aCombyston Recibin 3 pexdlgaa Ble MEM pase AD oie Cp Joo Sooall SS wrth MEW, Aq js AAV OVA oo Ady SLA, oli CHEAP 35531 oli st 4.55 Abello 1 DeYl tele, SST 2 so} kell, GL sa 2 LAN Loy fbi om thermodynamics I (HE de) & . cons Si, RE tile Hy Al ledge Mer soLchash 3 Aebply asl ae DBM get MI Oy SL, Gety 2B & LAA GSU awd 433 ptt OU Gert CLaersil Nes Gy Vassy VIGO eb awl patie th) POS Cl CASY ode SAL bess tact (Crh) aut 25g Sopp] bs Sots) sped ds Gea ~8 GNyeol Lhe yy Seeds Sables lebsz ge sm, a6 Ss eLes) (Beathanes) Actdsleb Swely Lpraduck) Z C80 5 ce ae 22 Gadd) er o5e yh f pejeles () Opie bsegh told abby diss fs CNS gor At) hi sys ve Sol. (Cor) OpSip Tali co ryngh 1 oh Pe Ves Ophir eyS!2, hor ata) gol 5 gdlehtl MENU dete. «dp Ki pice: ew WY oka Ke vet Bn ABN SLES) glee Lely dice Let : ‘bells 4 GHW) Aube ae al OY elias BIS E tod 2 Golly ub en “ Ba Stet Vide BROL, gas SF sge Ao OAs Le alias oi a OSS eee, Oy) 11 ae 198, GK 4) Ge ee lots + Pintenbo) S83) 1s NS VL ALeM bye, 3) Gor yl Mrep, TP Hota) jRjop\ Sem G&G se/3) Joo 3.08) y=, BNE Bs 5 A olde Coty 7A 6 Gn yay waiheage roe Serge Si Ase HI vine -Si 721 okey the + ee ye 5% - Fy Aueom (ah 3 =p (Cn + 376M) 7 ae He Seu, tsb rng aye Lee EN ele ALS Le Vib, CH 4 O14 39M, yp Cay thot — S46 Na EP 3 GONE A EL SAS Aa Qld py cl} ae fer ay ot Pe, op CLS No PE 5108 eri Se peirte! VOR ~~ t0fae ee & Fyre Hy ¢ 2+ 396 — Gr + Ely + 346M ve C2) pall os CrG G (2G 76) ae 1290748) 2% bb ad Hy + 2 (014396) Te +2 4 (2 396 MJ wor esi he @ aobdl B. Sefln Nl oes pelts), GE Tt 255, a +o) iiper ee Ex ot NO spop Ee BIA bs Tho at : AX ce “feate\ Ack ab YOY AI On Sleeseé ¥en As stab Sl py Se -f 5 WA acti ite tsin 4S YS Bayh slp | ASG pe Lem, o SIS Yale abies ott gl ped Sigh te (160) v1 SILK # ib Wo Syou wis Gs Ga Er Chip 2(N590 24 ORAS No. SS Con 4 2ho+ On + Oe HOF Me SPAS Ragen york Tate oS 0 of Lise Peis Sua rept As LEP gpd Lo tut ih, or GA TAS y Lee gle 4E AY +20, + (DBI Np 5 O95 Cog 4 005004 LhO +e DIMA) Nr +00sOrLOS OH MM Abi, aps BL eee hie Sir 25 plas ts 95 Peuotents Prods x a ef pret > KX 2045 (Grben) 4 7 = 2) axa 2 Cidrogen) SSN Se 310) a Galilee, O Grr Mop Ne fo Fee Qr+ fro + Or -M_ 5 @ Qn, Cos fo + 24M yy P CAS) Gs Shae eS oad Gha iXD pdizox AEB AT ht onl, 4 Bvglec GM fiel née (AR) CNS GSP Able aes GMs +2lOn4 36M2) —__» A Coz +Jheo +ESEN, 8 > HO, —» x2 & Grby- a (a YQ ~sy=K Aydrepen Ms 40) > 2B)+Y. —> B= 125, Onygen O, CoHe +1265 (Oe + 246Me) > BOL + 9a + HF Me “GWE pelle +5 38 syd ded cr AF 2 ab RS C2631 = 545° knobair J Forel fuel AS) plea gs yb4b iy! AF = fOIEK 28/3 ponte = (PSK 42 Ls Cog Mas SpA Ais AP 2 IS Bair, /byhel air Sips RIPE Volime fretin (FD (yt Waid) ney =2 Eerrp lose) Sel EMAL US ye £200 Fe Gg 9) Gene CS pookp, jsp WBA DhIA war hss 2 AMS BIZ Ore AcoCie 4. 