ;

e e a 1,200 ;f e a e a 3.7 ; ea a e a 885 ; a 700 (
90% f S b d g ; SO4 a a e c a ge a a ; cc
ea ca e be a g SO2 a d SO3); a e a a 12,000 (acc ae ed
a gae, D a a .); a d a a 3,400 ( e b e a dg e );
a ea a a 5,000 19,000 ( g e c ee e a e a d c ); a d a a a
5,000 ( g e ca age, e d , e a , , a a d a a d e b e ).
S f a a c a a e a f a ac d (c e, c e ea d
e e) a d a ga c ec e . G a e, a e de c a gc e e, e e a
ce a eac g f a ac d e .S f f d a ed ced f (-SH)
c e ea d a d ed f (-S-S-) a ed be ec e, c e e. T f d g
a f e ec f c c f g a f e c a e a df eb g ca ac e
f ee e ( e a d ).
S f c a g e d ec a a a fe:
He g b
H e ( , ad e a c ca e )
E e
A b de
S f a cc ca b d ae c a e a , a a c ag a a c ce a ed e
e a d e e ;a dc d fa e (ca age, c age , e c.). T e a a e (B1)
a db a eSb d e ec e. T e c e e fa e ca e e e f ab
c b e f d g .
Def c e c fS e dege e a e e fa g dege e a f ca age,

ga e , e d ,S e cL E e a , S c e ce a e a a d a c age
d ea e .
Sb A f d
g e c a 0.2 ; a e a 1.5 ; a d e a 0.05 ;
e e a 0.2 ; ea a e a 0.00033 ; a 2 10 ; a d a a 0.06 ; a d
a a a 0.006 (c ce a e a a a ea c e).
A a a a e ( a a e e c) ed da a e efe ed ea e f b d
f e ( c a B a a ).
Sc Sca d f d g e c a 22 ; a e a 13 ; a d ea d e ea 1
; ea a e a 0.000004 ; a 7 ; a d a a 0.008 ; a da a a
0.00006 (c ce a e a a a ea a d b e).
Se Se e f d g e c a 0.05 ; a e a 0.6 ; a d e a 0.05 ;

e e a 0.08 ;f e a e a 0.02 ; ea a e a 0.00009 ; 0.2 (
e a d b ed, a a ea f Ea a e def c e e e a de d f Se; Se f d
e fa a e e e e ); a e a a 0.8 ; a d a a 0.2 ; a d
a a a 1.7 ( g e c ce a f d e , d e , ea a d e e a c e).
Se e e eff c e a da
(a - e de ) a d f da e bce a e e
eg a e e da e e e e a d ea a ac d ( e e e e, e c.).
Se e e e ce a a d bce a d a d fa f be g e d ed, c e a
ea e e b d fa f g g a c d ( ee e e a a age e ). T
b g d e d ed d a ce d f c .
Se e a bee e ge e ab A d a a ee e ef c a d
e g .
Se e a f c ec ce a a d ga e e b - d a e e b a e f da e
da age. T e f d da age ( a ce d f c ) ee g e a da d g
c c e ca ed age g e . H g a e fde a a a ed ( c a e ,
c c ,f , e c.), a ad d e g , a ga e, a d c g c c e a ee
def c e c c ea e e a d ae fb defec ( c a c cfb , c a d ,
e c.), a e ce , ca d a , dde ea dea , a d ca ce . T e a a ed
c fg a f e e ea ed ea ed d ge ( a fa ac d ) e a ca e
e a cd ( f ee ad ca da age) f ce a e b a e a d ace a fa .
T ec ca d ea e a c a ed ee def c e c a e d e e a d e f ed ded
e . Se e def c e c e f e ec e a def c e c c e e affec g
e b , e e b , dd e , ee , a d ad a e.
Se e def c e c ca e fe b e a d e . C ge a e e d g
eg a c ca e a de a e f be a g gf ca age, b eg , g
fa a , S dde I fa Dea S d e ( SIDS ), c cfb , c a d ,
ca d a , e c , ca ce , e c.
Se e def c e c g g c d e ca e c b dea SIDS (S dde I fa Dea

S d e), g , a e (fa e eac ge e c e a f e a d a ), c a
d ,c cfb (CF), c , e c ca d a ( c a d f e
ea c e, a. .a. Ke a D ea e), a e a, e c , d , c a ea e ,
e ed e ca ac , a d e c a d ea e c a ALD (Ad e e c d
L e O e d e ).
I g ad , ee def c e c a ea a a e a, c c fa g e, W d e
( d ), e c , c a ea e , a g a, c e e de e , f b a g a,
, a c ea , fe , c a ee def c e c ad a ea e ec a c
ga ee c a ba e ba a e ,f ba a e a d ac a a e g c ,
c ege, e ,O ca d fe a e e , a f ea e a e ac e , MS
( e ce ), L Ge g D ea e (ALS) a d e c , ca ce a d e ed e
ca ac .
Se e def c e c ad a ea a ed ced e ca ac , a e a, fe , age

e , a g a, c e ea e , f b a g a, , MS ( e ce ), ALS (L
Ge g d ea e), Pa d ea e, de e a (We -K a ff d ea e), eg a ea bea
(e ec ca c d c b e ), ca d a , e c e g f e ea e c a
a , dde ea dea , e c , d , ca a ac , a d ca ce .
Selenium Deficienc Diseases:
HIV (AIDS)
A e a (RBC f ag )
Age S &L e S ce d f c
Fa g e
M c a ea e
M a g a (F b a g a, ce a a d e e )
R abd a (b ea d f ee a c e ce a f g e e c e)
Sc
M c a D (MD, W eM c e D ea e, S ff La b D ea e)
C cFb
Ca d a (Ke a D ea e, M be ea d ea e)
M e ce (MS)
B d e ca a ac , ac a dege e a
Hea a a
I eg a ea bea
L e c
Pa c ea
Pa c ea c a
L Ge g d ea e (ALS)
Pa D ea e
A e e D ea e (a c a ca ed d ea e a c a ed e e f a d g ,
c e e a ea dc f f ee ad ca )
Ad e e c d (ALD L e O S d e)
I fe
L b eg
Hg fa a
M ca age
S dde I fa Dea S d e (SIDS)
Ca ce ( e ed 1912)
C ca AIDS (HIV fec )
S c e-ce a e a
W S d e( d )
Wa ac 1998 f ed f a d a a ca f ee ca f e FDA, c d g,
e e a ee ca ed ce e f a e f ca ce , a d e e a
ee ca e b d e ab a fac e a -ca ce b a ce .

I 2013 e FDA e a a ce e a e c aged a fac e f fa f a

add e e e d c .T b g e be f e a fa f a 13 b
e ea e e e 47?
I a e e f ea -ca ce effec f ee , Sc a e ,P fe e e a d ead f e

De a e fC e , UCSD a ed:
Se e c ea g ec g ed a a e a e a ca c ge c age . I ec e f c
ca be e a b ed e ac fg a e e da e. I ead, e e a ea
e aeb e e a ec a , de e d g d age a d c e ca f f ee a d e a e
f e ca c ge c e .I a a ec e f c , ee ed e e e
a g a a f a f ce b ac g a a ed c e ac a - ac a f
ce a g fac a d e f c a e g e ca a f da - ed c
eac f c ca SH g S-S b d . T e g - d a effec f ee a e
de e de e e e f ace a g a e e da e a d e ge . I ge e a ,
g b ac e ed b e Se- ed a ed a f ce a e a ( e ge
a d e ca ce ). Se e a ea b e e ca f e a d e ac a f
c ge e b a ec a ,H e e , a a a e ca c ge e ab a d ec
DNA aga ca c ge - d ced da age.
I add a f c f e e a ce a ca c ge c ac , ee ac a a acce f
b ge c e g ,a d ed de f ca f e a a d ce a e b c . Se e
a a e a g e e .I e ed f a ac age a d a a e ce
f c .
T e c f a ac f eU e f Ge g a e ea ed a e a g f 1994 a
c c de : A a ee def c e c e a ed e e f f -b AIDS c ca
fec ed HIV a e . Acc d g e e , HIV e e a ge a f ee f
e ca a d ee -def c e a e , e c ee e a e f ed
a f ee e a e a . T e HIV a e ac a d e f e e -def c e c
e ce a a , e c , ca d a . L g- e HIV a e (20 ea e) a
e e de e ed f b c ca AIDS ad e e ed ea e a ge a f
ee .
Si S ca f d g e c a 281,500 ; a e a 73,000 ; a d e a 368,000

; e e a 24,000 ;f e a e a 6.5 ; ea a e a 3 ; a 330,000
(f d a S O2, e ab da f fS a e, ca e a d c a ); a e a a
1,500 20,000 ; acc a ed b d a , e a , fe , C e aceae, G a eae a d J caceae
a db f e f Pa c ; a ea a a 70,000 ; a da a a 120
6,000 ( g e e e a , g a d b e).
S ca e e a c ea e e c age g g b e b 100%. T e e e f S dec ea e

ag g e e ed a a d ab a ec e . S ca def c e c c a ac e ed b
d b e a ,b ef ge a d e a , a , ca c a ,a da e a
d ea e. H g f be d e c a g f ca a fS c ead a e ga be e e
a S e e c e e . T e ec e ded S a e a ge f 200 500 g/da f
ad .
Sm Sa a a g a e ea ee e f d g e c a 6 ; a e a 5.6 ;
a d e a 2.7 ; e e a 0.8 ; a d a a 0.0055 (acc ae 23
); a e a a a 0.04 0.08 ; a da a a 0.01 ea c e a d 0.0009
a a a b ea d e .
Sa a e a ce a ce fe a a dd be e fe a f ab a ec e .

Sn T f d g e c a 2 ; aea 6 ; a d ea d e e a 0.5 ;
f e a e a 0.00004 ; ea a e a 0.003 ; a 2 200 ( g ab bed b
); a e a a 1 ; a d a a 0.3 ( g e b e a d c e );
a ea a a 0.2 20 ; a da a a 0.15 ( g e e e a ef d e g
a d e e f e eb a e ).
O g a , e e e ce f S e a a b ed e e a c a a ; e e ,
ca ef a d de a ed d e b Sc a de a ed a S d ced a acce e a fg
a a df e e e a da d f a e e a ace e e e . A a e be f e f a
c e ca g fee e ,S a a c e ca a d ca e e a e f
ca b , ca, ge a , a d ead.
Ra fed S a 17.0 g/g g , ed ced feed eff c e c , ea g ,a db ae a

( ae a e ) a , e a fed 1.99 g/g e e g ca a d a a ca a;S
a de a ed be a e e a e e e b Sc a 1970. T a bee e e a
g d c effec ee e e e ge a e, e a c g e e b ea d e d e .
T e e a e de ce f a g ca ce - e e e e .
A fede a d e ea ed N e be f 1991 ed a e ece ge e a a e e

ea g a a g e age a e ea e ge e a a d ge e a g be e e
f a S def c e c . Me e e age f 30 e e ea g e a ce a fa a e f
e a e age.
Sr S d g e f
c a 375 ; a e a 300 ; a d e a 20 ;
e e a 610 ;f e a e a 0.08 ; ea a e a 8.1 ; a 300 ; a e
a a 260 1,400 ; a d a a 26 ; a ea a a 20 500 ; a da a
a 14 ( g e a a a b e).
S ca e ace Ca a Ca def c e c ae a ga c d g a .
Def c e c e fS a ea c a ed ce a e f Ca a d B e a e e a, e ,
e a , dege e a ea ,b e b ea ,a d e a da .
S 90, e a ade ad ac e e d c ff a ce a d e
g ea e b a a d fea d g e C d Wa d e cc a a a e.
Ta Ta a f d g e c a 2 ; a e a 0.8 ; a d ea d e ea
0.05 ; ea a e a 0.0000025 ; a ea a acc a e Ta 410 .
Tb Te b f d g e c a 0.9 ; a e a 0.58 ; a d e a 0.41 ;

e e a 0.071 ; a d a a 0.0015 ; a ea a a 0.006 0.01 ; a d
a a a 0.0004 (acc ae a a a b e).
Tc A e f ec e a e ad ac e a d cc a a a e.
Tec e ab bed b a a .
Te Te f d g e c a 0.001 ; a d a a 2 25 a d a da a
a 0.02 .
Th T f d g e c a 9 6 ; a e a 12 ; a d ea d e ea
1 7 ; a 5 ; a ea a a 0.003 0.03 ;a d a da a a 0.003 0.1
.
Ti T a f d g e c a 5,700 ; a e a 4,600 ; a d e a 1,500 ;

ea a e a 0.001 ; a 5,000 ; a e a a 12 80 (acc ae
a ); a d a a 1 ; a ea a a 0.2 20 ;a d a da a a 0.2 .

Tl T a f d g e c a 0.45 ; a e a 1.4 ; a d e a 0.82 ;

e e a 0.05 ; ea a e a 0.00001 ; a 0.1 ; a da a a 0.4
(acc ae e a a a d e a d de ce a c c a ce ca be g c
a a c d g a ).
Tm T a ea a e ea a d f d g e c a 0.48 ; a e a 0.28 ;
a d e a 0.3 ; e e a 0.065 ; a d a a 0.0015 ;a d a da a a
0.00004 .
T e e a e a ce eg f a ce a d a d b ed e fe a f
ab a ec e .
U U a f d g e c a 2.7 ; a e a 3.7 ; a d e a 0.95 ;

e e a 2.2 ;f e ae a 0.001 ; ea a e a 0.003 ; a 1 (ab bed
b , e ec a a a e ); a d a a 0.038 (A a a . a acc a
a ); a e a a a 0.004 3.2 ; a da a a 0.013 ;a a a e fUa e
a ae e a d a a deca b f .U a acc a ed b a a a d e a d
b e af e ge .
V Va ad f d g e c a 135 ; a e a 130 ; a d e a 20 ;
e e a 20 ;f e a e a 0.001 ; ea e a 0.002 ; a 100 (V
ab bed b , e ec a a a e ); a e a a 2 ; a d a a 1.6
(acc a ed b ef g A a a ca a); a e a a a 0.14 2 ; a da a a
0.15 .
Me a c V ( a ad fa e) ab bed f e e a ac e a e e f 0.1 1.0%;

V c e a e a 40% a d a de ed c d a 98%.
Va ad a e be a e e a ace e a 1971. Va ad a e g c e (b d
ga ) da a d a fa ce a d g c ge (a a a c ) e e a d ce
a d b e g c e ge e ( d c fg c ef fa ) a d ab fg c ef
e g . Va ad e a ce e a g effec f DNA e . De e e
, eb dg c e e e f d abe c a fed V, a e a ea a c .
Va ad a ea f c e b a e g ce e b a ef c f a
ce e . T e ef e, V a a e be ef c a effec , a c a a g c e- e a ce
be (affec g g ce a, eac e g ce a, e e aa d e1a d e2
d abe e ) b a g e ce e b a e ece e e e .
Se e a c e , c d g A e ca I d a , Ca ad a I d a , H a c , Af ca A e ca , a d
Ha a a a ea c ea ed a e f d abe e e e cea e ea e e cf d a d
ea g ca ed, ce ed, a d fa -f d , ead g e fa e e a d abe e a ge e ca -
a ed d ea e. Va ad e e a ca a ea a e ec c ac b
ed c g e e e a g ca e f ad e e 2 d abe e . D abe e a ec
A e ca a a e $105 b eac ea .
Va ad b c e e e a a a d a a d a c a ed a dec ea ed
a a e e fc e e a d ed ced a c de fc e e .
Va ad ae a c ea e ec ac e f ce f ea ce a e c
effec .
Va ad a a ca c ge c e e .I d c f e a a g a
b c ed b feed g 25 g/g f d e . T e a ad e e ed ced c de ce, a e age
c e a a a d ged ed a ca ce f ee e b g e a g
ea f ea a ( e bea e e a d a d de effec fc e e a a d
ad a !).

Diseases Associated with a Clinical Deficienc of Vanadium
S g
I c ea ed fa a
I fe
E e a ed c e e (ab e 300)
E e a ed g ce de (ab e 125)
H g ce a
H e e a
T e 2 d abe e
Ca d a c a d ea e
Obe
W g eT f d g e c a 1.5 ; a e a 1.8 ; a d e a 1.6 ;

e e a 0.6 ; ea a e a 0.0001 ; a 1 ; a e a a 0.035 ;
a ea a a 0.0005 0.05 ; a da a a 0.005 (acc ae ea ce
a d ee a 0.00025 ).
Xe Xe f d g e c a 0.00003 ; ea a e a 0.000052 .
Xe b d a a a e g b a d g b c d ce a a e e c effec .
Y Y a ea a e ea ee e f d g e c a 33 ; a e a 18 ;
a d e a 9.1 ; e e a 4.3 ; ea a e a 0.0003 ; a 50 ; a d a
a 0.6 (acc ae fe ); a e a a a 0.1 0.2 ; a da a a 0.04
(f d a a a b e, ee a d e ).
Y e a ce a ce g a dd be e fe a f ab a ec e . E e f
eg a ce Y ead a a d ace a a fe ; 14% f ge ed Y ca be de ec ed
e b ce.
Yb Y e b a a e ea ee e f d g e c a 3 ; a e a 1.8 ;
a d e a 1.3 ; e e a 0.43 ; a d a a 0.0015 ; a ea a a 0.02
; a da a a 0.00012 (acc ae 1.3 b e, ee a d e ).
E e f Yb eg a ce d ce a a d ace a a fe ; 14% f e ge ed Yb ca be
de ec ed e e b ce.
Zn Z c f d g e c a 70 ; a e a 95 ; a d e a 16 ; e ea
20 f e a e a 0.01 ; ea a e a 0.01 ; a 50 ; a e a a 150
; a d a a 100 ; a ea a a 6 1,500 ; a da a a 160
(acc ae a a a d e , a e a d e e).
Z c a be a e e a e f b ead d 125 ea ag , be e e a f a 70
ea ag , a d e e a f a 40 ea ag . Z c def c e c d ce a de a ge f c ca
d ea e c d gb defec a d dege e a e d ea e f a age g .
Congenital Birth Defects Associated with Zinc Deficienc :
D d e
C ef
C ef aa e
B a defec (d a e a , d e ce a ce , ce eb a a , e c.)
Mc a a a( a ab e e e )
Mc ag a a a c e
S a b f da
C bbed b
S dac ( ebbed f ge a d e )
M g b a ddg
Da ag a c e a( aa e a)
U b ca e a (ga c )
Hea defec
L g defec
U ge a defec
Zinc-Deficienc Diseases and S mptoms:
P ca (ge ag a, ag ag a, ea g, a ea g, f ge a ea g, e c.)
L f e e f e
L f e e f a e
I fe
M ca age
B defec
Fa e f d a d ce ea
I e e a fa e
P g ( a e)
Hg ae f fa a
H g ad ( a f c g e e a d a e )
Pe e a e be ae
A e a
A ec a ( a )
Ac de a e e a ca (g e e a ce, a a e a , ce ac d ea e)
F a
Da ea ( ec da g e e a ce)
De e
Pa a a
O a a d e - a de a
We g (a e a e a, b e a, g e e a ce)

Be g ae e (BPH, a e e a ge e , e c.)
Se e e b d d ( e e d e, e c.)
T e e 1.4 2.3 g a fZ e ad a . T e e , a c ea , d e , b e a d ee a
c e a e e g ea e eed a d e e e fZ , e e a a ef d e e e, ae
g a d, e e , , a , f ge a a d e a .
T e ea e e a 70 e a e e a e e Z a a c fac f c e .T e e
c de ca b ca d a e, a a e a a e, ac c de d ge a e, a d ca b e da e. Z c
e b de e b ae b a a g ec a a d c f g a a ea .S e
e e b dZ g a e e d g e e e Z de e e ca f c .Z c
a c ae e e ab f c e c ac d a d e e f e ;Z a a eg a
a f e RNA ec e (Z c e a c f ge ) a d a c a e ce d a d e f
DNA. T e DNA-de e de RNA e a e a Z -de e de e e, a d e a e.
E ce e f C a d Fe a d g - a e d e (c ega ) ed ce e a a ab f
d e a Z . Hea e fZ cc ea ; e ef e, e e ed a e e a d e
d d a e f g ea ab a e a c a a f Z def c e c (ca ga e a
e a, c e ea e , ca, b defec fe a e , e c.).
Zr Z c f d g e c a 165 ; a e a 160 ; a d e a 220 ;

e e a 19 ;f e a e a 0.0026 ; ea a e a 0.000022 ; a 300 ;
a e a a 20 ; a d a a 0.64 ; a ea a a 0.1 1.0 ;a d a d
a a a 0.3 .
Pre io s
P
Ne t
P
SEARCH
T e me hi g...