12502) 02 - 125 (319612) My. Bla, + Tho te: On + 94 Ny ( 12,502) (2) = §X2 £9 4H) ~—y A= 1a He -S002 +59) Ne ~~~ C2 +9 Hho + US On + 4 Me AEM FISSAN, A yb ae B+ T1540 = [Q35 = Net Pe Cor 2 B/i2aS = CHAP ~8 GAS BOR bak SSH LM = YS > PUL 701 = 2S/ [13-5 = ol2/. Me = 7h (035 = Wb27. ZL wee a He = ne. F,, — joxoomiaarel ec ta yet PabeS Ib ABUL putt Ble Pe? CP) A)65 ayipap> lo? &, SAIC oe Shas WOE ot Ty eC OW pega -2Fxmpk@ a Et Wash wey) a My Co Or Cor boo BHA 0837. 23%. jor LAL Vie SAL ith SL BN Ghat Cup | $ aYoX doe ets Ele) yes Zr wiselo Js fh AwAS Hye ay 10, oy l0€az 4. °53Co 4234024 AMO +571 No0 aT ABs) Oy = 296 sy ba BIA = 2316 Aa 104453 = 1053 alll 4b 4Q = 1A > d=24 = 2106 Lehy ob Al per dials, PAPE AS ala] Feb Boe hes 3 btey —» 1002) 4083 +2:97%K2 pe Fle06 = 20 & 10°83 Chy p 23:16 Oo 4 37.1 Mr LO Cor 40153 C4 2:37.02 4. 2h0 6p 48H | No CO I 1059 Ob Chy22.2, FEIN 5 oes 215 Cor 40:05 CoO-+ 2502 + 2thor & AN $2 Wp Ad pled 25 Tpbt pees ayy, PF = Ile2+32)]f - fo¥9 rue sir / tine tue. A EE WFLA EE des GS OUT oes © AF= (o WKB))6 = 18-19 Kain J ep fos : MEN LISP Sle US Ayes 2 5, oll Gb, We ele Sb TaN GU ON (ogee Qe + 2ho, ase M © AF heiteh = $(2+752)x28, 995/65 = 19-73 ge. Typ LS Me Preosiage eordik oi = BB 9.05 = N07, “ooConhus tim Picton. : BES dB) AOL 55 fork LE ya Silas dhe as In celer fo bum a fuel Conplekly, Basie. Cadikcns ntust: be hulied 2Gdlgs tls Jiox GV she yo slob post bled cybsl den vis oleJall » Ce 25 nga Be oe Gitte > Aerck gots . Vtg b ale) 5 oot MT eod - COMA H etrak Ce? sae\\plelslLsifial ssi pmele as $ ay a C+ O2-» Cor Ss — LC 2C+o, Ke PERL IPVITANS poh BLM oats fl —» 2A eo Ses Sots Son -3 Shoichiometrie Air Hinole mapfsn SH gtv Ne) pishk yrs pts isis s55)\Aiina\e 4 prepay MV) i295 AO) PUL) poy AAO Grill A A Sele HO (meistore) CAA C+HrO4 Ned4MeA = loo by mass. 2B co (eM GAPE EN Nolbb hd Wes « Oxygen riguiot fr Omplete f Lk pel We = 270 3 S/n SO. sae a Ly > 953) Fplged xy Woz = 01232 Wr 3 pe e8 50 ne case sigh ) 2585 jos hy TA PN UB GI ath ts Facrt cally ir pee for Complele Combmtion f ty ful Wee Ur C4 eS (H- 2) +43 $ Where &% My O mb © ome Yhe moss fnchir| Excess air abuays needed for Complete Combruroies Wa ~ le Wy Wag s- phe thea nmowb of, dir Supplied. for Gmplete Crs f 1b f tet. Zab Wloes « Ile CW 5 Oub age Soto LAL: LS Bb G68 w TU op, 04 yh oy Lal pe Only hes Sy) 25s)! ppey! Op +o [4% (01s 2940) > 4 Cor ¥ Z, bo foe we AY/Et IY) Oy + 3546 06 (24H) Ny. ie Zee Pave ay 3 + Hey ar = Example: Coal has the following ultimate analysis on a dry basis, Sulfur 0.6, Hydrogen 5.7. Carbon 79.2, Oxygen 10.0, Nitrogen 3.0. ‘This coal is to be bummed with 30% excess air. Calculate the air-fuel ratio on a mass basis t Solution F “The molal compo: SO Lae Meth pais} Bates Beye aie ae n= Yq Ber dijed tlé Sate on ea £6 = 0102 Knol sulfor /00 by fucl Ha = F9/, . 285 kmAl Hyolugn. / loo by fel Ca F23/n = = 6.60 kel Crban/ loo by. fuck Orta Aa sfx) Me toy foal Ne = "5/28 = 0105 Kuncl witopen/ leo kj foolpedi Estes} 514 jal Dow Sex, ont § 4OOBO, —» 0,02 Soy 28S, 4 WBC, _» 2.%8bhy 66 C4 66002 __, 660Co, 2. CB kynol of 02 reguiredl [00 ky feel. aL ve tatlg-gh pee + iio uy &, pedi st pea, BPR ASER LK SA DY) aL Usdyeck- pote SG rypll Aremnihial amet fo oygen = Bef — 03) = 773) kmed o, Hen ain fooky fuel Alin, (Arhel ti) = ees sees £28 00 = 106s Kyair 19 fob for Zo/, excess Minto = lo 62X13 = 12:82) bsg hel fool — NA Ghee vay A) tod (O02 8 42:85 by 4 66C +0302 4 a05Me) p30, 4 3964993 mi) — 0:02. S02 42-85 Log 66 Co, 4 FIXRBN, » 80S Ng, Tor Joy. excess airy ORS + 2I5y 6.6 C+ U3Qp 4000S y 4 13 [79802 +3:°76x3.93 Mh] —s 01025074 2B y+ 66Cr +9 Op + 138x896 X83 Ny 4 010M, G HAS py OBL) BH PZBN2) $= 010202) 42.85 4 6602) x H2) (232.319 01028 42.9, » 6604 030, + 025M, 4 10-017 0, 43347 Me > ODS 4 286 4 6.6 Coy 4 WBN Or4 32:99M + Wry = US C +34. s(A-S) + gage Tor la fuel > Wr = AF to = MS x02 4345(25F- Sl) +-~ + Y3K0006 are Jo 6 br) y betFir et eucssair Affatis 2 13 X106% = 18.9% 1 fig furl, sxample: Natural gas has the following ultimate analysis on a dry basi Oh GH Taree | AIT Coie [cate O29 | _W16s%e | 0.130% “This fuel is to be burned with 20% excess air, Calculate the air-fuel ratio cae mass basis. ution impanent | Number of moles | Moteeular weight | Weight (ka) cor waa | 16 TERE Gi Dou 3 Tas5T CH aor a Tose Ce DOO ng 13068 Cis 00185 7 Ory Gi 0.00139 a Cr 06S aT a | | Molecular weight of the fuel = 17.5618 kg/kmol 0,92766CH, +1,855320, — 0.92766CO, +1.85532H,0 | 0.0411 7C, 1, + 011440950, -> 0.08234CO, + 0.12351H,0 0.01211C,H, + 0.060550; > 0.03633C0, +0.04844H,0 E 0.00529C,H,, +0:0343850,, + 0,02116CO, +0.02645H*O _ 0.00165C,H,, +0,013203 > 0.00825CO, +0.0099H,0 0.00139C,H,j #0:0132050; —> 0.008343CO, +0.00973H,0 Y02=2.120755kmoles ‘Number of moles of air =2.120755(1+3.76) = 10.09479 (09479 281.2 ke air = 16.09082 x 1.2 = 19.30898- 1x17.56618 kg fel For 20. gktecs qr = AP = tbofeBryi2_ = SU 20898, kin /be Air Fuel ratio =mole] C] He] O:[ M) fraction | (ke) | (kg) | (ke) | (ke) we (ke) | wi te | GH | 0.00529 48] 10 1 | 0.25392 0.0529 Cote | 0.00139 72| 14) 0.20008 | Ae CO,| 0.00688 Ty oO! 32 0.08256, oO Summation (kg/kmol) |313.09152 ) 4.1467 3.09152 oe Carbon = 755616 nydrogen = 2180 ydrogen = 77 sy . 