FOLLOW US
OUR TWITTER
30 J 2018
- F b a 21, 1908.
30 J 2018

I am a slo alker, but I ne er alk back ards.
― Ab aha Li c
Was an American politician and la er ho ser ed as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until


08/10/2020 S i al f S ecie - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1 Edi i n

CHAPTER NINTEEN
Sur i al of Species
Teach your children what we taught our children. The earth does not belong to us; we belong to the
earth. All things are connected like the blood which unites one family. Mankind did not weave the
web of life. We are but one strand within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All
things are bound together.
Chief Sea le
F ma eech n he en i nmen in 1854, a ib ed he a ia ch f D a ni h and S ami h

Indian f P ge S nd
Albert Schweitzer was a musician, philosopher, theologian, physician, and an example of a

polymath. In 1912, using his own money, he established a clinic in Lambarene, Gabon, in Western
Africa. Within nine months more than two thousand natives had come to see him. Schweitzer gave
them quinine for malaria, digitalis for (congestive) heart disease, and salvarsan—the first antibiotic—
for syphilis. When patients came to him with strangulated hernias or abdominal tumors, he
anesthetized them with chloroform (performed surgery) and treated their pain with morphine. Albert
Schweitzer brought modern medicine to a small part of Africa.
Toward the end of both of their lives, Norman Cousins, author of Anatomy of an Illness, met Albert
Schweitzer. “At the dinner table of the Schweitzer Hospital at Lambarene, wrote Cousins, “I had
ventured the remark that the local people were lucky to have access to the Schweitzer clinic instead
of having to depend on witch-doctor supernaturalism. Dr. Schweitzer asked me how much I knew
about witch doctors. I was trapped by my ignorance. The next day the great doctor took me to a
nearby jungle clearing where he introduced me to an elderly witch doctor.
“For the next two hours, we stood off to one side and watched, recalled Cousins. “With some
patients, the witch doctor merely put herbs in a brown paper bag and instructed the ill person in
their use. With other patients, he gave no herbs but filled the air with incantations. A third category
of patients he merely spoke in a subdued voice and pointed to Dr. Schweitzer. On the way back,
Schweitzer interpreted what they had seen. The first group of patients had minor illnesses that
would resolve on their on or for which modern medicine offered little. The second group had
psychological problems treated with “African psychotherapy. The third had massive hernias or
extrauterine pregnancies or dislocated shoulders or tumors—diseases (or trauma that) the witch
doctor couldn t treat—so he directed them to Dr. Schweitzer.
Schweitzer described the value of the witch doctor. “The witch doctor succeeds for the same reason
the rest of us succeed, he said. Each patient carries his own doctor inside him. They come to us not
knowing the truth. We are at our best when we give the doctor who resides within each patient a

chance to go to work.
Pa l A. Offi
Do You Believe in Magic?
B he 1600 i had been kn n f 1,400 ea ha bl d a c ea ed in he li e , m ed a d

f m he hea a d he e emi ie , and, in n i hing he i e ,j di a ea ed he e. The
hea a al he ce f me f i al i i , hich in me m e i a had d ih
he bl d.
In 1628 B i i h h ician and ana mi D . William Ha e ann nced hi di c e f he

ci c la i n f he bl d, and f he e ed ha he hea a a im le m ha ci c la ed he
bl d a nd he b d in me f m f cl ed ci c i .
Ha e laid hi b e a i n f bl d ci c la i n in 80 ecie f animal in a ain akingl

de ailed 72- age b k i en in La in and i led Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis
in Animalbus, hich i f en h ened De Motu Cordis ( n he m i n f he hea ), DMC. In
hi b k Ha e n ed (I) lea ed me m e, he le ; me chid and cal mnia ed me and laid
me a a c ime ha I had da ed de a f m he ece and ini n f all ana mi ...
Wha emain be aid n he an i and ce f he bl d . . . i f a cha ac e n el
and nhea d f ha I n nl fea inj m elf f m he en f a fe , b I emble le I ha e
mankind a la ge f m enemie .
Th ee b k-leng h c i ici m e e n l dged again Ha e , he fi in 1630, hich a

bli hed b a D . Jame P im e, an Engli h incial h ician and lific i e . P im e
b k, i h a i le l nge han Ha e ( ha ended in adversus Guilielmum Harveum) a a
c llec i n f mi eading , mi nde anding , and mi a emen ha e e ea il ec gni ed b a
ca al eade .
R be Willi , he an la f DMC e in 1878 ha P im e b k a f ll f b ina e denial ,

me ime f ha ma be called e e i n f a emen in l ing ma e f fac , and in i
h le c e a eal n nce e e imen a a mean f in e iga i n e l e he
c n e .
P im e e, Th ha b e ed a f l a ile hea in l g , flie , bee , and e en in ill-

fi h (a ecie f h im ). We c ng a la e hee n h eal. Ma G d e e e hee in ch
e icaci a . . . Th e h ma k in h i ing he name f man and di e e animal
ill ake hee f he e eign in e iga f na e and ill belie e hee be an acle ea ed
n he i d . . . I eak f h e h a e n h ician and ha e a ma e ing f he cience.
B if e ead he k f eal ana mi , ch a Galen, Ve ali , he ill i Fab ici and
Ca e i , e ee ha he ha e ided i h eng a ed la e e e en ing he animal he
ha e di ec ed. A f A i le, he made b e a i n f all hing and n ne h ld da e c n e
hi c ncl i n .
Beca e f a lack f a ia e echn l g , Ha e ggled i h he e i n ega ding he

he i ed and n een c nnec i n be een he a e ie and ein . F ea af e Ha e dea h,
Ma cell Mall ighi, an I alian h i l gi a able ( i h an im ed mic c e and ecial ain )
dem n a e ha a e ial bl d d e n im l leak in he i e , be c llec ed meh b
he ein , a a c mm nl belie ed. Hi mic c ic die dem n a ed e clea l ha he e
e e ca illa ie and ha he e in bl d e el ha e e f ch a mall diame e ha he
c ld nl acce ne ed bl d cell a a ime, and in fac he c nnec ed he a e ial bl d eam
he ein bl d eam. R be Willi a ed, The ci c i a , finall , c m le e, and Ha e
c ld e in eace.

D ing he medie al ime , h ician had nl a limi ed n mbe f a a e ha a

ha ening in ide f he li ing a ien . Medical lab a ie e en e c mme ciall a ailable,
he e e limi ed hei en e and b e a i n a i e a a diagn i . One gene all ed
echni e a he i al and a e e amina i n f a a ien ine. D c h e amined ine
e e affec i na el efe ed a i - he .
Pi - he ec ded he c l and a e f he ine (i.e., he ee a e indica ed diabe e ;

amm nia d indica ed li e di ea e; clea c l le ine indica ed malab i n, e c.). In man
ca e he h ician ld ha e he a ien e an a e he a ien ine.
Ph ician addi i nall li ened and a em ed an la e he nd ( ch a h m ing,

hee ing, hi ling, and c ackling, e c.) ha e e gene a ed in ide he bell and che ca i ie .
In 1761 D . Le ld A enb gge , a Ge man h ician, ed a me h d c n e he a i e

li ening echni e in a ac i e echni e. Hi he a a e c he a ien che
and bell and in e e he ech .
A enb gge a able ec d and li hi in e e a i n f he e e c i n ech e : a d ll nd

indica ed che c nge i n, and he d lle he e n nd, he m e e e e a he a e f he
c nge i n. A enb gge kne he had made a ignifican landma k im emen in he diagn ic
echni e f he medical ac i i ne , al h gh he had n h gh f bec ming a legend
medical he : In making blic m di c e ie , I ha e n been nc n ci f he dange I m
enc n e , ince i ha al a been he fa e f h e h ha e ill a ed im ed he a and
cience b hei di c e ie be be e b en , malice, ha id, de c i n and cal mn .
Igna Phili Semmel ei , h a f m ha i n he ci f B da e , ini ia ed hi medical

die in he medical f Vienna, b he a ea ed badl b fell den , he e ned h me
fini h hi aining. The en i nmen f imi i e facili ie and l - killed fe a he
Uni e i f Pe ca ed Semmel ei e n Vienna c m le e hi die .
In 1846, b he ime Semmel ei ned 28, he a engaged a an a i an he di ec f he

Fi Ob e ical Clinic a Vienna Allgemeine K ankenha (Gene al H i al). Thi a a maj
eaching h i al in he m f a d-l king ci in E e, and i fea ed he la ge l ing-in
clinic in he ld.
The e a an e emel high dea h a e (13 30%) ec ded in he men gi ing bi h in he

clinic. High dea h a e e en n al in E ean l ing-in clinic , and f h ee ea , beginning
in 1773, di ea e a aged he l ing-in h i al f E e, eaching a eak in he L mba d egi n f
n he n I al he e f an en i e ea , n ne man i ed af e gi ing bi h in ch a
h i al.
The ca e a nea l al a e e al fe e (al called childbed fe e ), a fe ci infec i n ha

bla ed in he m he b d f he ne l -deli e ed infan and aged h gh i like a ildfi e,
killing i hin da e en h . Ph ician he i ed ha childbed fe e a ca ed b
e c ding, n i ai ( mia ma ), an e idemic di ea e, c mic emana i n .
In he Sec nd Ob e ical Clinic, an he b e ical ing f he ame h i al, he dea h a e a

nl e cen . The fi clinic a f nc i ning a a eaching h i al f medical den and he
ec nd a a eaching h i al f mid i e . Semmel ei n ed ha egnan men h had
mi akenl been admi ed he Fi Clinic, ld d hei knee and beg be an fe ed
he Sec nd Clinic and be deli e ed b mid i e . Ph ician ega ded he agge ing dea h a e in
he Fi Clinic an in ellec al e e ci e. One ha dened fe e, The h ician h ld be
j dged b he e en f hi kn ledge and n b he n mbe f hi c e . I i he in e iga , n
he heale , ha i be a ecia ed in he h ician.

The h i al iginall ened in 1794. Medical den did n e f m hei na ie and

di ec i n n il 1822. I a n af e he a a ding f he e di ec i n i ilege ha he
g e me dea h a e began. Semmel ei began ec ha cleanline , he lack f i , a
ela ed childbed fe e .
Be een 1742 and 1758 Si J hn P ingle, h ician-gene al he B i i h a m , bli hed a e n

an i e i , infec i n, efac i n, fe e , and c n agi n, hich he f a ded he R al S cie . In
1752 he ac i el m ed he g el f cleanline in hi Observations on the Diseases of the
Army. Medical hi ian R P e , n ed ha , hile P ingle i ing e en iginal, he
ca ed he Enligh enmen c nce n f h giene, blic heal h and he al e f life.
In 1843 Oli e Wendell H lme , an Ame ican j i , h ician, and ie ed ha infec i n

a he e i l g f childbed fe e . He de c ibed h he infec i n a being ca ied b a endan
f m bed bed a a kille ca hei i n f m ne h e an he .
Semmel ei finall came and aid i , The hand f he den and he fac l en f m he
inna d f a lan c e alm di ec l in a man lace a ed e he a face lef
in he m he e af e he child i deli e ed.
In 1858 Semmel ei had hi fi cien ific a icle bli hed, The Etiology of Childbed Fevers, hich
a ea ed in a H nga ian medical j nal. In 1860-61, Semmel ei , bli hed hi magn m
The Etiology, the Concept and the Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever.
In Great Feuds in Medicine, Hal Hellman e, B he middle f 1862, Semmel ei began ha ing
ha ld be de c ibed a clinical de e i n al e na ing i h m men f ela i n hile he a
ill able ca hi e n bili ie , he had b i e- enile demen ia and m men f bi a e
beha i .
In hi la eek f life, Semmel ei a icked in g ing a Vienne e a l m b being ld ha

he a being aken i i he lab a f hi ld f iend Fe dinand n Heb a. The h ee
h ician h igned he in l n a c mmi men a e ( e i ed b la ) e e n ained a
chia i , and he e e e n ec d h ing ha he c n l ed a chia i ; he e a n
ec d h ha a ie had been e e ed admini e he final i e and ac amen ; and
he a ec d n ed maj a ma ic inj ie he head and b d ha c ld nl ha e been
ained d ing a fa al bea ing Semmel ei a dead a age 47.
Cla de Be na d a b n n J l 12, 1813, in he illage f Sain -J lien, in he ine g ing egi n

f Bea j lai . A a eenage hi famil a en iced him a ha maci a hi famil c ld n
l nge aff d a f hi ch ling.
Af e failed a em a la i ing, Sain -Ma c Gi a din, a li e a c i ic, gge ed ha c n ide ing

Be na d ha mac e e ience, he h ld c n ide he d f medicine. B 1839 Be na d a
in e ning a he Pa i m nici al h i al he e he bli hed a la ge and bea if ll ill a ed
l me n e ai e ge in c llab a i n i h a c lleag e, M. H e e.
Ba na d dee e in e e leaned a d ana m and h i l g , ana m being a cience ha

a ell-ad anced, ell-ill a ed, and ell- e ec ed; h e e , he cience f h i l g a a
ange mi f he , m h, and fe e e imen al fac . Ph ician ld ded ce he f nc i ning f
a i e gan f m i ana m ih e e imen . F e am le, gen, hich had been
di c e ed a cen ea lie , a kn n be a e i ed fac f c mb i n, and beca e i a
inhaled in he l ng , ea l h i l gi belie ed ha he l ng e e he lace ha ga i b ned
d ce hea and ene g . I k ea f e e imen a i n and blica i n f Ba na d i ch
f m he f he he h ing ha ene g a d ced in all i e . E. J. Ge ge , a
F ench h i l gi a m ed a , N i i n a n a f nc i n beca e i lack a ecific gan
( em).

Vi ali m emained a ca ch-all f he e lana i n f he f nc i n f life i elf, an h i l gical

e en ha a n nde d a held a an e am le f he i al f ce hich all ed he
e i n g nan e ed.
F m 1841 1844, Be na d a e n ible f he d ie f preparateur f F anc i Magendie,

h a e f ming i i ec i n e e imen in he medical ch l f he C llege de F ance. Be na d
n ed, S n a an e e imen al h i l gi a di c e ed he a den nced; he a gi en
e he e ache f hi neighb and bjec ed ann ance b he lice. The eigh f
he an i i i ec i n ii n li e animal e ea ch lag ed Be na d f hi en i e life i e en
im ac ed hi ma ied life. Be een 1844 and 1847, Be na d a in d ced and ma ied Ma ie
F anc i Ma in, he da gh e f a Pa i ian h ician, h came al ng i h a d hich enabled
Be na d c n in e hi e ea ch. H e e , hi i lef him li le li e n.
Unf na el , hi ife a n e a ed, a he a , li e n na mean , in de ha he

ld migh be iche . The life f a e h ician ife ld ha e been m ch m e he
a e. T c m lica e ma e , Madame Be na d and ne f hei da gh e en a c n ide able
i n f hei ime and f nd in an i i i ec i n ac i i ie .
Be na d e ea ch incl ded die f he h i l g f he ne em, he ce eb inal fl id,

and he l ca i n f ida i n in mammal , hich led he nde anding f i e e i a i n and
me ab li m and he h i l g f dige i n. He ha been c edi ed i h being he fi e ea che
e f m ca diac ca he e i a i n e ac am le f bl d f m a ecific ein ( he infe i ena
ca a) b in e ing a be ia he j g la ein in he neck and h gh he hea in he ena ca a.
Be na d i al c edi ed i h being he fi kee an gan ali e e a a ed f m he b d b

feeding i i h needed b ance . Thi i n a c mm nl em l ed echni e e med e f i n.
Be na d died he h i l gical effec f c a e, ca b n m n ide, i m, chnine, and

ane he ic . The e chemical e e ed d he f nc i n f en me and ne e . Th gh
he e die Be na d c ined he he f in e nal en i nmen , a a a e in hich all i al
mechani m , h e e a ied he ma be, ha e nl ne bjec , ha f e e ing c n an he
c ndi i n f life in he in e nal en i nmen . Thi e ela i n led he eminen Sc i h h i l gi J.
S. Haldane ema k ab Be na d d , a ing, N m e egnan en ence a e e f amed
b a h i l gi .
Be na d he f in e nal en i nmen had fa - eaching c n e ence . In 1929 i led an

Ame ican, Wal e Cann n, de el he he f h me a i , he h i l gical ce ha
main ain he b d em in balance in i e f ide fl c a i n in b h he in e nal and
e e nal en i nmen .
Be na d ed he ie hi in e nal en i nmen c nce . One i ha in e nal

ec e i n h m ne , hich a e d ced b he d c le gland ( i i a , h id, ad enal,
e e , a ie , i le f Lange han , e c.). The ec nd a ab he ne e c n l e bl d fl .
Wallach a a membe f he Na i nal Science F nda i n i e i i c mmi ee and c a h f he

1968 Animal Welfa e Ac ha ide f he h mane ec i n and handling f all lab a ,
fa m, and e animal , hich incl de e ace, die , and ca e f hem, and e i ed he
e ence f a e l ained e e ina ian be he di ec f all medical animal e ea ch facili ie
e en e ea f a ab e .
P i he mid-1880 , n h ician had e e c ed a di ea e, ca ing he medical fe i n be

held in l e eem, and hich d ced ea ing j ke and na c mmen . The
e i dical Judge a ed a ha ime, I i he c edi f he in elligence f he medical fe i n
ha he d n f en make he mi ake f aking hei n medicine . A m n h la e , in an he

i e f Judge, i a aid ha , Fi e ime a man ambi i men ake medicine a la .

Thi c n adic ha gene all - ecei ed idea f he e ha he deligh in candal and el , b
abh c el and killing.
The blic a clam ing f hel i h hei e nal heal h blem beca e he fficial medical
em had failed hem. Thi en i nmen a ac ed a en medicine , me f hich e e im l
a h me b e in a b le i h a D . Feel G d e f label and e e ld ff he ailga e f
ag n . O he e e ld famil eci e ha ked, ch a ha d ced b L dia Pink m called
L dia Pink m Vege able and He bal E ac f W men C m lain , hich a ma ke ed in
ne a e f PMS, d men hea, amen hea, men a al m m , and infe ili .
Pink m a a Q ake mi i na and had ed an ancien Na i e Ame ican he bal eci e a he

ba i f he a en medicine ha a ld h gh ne a e and maga ine add . Thi he bal
d c ked ell he Ha a d Glee Cl b ang ng f he abili ie l e he blem f
Ame ican men and he became an Ame ican ic n.
D ing hi ame e i d he e a n he c n an l k f e ci ing headline ell

ne a e . The ld embelli h heal h ea men ie ha eemed k (e eciall if he
h ck e ld li he e e edi a $20 g ld iece). Then he e e e ie ab
ea men f e i life h ea ening di ea e ha ac all ked, ch a f he di ea e f
abie .
The bi e f a abid animal a f g ea c nce n. Once he ic im began h ing ign f he di ea e,

he ine i able li an f h ible m m and dea h a a edic able a g a i . Un il Pa e
ea men came al ng, he imi i e a em a a c e incl ded he fi ing f he bi e nd i h a
ed-h ke , hich a a adi i nal medical a ach ea ing en nd and
bleeding. S me ime , b d mb l ck, he ic im i ed he bi e and he ca e i ing ea men , and
me ime he didn , and he a ien died f he h ck f he ea men and/ he gl and
ainf l m m f abie .
Pa e ne abie ea men b gh h e e le all e he ld, e en in he em e a ea

f Ame ica he e e le e e illi e a e. O he ld ead he b eaking ne l d in he ch ch
he n a e, h ing EXTRA! EXTRA! And ne a e ld like h cake .
D c e e l ked a diffe en l a a e l . The c mm ni e ci emen e he cce f l abie

ea men and he ne c e age a in face ha i ing a ien became he e .
F ng child en f an Ame ican king cla famil e e en Pa i n a cli e hi af e
being h ibl bi en m l i le ime b a abid d g.
The ne a e , b h in Ame ica and E e, e ed he ng ing aga. The b h g a h

and name e e in b ld in n he f n age. Th and f aining li ene in Ame ica f ll ed
he , and hen he b e ned h me, h and fl cked a end e f mance hea he
b ell hei ale.
E all a ama ing a he ha he b had li ed a ha he name h ed a he

c n e ing he a n a h ician. The name f he man a L i Pa e h a a ine
chemi ! Pa e had al ead ca ed he imagina i n f he academic ld and he gene al blic
f hi k in fe men a i n and f hi de ing he ld he f n ane gene a i n a he
ca e f di ea e b e lacing i i h he ge m he ha mic gani m ca ed di ea e n
bad ai . Pa e a ained in ba ic chemi ,c al g a h , and a kn n in he c mme cial
ld f a ing he ine, bee , milk, and ilk ind ie h gh a helf-life ce named af e
him called Pa e i a i n. He a al kn n h gh he li e ck ind f de el ing
accine f he e en i n f chicken ch le a and an h a , hich had nea l de ed he F ench
l and ca le ind ie .

Pa e ildl cce f l ea men f abie a n he fi e in c la i n. Ed a d Jenne ,

ing echni e ha he had lea ned f m milk maid and la e , a able e en mall .
Thi a e en i n, n a c e, and e le began elling f a c e f all infec i di ea e
incl ding h , h id fe e , ne m nia, lag e, ch le a, di h he ia, and hili a medical
e l i n again infec i di ea e had beg n in ea ne !
One f Pa e bi g a he efe ed him a he m e fec man h ha e e en e ed he

kingd m f cience . . . i hin he limi f h mani , ell-nigh e fec . The Enc cl edia
Ame icana e en da a e : Hi di c e ha m familia di ea e a e ca ed b ge m i he
m im an in medical hi and ne f he main f nda i n f m de n medicine. M e han
100 e ea ch in i i n a e named f him.
Gei n, a e i i ni hi ian a P ince n Uni e i aid: In c n e , (Pa e ) c mba i e

elf-a ance c ld be de a a ing he in f c el . He ffended an nen , an eigh -
ea - ld ge n, ha he la e ac all challenged him a d el hich, ha il f b h, ne e
k lace.
D e hi c mb ible c mbina i n, Pa e ide ange f in e e and abili ie , c n en i

e nali , and c m le e fai h in hi abili ie , he f nd him elf emb iled in hil hical a n
man f n . S me e e ie e i , and like Be na d he faced he c mbined migh a mie f
chemi , h ician , na ali , and an i i i ec i ni .
D ing ne eech, Pa e had a ked, Whe e . . . ill find a ng man h e c i i and

in e e ill n immedia el be a ed hen in hi hand a a , hen i h ha
a he ma d ce ga , i h ha ga alc h l, i h ha alc h l e he and inega ?
Pa e a de c ibing he ce f fe men a i n, hich ed be a i al m men in hi

ca ee . When ne nde and he im ance f b ead and ine h gh h man hi i i
een ha b h e i e a age h gh he ce f fe men a i n. Th gh ime bake ,
inemake , and b e e had made hei li ing f m fe men a i n, b did n ac all nde and
ha a ha ening. The e ailing he e en n il he mid-19 h cen a ha he ce
f fe men a i n a he e l f an inanima e chemical eac i n.
Pa e in e iga i n f ea and bac e ia ided he fi c m le e and c ec in igh ha

fe men a i n a d ced b he ac i i ie f li ing gani m .
Ba n J n Liebig, an a gan , infl en ial Ge man chemi iha ld ide f ll ing and
im eccable e a i n, c m a ed Pa e bi l gical he f fe men a i n and efac i n
he ini n f a child h imagined ha he a id c en f he Rhine de ended n he m emen
f he man heel n he mill n he Main Ri e , hich en he a e a d he ci f
Bingen. Liebig a bb n and a gan ha he e en ef ed l k in a mic c e ie
li ing mic gani m .
In he la e 1870 , a fam h ician a eaking n he bjec f childbed fe e a he Academ

f Medicine in Pa i a he ili ed f midable l me f G eek and La in e min l g e lain he
ca e f childbed fe e a a me ab lic di de . Ab l , f m he ea f he lec e hall came,
The hing ha kill men i h childbed fe e i i n an hing like ha ! I i d c h
ca deadl mic be f m ick men heal h ne . The h came f m Pa e and nce
again he a hi neck in c n e and a dd iha h and ea ld he !
Vic R bin n n ed, A e e e a been he c i ici m f Pa e b na ali and chemi , i

a n hing c m a ed i h he enmi hich g ee ed him hen he came am ng he d c ...
When Pa e e en ed fac , hei an e a : M n ie , he e i MD?

Wi h hi i ing f The Origin of Species, Cha le Da in (a l ma h) f e e changed c nce

f he ld c ea i n and i e l i n.
Ne e ha a cien i been fa ed b f ne. Da in came f m a line f gif ed in ellec al ,

i h g ea eal h n b h ide f hi famil . He en he be ch l b a a medi c e
den . Th gh he ggled i h die in medicine, and la e in hi die e a ef he
mini ha hi fa he in i ed n, Da in a e c ed b a fe ec mmenda i n ha he
e e a he cien i n he HMS Beagle.
He e ff n he fi e- ea age, and b he ime he eached he Gala ag I land , he e

ha e eem be b gh nea he g ea fac he m e ie f m e ie he fi a ea ance
f ne being n hi ea h.
Ye Da in ke ning blica i n f hi g ndb eaking he beca e he fea ed cie

and hi ife di a al. Onl hen Da in eali ed ha an he eminen cien i , Alf ed R el
Wallace, a ing imila idea and a ab bli h hem did Da in ace d ce a
la ea men f he he .
Pa l J hn n, Da in bi g a he , a ed in hi b k Darwin: Portrait of a Genius, In ha e ha e

een be a ema kabl l ck life, hi a he g ea e ke f g d f ne he enj ed. The
Origin of Species ealed Da in fa e a he di c e e f he he .
The h ical c alline c e f ein had been ma ed b Lin Pa ling j bef e

R alind F anklin a hi ed a King C llege, L nd n in 1951. The b ief e i d leading he
ann ncemen f he d ble heli h ld ha e been a ace be een ch la l eam : Wa n
and C ick f m he Bi h ic Uni f Ca endi h Lab a a Camb idge, England, and Wilkin and
F anklin a King C llege, L nd n.
Had Wilkin and F anklin been able ge al ng and c llab a e he ld ha e g ne d n in

hi a he di c e e f he d ble heli . The h ical chemi and he h ici had b h
en e ed he ange ne ld f bi h ic .
The cien ific e i n f he da a ... ein eem d man hing in he b d ; c ld

he al be he ca ie f he edi ? S me cien i h gh . O he ec ed he eal ca ie
a a diffe en chemical b ance al f nd in cell : de ib n cleic acid, DNA.
Pa ling had e ed ha he eng h f ein m lec le a ela ed a helical ine

c n i ing f al e na ing h ha e and ga , hich ed a e ie f mall m lec le
efe ed a ba e . I a he e ba e ha made ein eac i e and ga e hem he abili
an mi inf ma i n. Pa ling i ed ha DNA a a i le heli , h e e ne c ld n ee he
c e i h a ligh mic c e e en an elec n mic c e, a he c e a mall and
f agile i e he e a a i n ce .
Pa e ea l e ea ch i h c al dem n a ed a c nnec i n be een he c alline c e

f a m lec le and he chemi f a bi l gical m lec le. A he n f he 20 h cen , Si
William Hen B agg, ing he fac ha X- a ha e a c n ide abl h e a e leng h han i ible
ligh , c ea ed a me h d em l he eg la ana m f a m in c alline m lec le diff ac
X- a beam . The ce d ced a di inc i e finge in f each indi id al m lec le n a film
la e. B agg n, William La ence B agg, c e a ed i h and ed hi fa he e ea ch and
he men l ima el ha ed he 1915 N bel P i e in h ic .
Wilkin had e i l d ne me ba ic e ea ch n c all g a h a an nde g ad a e; h e e

hi ima in e e e e h e f a h ici and hi k enc m a ed he bacc m aic i
ha e i ed me X- a die . A he ame ime, F anklin a in i ed King e an X- a
diff ac i n lab a d DNA. F anklin a ld in i ing ha , . . . a fa a he e e imen al
X- a eff i c nce ned, he e ill be a he m men nl elf and Ra m nd G ling and a
g ad a e den f m S ac e and f m ha m men he belie ed ha he jec a he .
In he fall f 1951 F anklin a d cing eam f X- a def ac i n da a, a he ame ime ha

Wilkin e ned i h e e al DNA am le he had ac i ed in Ne Y k. One f he la e d ced
b F anklin f m he e DNA am le h ed ha DNA a a helical c e. When Wilkin l ked
a F anklin la e and n ed e ball ha i h ed ha DNA a a helical c e, F anklin,
acc ding hi ian R be Olb , na ed a Wilkin , and ( e ed) i h . . . D n in e e m
da a f me! Li le came immedia el f m F anklin da a, b i a bec me he eed f
di c e f Wa n and C ick ne and a half ea la e .
C ick and Wa n me f he fi ime ea l in Oc be f 1951. C ick a a g ad a e den

king a d hi PhD a Camb idge, he e he a d ing X- a diff ac i n die n l e ide
and ein . Jame Wa n a 12 ea nge han C ick, al h gh he had ecei ed hi PhD
f m Indiana Uni e i b he ime he a 22 ea ld d ing bac e ial hage ( i e ).
H e e , he kne li le ab DNA.
On N embe 21, 1951, F anklin and Wilkin ga e a da e n hei X- a diff ac i n die a a

King C llege c ll i m. Thi da a ha Wa n and C ick la e ed a e en ed b F anklin.
U ing Wa n nde anding f F anklin da a, Wa n and C ick in an l d ced a helical
m del f DNA and he in i ed F anklin and Wilkin , am ng he , ie i and ende hei
ini n . F anklin, h b hen had c ea ed he n m del, bla ed he Wa n and C ick m del
and ga e a ng e la hing b h Wa n and C ick.
Wa n and C ick b h made an ffe ha b h g h ld c llab a e n he DNA jec b he

King g ned he ffe . Ea l in 1952 F anklin d ced a g e e , hich Wa n
and C ick e e able ee. F anklin, he i ed ha . . . he ba e faced in a d and e e held in
lace b he h ha e backb ne. F anklin al a e an e l i e finding, b n
immedia el .
An he i k c m lica ed he . The f ba e ai ed e ea edl : adenine b nd h mine

and g anine b nd c ine. Thi b e a i n a e ed and bli hed in 1949 b E in
Cha gaff, an A ian-Ame ican bi chemi . In Ma 1952 Cha gaff i i ed Camb idge and me
Wa n and C ick, and hile he e, he b gh hi 1950 blica i n, and he a i ed find
he had ne e ead hi a e .
Af e Cha gaff e ed Wa n and C ick hi k n he ba e- ai ing f DNA, C ick n ed, Well,

he effec a elec ic, e , he al a g ed ha he ke di c e , he e ac na e f he ba e
ai , a Wa n , and ha he did hi n b l gic b b e endi i . . . he a l king f
me hing ignifican and immedia el ec gni ed he ignificance f he c ec ai hen he hi
n hem b chance. . .
B he fall f 1952, Lin Pa ling a e a ing a a e n DNA hile a he ame ime Pa ling
n Pe e a king in he ame lab a i h Wa n and C ick! Pe e Pa ling begin ge
de ailed le e f m hi fa he f m Cal ech in Pa adena, Calif nia, de ailing hi n k. I a
b i ha a h ee- a ace a n be een King C llege, Camb idge, and Pa ling a Cal ech.
Hal Hellman in Great Feuds in Medicine: Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever ell ha Pa ling
a a aken a a in 1952 beca e Pa ling a ec ed f being a lef i , hi in he gl
da f J e and he a n hi a ie F anklin ma e ial in L nd n a a Bi h ic C mmi ee
g e e he Medical Re ea ch C ncil. Acc ding Wa n in hi b k The Double Helix:
A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Sturcture of DNA C ick lea ned f he e f m Wilkin
and in i ed if he c ld ee he e hen Wa n and C ick a he e , . . . Wa n n ed,
he ld ea me alm a a fell c llab a a he han a di an ac ain ance . . . (Then he
ld me ha ) R had e idence f a ne h ee-dimen i nal f m f DNA . . . When I a ked ha
he a e n a like, Ma ice en in he adjacen m ick a in f he ne f m he
called he B c e.
The in an I a he ic em m h fell en and m l e began Race . . .

Thi a he ic nic h , n mbe 51, ha F anklin had d ced in Ma , and hich a he i al

iece in he l ima e di c e . I i h gh ha F anklin ne e kne ha Wa n had een he
la e, and he didn kn ha Wa n and C ick had addi i nall ie ed he ea lie da a ha
clea l lined he d ble heli i h he ba e in he cen e .
On A il 25, 1953, in he B i i h j nal, Nature, a 900 d a icle a bli hed i led A S c e

f De ib e N cleic Acid, and ha in d ced he ld he d ble heli c e f DNA.
The a h , Jame Wa n, an Ame ican, and F anci C ick, an Engli hman, e e immedia e
he e . N , he ba ic f gene ic inf ma i n c ding, and he abili a he inf ma i n n
he ne gene a i n, a kn n all f he b d gene ic ec e e e ddenl ened f d
a he m lec la le el.
The medical ld n had he l , a ack man f i challenge f m bel challenge ha

incl de n nl b i he edi a di ea e like D n nd me and hem hilia, b ch
blem a cance , hea di ea e, and aging a ell. M ch f ha i e ci ing in bi l g da
cl ning, gene ic he a , DNA accine , ma ing he h man gen me ha k back di ec l hi
k.
F hei a in he di c e and bli hing he c e f DNA a a d ble heli , h ee men:

Jame Wa n, F anci C ick, and Ma ice Wilkin e e j in l a a ded he N bel P i e in h i l g
medicine in 1962.
The N bel P i e ce em n , fficia ed b P fe A. Eng m f he R al Ca line In i e,

highligh ed he f nd effec ha he di c e ha had n all a ea f bi l g . . . He highligh ed
he a i ic na e f he m lec le and he c ea i e hinking f he h ee di c e e h e e being
h n ed.
H e e , Hellman, in Great Feuds in Medicine, emind ha H e ing ab , a he gh fa

ng man R alind F anklin a dedica ed, e en he ic, cien i h had died f ea
ea lie , and h , me claimed, de e ed a lea a m ch c edi (f iden if ing he d ble heli
c e f DNA) a he h ee h n ee . I a , in fac , n he ba i f R alind F anklin highl
eciali ed X- a (def ac i n) die ha he final di c e a made.
On Ma ch 5, 1978, Em Uni e i elea ed he ne ha a e ified ca e f c ic fib i had

been di c e ed b D . J el D. Wallach in a ng he m nke ha had been ai ed f NASA
he fi ca e f n n-h man c ic fib i be iden ified.
Thi a ea be he fi animal m del f c ic fib i , and e e e ci ed ab i im lica i n ,

aid D . J el Wallach and Ha ld McCl e, e e ina a h l gi a he Ye ke Regi nal P ima e
Re ea ch Cen e .
The elea e en n a , Since c ic fib i i h gh be a gene icall ( an mi ed)

di ea e, he e i a ibili ha he a en ela i e f he affec ed m nke (a e ca ie ) and
can ha e addi i nal ff ing i h c ic fib i .
The di c e came a D . Wallach, a i an e e ina a h l gi a he Ye ke (Regi nal P ima e

Re ea ch) Cen e , a e f ming a ine a n a i -m n h ld male he m nke ha
had died f nkn n ca e . He n iced anc ea ic di ea e and b nchial m c d c i n;
e al a i n f he i e la e nde he mic c e e ealed a cla ic e b k ca e f c ic
fib i a ic ed in h man medical li e a e, he Ye ke cien i aid.
S die f i e f m he gan c nfi med ha he m nke a indeed a ic im f c ic fib i ,

D . Wallach aid. D . Wallach diagn i a c nfi med b D . Vic Na a , an Em edia ic
a h l gi a A lan a G ad Mem ial H i al and b D . J hn Ea e l , a h l gi a he Chicag

L ing-in H i al, h i a na i nal a h i nc ic fib i . The aid ha he affec ed animal

a b ed in a c l n f he m nke ed b he Na i nal Ae na ic and S ace
Admini a i n f die e aining he U.S. ace g am.
We ha e he e a cla ic e am le f e endi i , aid D . Wallach and McCl e. A a f n e he

ne elea e D . Jame A. Pe e , medical di ec f he C ic Fib i F nda i n, hich ha i
head a e in A lan a, c mmen ed: We eage l a ai he e l f D . Wallach die beca e
f he im ance f an animal m del b h ba ic and clinical e ea ch n c ic fib i .
He n ed ha D . Wallach ld a ici a e in a Ma 25 26 k h in Be he da, MD, n he

animal m del f he d fc ic fib i hich ill be j in l n ed b he U.S. Na i nal
In i e f A h i i , Me ab li m, and Dige i e Di ea e and he C ic Fib i F nda i n.
On Ma ch 22, 2013, Jame Wa n ke a he Salk In i e and he Uni e i f Calif nia, San

Dieg , n he a f gene ic enginee ing, gene e encing, and he H man Gen me P jec ( f
hich he a he fi di ec ). I a be a 60- ea da e n he anni e a f he 1953 DNA
c e e ela i n ann ncemen in he j nal Nature. In e e ingl en gh, hi a e ac l he
35- ea anni e a f Em Uni e i ann ncemen f Wallach di c e f he fi n n-
h man ca e f c ic fib i .
A a e l f Em Ma ch 5, 1978, ne elea e, a fl f ne a icle a ea ed h gh

he Uni ed S a e :
The Tuscaloosa News Ma ch 6, 1978
C cFb F d I Ha ed
ATLANTA (AP) A ine a fa ng he m nke hich e ealed ha i belie ed be

he fi kn n ca e f c ic fib i in a n nh man ide a g ea b n e ea che eeking
ac e he di ea e . . ..
Since c ic fib i i belie ed be gene ic, d c a he e i he ibili ha he a en

ela i e f he affec ed m nke c ld d ce he ff ing i h c ic fib i .
The cen e aid he di c e came a Wallach, an a i an e e ina a h l gi a he cen e ,

a e f ming a ine a n a i -m n h ld male he m nke ha had died f nkn n
ca e .
Wallach aid he n iced anc ea ic di ea e and b nchial m c d c i n and nde a mic c e

he i e e ealed a cla ic e b k ca e f c ic fib i a ic ed in h man medical
li e a e.
The diagn i a la e c nfi med b he a h i ie , incl ding D . J hn Ea e l , a h l gi a

he Chicag L ing-in H i al, h i a na i nal a h i n he di ea e.
The Telegraph, Ma ch 7, 1978
C cFb U c e ed M e A d Re ea c
ATLANTA (AP) A ine a fa ng he m nke e ealed he fi kn n ca e f c ic

fib i in a n nh man and ided a g ea b n e ea che eeking a c e he di ea e.
Thi a ea be he fi animal m del f c ic fib i , and e a e e ci ed ab i

im lica i n , aid D . J el Wallach and Ha ld McCl e, e e ina a h l gi a he Ye ke
Regi nal P ima e Re ea ch Cen e a A lan a Em Uni e i , he e he di c e a made.
The Albany Herald, Ma ch 7, 1978
B ea Re ed I C cFb F

ATLANTA (AP) A ine a fa ng he m nke hich e ealed ha i belie ed be

he fi kn n ca e f c ic fib i in a n nh man ide a g ea b n e ea che eeking
ac e he di ea e cien i a .
Thi a ea be he fi animal m del f c ic fib i and e e e ci ed ab i im lica i n ,

aid D . J el Wallach and Ha ld McCl e, e e ina a h l gi a he Ye ke Regi nal P ima e
Re ea ch Cen e a A lan a Em Uni e i , he e he di c e a made.
The e l f he Em Ma ch 5, 1978 ne elea e c ea ed a head en i nmen he e e e ne

a ini iall e ci ed and an ici a ed m e de ailed inf ma i n f he c ic fib i di c e a he
c ming lab a animal mee ing Ma 25 26, 1978 a he NIH head a e in Be he da, MD.
D if ll Wallach f a ded he e e ed ab ac f hi e en a i n. B hi ime Wallach had

lea ned he ca e f he c ic fib i in he he m nke , an ia genic (d c ca ed) eleni m
deficienc and incl ded he inf ma i n in he e en a i n ab ac . In he middle f A il, 1978
Wallach a ab l e mina ed f m hi and nin i ed f m he NIH mee ing in Ma .
Wallach, elf bli hed hi a e n c ic fib i and a ea ed in Be he da, MD, n he a in ed

da and handed 100 c ie a he e ea che en e ed he hall, hich f ced he NIH all
Wallach gi e hi e en a i n a he had been li ed n he g am ha had been mailed
all f he a endee .
D . J hn T el, a fell Uni e i f Mi i g ad a e f he ch l f e e ina medicine, f nded

a ne elea e b ing he gene al blic da e, hich d ced an he nd f head da
i h he media:
The Telegraph-Herald, A g 24, 1978
Sc e U e C cFb T e
NEW YORK (UPI) A ma e ick cien i h f nd ha a m e i ickne in fi e m nke a

c ic fib i Th da e he he he di ea e i an inhe i ed di de and ai ed he
ibili ha en i nmen al fac a e he ca e.
D . J el D. Wallach f S . L i aid he aced he fi finding f he ailmen in a ima e c l n

die a fac lemen al feeding i h la ge am n f l n a a ed il hich in e fe ed
i h n mal cell me ab li m f he ace elemen eleni m and inc, l i amin B2.
I ha ened la e la ea a he Ye ke P ima e Cen e in A lan a and in a c l n f e ea ch

m nke in l ed in n ela ed in e iga i n f he Na i nal Ae na ic and S ace Admini a i n.
The chance finding, aid Wallach, led him d ce he di de in he m nke h gh

die a mani la i n.
I hink e in e iga i n c ld h ha c ic fib i c ld be ca ed, e e ed e en ed,

Wallach aid.
He aid he la e e e imen e en end ed b he Cen e and ha he m nke e e em ed

f m hi a ea and hen he a fi ed f a em ing he e ea ch.
Wallach he a c ic fib i cc ena all hen he m he i deficien in ce ain ace

elemen and na all hen he bab die i di de ed.
The adi i nal he h ld c ic fib i i gene icall an mi ed and een nl in h man .
I i fa al in he maj i f ca e in infanc . Fe e han half f h e h i e be nd ha age

li e be nd he age f 21.
The Pittsburgh Press, A g 25, 1978

M e S d L De ,C cFb
NEW YORK (UPI) A ma e ick cien i h f nd a m e i ickne in fi e m nke a c ic

fib i ha e he he he di ea e i an inhe i ed di de and ai ed he ibili ha
en i nmen al fac a e he ca e.
D . J el Wallach f S . L i aid e e da he aced he fi finding f he ailmen in a ima e

c l n die a fac lemen al feeding i h la ge am n f l n a a ed il hich
in e fe ed i h n mal cell me ab li m f he ace elemen eleni m and inc, l i amin B2....
The chance finding, aid Wallach, led him d ce he di de in he m nke h gh

die a mani la i n a e he aid i needed e hi he .
I hink e in e iga i n c ld h ha c ic fib i c ld be ca ed, e e ed e en ed,

Wallach aid. And I an ha e hi inf ma i n i h en-minded h ician and cien i .
He aid he la e e e imen e e n end ed b he ima e cen e and ha he m nke e e

em ed f m hi a ea and hen he a fi ed f a em ing he e ea ch.
I a fi ed n Ma ch 5, 1978 ihj h n ice, he aid.
Wallach he a c ic fib i cc ena all hen he m he i deficien in ce ain ace

elemen ( ch a eleni m) na all hen he bab die i di de ed . . .
The adi i nal he h ld c ic fib i i gene icall an mi ed and i een nl in h man . I

cc in ne f e e 2,500 bi h and i ma ked b ick b ance and le i n in he l ng ,
li e , ( anc ea ) and he i al gan .
Sarasota Herald-Tribune, A g 26, 1978
Re ea che I Fi ed
T e O C cFb I D ed
NEW YORK (UPI) A chance finding f c ic fib i in e ea ch m nke e he ha he

di de i inhe i ed and ai e he ibili ha en i nmen al fac a e he ca e, a S . L i
cien i ha e ed.
D . J el D. Wallach ld a ne c nfe ence he aced he fi finding f he ailmen in he ima e

die a fac lemen al feeding i h la ge am n fa l n a a ed il hich
in e fe ed i h n mal cell me ab li m f he ace elemen eleni m and inc, l i amin B2.
Wallach aid he cien i had c nfi med ha he le i n he f nd la e la ea in he ick

animal a Ye ke P ima e Re ea ch Cen e in A lan a e e imila h e een in (h man) c ic
fib i .
The e e ina a h l gi aid he a a em ing ca e he di de in an he g f

ima e a Ye ke , he e he a a i an a h l gi , hen d f hi kg hi e i .
I a fi ed n Ma 5, 1978 i h 24 h n ice, he aid.
Bef e ha I a a ing ge me cce hen m m nke e e em ed f m m a ea. I

d n kn ha ha ened hem.
The e i n e i n ha hi i an in e e ing he , D . Ha ld McCl e aid hen eached b

h ne. He i he a h l gi a Ye ke and a Wallach b .
I ha n been ed di ed, b I ha e n in en i n f ing i .