0.22016 ave" = T7665 en Since: vwesseraes ung }e4as For | kg fuel, wr = air fuel ratio : air +43 x 0.0 = 16.6606. kg fuel 0.012533 wre 11.5 x 0.745268 + 34.5 (0.236062 ~ ) sample: = = ‘The dry flue gas (dfg) analysis of a gas semple is: 12% GEE=3% CO, 5% Or ana by _ volume. Find the molecular weight of the gas sample. ess 7 =1 rte f AE, Clty flue gases) Cmntans O12. pole os 0108 mabe af Co» 01 eS ile af On, and — Wy =“ Wet = OWL KYY 4. 003X128 4 or SK 8L. 4918 X2B (= Srwle (5 /knet) In forrnl, — lip = WCer + 28 C0432, +28 Mo Volumepric. Periontage Hes y ons = — Gn WA pe Y4 Cor + 2BCe +2202 +29 Ne Sonn LC by ms = WGB 7 On by mu = ie dloo = 82X25 Yloe 44 Cor4+-26 C0 +3202 +28 Me Bon JO, 5 «GR YM = 2B as = *BX®R X\00.- Welt Soke Ly = PSE UC £BCO ay = 2BX08Ert00 W Cor +28 Cot 8202, +28. Bonn 2279 yi = S3,93/ 47497 7277 = £00 ky- * yl Si IIS GA YD Cnet Oxi ox A GE oy Sel ir CLINT. Gpentss Vow of Girton te fil = 12 Con tCe) = /L(ailt +0103) =1-BKh How off Cirhon por of fy = 12 (Oa po) 44 Go7+2B024320p 4 28 No ae hss Mest a 0-12Mas of Ay produced por by of Carbon (Ge +28 4-32.02 + 2B Me I ( cn + Co) 2 16-73 ae e A © 286207) usu Lins fachny EW aLld po Co Silda 5 gh West, Co yA» Nb), Or 26» Ne iton, eee (C- 04) ce onal 5,5 ay h ESN 27 lect My peewee GA fel 2Becpast G DENS Cle Bt SUM Ked! Siping ABW san ft a , Mass oP cll Prods ced por ky fuel, — Ob (Wlor-+28C0 4320.23) '2C 240) MH Mein Hy pro by fuck 2 28 Ce pec aCe eee 2. (Cor +Od AED APPS tA OILY GEL ies bigtlise + Hus of mm oy Par Comes ram > Hg Pfu = 2B a desks Y EB TN 12(@2+&) he Actual air-fuel rab Who BOYD Ne (@2+G) C= WA LGarte) Sos My, ‘VExainplé! Test data shows the following gas analysis before | erin [cor oom 0» 4.0 oe a = No [86.3 iso ae The coal used shows a carbon percentage of 72% by mass, Egtimate the air leakage i t= preheater per kg of coal fired. = @ Before air preheater : es Was S:0f Me Co - 3.01 X 0: 863x0192_ G+ a2FF +0 = 17-42 Wair/by pact.Mor air preheat > Uy = SefeodSInote - 20.48 Khin/y p ooF. a Ate leakage, Do4r- M2 = 1 My tie/g pred — fig analysis of dry flue-gmsby no CO 6r $03.-Caleulate Example: In an oil fired boiler the fuel had-ar-analysis by - -arhon 84%. ee volume gave: combined CO2+S0» 15.72%, 02 =1%, there 4 per kg of fuel (a) mass of air supplied, (b) percentage excess Sir ‘gas formed, and (e) mass of water vapor formed supplied, (¢) mass ZEN MOLI jy capitis Koo pts 08) 25N uF Ups = = (a 2b Sn80 oh We Aled < aot Seyi Ee by i ‘ WH Cope in CF P+ FSIS Oy 264 396M) —» Bt 40%, fe gHo pe aes aee agg a EMI wh gay ale SLE 1 Orie nA» b= 2% ee ee ony. Gh a x =brl+e +55 8 Le (+ 2M = Rb42el+ 2049 Silphor ~~ 22 adr» d= Mitryinny 37H =F Hy = VW ORE pe Pee iails77. 