D . Jame Pe e , Scien ific Di ec f he Na i nal C ic Fib i F nda i n, aid, Wallach ha a

h he i ha ha n been ig l e ed b cien ific me h d . He i a em ing e lain
b e ai n ih an cien ific back .
Wallach ecei ed hi d c f e e ina medicine deg ee in 1964 f m he Uni e i f Mi i in

C l mbia. S n ing hi i Ne Y k and Th da ne c nfe ence a a cla ma e D .
J hn F. T ell, a e e ina ian f m Fl m , IL, h aid, he hink he he i h
in e iga ing.
A hi in , m ch in he ame manne a he B i i h na al d c , h c ffed a he idea ha

c a c nnec ed die and c n in ed l kf he ge m ha ca ed c , e en af e i
a idel kn n f m e han a h nd ed ea ha c a ca ed b me die a blem
ela ed he c n m i n f li hed ice and ha f e h ege able and f i , ich in i amin C,
c ld e en and e e e he di ea e ha had ca ed he dea h f m e han milli n f B i i h
and Ja ane e ail ; and imila he dea h f milli n f e le all e he ld f m be ibe i
and ellag a, d c all e he ld c n in ed l kf he ge m hen i a idel kn n
ha he e di ea e e e ela ed he c n m i n f high c n and li hed ice die , in fac
deficiencie f i amin B1 and B3 e ec i el ; d c all e he ld, e en af e he di c e
f he ela i n hi fc ic fib i a eleni m deficienc in ima e , c n in e l kf he
gene ic c nnec i n f c ic fib i hen i i ca ed b he c mbina i n f a gl en in le ance
and a deficienc f eleni m and can be e en ed and c ed i h he lemen a i n f all 90
e en ial n ien i h a ecial em ha i n he ace mine al eleni m a a e l f hei elf-
e ing a gance, milli n f child en all e he ld ha e died f c ic fib i ince 1978
nnece a il .
A ea and a half af e Wallach e mina i n f m Ye ke in Ma f 1978, he denial and lie f he

Ye ke aff and he C ic Fib i F nda i n became e emel agg e i e and he e en ed
Wallach f m ge ing a i i n a a a h l gi an he e in he U.S. A hi in , ha h ld ha e
been enc agemen e ha he ini ial finding f c ic fib i in he fi e m nke e en
a fl ke, Ye ke , Em Uni e i and he C ic Fib i F nda i n in e ed hei ene g and
e a i n in he a em de Wallach and an f e in e iga i n hi i eem a
e ea ing i elf.
Times Daily, Decembe 1, 1978.
Ye e Ce e De e F d D ea e C e
ATLANTA (UPI) The di ec f he Ye ke P ima e Cen e T e da denied he claim f a S . L i

e e ina a h l gi ha he cen e (Wallach) had di c e ed a c e f c ic fib i .
D . F ede ick A. King aid he e igi cen e had ne e e en l ked f ac ef he di ea e,

ne f childh d deadlie .
Unf na el , he e i n kn n c e f c ic fib i , aid King. The na i nal head a e f

he C ic Fib i F nda i n in A lan a al i ed a denial he di ea e c ld be e en ed
c ed.
D . J el D. Wallach held a ne c nfe ence a N h e e n Mem ial H i al in Chicag la

eekend ann nce ha medical cience (Wallach) had f nd he an e c ic fib i .
Wallach aid, The di ea e (c ic fib i ), l ng h gh be a gene ic di de , i ca ed b a

deficienc d ing egnanc (and he ea l na al e i d) and can be e en ed and c ed. He
aid i al c ld be e en ed b a e die and a ie and e f h and f m nke
( hei e agge a i n) a he Ye ke P ima e Re ea ch Cen e in A lan a ed hi he .

King aid Wallach a a i an a h l gi a Ye ke in 1977 78 and ha d ing ha ime he

dea h f ne m nke e ealed le i n f he anc ea e embling h e f c ic fib i (in 1978,
c ic fib i e e incl ding D . Vic Na a , Em Uni e i and J hn Ea e l , Chicag
L ing-in H i al, and R be Beale, he na i nal C ic Fib i F nda i n had all c nfi med ha
he di ea e f nd in he ini ial m nke e e in fac c ic fib i ). He aid ha he he hi ingle
ca e ( he e e e ii ec ic fib i bi ie f fi e addi i nal ca e f m he ame c l n )
e e en i e en imila c ic fib i in h man emain be en.
King aid a fe he m nke h ed in he ame a ea e e e al a ed, b he e a n e ifiable

e idence f anc ea ic c ic fib i -like a h l g in he e animal (D . King a emen i an
ab l e lie, cla ic anc ea ic le i n f c ic fib i e e f nd in all fi e bi ie and he
incl i n b die f nd in he li e f he e m nke , cla ic f c ic fib i f m he li e e e
magnified 126, 000 ime h gh an elec n mic c e and he elec n h mic g a h
became he c e ic e f Wallach b k, Rare Earth: Forbidden Cures).
The Ye ke di ec aid ha c n a Wallach claim ha h and f m nke ( hei

e agge a i n) e e ed in c ic fib i e ea ch a Ye ke , n ch e ea ch n c ic fib i
ha been ca ied he e. C n e en l , e ha e n e idence f an kind a he Ye ke Cen e
hi belief .
A hi ne c nfe ence, Wallach aid, he di ea e a ca ed b a lack f eleni m, a ace

elemen , d ing he fi h ee m n h f egnanc in he fi m nh na al. I can be
e en ed, he aid, and al c ed.
Eugene Register-Guard, Decembe 3, 1978
D c ca e dc e c c b
CHICAGO (UPI) C ic fib i , a deadl di ea e f child en, l ng h gh be a gene ic di de ,

ac all i ca ed b a n i i nal deficienc d ing egnanc and can be c ed, a e ea che aid
Sa da .
D . J el D. Wallach, a S . L i e e ina a h l gi , aid he di ea e i ca ed b a lack f

eleni m, a ace elemen , d ing he fi h ee m n h f egnanc . He aid c ic fib i can be
e en ed b e die and lemen a i n f all 90 e en ial n ien i h a ecial em ha i
n he ace elemen eleni m and can be c ed b ge in me ca e and eleni m in he .
Wallach aid he ha been called a n -n ed h ed c b gene ici (and medical d c )

beca e he ef ed he 40- ea he ha c ic fib i i a gene ic di de .
C ic fib i i f nd in ne f e e 2,500 child en b n in he Uni ed S a e . The di ea e i

all fa al in infanc . Fe e han half i ic im li e be nd age 21. CF i cha ac e i ed b defec
in he anc ea , male geni al , l ng and mall in e ine.
Wallach a he ke i e en i n and c e i eleni m, a ace elemen f nd in li e , egg ,

kidne and me a ie ie f high eleni m ice.
N mal eleni m le el in egnan men ill e en CF, Wallach aid, and e n h and
f m nke ( hei e agge a i n) ha e h n he di ea e i 100 e cen c able hen diagn ed
i hin 30 da f bi h (ac all c e can be acc m li hed in eenage and ng ad l ).
He (Wallach) began hi k n hi he in 1977 hen he di ea e l ng h gh affec nl

h man a di c e ed b Wallach, in fi e bi l gicall n ela ed m nke a he Ye ke P ima e
Re ea ch Cen e in A lan a, he e he ked.
CF m m in he fi e m nke e e aced b c m e a deficienc f he ace elemen

eleni m and inc, and f i amin B2.
Saraota Herald-Tribune, S nda Decembe 3, 1978.

D e Ca ed Ke C cFb
CHICAGO (UPI) C ic fib i , a deadl di ea e f child en, l ng h gh be a gene ic di de ,

ac all i ca ed b a n i i nal deficienc d ing egnanc and can be c ed, a e ea che aid
Sa da .
D . J el D. Wallach, a S . L i e e ina a h l gi , aid he di ea e i ca ed b a lack f

eleni m, a ace elemen , d ing he fi h ee m n h f egnanc . He aid c ic fib i can be
c ed b ge in me ca e and i h eleni m in he .
Wallach aid he ha been called a n -n ed h ed c b gene ici (and d c ) beca e he

ef ed he 40 ea he ha c ic fib i i ca ed b a gene ic di de .
I mind-b ggling ha hi i e, Wallach aid f hi n i i nal he a a ne c nfe ence a

N h e e n Mem ial H i al. B n hing ha aid il . E e hing kee einf cing hi
( eleni m deficienc a a ca e f CF) . . .
He began hi k n hi he in 1977 hen he di ea e l ng h gh affec nl h man

a di c e ed (b Wallach) in fi e bi l gicall n ela ed m nke a he Ye ke P ima e Re ea ch
Cen e in A lan a, he e he ked.
CF m m in he fi e m nke e e aced b c m e a deficienc f he ace elemen

eleni m and inc, and i amin B2.
F ll ing he e ela i n ha a eleni m deficienc ca ed he childh d di ea e c ic fib i ,

Wallach c n in ed in e iga e eleni m deficienc di ea e in h man . A eleni m deficienc c ld
d ce li e nec i (dea h), li e ci h i , anc ea ic di ea e (i.e., CF, anc ea i i , e c.),
h e hic ca di m a h hea di ea e (in h man , in China, kn n a Ke han di ea e and in
animal kn n a m lbe hea di ea e ), hi e m cle di ea e in animal (aka: m c la
d h in h man ), e c.
Af e hi ma iage D . Ma Lan, in 1985, a mic - ge n h had d ne e ea ch and a gh

ge a he Ha a d ch l f medicine, Wallach i i ed mainland China, D . Ma Lan na i e
c n . In hei a el h gh China, Wallach lea ned ha 13 e 1,000 child en in Ke han
P ence died f a eleni m-deficienc h e hic ca di m a h hea a ack each ea and he
WHO ec gni ed Ke han Di ea e a a eleni m-deficienc di ea e.
Al h gh i a belie ed ha c ic fib i a an ic nic e am le f a im le Mendelian gene icall -

an mi ed di ea e and ima il cc ed in hi e E ean , Wallach ea ned ha if eleni m
deficienc a in fac he ca e f c ic fib i , hen, he e ld ha e be me f he Chine e
kid h died f Ke han di ea e h ld al ha e c ic fib i !
In 1987, Wallach and Lan, in a d f nded b Wallach m he and a anged b Ma a en ,

he en n a h gh Ke han P ence and i h he c e a i n f Ha bin Medical Uni e i
and in c llab a i n i h e ea che a Ha bin Medical Uni e i , Wallach and Ma h ed e
clea l ha hi he n ec gni ed anc ea ic, li e , l ng and m cle le i n cc ed in 35% (595)
f 1,700 Chine e child en h had died f d c men ed Ke han Di ea e, he endemic
ca di m a h hea di ea e cc ing in l - eleni m egi n f China.
O he e ea che ha e ince d a n a en i n he abe an gen adical ac i i and he l

eleni m and an i idan a in CF a ien . I i n al ag eed ha eleni m deficienc ma
de el in child en leading CF beca e f a dige i e malab i n (gl en in le ance) af e
l nged al a en e al n i i n. In addi i n, a ca e f ca di m a h in a CF a ien ca ed b
a eleni m deficienc ha been de c ibed.
The ea men f CF a ien i h eleni m and an i idan i amin ha al been e ed in a

h man clinical ial:

In c ic fib i (CF) a ien , he an i ida i e- ida i e balance i ch nicall di bed. F ee

adical e e gene a ed b b nchial lm nal infec i n and addi i nall ( he e) e i a deficienc f
an i ida i e b ance b en e al malab i n e eciall f i amin E and eleni m. F
CF a ien , he ef e, e ec mmend a di m eleni e b i i n he a , be in c mbina i n
i h i amin E.
On Ma ch 22, 2013, he headline f he Union–Tribune ne a e , f m San Dieg a ed, (Gene

e encing i n ) he l i n. The l i n i g d (bi ) chemi , and he en n a ,
N bel la ea e Jame Wa n . . . ell Salk a dience gene e encing c e cance (and he
di ea e i ) m l i ele an . Wa n c n in ed, Se encing gene i n ing be a ic la l
ef l in figh ing di ea e ch a cance (and diabe e ).
T ma imi e man en ial f heal h, l nge i , d c i i and i i ali em iden

h i n . The medical em ha failed h mani fea f ll he in ha he l nge li ed
e le n ea h a e he ne h did n engage em l m de n medicine.
B d mb l ck, he heal hie and l nge li ed e le in he ld ch e li e in lace ha had

imal le el f a ma e ial (i.e., he e en ial mine al ) nece a f man fl i h and be
l ng-li ed and be d c i e.
In 2004 a Forbes maga ine a icle a ed ha he a e age Ame ican billi nai e life an a 78
ea f age and n ne had e e li ed be 100 ea . In a f ll - e in
2011, Forbes ec ded a h ing 12- ea d in he a e age life an f billi nai e 66 ea f
age, and S e e J b , A le f nde , had died a 56 ea f age 10 ea h f he a e age!
A ag , billi nai e end m e f heal h ca e and fi ne han an he g f e le, e

he fall fa h f he h man ca aci f l nge i beca e he in e in he ini n f a
highl e ec ed medical d c a he han in e ing in he a ma e ial nece a f he
main enance and ma imi a i n f heal h and l nge i .
In Ma 2013 he National Geographic bli hed a c e Thi child ill li e be 120 ea f

age. The a icle in ed ha he l nge li ing and heal hie e le , e e imi i e e le
h e e legenda f n ha ing acce m de n e e n medicine. The had n elec ici , n
acce h ician , heal h in ance, clinic , h i al , and he li ed in ha ched fh ih
di fl . The gene al c ncl i n f he a icle a ha he l ng heal h li e f he e e le e e
ei he d e gene ic im le d mb l ck. We ill be n he d mb l ck, hich all
c llec inf ma i n ega ding he a ma e ial b ained b he e e le, hich, can hen be
im ed in each h me, and hen all h man can ha e he ame heal h and l nge i benefi .
In A g f 2013 i a e ed ha Ca mel Fl e La a, an illi e a e A ma a Indian f m B li ia

ac i el king a a hee he de a 13,000 fee ele a i n, a li ed b he Guiness Book of
Records a he lde li ing e n e e d c men ed a 123 ea f age. He li e in a ha ched
f, m d fl ed h ih ili ie in an i la ed hamle nea Lake Ti icaca. He end hi hee n
he ide f a m n ain i h he aid f a cane, alke , heel chai .
The e e ina ind i led he life an f d g e he la 60 ea . Si ea ag , an ld

d g a eigh ea ld. T da , in 2013, an ld d g i en -fi e ea f age. Ve e ina ian ha e
elimina ed 900 di ea e in d g ha ill lag e e le, and e e ina ian ha e elimina ed all bi h
defec in d g ha ill lag e h man . The animal ind didn d he e nd hing in he
animal ind ih gan an lan , nde d g , em cell , gene icall enginee ed ein .
The mi acle e e d ced im l and ec n micall b e fec ing he n i i nal al e f e - he-
c n e d g f d.

The e a e h ee inci al ha m be ac iced he le el f an b e i n if e a e ma imi e

he imal heal h, l nge i , and d ci i f an indi id al and hei gen and b d ing he e
hing e ill a e he i al f he h man ecie :
1. Elimina e ac e and ch nic damage, b h elf inflic ed and en i nmen al (g a m ch f

n ganic f d a ible).
A. C n me a m ch ganic f d, n n-GMO f d, and f e h f d a ible.
B. S e and ha e a ailable a m ch f ee e-d ied ganic f d and n n-GMO f da ible

incl de a e ing in each meal ge ed i!
C. D ink clean a e ( ligh l alkaline: i.e., 7.5 8.5), h e e , d n d ink alkaline ae

d ing meal a i ill ne ali e he e en ial acid en i nmen f he mach.
D. A id he c n m i n f ce ed mea c n aining ni a e and ni i e and gl en-laden

fille (e.g., deli lice , and ich mea , a age, b l gna, alami, e e ni, je k , hamb ge
a ie , mea l af, mea ball , canned mea , e c.)
E. W k n being a gl en f ee a ible, e eciall if ha e m m f a gl en

in le ance a en ha ea a e ha ab b.
F. A id all ce f an -fa acid , he e c clic amine and ac lamide (e.g., il , b n

mea , e -hea ed ca b h d a e , e c.)
G. Kee ga (na al and ce ed) a minim m.
2. Re ai e i ing cell la , i e and gan damage h gh n n-ha a d and i e

n i i nal and n n- ha mace ical me h d .
A. E ce f eme gencie f g ea magni de, a id d c a m ch a ible. Refe he

il g f b k Let s Play Doctor, Let s Play Herbal Doctor, and Passport to Aroma Therapy b
Wallach and Ma f elf- ea men f min eme gencie and elf- ea men a ache ch nic
di ea e .
B. A id ge a m ch a ible e ce f eme gencie f g ea magni de. Al a em l

n n-in a i e i e ing me h d fi . Gi e elf-hel 90 da .
3. E abli h an ng ing e en i e main enance and e ai g am b em l ing an

imal die and dail lemen a i n i h all 90 e en ial n ien and he b a medicine hen
a ia e.
A. Em l ha migh be c n ide ed al e na i e c m limen a medicine efe en iall

a id nnece a damage.
A ce De a T ad
F d, die and die a e ic i n a ea be he fi and e ennial ba ic f ancien a em a

ac i el c n lling heal h and l nge i . Ini iall , adi i nal Chine e medicine (TCM), A edic
medicine, and Na a hic medicine ba ed hei die a ec mmenda i n n he belief ha
a e ha ea . T da e kn (Wallach) ha a e ha ab b.
The e ea l heale kne ha he ac i e i f ce ain die and he a idance f ce ain

b ance , f d and lan ld c n ib e a m e ene ge ic, heal h and l nge life.
A ed c Med c e
A eda, i a h li ic em f heal h and l nge i ha began in India, and i h gh be he

ld lde em f na al medicine. A edic medicine i belie ed be he ea l cien ific
ma ha bi hed Eg ian, Chine e, G eek and Pe ian medicine. The e m A eda i de i ed

f m veda, meaning kn ledge cience, and ayus, meaning life life an, c mbined mean
cience f life kn ledge f life an. A eda deli e e en a i e medicine, m ing
ellne b he f men al, em i nal, and h ical eng h.
A edic medicine ang f m he hi ical Hind hil h and i i al ac ice ha

emb aced he Veda , hich e e ini iall ac iced m e han 5,000 ea ag . The Veda e ea
c llec i n f he idea and ac ice f he h l men f ancien India. I i h gh ha he e
ac ice e e di ine i d m ha e e em l ed in he f ca eg ie f h man c nd c
incl ding:
1. Self-kn ledge
2. C m l g f he Uni e e
3. A ah G d
4. Ph ical heal h
A la ge cad e f medical ch la , belie e ha A edic medicine i he lde na al heal h and

healing em. Thi em i ba ed n prana, hich i a i al ene g h gh be e i ed f
he main enance f heal h and life i elf. In he A edic em, all a e ble ed i h ana.
H e e ,i m be ec ed, main ained, and ene ed b each indi id al ac i n , incl ding
die a ch ice .
An e en ial ac ice f he e leni hmen f ana i a c llec i n f b ea hing e e ci e efe ed

a pranayama and ai i belie ed be made f he i al ene g f ana.
A eda al eache ha each being i c m ed f he fi e ba ic elemen f he ni e e:
Ai
Wa e
Ea h
Fi e
S ace
A eda eache ha he c mbina i n and a e n f he e ima elemen ha indi id al a e

b n i h i he finge in f each indi id al c n i i n.
In an eff nde and h he h man f nc i n , he A edic em c mbine he elemen

in h ee g called doshas:
Vata ( ace and ai ) ligh and ai ;g e n he ne em; indica i e f an ac i e, ale

e nali e;
Pitta (fi e and a e ) fl ing fie ;g e n he dige i e em; indica i e f an agg e i e,

can-d e nali e;
Kapha (ea h and a e ) l and ng; g e n he b ne , m cle , and healing; indica i e f a

ead , an il e nali e.
In A edic medicine, a a, i a, and ka ha a e em l ed in he ame manne a We e n

medicine ige n h le e le in b d e kn n a ec m h ( a a); end m h ( i a); and
me m h (ka ha). B c n a , A edic medicine al lace ch l gical, em i nal, and
i i al al e each d ha ca eg .
Ma c Y De Y D a

The A edic belief f a e nal c n i i n i a ignifican fea e f i n i i nal and medical

hil h .A eda e e ha each indi id al m c n ci eff in li ing life in
acc dance i h hei c n i i n. Li ing c n a each ne e nali d ce an imbalance,
a b ild f in , di bance f hei main d ha, and e en all a de e i a i n f hei heal h.
Die i a ignifican fac in main aining balance, e nal ha m n , and heal h acc ding he
A edic adi i n.
T eP a A ed c Pe a T e
Va a (ai & ace) Pi a (fi e & ae ) Ka ha ( a e & ea h)
Slende & ligh b ild H , ha , ligh Hea , c ld, il
Ene g in b . Walk Q ickl , Medi m eng h and Ene g i ead

al a m ing end ance
E ci abili , changing m d I i able hen e ed P e i e, f gi ing, ela ed
En h ia m, ie , i aci In en e, ambi i Ha ih a
I eg la h nge , c n i a ed S ng a e i e, cann Ea f em i nal c mf

ki meal
Q ick g a ne inf ma i n B igh in ellec P eci e Sl and g acef l l make

eech deci i n
Pe f m ac i i ickl , l e Take c mmand Ea g ing, laid back

e ci emen En e i ing
Slee ime change, ki meal , ------- Dee lee e , ake l l

in mnia
F m Pa l F emming. The Best Guide to Alternative Medicine. 1998
F d a e di ided in hei ima a e ha a e he i a e :
S ee ga , milk, b e , ice, b ead, a a
Sal al
S g , chee e, lem n
P ngen ginge , c min, ic f d
Bi e g een leaf ege able , me ic
A ingen bean , len il , meg ana e
In A edic adi i n, he main meal f he da m incl de a e ing f each f he i a e .

Each a e i ed balance agg a a e he indi id al d ha.
S Ta e
Ta e ha Agg a a e Ta e ha Balance
Vata P ngen , bi e , a ingen S ee , , al
Pitta S , al , ngen S ee , bi e , a ingen
Kapha S ee , , al P ngen , bi e , a ingen
F m Pa l F emming. The Best Guide to Alternative Medicine, 1998

The ec nd fea e f he A edic f d g ideline i efe ed a he i ali ie . The a e

linked di ec effec ha ce ain f d ha e n he h man b d .
S Q a e
Hea . Ligh Oil .D H . C ld
Hea beef, chee e, hea Oil bean , milk, c c n H egg , h ne , e e
Ligh chicken, kim milk, ba le D len il , h ne , cabbage C ld milk, ga , min
Th gh a c mbining f he i a e , he i ali ie and he h ee d ha , each indi id al can

ch e hich f d ill balance agg a a e each b d e.
T ad a C e e Med c ea dF dT e a
In 1933 The New York Times e ed he bi a f P fe Li Ch ng Y n, a ema kable Chine e

man h i aid ha e died a he age f 256 ea . Hi age a fficiall ec ded b he Chine e
g e nmen and c nfi med b P fe W Ch ng Chich, head f he Chang-T Uni e i . Li a
b n, li ed, and died in Sich an P ince; Li had li ed 23 i e and a li ing i h hi 24 h ife
a he ime f hi dea h.
A h i ie a he Mink Uni e i di la ed ec d f P fe Li bi h da e f 1677 and n hi

150 h and 200 h bi hda he a c ng a la ed b he na i nal Chine e g e nmen and i ed a
ce ifica e n each bi hda e a hen ica e he e en .
P fe Li a an he bali h g e , e a ed, mi ed, and ld he b hi a ien . When Li

a a ked ab hi ec e and e nal ac ice ha led hi e ce i nal l nge i , he e lied:
Kee a ie hea , i like a i e, alk igh l like a ige n, and lee like a d g.
Wallach and Ma ld like kn ha he mine al anal i ld be f he il ha P fe Li

li ed n and b ained hi d l f f el! If P fe Li age a in fac c ec , he il
ld ha e be ich in i a e ea h c n en ,a a e ea h a e kn n d ble he life an f
lab a ecie . A f Ma 2012 China d c i n f a e ea h c m ed 95% f he ld
d c i n and l .
The Ta i adi i n f heal h and ell-being, hich i emb aced b T adi i nal Chine e Medicine, i
ba ed n h ee a ec f life: an ba ( h ee ea e ) an chi ( h ee ma el ). The Ta i
belie e ha e e h man i b n i h imal am n f he e ea e ( el me e ) a bi h, and
de ending n h ell he a e managed ill de e mine he indi id al heal h and h l ng he
ill li e:
Jing The h ical b d and i e en ial fl id a e efe ed a jing (e ence) Vi ali .
Chi The i al f ce ha em e he b d and ini ia e he life f nc i n ene g . Ene g i

he i al f ce ha c n ci l and nc n ci l d i e and m e e e em f he b d .
Shen All f nc i n f he mind, c n ci ne and c gni i n a e c mbined in hen ( i i ). T he

Ta i , i i , i in he l ima e meaning f all hing i he f ce f c ea i n.
Vi ali e ence (jing) and ene g (chi), i e idenced b men al ig , imm ni and e i ance
di ea e, and e al enc he bench ma k f imal heal h in he Chine e mind e i i ali
(jing-chi).
T adi i nal Chine e Medicine hil h l k a f d a a ignifican fac in an indi id al heal h.