2 = ecll Belen birds re4f v v (@) () aales ole jeS (29 te Wa Hilal tutes brad = IFI2 SD EC = Std LYE = ofp @ B42 noe SibDupag nm Oy. babyce OS 4H = FHOb ¢QH4SZ+LWS DY A= lovoo2~ ® Mest expen Sepphied = looc2x32 = 32011 ° /lig f. ain = fer ko Ky het 320) fo.132 = }J3BOkG Mp oie = Joie: 7 roan pase aees 1th foo > 13:6kg Abie ' 0 Temtal Pie sapped Fer 4 fael Wak = US C+ US[A- 8) + ya - Wa = MS Ko M4 S(O) — 228) + 134.0032 = /3BKG 3 Sf exces dir = Lh Wee. = 13-3. BIB. 00 = 47-Z Wr 13-18 + Mes of diy fie gas formed. for leoky fuck = 42+ 450146 Or Nz = AxY 4.01) KET OVYSLK 32 + FE X lerwEX2B, = 138.37 Mdithy fuel = AY foo = 88D Sie fh roatecveger frrmed prr ty fisk = Ftho Sxl = -oaky xe+ nd re: BYopiand gas is reacted with air in such a rat thal an analysis of dy 1s of istion gives Ox 11.5%, Op: 2.7%, aes CO; 0.7%. ‘What is the presale ss air 2 LO Suasienlys H SNe An Cehorlyea (itlis Coty Cheabll “Bike Zio A Cher 2Or4 SPE A Me —>tS Cor +04 Co4 2402+ 851M + blbo Aled Sy (Mihofen ~> 22a =8-l 4522657 Cirteon Ax 320 = ST poP = 1212 or A= Yoh Cty wr 22,65 = NE + OY, 42E+ Y > $H16-2 Woryorre BX = 2b» BHP) = 2062) sh 1-07-Gfhg ot 226502 4 85) Vy, ——> MS Gy 40°F Cot V+024 35.1% (1M +(62 ho fer mele» (YP) © Ca + FSH 024 21 My —_—» 2-8 Creo D + -— F266 On + 2 Mee 2 EMO i. ater DANTE sp cclln & AM ee 4B nts ¢ o Gh +5(02 + 37M) oe Bie +1 ho +5x3%#M_ CS oe © Wicaphicaly 5 melas of oyygen ave rypwredn Thenefire, he excess cir Supple ts SPAS alee or W4 Zs eS© Example: An unknown hydrocarbon fuel, C,Hy, was allowed to react with air. An Orsat ~ analysis was made of a representative sample of the product gases with the following result: CO»: 12.1%, Oz: 3.8% and CO: 0.9%. Determine (a) the chemical equation for the reactio 4) the composition ofthe Tel, (e) the air fuel ratio during the test, and (A) theyexcess or = & fr a 2° Ofy 4 &Oz4 3960, ——> 124 Cor 4 3:80, + 0-9Cog 2+ bho Preduets gasee = or + +024 VM = loof Ne = loo 810143 3404% = 832 doled gotGe Mie Ree Cease Sei ee ee Cag fA Ki) = Dy i2i 4 EXSG 4 E Aah Qrbo | Kiw (2ip ong 18 Ayelregen' Y= Warn s23- SPE BB ase 1 WGON Abe & Crates 4. (2210 Oc + 88-2. Mp» p21 Orn -4 3.802 -404004_ +33 -2N2 + USI / 1 SATUR Se yop, oe DOB dla GES + 1898 0 +B KUBADM —y 13Gr + UH +. RBIDOAIN. ZC See 13-95, Mehl air aphid por mole ef. ents = BINS . 30rarky O23r fir ful ribo" 398036. 