The Ta i belie e ha he ali f ne die , he e ence f n ien in each meal, and he
efficienc f dige i n and me ab li m la a ignifican le in he ali f he b die fl id ,

e ence , ha he belie e f m he f nda i n f life i elf: chi ( i al ene g ) and bl d. The

T adi i nal Chine e Medicine c nce f heal h and h man h i l g i cen e ed n gan , he
mach and he leen, hich he belie e an f m f d in chi and bl d.
Acc ding T adi i nal Chine e Medicine, he lack f imal am n f he c ec f d an

e ce f f d can nega i el im ac ene g and heal h. The fail e c n me e am n f
he c ec f d d ce a deficienc f chi and bl d, hich l ima el ca e a i gan
fail. An e ce ff d d ce a agna i n f ene g and bl d hich can e l in a mach
di ea e.
The Ta i n i i nal belief and cience h ha ina ia e f d ch ice ha e a di ec nega i e

effec n heal h. The T adi i nal Chine e Medicine ie i ha g d f d c n ain e en ial n ien
ha an f m chi in bl d and ha i al ha an im ac n he bi ene ge ic la i ie f
he ni e e yin and yang.
Yang f d a e im la ing and a m and in f d a e calming and c ling. T adi i nall , f d a e

elec ed balance he in and he ang f nc i n and ali ie f he b d gan and al in
and ang a ide he b d :
De e i n ( in) e ang f d f balance.
Wea he ( in: dam and c ld) e ang a ming f d ha d he in e nal gan .
Fa g ea f d , alc h l, and ee d ce dam ne and hea .
T m ch a f d ain he ang f he leen hich d ce he c ndi i n f In e nal C ld and

Dam ne hich manife i elf a abd minal ain and eakne .
T ad a C e e Sea a F d
An addi i nal fac in adi i nal Chine e f d ch ice and f d he a ha ha e been em l ed

f h and f ea , i he ea ing f f d ha a e d ced in ecific ea n and m n h f
he ea (a l g ). The ang f d a e ea en d ing he in e f a ming, and he in f d a e
ea en d ing he mme f hei c ling effec .
Ya ( a d ) Y (c d )
C ked ege able a ege able
T ma a ce ice
Kidne bean , len il g
P a e f
C ked fi h milk
Ga lic c de
Mi a himi ( a fi h)
M la e ga
Cl e al
Ac c e
Ac nc e i a 4,000- ea - ld he a ha i ed da b 1.5 billi n Chine e and milli n f

he ien al e le . Ac nc e he a i ba ed n he c nce ha he h man i al ene g i
di ib ed a i in n and in he b d , and hen he e in a e bl cked di ea e i
he e l . The e in a e h gh be linked he ne e ha c nnec bc ane

me idian i h he in e nal i e and gan . I i belie ed ha ac nc e elea e bl cked

ene g and e e heal h b in e ing needle in ecific ac nc e in and elea ing he
bl ckage. Ac nc e i a ic la l ef l f elie ing ain and iding l - i k ane he ia f
maj gical ced e incl ding abd minal, che and b ne gical ced e .
Na a cP ca
Na a hic medicine can ace i beginning Hi c a e , and imila l A edic medicine

and T adi i nal Chine e Medicine, and i ba ed n he c nce ha he h man b d ha a i al
f ce ha m be managed and ke in balance main ain imal heal h.
Na a hic medicine i a h li ic a ach heal h, meaning he b d , mind, and i i a e

en i ie ha a e f e al eigh in managing he a e f heal h f each indi id al.
A heal h , balanced life le ed b an imal die c n aining all 90 e en ial n ien

( all g a an eed b lemen a i n) m e a heal h elf main aining b d . Na a hic
hil h engende he belief ha he na al di ec i n f he b d life ene g fl a d
e e ing imal heal h and he cell f all i e c n ain he abili emain heal h ,
d lica e hem el e and e i di ea e nde ideal c ndi i n (h me a i ).
The fa he f m de n na a hic medicine, D . Benedic L , a Ge man h ician h immig a ed

he U.S. in 1896, a a e f he c nce ha he b d c ld defend and heal i elf hen
ided i h imal in ake f all e en ial n ien in imal le el .
D .L in i ed he fi m de n aining g am f na a hic medicine in Ne Y k in 1902.

The c ic l m c n i ed f c e in b anical medicine, n i i nal he a , h i he a ,
ch l g , h me a h , and na a hic mani la i n incl ding man al mani la i n echni e
and medical me age.
In he 21 cen , na a hic medicine i he leading nen , in he a i f m f We e n

medicine, f heal h die and imal lemen al g am ha ide all 90 e en ial n ien
h gh he c nce f epigenetics (i.e., m di ea e ha a e h gh be gene icall
an mi ed a e in fac n i i nal deficiencie ha nega i el im ac he f nc i n f DNA, RNA, and
en me ) in de e en and e e e m di ea e .
T eS P c e Na a c Hea
1. The healing e f na e he b d i elf ha a na al healing e , and he h ician i

e i ed iden if an bl ckage he b d n healing e .
2. T ea he h le e n he b d i an in ica e eb f f ce , hich hen he a e in a

ha m ni ae d ce an imall heal h b d . Di ea e i c n ide ed be an imbalance in
ne a em ha affec he h le. Na a hic he a i he ef e de igned he
h le e n a he han a acking nl m m .
3. Fi d n ha m na a hic h ician , a ima ca e h ician a e licen ed e f m

m medical ced e and e c ibe ha mace ical , h e e , he efe en iall e
h me a h , he bal medicine, n i i nal he a ie and he n n-in a i e he a ie .
4. Iden if and ea he ca e f he di ea e m m a en he ca e f he di ea e, a he
m m (i.e., fe e , ain, ele a ed bl d ga , elling, e c.) a e he b d eff defend
and heal i elf. U all , he nde l ing ca e f di ea e a e ela ed he indi id al life le,
n i i n, e nal h giene, and em i nal a e.
5. P e en i n i he be c e he a ien i ed ca ed n h ea , lemen ih imal

le el f all 90 e en ial n ien , and c ec hei life le and a id he bad hing e en
di ea e.

6. The na a hic h ician i he a ien eache he na a hic d c eache he

a ien h be e n ible in all ha e f die , lemen a i n, e nal h giene, and life le.
T e Ba c T Na a c Med c e
N i i nal he a and fa ing he e f die , lemen a i n, and fa ing ide he b d

i h all f he ba ic a ma e ial i need de el and main ain i elf.
He bal medicine he e f he b , lan b ance , a ma he a , ice and lan ba ed f d

a medicine .
H me ah he e f h me a hic emedie ha em l he like ea like inci le.
H d he a he e fh and c ld ae he a im la e he imm ne and ci c la

em .
Na a hic and chi ac ic mani la i n m l i le f m f h ical ea men h gh ma age,

h i l g , and ee abli hing n mal alignmen .
C ac c Med c e
Chi ac ic an la e d ne b he hand. Chi ac ic he i ha man illne e begin

hen he e eb ae f he inal c l mn bl a e li f lace alignmen , inch
c m e ne e and h bl ck he b d i al ene g fl . Chi ac ic ac i i ne k
ealign he inal e eb ae b hand and b d mane e . Chi ac ic i m f en ed f neck,
h lde , a m, back ain, li ed di c , and he m c l kele al ain.
The e a e a lea di i i n f chi ac ic:
1. S aigh chi ac ic ac i i ne h limi hei ac ice mani la i n.
2. Mi e chi ac h em l chi ac ic mani la i n, ac nc e, n i i n, he b ,

h me a h , e c.
S e e a
N i i nal lemen a i n i a b ad c nce ha de c ibe he eg la die a em l men f

i amin , mine al , amin acid , e en ial fa acid and a ide c e f f d fac (e.g.,
bi fla n id , l hen l , an i idan , e c.), and he b imal heal h, and ea and
e en di ea e.
The gene al le f i amin and mine al i hei e i emen a c fac im lemen he ac i i

f en me , c en me , DNA, and RNA. En me facili a e he ac i i f me ab lic ce e in
mi ch nd ia and e e cell in he b d . C en me he imal ac i i f en me .
En me and c en me e f m b c nnec ing di c nnec ing me ab lic m lec le b d cing

di l ing chemical b nd . The gene al g al f n i i nal lemen a i n i l he
imal le el f n i i nal c fac facili a e imal me ab lic ac i i f i e en me
em .
En me a e icall made fa ein and c fac ha a e i amin and mine al .
DNA and RNA e lica e ein , amin acid , and en me f all f he b die f nc i n f life,
e d c i n, and l nge i .
If he e en ial c fac i mi ing, he en me cann e f m e l , if a all. S die ha e

h n ha m Ame ican fail b ain imal le el f all 90 e en ial n ien : he U.S.
g e nmen (NHANES 1, II, III, and 2007 2008; 10- S a e N i i n S e ; USDA na i n ide f d

c n m i n die , e c. ha e h n ha ma ginal n i i nal deficiencie c n in e e i in a

ignifican (50%) n mbe f he U.S. la i n; and f elec ed n ien 80% f U.S. indi id al
in a ge ed age g k in le han he Rec mmended Dail In ake (RDI).
The e die h ha m Ame ican a e highl nlikel ake in a meal a die ha ide
he RDI f all 90 e en ial n ien . S bclinical deficienc i he e m ed de c ibe min
ma ginal n i i nal deficiencie . S bclinical n ien deficiencie icall manife hem el e a
ch nic fa ig e, le ha g , de e i n, lack f c ncen a i n, l ec e af e e e ci e, e c.
I i ell d c men ed ha e en an agg e i e eff ea ell ill fall h in iding all f he

e en ial n ien in imal le el . Vi amin le el in f d ha e dec ea ed b m e han 37%
be een 1950 and 1999, and ace mine al le el ha e dec ea ed b 77% be een 1940 and 1991.
In A il 16, 2012, he ell e ec ed j nal Food Chemistry e ed ha m c mme ciall

a ailable infan f m la c n ain le han 20% f he minim m dail e i emen f die a
mine al and i amin .
M in e iga fail g a he g a i f he i a i n and blame he n ien deficiencie in

Ame ican f d n n he ic fe ili e and e f eed . If fac he deficiencie a e ca ed b
h ee fac :
1. Mine al d n cc in a nif m blanke h gh he ea h c he cc in ein , in

m ch he ame manne a ch c la e in ch c la e i le ice c eam and lan d n man fac e
mine al .
2. The adi i nal ce f he dail ene al f U.S. b i ence fa m il f m lan mine al

aka d a he di a ea ed h l af e 3:00 .m. in he af e n n, M nda Se embe 4, 1882,
hen Th ma Edi n lled he i ch a he fi c mme cial elec ic gene a ing lan n Pea l
S . in Ne Y k Ci . Wi hin en ea f hi e en alm all n and ci ie in he Ind iali ed
W ld c n e ed f m d a he ni e al f el elec ici , na al ga , and ane, effec i el
elimina ing h mani adi i nal ce f mine al lemen a i n f m lan mine al ha e e
c n ained in d a he .
3. The ann al fl ding f i e ein ig a ed il i h mine al ha igina ed in m n ain and

eam il . Cla icall b m land and fl d lain e e he m fe ile and m e en i e
fa m land beca e f hi ann al ene al ce . The damming f i e e en fl d and
addi i nall d ce h d elec ic e c ff he hi ical ann al ene al f il mine al le el
b fl ding and il de i i n. And an he maj c n e ence f damming he g ea i e a
c ff he f d l he cean . I n ll i n ha i de ing he cean . H man im l
c ff he f d l he cean n il , n lan life, n li le fi h, n medi m i ed fi h, n
la ge eda fi h ,H n, e ha e a blem!
In ac ical e m , ne cann e ima e an effec i e le el h m ch f an n ien ha migh

be in an indi id al die . E en ege a ian die c m ed f ganic f i and ege able fall h
acc ding a 2012 me a- d e ed in The Annals of Internal Medicine i h 240 mall die
c mbined. The ef e a c ne ne f imal heal h in he 21 cen i ac m ehen i e
n i i nal lemen a i n g am ha ide all 90 e en ial n ien .
Rec e da a Da M eV a a dM e a I a e
Vi amin Dail D e/ Ad l and child en e 9 ea ld
Vi amin A ( e in l) 2,500 5,000 IU
Vi amin A (be a ca ene) 5,000 25,000 IU
Vi amin B1 ( hiamine) 10 100 mg

Vi amin B2 ( ib fla in) 10 50 mg
Vi amin B3 (niacin) 10 100 mg
Vi amin B5 ( an henic acid) 25 100 mg
Vi amin B6 ( id ine) 25 100 mg
Vi amin B12 (me h lc balamin) 400 mcg
Vi amin C (a c bic acid) 250 1,000 mg
Vi amin D 1,000 2,000 IU
Vi amin E (mi ed c he l ) 100 200 IU
Vi amin K1 K2 60 300 mcg
Niacinamide (niacin) 10 30 mg
Bi in 100 300 mcg
F lic acid 400 mcg
Ch line 10 100 mg
In i l 10 100 mg
Bi fla n id 1,000 5,000 mg
Mine al Range f ad l and child en/100 nd
B n 1 6 mg
Calci m 600 -1,000 mg
Ch mi m 200 400 mcg
C e 1 2 mg
I dine 50 150 mcg
I n 15 30 mg
Magne i m 250 500 mg
Mangane e 3 5 mg
M l bden m 10 25 mcg
P a i m NA
Seleni m 100 200 mcg
Silica 1 25 mg
Vanadi m 50 100 mcg
Zinc 15 30 mg
NA: The FDA e ic he am n f a i m in lemen 99 mg. M a , M.T. and Pi n ,

J.: The Enc cl edia f Na al Medicine. ed. 2012.
L dPa De ed C da M e a O eO ce/ 100 d /da PPM

T e Pea
Fail e be b e i e ab heal h, i al, and l nge i , and fail e ide all f he 90

e en ial n i i nal nece i ie f an imal, heal h life f el e ill, e ime, e l in he
di a ea ance f man. We can and ill bec me e inc if e fail em l in ellec . We d ha e
acce he kn ledge and he ma e ial be a cce f l ecie . H e e , if e ch e
l , he end ill el c me f a i ha f he ca ele and nc mmi ed ecie .
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30 J 2018
- F b a 21, 1908.
30 J 2018

One man ith co rage makes a majorit .
―A d e Jack
Was an American soldier and statesman ho ser ed as the se enth President of the United States from 1829 to
1837 and as the fo nder of the Democratic Part .


08/10/2020 Glo a - E igene ic : The Dea h of he Gene ic Theo of Di ea e T an mi ion 1 Edi ion
E ige e ic : The Dea h f he Ge e ic The f Di ea e

Ta i i 1 Edi i
Gl a
A
AAA ATP A g o p of p o ein ha co ple h d ol i of ATP i h la ge molec la

mo emen all a ocia ed i h nfolding of p o ein b a e o he di a embl of
m l i b ni p o ein comple e .
ABC A la ge g o p of in eg al memb ane p o ein ha of en f nc ion a ATP-po e ed

memb ane an po p o ein o mo e di e e molec le (i.e., pho pholipid , chole e ol, ga ,
ion , pep ide , e c.) ac o cell la memb ane .
A C A The en compo nd fo he K eb c cle in cell la e pi a ion; fo med f om a f agmen

of p a e a ached o a coen me.
A One of he mo common ne o an mi e ; f nc ion b binding o ecep o and

al e ing he pe meabili of he po nap ic memb ane o pecific ion , ei he depola i ing o
h pe pola i ing he memb ane.
A A b ance ha ha a pH belo 6.99 and ha inc ea e he h d ogen ion concen a ion in a

ol ion.
A An o ganelle a he ip of a pe m cell ha help he pe m pene a e he o m o e

memb ane.
A A glob la p o ein ha link in o chain , o of hich i helicall abo each o he , fo ming

mic ofilamen in a m cle and o he con ac ile elemen in cell .
A Rapid, an ien , all-o -none elec ical ac i i p opaga ed in he pla ma

memb ane of e ci able cell (i.e., ne on and m cle cell ) a he e l of he elec i e opening
and clo ing of ol age-ga ed Na+ and K+ channel .
A The inp of ene g e i ed o (o e come he ba ie o) ini ia e a chemical

eac ion. B ed cing he ac i a ion ene g , an en me inc ea e he a e of a eac ion.
A Specific an c ip ion fac o ha im la e an c ip ion.
A Specific egion of an en me ha bind a b a e molec le and p omo e a chemical

change in he bo nd b a e.
A The mo emen of a b ance ac o a biological memb ane again i

concen a ion o elec ochemical g adien , i h he help of ene g inp and pecific an po
p o ein o an elec ochemical g adien d i en b he co pled h d ol i of ATP.

A An e ilib i m a e in a pop la ion hen he gene pool ha allele f e encie ha

ma imi e he a e age fi ne of a pop la ion membe (i.e., e genic ).
A T (ATP) See ATP
A One of e e al en me ha i ac i a ed b he binding of ce ain ligand o hei

cell- face ecep o and ca al e fo ma ion of c clic AMP (cAMP) f om ATP; al o called aden la e
c cla e.
A P o ein in he pla ma memb ane of animal cell ha bind componen of he

e acell la ma i , he eb media ing cell-ma i adhe ion. The in eg in a e majo adhe ion
ecep o .
A An endoc ine loca ed adjacen o he kidne in mammal ; compo ed of o epa a e

gland la one ; an o e co e , hich e pond o endoc ine ignal in eac ing o e o and
effec ing al and a e balance; and a cen al med lla, hich e pond o ne o inp e l ing
f om e o .
A Con aining o gen; efe ing o an o gani m, en i onmen , o cell la e pi a o p oce e

ha e i e o gen.
A O gen- e i ing me aboli m of ga and fa acid o CO2 and H2O co pled

o he n he i of ATP.
A A molec le, of en n he ic, ha mimic he biological f nc ion of a na al molec le (i.e.,

ho mone , e c.)
AIDS (ac i ed imm nodeficienc nd ome) The name de igna ion of he m a ed o la e age
of HIV infec ion; defined b a pecific ed c ion of T cell and he appea ance of cha ac e i ic
econda infec ion .
A An o ganic molec le i h a ca bon l g o p loca ed a he end of he ca bon kele on.
A An ad enal ho mone ha ac on he di al b le of he kidne o im la e he

eab o p ion of odi m (Na+) and he pa i e flo of a e f om he fil a e.
A (ple al, algae) A pho o n he ic, plan -like p o i .
A One of fo e a-emb onic memb ane ; e e a a epo i o fo he emb o

ni ogeno a e.
A One of o o mo e al e na i e fo m of a gene. Diploid cell con ain o allele of each gene,

loca ed a he co e ponding i e (loc ) on homologo ch omo ome .
A The a ia ion in he ela i e a e of g o h of a io pa of he bod , hich

help o hape he o gani m.
A A pecific ecep o i e on an en me molec le emo e f om he ac i e i e.

Molec le bind o he allo e ic i e and change he hape of he ac i e i e, making i ei he mo e o
le ecep i e o he b a e.
A Change in he e ia and/o a e na c e of a p o ein ind ced b binding of a

mall molec le o a pecific eg la o i e, ca ing a change in he p o ein ac i i .
A (a) ca bon a om (C ) In amino acid , he cen al ca bon a om ha i bonded o fo diffe en

chemical g o p (e cep in gl cine) incl ding he ide chain, o R g o p.
A (a) A pi al hape con i ing one fo m of he econda c e of p o ein , a i ing

f om a pecific h d ogen-bonding c e.