2 (9103 49Dew pont Momporndeve :- : Gad) Abbaye te> PALE O7es% we SP 6 oe sole Birk ble) Ey gbos SIR B TL bys hie OEMs Heo tte aoe J ae Uno - W¢Mhe Hey +1160 4 Mor +77 Hyo +N S14 Ny IN BPUP ROU ep b Lap SL hep ey AME jhe Doe On be wei tes, Vis Pits Beg SPW OH i dite ae lee eb inne? entre Oye WEBI is aies ee eerie Ue parti analysis of dry flue gas showed 13.2% CO2 and 3.2% OP by volume, Some CO was present but its percentage was not measured, The analysis of:the-coal burnt ‘was 88% carbon, 4.4% hydrogen and 7.6% ash. The moisture in the fue] waSHil-Assuming that all the carbon and hydrogen have been burt, estimate (a) the compigie-volumetrie composition of dry flue gas, (b) the actual amount of air supplied per ke mass of water vapor formed per kg coal, and (d) the dew point temperature of the flue Selatirn'- for looky of Coa8 2, EF ALOR GGA ci eee ea BG 4 dor 201 +f + Ghyo lel, BID eave] saul elG Grbn : BaF B= bid Su) a +O4 ee =bad +€ 4h) —» (zm e le — 3)¥Co ee ; ~@ ie 4 032 = 2 Avdierf dndeecp v a Om G) Ss bp = ¥ps —» O4D Hebana> I = 2. PBR eB = P3B-d Wor es as tas Gs 2,0 0 a 4 6+2%+¢€ ai AB3~dy of 4 PRINS 4M 2 f0.2)—oF20l. 2 Gnas © A = 16.2)_ a7 ol «f= 2764 = 3:26(Jo.2/-09 A) =2F-39-2M al, er Cece eo al oe ee b+dverf Fda oly PB ad 4 296341994 Fas Se Ss 45/2 CP A= Jord! ~0 742 A = lo- 21-042. -7R) = 8. BAS co 4 73B-f a ZBI = 5st B= bone = F5ups = hag - i 3-166 = 3-76 (8895) = 33.457 Hass ar Sepplide for too by Good = BRIAR = 1224 kg tose 7 air Supphd [fly ot aeToket of air hed por fy Gel 1227-kg Yohal bad ate fo ly = Arete ctf 212-13] lor = ESC. xleo = 13-27. 42/3) WORE yas = Sees %- 13) /@ = LIRR x Joo Y2 +13) ihe) x085ie of Pg 42. 13/ buator Gk = 2KIB 0.396 by / ten f~ pr por by vl > — 20016 | es = Je eS - Sole frchin bade tape Ss ae by Velma eno = Vite Parkel Presone = 0-016 xJoIs = S026 kpa Doers pent jomperakoe (firm Steam Giles) =32+9é Saelpy of Formate ands Combo ABigoR LIZL, SAN Libles), je@e of SG oS Dp JENS Aavesl Feduca sats ete IBY BySem Bixe| GIEsLs \ Ce Baby Sy tapas (Yeo Ge pil [Len _ oe as OPP 2z54 iVFel « [latm, 26€] Ges, aids as. aatigy ofl fo Speeds Piel) & goes hmel C . | Kiel Cn— Aijos a“ POS 5 -93870 Swle hel G —> ee a pS fea LO’ CB =~ 393,520kKF _ PA pFGy 373520 TFol app babs OF BA ied BO APNYAS Ulops-St3 lay poled ese) WA tla (eee dant os Bev Ap - et 7893520 ker fpne’ Bew = Finke - ~ Zn : Cleat Les) p-ESiyO =: :4e orbaby f peuchin delet La ea) Aes CW as Abe Lit MLO An lp orthelyy Pa 2alfos Losier DoFeY! AD OSL Vela Les) « Gnbiste-s tee tec = Hp _ AR Why 4, FANG Se oll SOAS Ke Cols, [PTY Gre yrs) W702) Cotas PLN Co ol ip glide Wala gal Het A IY he it Beles lele Ws 6,3 Si Lib poye Bry Cis fe Ar exe, z 4? 