A P oce b hich he e on of one p e-mRNA a e pliced oge he in diffe en

combina ion , gene a ing o o mo e diffe en ma e mRNA f om a ingle p e-mRNA.
A (pl. al eoli) One of he dead end (c l-deac), m l ilobed ai ac ha con i e he ga

e change face of he l ng ; one of he milk- ec e ing ac of epi helial i e in he mamma
gland .
A An o ganic molec le po e ing bo h ca bo l and amino g o p . Amino acid e ea

he monome o b ilding block of p o ein .
A A f nc ional g o p ha con i of a ni ogen a om bonded o o h d ogen a om ;

can ac a a ba e in ol ion, accep ing a h d ogen ion and ac i ing a cha ge of + 1.
A - RNA Ac i a ed fo m of an amino acid, ed in p o ein n he i , con i ing of an amino

acid linked ia a high-ene g e e bond o he 3 -h d o l g o p of a RNA molec le.
A - RNA A famil of en me , a lea one fo each amino acid, ha ca al e

he a achmen of an amino acid o i pecific RNA molec le.
A A echni e fo de e mining abno mali ie in a fe b he p e ence of ce ain

chemical o defec i e fe al cell in he amnio ic fl id, ob ained b a pi a ion f om a needle an -
de mall in e ed in o he e .
A The inne mo of fo e aemb onic memb ane ; enclo e a fl id-filled ac in hich he

emb oi pended.
A A helled, a e - e aining egg ha enable ep ile , bi d and egg-la ing mammal

o comple e ep od c i e c cle o ide hei bod on d land.
A A p oce in hich ene g i emplo ed o ppo he n he i of comple molec le

f om imple compo nd .
A Lacking o gen; efe ing o an o gani m, en i onmen , o cell la p oce ha lack

o gen and ma be damaged, g o h inhibi ed o killed b i p e ence.
A Mi o ic age d ing hich he i e ch oma id (o d plica ed homolog e in meio i I)

epa a e and mo e apa ( eg ega e) o a d he pindle pole .
A Speciali ed egion on he cell face con aining cell-adhe ion molec le o

adhe ion ecep o ; incl de adhe en j nc ion and de mo ome , hich media e cell-cell adhe ion ,
and hemide mo ome , hich media e cell-ma i adhe ion.
A The p incipal male e oid ho mone , ch a e o e one, hich im la e he

de elopmen and main enance of he male ep od c i e em and econda e cha ac e i ic .
A A ch omo omal abe a ion in hich ce ain ch omo ome a e p e en in e a copie

(e.g., Do n nd ome) o a e deficien in n mbe , hich de ia e f om he no mal diploid n mbe
of ch omo ome .
A A nega i el cha ged ion.
A A molec le, of en ime n he ic, ha block he biological f nc ion of a na al

molec le (fo in ance, ho mone , e c.).
A A chemical ha kill bac e ia o inhibi hei g o h.
A An an igen-binding imm noglob lin, p od ced b B cell . ha f nc ion a he effec o in

an imm ne e pon e.
A A peciali ed ba e iple on one end of a RNA molec le ha ecogni e a pa ic la

complemen a codon on an mRNA molec le.
A (ADH) A ho mone impo an in o mo eg la ion .
A A fo eign mac omolec le ha doe no belong o he ho o gani m and ha elici an

imm ne e pon e. Fo B cell , an an igen elici fo ma ion of an ibod ha pecificall bind he
ame an igen; fo T cell , an an igen elici a p olife a i e e pon e, follo ed b p od c ion of
c okine o he ac i a ion of c o o ic ac i i .
A - (APC) An cell ha can dige an an igen in o mall pep ide and di pla
he pep ide in a ocia ion i h cla II MHC molec le on he cell face he e he can be
ecogni ed b T cell . P ofe ional APC (i.e., dend i ic cell , mac ophage , and B cell )
con i i el e p e cla II MHC molec le .
A A pe of co an po in hich a memb ane p o ein (an ipo e ) an po o diffe en

molec le o ion ac o a cell memb ane in oppo i e di ec ion .
A P og ammed cell dea h b o gh abo b ignal ha igge he ac i a ion of a ca cade

of icide p o ein in he cell p og ammed o die.
A La ge di c- haped hep ame of mammalian Apaf-1, a p o ein ha a emble in

e pon e o apop o i ignal and e e a an ac i a ion machine fo ini ia o and effec o ca pa e .
A A ol ion in hich ae i he ol en .
A A ca dio a c la inflamma o di ea e cha ac e i ed b he fo ma ion of inne

lining ha d pla e of mi ed b ance (e.g., Ca, fib in, a a ed fa , chole e ol, e c.).
A A m c la - alled blood e el ha ca ie blood a a f om he hea o cell , i e and

o gan h o gho he bod .
A (i.e., elec i e b eeding, e genic , e c.)The elec i e b eeding of plan ,

animal and h man o enco age he concen a ion of pecific de i able ai .
A A pe of non andom ma ing in hich ma ing pa ne e emble each o he in

ce ain pheno pic cha ac e i ic .
A The n mbe of p o on in he n cle of an a om, ni e fo each elemen and

de igna ed b a b c ip o he lef of he elemen al mbol.
A The o al a omic ma , hich i he ma in g am of one mole of he a om.
ATP ( ) An adenine-con aining n cleo ide ipho pha e ha elea e f ee

ene g hen i pho pha e bond a e h d ol ed. Thi ene g i ed o d i e ende gonic eac ion
in cell .
ATP One of a la ge g o p of en me ha ca al e h d ol i of ATP o ield ADP and ino ganic

pho pha e i h he elea e of f ee ene g .
ATP A cl e of e e al m l ime ic memb ane p o ein fo nd in he mi ochond ial c i ae

( h lakoid memb ane of chlo opla and bac e ial pla ma memb ane) ha f nc ion in
chemio mo i i h adjacen elec on an po chain , ing he ene g of a h d ogen-ion
concen a ion g adien o make ATP. ATP n ha e p o ide a po h o gh hich h d ogen ion
diff e in o he ma i of a mi ochond ion.
A Val e in he hea ha g a d he di ide be een each a i m and

en icle o p e en a backflo of blood each ime he en icle con ac .
A The ppe o chambe of he hea ha ecei e eno blood e ning o he hea .
A Refe ing o ignaling mechani m in hich a cell p od ce a ignaling molec le (e.g.,

g o h fac o ) and hen bind and e pond o i .

A An imm nological di o de in hich an indi id al o n imm ne em

n again i elf.
A A ch omo ome ha i no di ec l in ol ed in de e mining gende , a oppo ed o he e

ch omo ome .
A A bdi i ion of he mo o ne o em of e eb a e ha
eg la e he in e nal en i onmen . I con i of he mpa he ic and pa a mpa he ic di i ion .
A A picall long e en ion, o p oce , ha e end f om a ne on ha ca ie ne e imp l e

a a f om he cell bod o a d a ge cell .
A B ndle of mic o b le and a ocia ed p o ein p e en in cilia and flagella and

e pon ible fo hei c e and mo emen .
B A pe of l mphoc e ha de elop in he bone ma o , i ac i a ed in he appendi and la e

p od ce an ibodie , hich in n media e h mo al imm ni . Af e in e ac ing i h an igen, a B
cell p olife a e and diffe en ia e in o an ibod - ec e ing pla ma cell .
B One of o p oka o ic domain , (i.e., Domain Bac e ia) he o he being he A chaea.
B ( ) An i ha infec bac e ial cell . Some phage a e idel ed a

ec o in DNA cloning.
B A den e c e l ing along he in ide of he n clea en elope in female mammalian

cell , ep e en ing an inac i a ed X ch omo ome.
B An compo nd, of en con aining ni ogen, ha can accep a p o on (H+) f om an acid. Al o,

commonl ed o deno e he p ine and p imidine in DNA and RNA.
B A ocia ion of o complemen a n cleo ide in a DNA o RNA molec le abili ed b

h d ogen bonding be een hei ba e componen . Adenine pai i h h mine o acil (e.g., A-T,
A-U) and g anine pai i h c o ine (G-C).
B A non-malignan mo ha i made p of cell ha a e imila o no mal cell benign

mo and benign mo cell emain in he i e in hich he o igina e, ho e e , on occa ion b
occ p ing pace he can p e en a clinical p oblem.
B A fla econda c e in p o ein ha i c ea ed b h d ogen bonding be een he

backbone a om in o diffe en pol pep ide chain o egmen of a ingle folded chain.
B A ho U- haped econda c e in p o ein .
B The pe of cell di i ion b hich p oka oe ep od ce; each di iding da gh e cell

ecei e a cop of he ingle pa en al ch omo ome.
B The en i e po ion of Ea h ha i inhabi ed b ome fo m of life; he m of all he

plane comm ni ie and eco em .
BLAST A commonl ed comp e p og am fo compa ing he amino acid e ence of a p o ein

i h he e ence of kno n p o ein o ed in da a ba e . The BLAST p og am ea che can
p o ide in igh in o he c e, f nc ion and e ol ion of ne l di co e ed p o ein .
B S age of mammalian emb o p od ced in one eek af e fe ili a ion in h man and i
compo ed of =64 cell ha ha e epa a ed in o o cell pe : ophec ode m, hich ill fo m
e a-emb onic i e , and he inne cell ma , hich gi e i e o he emb o, he age ha
implan in o he e ine all and co e pond o he bla la of o he animal emb o .

B The hollo ball of cell ma king he end age of clea age d ing ea l emb onic
de elopmen .
C A mammalian h oid ho mone ha lo e blood calci m le el .
C A ni of hea ( he mal ene g ). One calo ie i he amo n of hea e i ed o ai e he

empe a e of one g am of a e b one deg ee cen ig ade; he amo n of hea ene g ha 1 g of
a e elea e hen i cool b one deg ee cen ig ade. The Calo ie ( i h a capi al C) all ed o
deno e he ene g con en of a food i efe ed o a a kilocalo ie.
C The p ima me abolic pa h a ha fi e CO2 in o ca boh d a e d ing

pho o n he i ; al o kno n a ca b a .
C Ab of e ol iona o igin hen mo of he majo bod plan of animal

appea ed in a ela i el b ief ime in geological hi o (C ea ion?); eco ded in he fo il eco d
abo 545 o 525 million ea ago.
C A gene ic o d ed o de c ibe man pe of non-gene icall an mi ed malignan

mo , he cell of hich g o and di ide mo e apidl han no mal cell , he in ade o nding
i e and can me a a i e o o he i e , i e and o gan .
C The o e p o einaceo coa ing of a i , fo med b m l iple copie of one o mo e p o ein

b ni , and enclo ing he i al n cleic acid.
C A fo m of p o- i amin A; acce o pigmen , ello and o ange, fo nd in he

chlo opla of plan ; b ab o bing a eleng h of ligh ha chlo oph ll canno , he b oaden he
pec m of colo ha can d i e pho o n he i .
C B oad e m fo ce ain non-e en ial pol h d o aldeh de , pol h d o ke one ,

and o compo nd de i ed f om he e ca bon chain ha ing he fo m la (CH2O) .
C An food a e ( an fa acid, he e oc clic amine, and ac lamide), chemical o

ph ical agen ha can ini ia e/ca e a malignan mo (cance ) hen cell , i e , o gan and
o gani m a e e po ed o i .
C An gene ho e encoded p o ein ha coope a e in he p o ec ion of he in eg i

of he indi id al genome b pa icipa ing in he epai of damaged DNA. Lo of f nc ion of a
ca e ake gene, a a e l of n i ional deficiencie and o con ac i h ca cinogen , lead o
inc ea ed m a ion a e and p omo e ca cinogene i .
C ( ) In cla ic e eb a e gene ic , an indi id al ho i he e o go a a gi en

gene ic loc , i h one no mal dominan allele and one a po en iall ha mf l ece i e allele. The
he e o go e i pheno picall no mal fo he cha ac e de e mined b he no mal dominan allele,
ho e e , he can pa on he ece i e ha mf l allele o he off p ing.
C A cla of e eb a e p o ein-deg ading en me (p o ea e ) ha a e e i ed fo he

p oce of p og amed cell dea h (apop o i ) and o k in a ca cade i h each fo m ac i a ing he
follo ing fo m.
C Cell la deg ada ion of comple molec le o imple compo nd ha p od ce a elea e

of ene g .
C A b ance ha inc ea e he a e of peed o efficienc of a eac ion i ho a

pe manen change of i c e. En me a e p o ein i h ca al ic ac i i ibo me a e RNA
ha can f nc ion a ca al .
C A po i i el cha ged ion.

DNA ( DNA) DNA copied f om an mRNA molec le b e e e an c ip a e and

he efo e lacking he in on p e en in he DNA of he indi id al genome.
C - (CAM ) P o ein in he pla ma memb ane of cell ha bind i h imila

p o ein on o he cell , he eb media ing cell cell adhe ion. Fo majo cla e of CAM incl de he
cadhe in , IgCAMS, in eg in , and elec in .
C The o de ed e ence of e en in hich a e ka o ic cell d plica e i ch omo ome

and di ide in o o da gh e cell . The pical cell c cle con i of fo pha e : G1 befo e DNA
n he i occ ; S hen DNA eplica ion occ ; G2 af e DNA n he i ; and M hen cell di i ion
occ , ielding o da gh e cell . Unde ce ain condi ion , cell lea e he cell c cle d ing G1 and
emain in he Go a e a non-di iding cell .
C Sepa a ion of a cell in o o da gh e cell . In highe e ka o e , i in ol e di i ion

of he of he n cle (mi o i ) and of he c opla m (c okine i ); mi o i of en i ed o efe o
bo h n clea and c opla mic di i ion.
C Speciali ed egion on he cell face h o gh hich cell a e joined o each o he o

o he e acell la ma i .
C A pop la ion of c l ed cell , of plan o animal o igin, ha ha nde gone a gene ic

al e a ion allo ing he cell o ep od ce indefini el (e.g., Hela cell ).
C A pop la ion of c l ed cell , of plan o animal o igin, ha ha a fini e life pan and
e en all die o , picall af e 25 o 50 gene a ion ( he Ha flick limi ).
C The mo p e alen and efficien ca abolic pa h a fo he p od c ion of ATP,

in hich o gen i con med a a eac an along i h he o ganic f el.
C A c al pol accha ide made p of a chain of gl co e ni linked oge he b B(1-4)

gl co idic bond .
C A peciali ed, igid e acell la ma i ha lie ne o he pla ma memb ane, p o ec ing

a cell and main aining i hape; p ominen in mo f ngi, plan , and p oka o e , ho e e , i
ab en in mo m l icell la animal .
C (CNS) In e eb a e animal , he b ain and pinal co d.
C Ei he of o c lind ical c e i hin he cen o ome of animal cell and con aining
nine e of iple mic o b le ; c all imila o a ba al bod .
C DNA e ence e i ed fo p ope eg ega ion of ch omo ome d ing mi o i and

meio i ; he egion of mi o ic ch omo ome he e he kine ocho e fo m and ha appea
con ic ed.
C (cell cen e ) S c e loca ed nea he n cle of animal cell ha i he p ima

mic o b le-o gani ing cen e (MTOC); i con ain a pai of cen iole embedded in a p o ein ma i
and d plica e befo e mi o i , i h each cen o ome becoming a pindle pole.
C Pa of he e eb a e hindb ain ( hombencephalon) loca ed do all ; f nc ion in

ncon cio coo dina ion of mo emen and balance.
C The face of he ce eb m; he la ge and mo comple pa of he mammalian

b ain, con aining en o and mo o ne e cell bodie of he ce eb m; he pa of he e eb a e
b ain mo changed h o gh e ol ion.
C The do al po ion, compo ed of igh and lef hemi phe e , of he e eb a e fo eb ain;

he in eg a ing cen e fo memo , lea ning, emo ion , and o he highl comple f nc ion of he
cen al ne o em.

C The a e of a chemical eac ion in hich he concen a ion of all p od c

and eac an i con an beca e he a e of he fo a d and e e e eac ion a e iden ical.
C The ene g o ed in he bond connec ing a om in molec le .
C P oce he e an elec ochemical p o on g adien (pH pl elec ic po en ial) ac o

a memb ane i ed o d i e an ene g - e i ing p oce (i.e., ATP n he i ).
C A a ie of mall, ec e ed p o ein ha f nc ion a chemo ac ic c e fo hi e blood

cell .
C Mo emen of a cell o o gani m o a d o in oppo i e di ec ion f om pecific

chemical .
C A g o p of magne i m ba ed ligh -ab o bing g een po ph in pigmen ha a e

e i ed fo he p oce of pho o n he i .
C A peciali ed o ganelle in plan cell ha i o nded b a do ble memb ane and

con ain in e nal chlo oph ll-con aining memb ane ( h lakoid ) he e ligh -ab o bing eac ion of
pho o n he i ake place.
C A lipid made p of he fo - ing e oid c e i h a h d o l g o p on one ing; a

componen of cell memb ane , m elin, p ec o of e oid ho mone , bile acid and i amin D.
C A p o ein-ca boh d a e comple ec e ed b chond oc e ; chond in and collagen fibe

combine o fo m ca ilage and o he connec i e i e .
C A echni e fo diagno ing gene ic and congeni al defec hile he

fe i in he e . A mall ample of he fe al po ion of he placen a i emo ed and anal ed.
C A ingle cop of a eplica ed ch omo ome, fo med d ing he S pha e of he cell c cle,
ha i joined a he cen ome e o he o he cop ; al o called i e ch oma id. D ing mi o i , he
o ch oma id epa a e, each becoming a ch omo ome of one of he o da gh e cell .
C Comple of DNA, hi one , and non-hi one p o ein f om hich e ka o ic

ch omo ome a e fo med. Conden a ion of ch oma in d ing mi o i ield i ible me apha e
ch omo ome .
C In e ka o e , he c al ni of he gene ic ma e ial con i ing of a ingle, linea

do ble- anded DNA molec le and a ocia ed p o ein . In mo p oka o e , a ingle, ci c la
do ble- anded DNA molec le con i e he b lk of he gene ic ma e ial.
C Sho , memb ane enclo ed c e p o ding f om he face of e ka o ic cell and

con aining a co e b ndle of mic o b le . Cilia all occ in cl e and bea h hmicall o
mo e a ingle cell o gani m o o mo e pa icle o fl id along a face.
C Fla ened memb ane enclo ed compa men ch a he Golgi comple and endopla mic
e ic l m.
C A e of nine connec ed eac ion ha occ in he ma i of he mi ochond ia in

hich ace l g o p a e o idi ed, gene a ing CO2 and ed ced in e media e ed o p od ce ATP;
al o efe ed o a he K eb c cle and ica bo lic acid (TCA) c cle.
C In emb ogene i , clea age efe o he e ie of apid cell di i ion ha occ

follo ing fe ili a ion and i h li le cell g o h, p od cing p og e i el malle cell ; clea age
c lmina e in he fo ma ion of he bla oc in mammal o bla la in o he animal ; al o ed fo
he h d ol i of molec le .

C A pop la ion of gene icall iden ical cell , i e , o o gani m ha ha e de cended f om a

common ance o , o m l iple iden ical copie of a gene o DNA f agmen gene a ed and main ained
h o gh DNA cloning.
C The pi al- haped c e in he inne ea con aining he o gan of Co i, he o nd

en ing appa a .
C Se ence of h ee n cleo ide in DNA o mRNA ha pecifie a pa ic la amino acid d ing

p o ein n he i ; al o called iple . Of he 64 po ible codon , h ee a e op codon , hich do no
pecif amino acid and ca e he e mina ion of p o ein n he i .
C A iple-helical gl cop o ein, ich in gl cine and p oline, ha i a majo componen of he

e acell la ma i and connec i e i e . The n me o b pe of collagen diffe in hei i e
di ib ion and he e acell la componen and cell face p o ein i h hich he ni e.
C A g o p of con i i e e m p o ein ha bind di ec l o mic obial o f ngal

face , he eb ac i a ing a p o eol ic ca cade ha c lmina e in he fo ma ion of he c ol ic
memb ane a ack comple .
C Refe ing o o n cleic acid e ence o and ha can fo m pe fec ba e

pai i h each o he , al o de c ibe egion on o in e ac ing molec le (e.g., en me and i
b a e) ha ph icall in e ac a i h a lock and ke .
C In cell biolog , efe o he diffe ence in he concen a ion of a b ance

in diffe en loca ion of a cell o emb o o on diffe en ide of a cell memb ane.
C One of o pe of pho o ecep o in he e eb a e e e de ec colo d ing he da .
C B ndle of ac in and m o in in non-m cle cell ha a e in ol ed i h cell la

adhe ion o cell mo emen .
C S able chemical fo ce ha hold he a om in molec le oge he b he ha ing of

one o mo e pai of elec on .
C An infolding of he inne memb ane of a mi ochond ion ha ho e he elec on an po

chain and he en me ca al ing he n he i of ATP.
C E change of gene ic ma e ial be een ma e nal and pa e nal ch oma id d ing

meio i o p od ce ecombined ch omo ome .
C AMP ( AMP) A econd me enge , p od ced in e pon e o ho monal im la ion of ce ain

G p o ein-co pled ecep o , ha ac i a e p o ein kina e A.
C GMP ( GMP) C clic adeno ine monopho pha e, a ing- haped molec le made f om ATP, a
econd me enge in e ka o ic cell , ha open ca ion channel in od cell and ac i a e p o ein
kina e G in a c la moo h m cle and a a ie of o he cell .
C A g o p of pigmen ed, heme-con aining p o ein , ome of hich f nc ion a elec on

ca ie d ing cell la e pi a ion and pho o n he i in mi ochond ia and chlo opla .
C An of n me o mall, mac ophage and helpe T cell ec e ed p o ein ( ch a

e h opoie in, G-CSF, in e fe on , in e le kin , e c.) ha bind o cell- face ecep o on blood and
imm ne- em cell o ini ia e hei diffe en ia ion o p olife a ion.
C The di i ion of he c opla m follo ing mi o i o fo m o da gh e cell , each ih

hei o n n cle and c opla mic o ganelle .
C The i co con en of a cell ha a e con ained in a pla ma memb ane and o ide of
he n cle in e ka o ic cell .

C The ne o k of fib o elemen , con i ing p ima il of mic o b le ,

mic ofilamen , and in e media e filamen , fo nd in he c opla m of e ka o ic cell .
C The n c ed a eo pha e of he c opla m e cl ding o ganelle , memb ane , and

in ol ble c o kele al c e .
D Uni of molec la ma app o ima el e al o he ma of a h d ogen a om (1.66 10-

24
g).
D A mea e of he ela i e con ib ion of an indi id al o he gene pool of he

ne gene a ion.
D D a ic al e a ion in he confo ma ion of a p o ein o n cleic acid d e o he

di p ion of man nonco alen in e ac ion ca ed b hea o he e po e o a a ie of
chemical , hich mo e of en han no e l in he lo of biological f nc ion.
D A ho , b anched p ojec ion ha e end f om he cell bod of a ne on ha ecei e

chemical o elec ical ignal f om he a on of o he ne on .
D DNA
D Dec ea e in he c o olic-face nega i e elec ic po en ial ha no mall e i ac o

he pla ma memb ane of a cell a e , ha e l in a le in ide-nega i e o an in ide-po i i e
memb ane po en ial.
D The cell fa e in emb ogene i ha comi he cell o a pecific de elopmen al

pa h a .
D The o e all e en ha in ol e g o h, diffe en ia ion, and o gani a ion in hich he

fe ili ed egg gi e i e o an ad l plan , animal, o h man, incl ding fo ma ion, g o h,
pola i a ion, and mo emen of indi id al cell pe , i e , and o gan .
D The p oce ha picall p od ce change in gene e p e ion, b hich, a

p ec o cell become a di inc peciali ed cell fo m.
D Refe ing o an o gani m o cell ha ing o f ll e of homologo ch omo ome and h

o copie (allele ) of each gene o gene ic loc . Soma ic cell con ain he diploid n mbe of
ch omo ome (2 ) cha ac e i ic of he pecie .
D A mall ca boh d a e ( ga ) made p of o mono accha ide co alen l joined b a

gl co idic bond.
D (- - -) A common co alen linkage be een he lf a om on oc eine

e id e in diffe en pol pep ide o in diffe en loca ion of he ame pol pep ide.
DNA ( ) Long linea pol me , compo ed of gene ic info ma ion.
DNA Recombinan DNA echni e in hich pecific cDNA o f agmen of genomic DNA a e
in e ed in o a cloning ec o ( i ), hich i hen inco po a ed in o c l ed ho cell and
main ained d ing he g o h of he ho cell (al o efe ed o a gene cloning).
DNA Collec ion of cloned DNA molec le con i ing of f agmen of he en i e genome
(genomic lib a ) o of DNA copie of all he mRNA p od ced b a cell pe (cDNA lib a ) in e ed
in o a i able cloning ec o .
DNA An en me ha copie one and of DNA ( he empla e and) o make he

complemen a and, fo ming a ne do ble- anded DNA molec le. All DNA pol me a e add
deo ibon cleo ide one a a ime in he 5 -> 3 di ec ion o he 3 end of a ho p ee i ing p ime

and of DNA o RNA.
D Di inc egion of a p o ein h ee-dimen ional c e. A f nc ional domain e hibi a

pa ic la ac i i cha ac e i ic of he p o ein; a c al domain i =40 o mo e amino acid in
leng h, a anged in a pecific econda o e ia c e; a opological domain ha a di inc i e
pa ial ela ion hip o he e of he p o ein.
D In gene ic , he e m efe o ha allele of a gene e p e ed in he pheno pe of a

he e o go e; he none p e ed allele i ece i e; dominan al o efe o he pheno pe
a ocia ed i h a dominan allele. M a ion ha p od ce dominan alle gene all p od ce a gain of
f nc ion.
D (DNA) The mo common h ee-dimen ional c e fo cell la DNA in hich he

o pol n cleo ide and a e an ipa allel and o nd a o nd each o he i h complemen a ba e
h d ogen-bonded.
D A cla of mo o p o ein ha emplo he ene g elea ed b ATP h d ol i o mo e

o a d he nega i e end of mic o b le . D nein an po e icle and o ganelle , a e e pon ible
fo he mo emen of cilia and flagella, and a e in men al in ch omo ome mo emen d ing
mi o i .
E The o e mo of he h ee p ima cell la e of he animal emb o. I gi e i e o he

epide mal i e , he ne o em, and e e nal en e o gan .
E The ene g a ocia ed i h he epa a ion of po i i e and nega i e cha ge . An

elec ic po en ial i main ained ac o he pla ma memb ane of almo all cell .
E The d i ing fo ce ha de e mine he ene ge icall fa o able di ec ion of

an po of an ion (o cha ged molec le) ac o a memb ane. I ep e en he combined infl ence
of he ion concen a ion g adien ac o he memb ane and he memb ane po en ial.
E An molec le o a om ha accep elec on f om dono molec le and an fe

hem o accep o molec le in co pled o ida ion and ed c ion eac ion .
E Flo of elec on h o gh a e ie of elec on ca ie f om ed ced elec on

dono (i.e., NADH) o O2 in he inne mi ochond ial memb ane , o f om H2O o NADP+ in he
h lakoid memb ane of plan chlo opla .
E Ea l de elopmen of an indi id al f om a fe ili ed egg ( go e).
E (ES) A line of c l ed cell de i ed f om e ea l emb o ha can

diffe en ia e in o a ide ange of cell pe ei he in i o o in i o follo ing ein e ion in o a ho
emb o.
E A ignaling mechani m in hich a ge cell bind and e pond o a ho mone elea ed in o

he blood eam b di an peciali ed ec e o cell all p e en in he fo m of a gland (i.e.,
pi i a , h oid, o a , e e , ad enal, e c.).
E Gene al e m fo he p ake of e acell la ma e ial b he in agina ion of he pla ma

memb ane (i.e., endoc o i , phagoc o i , pinoc o i , e c.).
E The inne mo of he h ee p ima cell la e of he animal emb o hich gi e i e o

he g and mo of he e pi a o ac .
E (ER) Ne o k of in e connec ed memb ano loca ed in he c opla m of

e ka o ic cell ha a e con ig o i h he o e n clea en elope. The o gh ER, hich i
a ocia ed i h ibo ome , i in ol ed in he n he i and p oce ing of ec e ed and memb ane
p o ein . The moo h ER, cha ac e i ed b he lack of ibo ome , pa icipa e in lipid n he i .
E One of o fo m of memb ane bo nded compa men . Ea l endo ome (endoc ic

e icle ) hich b d off f om he pla ma memb ane d ing ecep o -media ed endoc o i . La e
endo ome , hich ha e an acidic in e nal pH and f nc ion in o ing of p o ein o l o ome .
E Bac e i m ha e ide in ide a e ka o ic cell in a m all beneficial ela ion hip.

Acco ding o he endo mbion heo , bo h mi ochond ia and chlo opla e ol ed f om
endo mbion .
E A eg la o e ence in e ka o ic DNA ha ma be loca ed a a g ea di ance f om

he gene i con ol o e en i hin he coding e ence. Binding of pecific p o ein o an enhance
mod la e he a e of an c ip ion of he a ocia ed gene.
E (S) A mea e of he deg ee of di o de o andomne in a biological em he highe

he le el of en op , he highe he le el of di o de .
E A p o ein ha doe o k b ca al ing a pecific chemical eac ion in ol ing a pecific

b a e o a mall collec ion of ela ed b ae .
E A e m ha efe o a p oce ha affec he e p e ion of pecific gene and i

inhe i ed b da gh e cell ; ho e e , he p oce doe no incl de a change in DNA e ence.
E Shee -like la e , co e ing, compo ed of one o mo e la e of igh l adhe ing cell , on

he e e nal and in e nal bod face .
E (E ) A c okine ha ini ia e he p od c ion of ed blood cell b ind cing he

p olife a ion and diffe en ia ion of e h oid p ogeni o cell in he bone ma o .
E Cla of o gani m (e ka a) ha a e compo ed of one o mo e cell con aining a

memb ane-enclo ed n cle , and o ganelle , ha con i e one of he h ee di inc e ol iona
lineage of mode n-da o gani m . Thi incl de all o gani m e cep i e and p oka o e .
E Segmen of a e ka o ic gene ha eache he c opla m a pa of a ma e mRNA, RNA, o

RNA molec le.
E (ECM) A comple in e digi a ing me h of p o ein and pol accha ide

ec e ed b cell in o he pace in be een each o he . I p o ide c al ppo in i e and
o gan and can di ec l affec he de elopmen and biochemical f nc ion of cell .
F ( ) P o ein-aided an po of an ion o mall molec le ac o a cell

memb ane do n i concen a ion g adien a a a e g ea e han ha hich can be ob ained b
imple diff ion.
FAD ( ) A mall o ganic molec le ha f nc ion a an elec on ca ie

b accep ing o elec on f om a dono molec le and o H+ f om he ol ion.
F An of a e ie of long h d oca bon chain ha ha a ca bo l g o p a one end. The a e

emplo ed a a majo o ce of ene g d ing me aboli m and a p ec o fo n he i of
pho pholipid , igl ce ide , and chole e ol e e .
F A common pe of connec i e i e cell ha i in ol ed i h he p od c ion of collagen

and o he connec i e i e elemen of he e acell la ma i . The can ac a a em cell and
he can mig a e and p olife a e o facili a e o nd healing ( hi fea e i aken ad an age of i h
cell c l e ).
F Long locomo o c e (mo of en one pe cell) p o ding f om he face of ome

e ka o ic cell (e.g., pe m, bac e ia, e c.) ha i emplo ed i h a hip-like a ing ha p opel
he cell h o gh a fl id medi m. Bac e ial flagell m end o be malle and m ch imple c e
han ho e of pe m.
F FAD
G Speciali ed haploid cell (in animal and h man : pe m and o a) p od ced b meio i of
p ec o ge m cell . In e al ep od c ion em , he fe ili a ion of an o a b a pe m ini ia e
he de elopmen of a ne o gani m.
G P oce in ea l animal emb o in hich cell of he bla oc in agina e, p od cing

he h ee ge m la e : ec ode m, me ode m, and endode m.
G Ph ical and f nc ional ni of he edi , hich ca ie info ma ion f om one gene a ion o he
ne . In molec la e m he gene i he en i e DNA e ence incl ding e on , in on , and
an c ip ion-con ol egion nece a fo he p od c ion of a f nc ional pol pep ide o RNA.
G Gene al p oce b hich he info ma ion encoded in a gene i con e ed in o an

ob e able pheno pe ch a he p od c ion of p o ein .
G The e of anda d b hich n cleo ide iple (codon ) in DNA o RNA pecif
amino acid and amino acid e ence in p o ein .
G De e mina ion of he loca ion and ela i e po i ion of gene on a ch omo ome.
G Allele a ocia ed i h an ea il de ec able pheno pe ha a e ed

e pe imen all o fo diagno ic o iden if o elec fo a linked gene, a ch omo ome, a cell, o an
indi id al.
G To al gene ic info ma ion ca ied b a cell o o gani m.
G P oce ha occ d ing de elopmen of game e in ol ing ch oma in

modifica ion o ha onl ce ain gene can b e en l be e p e ed. Beca e diffe en gene a e
imp in ed in male and female game e , he pheno pe e p e ion of ce ain gene i de e mined b
he he a pecific allele i pa ed on h o gh he female o male pa en .
G Compa a i e anal i of he comple e genomic e ence f om diffe en o gani m and

de e mina ion of global pa e n of gene e p e ion. I i ed o de e mine e ol iona
ela ion hip among pecie and o p edic he n mbe and gene al pe of RNA p od ced b an
o gani m.
G The comple e gene ic make p of an indi id al cell o o gani m i h empha i on he

pecific allele .
G An cell ha pa icipa e e all o he gene a ion of off p ing.
G Th ee p ima cell la e (i.e., ec ode m, endode m, and me ode m) ha a e fo med

d ing he ga la ion of emb o ha p od ce pecific i e and o gan .
G The gene ic ma e ial an mi ed f om one gene a ion o he ne h o gh he game e .
G S ppo i e cell in he cen al ne o em. The do no an mi elec ical o

chemical me age . The e a e fo fo m of glia cell : (1) Sch ann cell ; (2) oligodend oc e (bo h
of hich p od ce he in la ing m elin hea h ; (3) a oc e pa icipa e in nap e fo ma ion; (4)
mic oglia hich p od ce ophic fac o ha pa icipa e in he cen al ne o em imm ne
e pon e.
G A pep ide ho mone p od ced in he cell of he I le of Lange han ha ini ia e he

con e ion of gl cogen o gl co e b he li e and o k i h in lin o main ain heal h blood ga
le el .

G A i -ca bon mono accha ide ( ga ) ha i he ni e al f el fo mo cell . Gl co e

ene g i o ed a long pol me chain in plan ( a ch) and animal (gl cogen).
G Al o kno n a animal a ch i o ed in he li e and kele al m cle and i comp i ed

of gl co e ni fo ming a long b anched pol accha ide.
G Me abolic p oce in hich ga a e b oken do n anae obicall o lac a e o p ae

hich e l in he p od c ion of ATP.
G An p o ein ha i co alen l linked o one o mo e oligo accha ide chain mo

ec e ed p o ein and mo memb ane p o ein a e gl cop o ein .
G (G ) S ack of fla ened , in e connec ed memb ane apped

compa men (ci e nae) in e ka o ic cell ha ac a a ga e keepe o p oce and o p o ein
and lipid mo ing o o he loca ion .
G An e acell la pol pep ide molec le ha bind o cell face ecep o ha ini ia e
cell p olife a ion ia a ignaling pa h a .
H Refe ing o a cell o an o gani m, ha ha onl one membe of each pai of homologo
ch omo ome and h ha e onl one cop (allele) of each gene pai . T picall game e (e.g., o a
and pe m) and bac e ia a e haploid.
H (H ) A g o p of ec e ed ignaling p o ein ha a e eg la o of he de elopmen of

mo i e and o gan in comple pecie incl ding h man . In he gene ic heo of di ea e
an mi ion m a ion in Hh ignal- an d c ion egmen a e blamed fo h man cance and bi h
defec .
H An en me ha o k along a DNA d ple emplo ing he ene g elea ed b ATP

h d ol i o n ind he o and e i ed fo DNA eplica ion; ac i i of pecific ini ia ion
fac o ha n ind he econda c e in mRNA d ing an la ion.
H Zone of ch oma in ha emain conden ed and an c ip ionall inac i e d ing

in e pha e.
H Refe ing o a diploid cell o o gani m ha ing o diffe en allel of a pecific gene.
H - (HDL) Tho gh o be he good fo m of chole e ol/p o ein comple .
H T an fo ma ion of one bod pa in o ano he e l ing f om m a ion in o

mi e p e ion (maln i ion) of ce ain de elopmen all c i ical gene .
H One of o copie of each mo phologic fo m of ch omo ome p e en in

a diploid cell, al o efe ed o a a homolog.
H ( ) Ma e nal and pa e nal copie of each mo phologic pe of ch omo ome

p e en in a diploid cell.
H A diploid cell o o gani m ha ing o iden icle allele of a pa ic la gene.
H An e acell la b ance ha ci c la e in he blood and ini ia e pecific e pon e

(endoc ine ignaling) in a ge cell di an f om he gland o loca ion of p od c ion.
H G o p of de elopmen all impo an gene ha encode homeodomain-con aining

an c ip ion fac o ha help di ec he bod con c ion plan in animal and h man . M a ion
(ca ed b maln i ion) in Ho gene p od ce homeo i .

H ( ) A la ge, highl h d a ed gl co aminogl can (GAG) ha i a

ignifican pa of he e acell la bod ma i (i.e., ca ilage, endon , ligamen , join cap le ,
endon hea h , in acell la connec i e i e, e c.), ha p od ce iffne and e ilience and
l b ica ing f nc ion o a a ie of connec i e i e.
H An compo nd made p of ca bon and h d ogen a om .
H S b ance ha a e a ac ed o and in e ac ih ae .
H S b ance ha a e epelled b o fail o in e ac ih ae .
H An e e nal ol ion in hich he ol e concen a ion i high eno gh o p ll ae o

of cell d e o o mo ic p e e (o mo i ).
H An e e nal ol ion in hich he ol e concen a ion i lo eno gh o ca e ae o be

p lled in o he cell d e o o mo ic fo ce (o mo i ).
I S a e of being e i an (imm ne) again he nega i e effec f om e po e o

pa hogen , ei he in he fo m of inna e non pecific e pon e , ha de elop i hin momen o
ho ; o adap i e e pon e , hich ake e e al da o eek o p od ce highl pecific defen e .
I In emb ogene i , ind c ion efe o a change in he de elopmen al fa e of one cell o

i e p od ced b ignal o di ec con ac f om a diffe en cell o i e; o in me aboli m, an
inc ea e in he n he i of an en me o e ie of en me media ed b a pecific molec le o
ind ce .
I Locali ed e pon e ( ch a edne , elling, hea , and pain) o an inj o

infec ion ha lead o he ac i a ion of imm ne- em cell and hei ec i men o he affec ed
ie
I 1,4,5- (IP3) In acell la econd me enge p od ced b clea age of he

memb ane lipid pho pha id l-ino i ol 4,5-bi pho pha e in e pon e o he im la ion of pecific cell-
face ecep o .
I A p o ein ho mone p od ced in he Be a cell of he panc ea ic i le ha facili a e he

p ake of gl co e in o m cle and fa cell . In lin ac i h gl cagon, ch omi m and anadi m o
eg la e blood ga le el ; in lin al o ac a a g o h fac o fo a a ie of cell .
I A eac ion o e ha ake place in an i ola ed cell c l e a he han in an in ac li ing

o gani m.
I A eac ion o e ha ake place in an in ac cell, i e, o gan, o in ac o gani m.
I A ol ion i ha ha a ol e concen a ion ha doe no ca e an ne mo emen of

a e f om in ide he cell o o f om o ide he cell in.
K N mbe , i e , and hape of he en i e e of me apha e ch omo ome of a e ka o ic

cell.
K A pecie of filamen p o ein fo nd in epi helial cell .
K A fo m of en me ha an fe he e minal pho pha e g o p f om ATP o a b a e.
K The ene g of mo emen , incl ding he mo emen of molec le and hole

o gani m .

K A m l ila e p o ein c e loca ed a o nea he cen ome e of each mi o ic

ch omo ome f om hich mic o b le e end o a d he pindle pole of he cell. I i in ol ed in an
ac i e ole in he mo emen of ch omo ome o a d he pole d ing anapha e of cell di i ion.
L (O ) One of o da gh e DNA and fo med a a eplica ion

fo k a ho , di con in o egmen .
L A g o p of in e media e filamen p o ein ha fo m a fib o ne o k (i.e., n clea lamina)

on he inne face of he n clea en elope.
L An p o ein ha bind igh l o pecific ga . Lec in ppo he p ope folding of ce ain

gl cop o ein in he endopla mic e ic l m.
L An molec le, e cep fo an en me b a e, ha bind igh l and pecificall o a p o ein

mac omolec le.
L In gene ic , linkage i he endenc of o epa a e loci on he ame ch omo ome o be

inhe i ed oge he . The clo e he o loci a e, he lo e he f e enc of ecombina ion be een
hem and he igh e hei linkage.
L ( ) An o ganic molec le ha i in ol ble in a e , ho e e , i ema kabl ol ble in

nonpola o ganic ol en (e.g., e he , chlo ofo m, e c.).
L Mic odomain in he pla ma (cell) memb ane ha i ich in chole e ol, phingom elin, and
pecific p o ein .
L An la ge, a e - ol ble p o ein-lipid comple ha pe fo m in ma an fe of lipid

h o gho he bod .
L ( . ) In gene ic , a pecific i e of a gene on a ch omo ome. All he allele of a pa ic la

gene occ p he ame loc .
L - (LDL) A cla of lipop o ein, con aining apolipop o ein B-100, ha i a

p ima an po e of chole e ol in he fo m of chole e l e e be een i e , pa ic la l he
li e . I i ho gh o be he bad chole e ol.
L The pace i hin a b la c e (i.e., blood e el, ga oin e inal ac , o he in e io

of a memb ane enclo ed c e i hin a cell, e c.).
L T o pecie of hi e blood cell (WBC) ha can iden if fo eign molec le o

an igen and igge an imm ne e pon e. B cell (B l mphoc e hich a e ac i a ed b he
appende ) hich igge he p od c ion of an ibodie and T cell (T l mphoc e hich a e ac i a ed
b he h m ) hich de o i and bac e ia-infec ed cell , fo eign cell , and cance cell .
L De c ion of a cell b he p e o di ol ing of he pla ma memb ane and elea e of i

con en (e.g., hemol ic anemia, e c.).
L Small o ganelle ha ha an in e nal pH of 4 5, con ain h d ol ic en me , and

f nc ion in he deg ada ion of ma e ial in e nali ed b endoc o i and of cell la componen in
a ophag .
M An la ge, commonl a pol me ic molec le (i.e., p o ein, n cleic acid,

pol accha ide, e c.) i h a molec la ma g ea e han a fe ho and dal on .

M A pecie of phagoc ic le koc e ha ha e he abili o de ec b oad pa e n of

pa hogen ma ke ia Toll-like ecep o . The f nc ion a p ofe ional an igen-p e en ing cell
and a e a majo o ce of c okine .
M A mo o mo cell ha can in ade adjacen no mal i e and a el ia he blood

eam o di an loca ion (me a a i ).
M A e la ge m l ip o ein comple ha fo m a molec la b idge be een an c ip ional

ac i a o bo nd o an enhance and o RNA pol me a e II bo nd a a p omo e . Thi f nc ion a a
coac i a o in im la ing an c ip ion.
M In e ka o e , a pecial pe of cell di i ion ha occ d ing he ma a ion pha e of

ge m cell . The p oce i made p of o cce i e n clea and cell la di i ion i h onl one
o nd of DNA eplica ion, and hi p oce p od ce fo gene icall none i alen haploid cell
(game e ) f om an ini ial diploid cell.
M Elec ic po en ial diffe ence, e p e ed in ol , ac o a memb ane d e o

he ligh e ce of po i i e ion (ca ion ) on one ide and nega i e ion (anion ) of he o he .
M O gani ed cl e of ndiffe en ia ed, di iding cell ha a e main ained a he ip of

g o ing hoo and oo in plan . All of he ad l c e of he plan a i e f om me i em .
M Imma e emb onic connec i e i e, compo ed of loo el o gani ed and loo el

a ached cell , de i ed f om ei he he me ode m o ec ode m in animal .
M The middle la e of he h ee p ima cell la e of he animal emb o, l ing be een

he ec ode m (o e la e ) and he endode m (inne la e ). Thi la e of cell gi e i e o he
no ocho d, connec i e i e, m cle, bone ma o , blood, e c.
M A age in he p oce of mi o i a hich conden ed ch omo ome a e aligned

e idi an be een he pole of he mi o ic pindle, b ha e no e a ed o mig a e o a d he
pindle pole .
M The p ead of cance cell f om hei o iginal i e of o igin and e l ing a ea of

econda g o h in di an loca ion .
M A a e - ol ble phe ical agg ega e of pho pholipid o o he amphipa hic molec le ha
fo m pon aneo l in a eo ol ion.
M C o kele al fibe (=7 nm in diame e ) ha i fo med b pol me i a ion of

monome ic glob la (G) ac in (i.e., ac in filamen ). Mic ofilamen ha e an impo an ole in m cle
con ac ion, c okine i , cell mo emen , e c.
M C opla mic fibe (=25 nm in diame e ) ha i fo med b pol me i a ion of alpha,

be a b lin monome and e hibi c al and f nc ional pola i . Mic o b le a e ignifican
componen of cilia, flagella, he mi o ic pindle and o he cell la c e .
M ( . ) Small, memb ane-co e ed p ojec ion on he face of an animal cell

con aining a co e of ac in filamen . N me o mic o illi a e fo nd on he ab o p i e m co al
face of in e inal epi helial cell , ignifican l inc ea ing he face a ea fo an po of n ien
in o he en e ic a c la em.
M ( . ) La ge in acell la o ganelle ha i o nded b o

pho pholipid bila e memb ane , con ain DNA, and pe fo m o ida i e pho pho la ion, b hich i
p od ce he majo i of ATP in e ka o ic cell .
M An e acell la molec le (e.g., g o h fac o , e c.) ha ind ce cell p olife a ion.
M In e ka o ic cell , i i he p oce b hich he n cle di ide , p od cing o gene icall

e i alen da gh e n clei i h he diploid n mbe of ch omo ome .
M ( ) A empo a peciali ed c e, occ in e ka o ic cell

d ing mi o i , ha cap e he ch omo ome and hen p he and p ll hem o oppo i e ide of
he di iding cell.
M (DNA- ) DNA e ence ha a among indi id al (DNA

pol mo phi m ) of he ame pecie and a e ef l in gene ic linkage die .
M An ibod p od ced b he p ogen of a ingle B cell and he efo e a

homogeneo p o ein ha ecogni e a ingle an igen (epi ope).
M An mall molec le ha can be linked chemicall i h o he of he ame pe o fo m a

pol me (e.g., amino acid , n cleo ide , mono accha ide , e c.).
M An imple ga i h he fo m la (CH2O)n he e n =3 7.
M A ignaling molec le ha di ec diffe en cell fa e d ing de elopmen .
M A chemical o ph ical agen ha ind ce m a ion ( ch a adia ion, DDT, e c.)
M In gene ic , a pe manen , he i able change in he n cleo ide e ence of a ch omo ome,

all in a ingle gene, and p od ce an al e a ion in he f nc ion o c e of he gene p od c .
M S acked peciali ed cell memb ane ha fo m an in la ing la e a o nd e eb a e

a on and enhance he peed of imp l e cond c ion.
M A cla of mo o p o ein ha ha e ac in- im la ed ATPa e ac i i . M o in mo e along

ac in mic ofilamen d ing m cle con ac ion and c okine i . Addi ionall he media e e icle
an loca ion.
NAD+ ( ) A mall o ganic molec le ha f nc ion a an

elec on ca ie b accep ing o elec on f om a dono molec le and one H+ f om he ol ion.
N (NK) cell Componen of he inna e imm ne em ha non pecificall de ec and

kill i -infec ed cell and cance cell .
N Cell dea h e l ing f om n i ional deficienc (e.g., li e nec o i / eleni m deficienc ,

e c.), i e damage, o o he pa holog , commonl ma ked b elling and he b ing of cell
i h he e l an elea e of hei con en .
N ( ) An of he imp l e-cond c ing cell of he ne o em. A pical ne on

con ain a cell bod , m l iple ho -b anched p oce e (dend i e ), and one long p oce (a on)
ha an mi imp l e o adjacen ne on o o he i e ( ch a m cle, gland , e c.).
N e acell la ignaling molec le ha i elea ed b he p e nap ic ne on a a

chemical nap e and ela he ignal o he po nap ic cell.
N Fo ma ion of he ne al be b infolding of he ne al pla e, he po ion of he

ec ode m ha de elop in o ne al c e , in e eb a e emb o .
N Phagoc ic le koc e ha a e a ac ed o i e of i e damage and mig a e in o he

i e. Once ac i a ed, ne ophil ec e e a io chemokine , c okine , bac e ia-de o ing
en me (e.g., l o me), and o he p od c ha con ib e o inflamma ion and help clea
in ading pa hogen .
N A phe ical, f nc ionall peciali ed egion in he n cle i con ain pecific

p o ein and RNA ; man f nc ion in he a embl of ibon cleop o ein (RNP) comple e . The mo
common fo m of hi c e i he n cleol .