20? ots Sia) ee ee ettlely fe formebion dnp Cafes Maca C6 (NM, tO; Se Bethe st go He oily Lt J BAe ashes! Cath veel «abe hab Kee) SU toe lees Eyed tp SPL ys eile) Z 3,5 plissl api CeO +> Gr vO SEA Blac abs bIA he lis ap Gear genele - gute = “ 4s ~[ OE AG] 7393520 1 ae weg Gr o lhnek CSCI p38 ans WLS y ) oe On IC hel krel EP) BISwbT gh Aabnn dea, As) oe pels ih pH Ler Blea ee ool fo ae siveCheachig vbw) 222 af bee| oe p23, SUG BESO ded, os BA) ape MP NS om A PLB 6 Ded Foe Slade qin LIS NII 0Y SL 20) Ate) EDS pT yee VY ee erie WY 1 GE,» ube pho » rebleie heatrig. Yelle. Vv 23) ped hechig eat es es eh Ts «bagged hp ? tho . His Liv baka), Kiipe LY Cpflg ONES ces) Lidlesi anol weLzarple + Orgs) Usilzae Jahn hip, 256 apm hog oe tee sheidifor Fuse Su, Dore) JH Bhs e sé + (2S) PACNS, ) a> 2 + Fag $25) 396 Ny Pees, ko = t-te = Lae Znbj eri + ol. - hil. ee ee — = 3X-B936 20 Fx 205830 ~ 2Y7H0 Lae 8 Hy fiml, bes Substance Molecular Weight, M_—___ku/kg mot 5 5 dort eB} ie ee Be 44.001 2 H,0(e) 18.015, ~ 241827 Jif Lo “H,0t1), 16018 GEREN ‘CH,lg) 16.043, é - 74873 CHa) 26.038 + 226731 ( x He2ic fables Cig) 28.054 21837 oC zHelg) ie We 30.070 Je CaHalg) e9~444.097 ~ 1038474, - 233: CH olg) "58.124 - 126148 (7 CoHiyalg) 114.23 =208447 gs. +1 114.23,Aah tka) SG Woz Jad W8 job pos) Slykn o ae o tL EM wepst & = ath-b) Ghent = # D, ak ee | wv YU bet (AW ier Ipsec PELL ME Gere = Lb sh). > dy h-#) R a -W = ont hw). LaGrk—-#) ABA SAL Rae BAY) > 31 Collge) pr gihle guid —2 Sunple. “50 Codi ok fom 527 Spey SC Gym te soe RL ae FE Lie sper New ( Otezs aivy Clip l sLe YES ye? BL SH, Co, BG 2 4M Gb SOP eS pa Nas -€ pe) Mok cls ies) 2Adize tig El, VE Geidet = ae a = Bleess ai Ars 1 Fe¥l Abolen Cpe 4 ACO 436M) —» 362 + Meg + 2376 M me a = CE = : ~, (Steess 47) yp > C3My gp 255 (Or +386) —> % Con + 5 Coro +250, + USK SK3AEN, Hn OFK%2 AF 5 YH OdXas o8/ AE hs = Cetin cx [HSK 14396) honed x 28:92 kool W fuck [)ax3 1x8] kg /pmh ta RE byob / 15 ped .mir = Ning = FSEKOOF = he kefair [min 2 Bs EnGjrh-h) - Lae hb) ky net —relallog Sout 4 Coke da 218k A 250k 4g : : | Het | (Catengsa 99092. 8632 +8150 | 6 Op Y4973 | 3669 aio | oa NE SRI 9904 é 2yge =| Wb F078 9364 s BSD | ee T7512 | 3664 3 Nosz0 Co \ Motes. 4 ye: _ 44 = -lo3 80-1 Sobe bat, = Hae oe ne Bev hol egy] i880. Ae29¢~ Aaa ka lkimet he + (FS kowloz SL 0p 310 — 26%] kz Mkmebon + (28.2kmIM) [0 4 81M ~ 2669] kt kp Ne + (2 Pkoreh Gail, ~ 3935204 71079 9364] fel Gr (03K mel CoY[ -MOS30y YP5/P ~ 8469] bS fel Gp (kml tho) -209204 499 — 9901] lift tho 4 282 hend % [oO 4 47-073 - B60) ba /bnel Mr = 863386 ky /emet Gite S388 /yy ., BOK Jeu, A = Me x4 2 eos xnze = 669 ki ° Par = ped laa] P“By A able ell Satay. alates, wei C2) Aaa IBIRE! Bylp tere eid dyet Bs M3) Gye erg Ke, Ear FE bes Cdn SALE UST ne » cad Glad s Cok Pcie { jeals 2 nhs 4A) = Enh h_k) BE Hlehret Oph Fla ISH 25s Syo~ _ 5 Fzrmple B yore fo) - ae SES sys per ei ubTeyy Ge ¥Gitieei =t 1 PD SAW (*2Loodly ay ABU gieY ae Frauke tee ot. Share