N A pol me of n cleo ide linked b pho phodie e bond . DNA and RNA a e he
p ima n cleic acid in cell .
N A la ge c e in he n cle of e ka o ic cell he e RNA n he i and p oce ing

occ and ibo ome b- ni a e a embled.
N A mall molec le compo ed of a p ine o p imidine ba e linked o a pen o e (ei he

ibo e o deo ibo e).
N A n cleo ide i h one o mo e pho pha e g o p linked ia an e e bond o he ga

moie , picall o he 5 ca bon a om. DNA and RNA a e pol me of n cleo ide con aining
deo ibo e and ibo e, e pec i el .
N La ge memb ane bo nded o ganelle in e ka o ic cell ha con ain DNA o gani ed in o

ch omo ome ; n he i and p oce ing of RNA and ibo ome a embl occ in he n cle .
O Sho (< 1000 ba e ), ingle- anded DNA f agmen ha a e fo med d ing

he n he i of he lagging and in DNA eplica ion and a e apidl joined b DNA liga e o fo m a
con in o DNA and.
O A mall o medi m- i ed linea pol me compo ed of amino acid connec ed b

pep ide bond .
O A gene in hich he p od c of hei ac i i i ei he in an fo ming cell in c l e o in

ind cing cance in animal and h man .
O An memb ane-limi ed bcell la c e fo nd in e ka o ic cell .
O C Aco ic en o c e ho ed i hin he cochlea of he inne ea and compo ed

of hai cell ha an d ce o nd-gene a ed mechanical mo emen in o elec ical imp l e .
O Ne mo emen of a e ac o a emipe meable memb ane (pe meable o ae b no

ol e) f om a ol ion of le e o one of he g ea e ol e concen a ion.
O Lo of elec on f om an a om o molec le a occ hen a h d ogen a om i emo ed

f om a molec le o o gen i added he oppo i e of ed c ion.
O The ol age change hen an a om o molec le lo e an elec on and he

mea e of he endenc of a molec le o loo e an elec on. Fo a gi en o ida ion eac ion, he
o ida ion po en ial ha he ame magni de b oppo i e ign a he ed c ion po en ial fo he
e e e ed c ion eac ion.
O The pho pho la ion of ADP o fo m ATP d i en b he an fe of

elec on o o gen (O2) in bac e ia and mi ochond ia. In ol e gene a ion of a p o on-mo i e fo ce
d ing elec on an po and i con e en e o gene a e ATP n he i .
P A ignaling mechani m in hich a a ge cell e pond o a ignaling molec le (i.e.,

g o h fac o , ne o- an mi e , e c.) ha i p od ced b a nea b cell( ) and eache he a ge
b diff ion.
P P oce of o gani ing he cell , o gan , and i e of a de eloping emb o in o

ell-o de ed pa ial pa e n , like he bone of a hand o he colo pa e n on a b e fl ing.
P A fi e-ca bon mono accha ide. The pen o e ibo e and deo ibo e a e p e en in RNA
and DNA, e pec i el .

P A mall linea pol me compo ed of amino acid connec ed b pep ide bond . The e m
pep ide and oligopep ide a e of en ed in e changeabl .
P The co alen amide linkage be een amino acid fo med be een he amino g o p of
one amino acid and he ca bo l g o p of ano he i h he ne elea e of a a e molec le.
H A mea emen of he acidi o alkalini of a ol ion defined a he nega i e loga i hm of he

h d ogen ion concen a ion in mole pe li e . Ne ali i e i alen o a pH of 7. Val e belo 7
a e con ide ed acidic and al e abo e 7 a e con ide ed alkaline.
P An cell ha can inge and de o pa hogen and o he pa ic la e an igen . The

p ima phagoc e a e ne ophil , mac ophage , and dend i ic cell .
P P oce d ing hich la ge pa icle (i.e., bac e ia, ea , cance cell , e c.) a e
con med and inge ed b phagoc ic e ka o ic cell ha e a p oce ha emplo ignifican
emodeling of he ac in c o kele on.
P The de ec able ph ical and ph iological cha ac e i ic of a cell o o gani m

de e mined b i geno pe. In gene ic e m he pheno pe i a pecific ai a ocia ed i h a
pa ic la allele.
P A ignaling molec le elea ed b an indi id al ha can al e he beha io o gene

e p e ion of o he indi id al of he ame pecie (e.g., e al a ac ion, e c.).
P A majo cla of lipid p e en in biomemb ane , incl ding pho phogl ce ide and
phingolipid .
P Se ie of eac ion occ ing in ome bac e ia and in plan chlo opla in hich
ligh ene g i ed o n he i e ca boh d a e f om CO2.
P The memb ane o nding a cell ha epe a e he cell f om i e e nal

en i onmen . I con i of a pho pholipid bila e and a ocia ed memb ane lipid and p o ein .
P Small o nd e ach omo omal DNA molec le capable of a onomo eplica ion in a cell.
P An la ge molec le made p of iden ical m l iple o imila ni (monome ) linked b

co alen bond .
P High die a in ake of pol phenol i a ocia ed i h a 30% ed c ion of mo ali

a e in olde ad l . The mo impo an food o ce of pol phenol incl de f i , ege able ,
g een ea, black ea, ed ine, coffee, chocola e, oli e ; he b , pice , n , and algae ha can
ppl ce ain pol phenol . Some pol phenol a e pecific o pa ic la food (fla anone in ci
f i , i ofla one in o a, phlo id in in apple ); he ea o he , ch a e ce in, a e fo nd in all
plan p od c ch a f i , ege able , ce eal , leg me , ea, and ine.
P Linea pol me of amino acid connec ed b pep ide bond and all made p of 20
o mo e amino acid .
P Refe ing o a long chain fa acid in hich he e a e o o mo e of he ca bon-

ca bon bond a e do ble o iple bond .
P Tho gh o be an infec io fo m of p o ein c al ha inc ea e in n mbe b con e ing

ela ed p o ein in o mo e p ion ; fal el ho gh o be he ca a i e o gani m of Bo ine
Spongiofo m Encephali i (BSE, Mad Co Di ea e) and he h man fo m of CJD.
P The en i e collec ion of p o ein p od ced b a cell.
P A ema ic d of he amo n , modifica ion , in e ac ion , locali a ion, and

f nc ion of all o b e of p o ein a he hole-o gani m, i e, cell la , and bcell la le el .

P A cla of ni ogeno compo nd con aining o f ed he e oc clic ing . T o p ine ,

adenine (A) and g anine (G), a e ba e componen of n cleo ide fo nd in DNA and RNA.
P A cla of ni ogeno compo nd con aining one he e oc clic ing. T o p imidine ,

c o ine (C) and h mine (T), a e ba e componen of n cleo ide fo nd in DNA; in RNA, acil (U)
eplace h mine.
Q The n mbe and ela i e po i ion of he pol pep ide chain in m l ime ic
(m l i b ni ) p o ein .
R An p o ein ha pecificall bind ano he molec le o media e cell-cell ignaling,

adhe ion, endoc o i , o o he cell la p oce . Commonl efe o a p o ein loca ed in he pla ma
memb ane, c o ol, o n cle ha bind a pecific e acell la molec le (ligand), hich f e en l
p od ce a confo ma ional change in he ecep o , e l ing in a cell la e pon e.
R In gene ic e m , ece i e efe o ha allele of a gene ha i no e p e ed in he

pheno pe hen he dominan allele i p e en ; al o can efe o he pheno pe of an indi id al
(homo go e) ca ing o ece i e allele . M a ion ha p od ce ece i e allele gene all
e l in a lo of he gene p ima f nc ion.
R DNA An DNA molec le fo med in i o b joining DNA f agmen f om diffe en

o ce .
R An o ida ioned c ion eac ion in hich one o mo e elec on a e an fe ed

f om one eac an o ano he .
R Gain of elec on b an a om o molec le a occ hen a h d ogen a om i added o a

molec le o o gen i emo ed. Thi i he oppo i e of o ida ion.
R (E) The ol age change hen an a om o molec le gain an elec on and a

mea e of he endenc of a molec le o gain an elec on. Fo a gi en ed c ion eac ion, E ha he
ame magni de b oppo i e ign a he o ida ion po en ial fo he e e e (o ida ion) eac ion.
R A la ge comple comp i ing e e al diffe en RNA molec le and mo e han 50 p o ein ,

o gani ed in o a la ge b ni and mall b ni . The ibo ome i e pon ible fo p o ein n he i
( an la ion).
RNA ( ) Linea , ingle- anded pol me , compo ed of ibo e n cleo ide , mRNA,
RNA, and RNA pla diffe en ole in p o ein n he i . A a ie of mall RNA pla ole in
con olling he abili and an la ion of mRNA , and in con olling ch oma in c e and
an c ip ion.
S Repea ing c al ni of ia ed ( kele al) m cle compo ed of o gani ed,

o e lapping hin (ac in) filamen and hick (m o in) filamen and e ending f om one Z di k o an
adjacen one. The a come e ho en d ing con ac ion.
S Ne o k of memb ane in c opla m of a m cle cell ha e e e

Ca2+ ion ; elea e of o ed Ca2+ ind ced b m cle im la ion ini ia e con ac ion.
S The p oce ha di ib e an e al complemen of ch omo ome o da gh e cell

d ing mi o i and meio i .
S An plan o animal cell o he han a ge m cell.

S A e long, b anched pol accha ide, compo ed e cl i el of gl co e ni , ha i he

p ima o age ca boh d a e in plan cell .
S A elf- ene ing cell ha can di ide mme icall o gi e i e o o da gh e cell ho e

de elopmen al po en ial i iden ical o he pa en al em cell o a mme icall o gene a e da gh e
cell i h diffe en de elopmen al po en ial .
S A g o p of fo - ing h d oca bon incl ding chole e ol and ela ed compo nd . Man
impo an ho mone (i.e., e o e one, e ogen, p oge e one, ad enal ho mone ) a e e oid
ho mone . S e ol a e e oid con aining one o mo e h d o l g o p .
S Speciali ed one be een an a on e minal of a ne on and an adjacen ne on o

e ci able cell ( ch a a m cle cell) ac o hich imp l e a e an mi ed. A a chemical nap e,
he imp l e i cond c ed b a ne o an mi e ; a an elec ic nap e, imp l e an mi ion occ
ia gap j nc ion connec ing he p e- and po nap ic cell .
T A l mphoc e ha ma e in he h m and e p e e an igen- pecific ecep o ha bind

an igenic pep ide comple ed o MHC molec le . The e a e o la ge cla e : c o o ic T cell (CDS
face ma ke , cla I MHC e ic ed, kill i -infec ed and cance cell ), and helpe T cell (CD4
ma ke , cla II MHC e ic ed, p od ce c okine , e i ed fo ac i a ion of B cell .
T Region on each end of a e ka o ic ch omo ome con aining m l iple andem epea of a
elome e (TEL) e ence. Telome e a e e i ed fo p ope ch omo ome eg ega ion and a e
eplica ed b a pecial p oce ha p e en ho ening of ch omo ome d ing DNA eplica ion.
Main enance of elome e leng h af e each cell di i ion i ho gh o e end he life of he o gani m.
T Final mi o ic age d ing hich he n clea en elope e-fo m a o nd he o e of

epa a ed ch omo ome , he ch omo ome deconden e, and di i ion of he c opla m (c okine i )
i comple ed.
T A fla ened memb ane ac in ide he chlo opla hich con e ligh ene g o chemical
ene g .
T A elemen e en ial fo he life of e eb a e ha a e e i ed in e emel mall

do e .
T The ibo ome-media ed a embl of a pol pep ide ho e amino acid e ence i
pecified b he n cleo ide e ence in an mRNA.
T Majo molec la fo m in hich fa acid a e o ed and an po ed in animal i i

made p of h ee fa acid chain e e ified o a gl ce ol molec le.
T A la ge a ie of ignaling p o ein e i ed fo he i al of cell in m l icell la

o gani m . In he ab ence of ch ignal cell ill commi icide b apop o i .
T A ma of cell , picall o igina ing f om a ingle cell pe ma be benign o malignan .
U A mall p o ein ha can be co alen l linked o o he in acell la p o ein , h agging

he p o ein fo deg ada ion b he p o ea ome, o ing o he l o ome, o al e a ion in he f nc ion
of he a ge p o ein.
U An na al b ance (e.g., he p o ein he mogenin) o chemical (e.g., 2,4-

dini ophenol) ha di ipa e he p o on-mo i e fo ce ac o he inne mi ochond ial memb ane o
h lakoid memb ane of chlo opla hich inhibi ATP n he i .

U A fo m of an po in hich a memb ane p o ein ( nipo e ) facili a e he mo emen of a

mall molec le ac o a memb ane do n i concen a ion g adien b facili a ed an po . The
gl co e an po e (GLUT p o ein ) a e iconic e ample of nipo e .
U Refe ing o he a e of a fa acid in hich a lea one of he ca bon-ca bon bond

i a do ble o iple bond.
U In gene ic p eam efe o he di ec ion oppo i e o ha in hich RNA pol me a e

mo e d ing an c ip ion; he e en ha can occ ea lie in a ca cade of ignaling pa h a
ep .
U (UAS) An p o ein-binding eg la o e ence in DNA of ea

and o he imple e ka o e ha i nece a fo ma imal gene e p e ion and i e i alen o an
enhance o p omo e -p o imal elemen in highe e ka o e .
V A p epa a ion de i ed f om a pa hogen and de igned o ini ia e an imm ne e pon e o

p od ce imm ni o e i af e e po e b he i len fo m of he iden ical pa hogen.
V A ool in cell biolog , an a onomo l eplica ing gene ic elemen emplo ed o ca a cDNA
o f agmen of genomic DNA in o a ho cell fo he p po e of gene cloning. Commonl ed ec o
a e bac e ial pla mid and modified i al bac e iophage genome .
V A plan pa hogen compo ed of molec le of naked RNA onl e e al h nd ed n cleo ide

long.
V A mall in acell la pa hogen, made p of n cleic acid (RNA o DNA) enclo ed in a p o ein
coa , ha can eplica e onl in a cep ible ho cell.
V An e en ial o ganic molec le e i ed in he die of all animal and h man in e mall

le el ; i amin e e p ima il a coen me o pa of coen me and cofac o o facili a e he
ph iological e i emen of life.
( ) Techni e in hich p o ein epa a ed b elec opho e i a e

a ached o a ni ocell lo e o o he memb ane, and pecific p o ein hen a e de ec ed b e of
labeled an ibodie .
A no mal, nonm an fo m of a gene, p o ein, cell, o o gani m.
- Commonl ed echni e fo e abli hing he h ee-dimen ional c e

of mac omolec le (e peciall p o ein and n cleic acid ) b pa ing - a h o gh a c al of he
p ified molec le and anal ing he diff ac ion pa e n of he di c e e do ha a e p od ced.
Se e al ela ed DNA-binding c al mo if compo ed of econda c e folded

a o nd a inc ion p e en in a a ie of e ka o ic an c ip ion fac o .
A fe ili ed egg; a diploid cell e l ing f om he f ion of a male and female game e.
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30 J 2018
-F a 21, 1908.

30 J e 2018

In ma ers of s le, s im i h he c rren ; in ma ers of principle, s and like a rock.
― Th ma Jeffe
Was an American Fo nding Fa her ho as he principal a hor of he Declara ion of Independence and la er ser ed
as he hird Presiden of he Uni ed S a es from 1801 o 1809.

08/10/2020 Refe ence - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1 Edi i n
E ige e ic : The Dea h f he Ge e ic The f Di ea e

Ta i i 1 Edi i
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08/10/2020 E il S i i - E igene ic : The Dea h f he Gene ic The f Di ea e T an mi i n 1 Edi i n

Epigenetics: The Death of the Genetic Theor of Disease

Albe Ein ein

J fea a e ae ih e ac ifice a d e e hi g i acc i hed b agica e ai

The Hi f Magic a d he Occ

We a k ha a e a e be efice a d a e, i bec e be efice a d .

Xenophon (428 354 BC): Hi o ian. An a ocia e of Soc a e , Xenophon fo gh in C a m

A K Seligmann de c ibe in The Hi f Magic a d he Occ , i eemed o he fi h man

Spi i l ked e e he e. La ae and lem li ed benea h he ea h; ampi e e caped f om he

h ://d c lib.inf /gene ic /e igene ic /1.h ml 1/22

Geologi (G eek fo alke abo he ea h ) belie e ha he ea h i 4,500,000,000 ea old.

A Decembe 5 h 2013 a icle in he Wa S ee J a epo ed ha gene ici f om he Ma Planck

An h opologi heo i ed ha he people in he Sima ca e co ld ha e been a di inc h man pecie

T en -fi e ho and ea ago, C o-Magnon a i enciled imp e ion of hei hand on he

The Ga ga Ca e in he F ench P enee ha he mo handp in f om mo e han 150 diffe en

Man of he enciled hand a e m ila ed b he emo al of e e al join of a lea o finge .

We ha e in en ed no hing! Pablo Pica o e claimed a he eme ged f om F ance famed La ca

La e di co e ie of addi ional ca e pain ing in Spain and F ance ca ed he di belie e o ha e a

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Mode n chemical anal i of he pain ho ed ha he a i had de eloped and efined a diffic l

The ancien a i of he La ca Ca e deal i h he concep of dep h and h ee-dimen ion b

Ca e and ock a and d a ing a e fo nd all o e he o ld; i i a p ehi o ic fo m of

An elemen of a eq e fo fe ili i fo nd in ome of he d a ing . The d a ing gge ce ain

The aming of fi e b man b o gh he ma e of me al ha e en all led o h man p og e

The ancien Eg p ian efe ed o i on a he me al f om he k , and he A ec efe ed o i on a

In 1848 he k ll of an ea l man a di co e ed in a ca e in Gib al a . B he ime i a i ed in

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h ://d c lib.inf /gene ic /e igene ic /1.h ml 3/22

Gene ici (G eek fo bi h follo e ) ag ee ha if hi cena io i co ec , hen he e o

The academic comm ni of an h opologi no belie e ha he e a onl one pecie of man a

Sk ll e e di co e ed in a ca e in Fon eche ade, F ance, ha fo all p ac ical p po e looked like

A he la Ice Age d e nea i end, i i ho gh ha e e al diffe en people immig a ed in o he

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The Beginnngs of As rolog and Medicine

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Ea l p ehi o ic people aking ho and d eam e e filled i h e il pi i and de il ha

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Me c a a q ick, c nning, bi e al god, and a gif ed i h a calc la ing i dom.

Ma a e in place a he le of iolence and a .

J pi e a looked pon a he king-like le of men.

Sa n a ie ed a a di an cooling n in e ile and a een a being q ick- empe ed and

h ://d c lib.inf /gene ic /e igene ic /1.h ml 5/22

A clo e ela ion hip ha al a e i ed be een heal h, medicine, and a olog ; n il he 18 h

The diffe en pa of he pa ien ana om e e ho gh o be nde he infl ence of pecific Sign

A ological medicine a fi o gani ed in he o k of He me T i megi o , he name ha he

A ph ician i ho kno ledge of a olog ha no igh o call him elf a ph ician.

C lpepper s Herbal Remedies

The A ab e e he fi o link he healing and c a i e na e of he b i h pecific a ological

Ta A ack ( elling of he h oa ); Bean ( he a e good fo he comple ion; half a bean ill

h ://d c lib.inf /gene ic /e igene ic /1.h ml 6/22

G Ca o (help concep ion); Fe n ( ollen pleen; make oin men fo c o p ickle );

Ca c Fla (inflamma ion, mo ; di ea e of he che and l ng ); P i e ( o e mo h, ea ing

L Ba (be ie good fo cold, he ma i m; he migh il e pel he ind); Celandine (pile and

L b a A pa ag (e pel he one; i e h p l ); Che n ( he co gh); Dai (ple i and

Sa a Be on ( emo e po f om face and hand ); Bo age (cla ifie he blood; fo ifie );

Ca c Ama an h ( op all bleeding); Bee (b n , eal , bli e ); Hemlock ( oa ed, good

P c Dock (clean he blood, eng hen he li e ; ake a a f eckle ); ( emo e a ,

Ancien Prescrip ions