obi. Lhe pe BB yeak WA plo pr Cyd Thee). pi bh =e oe 2 athe +b-h) : Linh hk &) -3 nby z | Or Ao MY C2 Cohhaas aoa 343520 | -24/820 co 3} 7299950 dep Khel 7364 | 990% 44 | 3632 ie ie Lo Ghat 12S (02 +376 ph) —> 802 +9ho+ 4 Ne wer (Fhotany[-3135t +hq, - 164] fentor + (Theat Hag [ N81 this ~ 1904] kylymek Ito + (4 hk ral 0 + By 3664] br fhmek wr = (( Foret Cota, [204% 0 J by Jere Cathra > Phage Uy, + Yeh = 5byb08 KI B97, He be bse ae SHV AR Ta bisyr), dt, date ysHA Ode MG ly go, Gadi des Aohres bHbo3l /(34719) = Fa220kg fmol Po A pecae Oe C2 WW ce Ho 1 do0k ji J J Book { 24o0k = Lip kn tp IK Mh, f71709) : Me GAS OF) 2650 yr die a sa Shan + his +Fthy, = TOBE RT > 2X25159 + 9x103502447F-XPBLO = 5660828 > 1608} ZYeobnve fT wateis chy)! BX1120F) 4 9X 10cBY6 4 SFX FFYIE = 552665 KT S528 X seveoal es 2400 a 2 Su) intend Intepdidon a, TS 2894) 2% f4oo ~ 1 GMa + WH 125)(01+ 3:96 Mm) ——____» Slo, + 1hgO + 37502 + 18F Nr " GAs (Bhateay 3935204 ben - 864] ky /emler + CF krwlggl- 20 +4y, — 109] ky foltyg + 183 Knee by i, : op (bob 0 Tin — 86697 bI fhm eg (32. Shor)] 0 + boy - 26827 ey femal on (1 konel Goa) [- 299950] ky tohegita re = a ss Bilge Phy + 138 agg, + HA = HIB IBS fey FL ws =aCo + 49 mh Cyl + Wet (042796) > SS Gr +25Co 4 Hho + 42.3 Ne : cle wasstlife $ SS haneh Ga) [-298520 ¢ bey — 9364] kt femeb on 4 (25 Knedeo)[~NoSt04 Ace — 8664] kz imeG + (Ukout tag) [2 x20 4 Aas — TY] key/omeltyg =_> (12. 3kmkin)[O4An, — 8661} klik Wy = (kre Gis)! YA eg / tp Me CL eae ase c/o = “En op2Y by ‘TS 2aaekSteam Cenerntor efftcene 3- poor) > 955) 5-3) Olpa gers oo phen j é EMS ger! 3h ailige Aah lade cS (et Byatt StS Gb ai, (Combustion 6 (fish) 5 Sys Ae NL! 0 ted feet, x @ % ‘ ~ AE ANB ERM Nd) esse fire Jade NS Sho S> ey Sts Ud By) tLe Le Boye Lost, A> ULB) 2B Baye Bee Mes adye st Bs1c4\ enkor ( Steam genernden) pelap FE Gyan Soy Sem biel tata cass Byyall hae : ea SENS a Rey aya) Img WAV -2 PAL estiSioun Bb 9 Ay Aap chsy -) Direct Hetlanch ® Syste yal abs +t Inddvect Metrod @ Qs Sackrs che Biker effiaeneg NEO) Ap sb BGS che JF BI fy gal PAW nnd 2 Boller Desing oO Her sly, BI pn WT Avlibe, (Gull) D Air prebedter APN) b+ gu ee ise ~; fecat Bevery ® + Supperhontor SH y © Ebeemizon (EC) as, 70) Sp oe em pile AM AA (DS beni Pls} ve dele bal 4ey Bloc -2 Lewes @ Ai ANZ ley, syd LAiyoibyy ( Diy Aue fer Ses Sb gs) Ad 1501 ONG Hoishr (grote a Gash + erent es BrINOSs et Wen, (ew reek J) per tras See, po eens Bid Fy fois PUB? HerL ae cele + Prpedis “af fol. neg Coprae Bei. | 7 KF pol Heon ee fe LY Gass 2B Ge de fe ot Actol Firing Rie -@ if Jot Lol, P23 Ge Lie lsd Blue JO AZe vi) 25553, dle Fuel Gudition - 6) baa Sy Spas kde BI Biel es es SA 2 eye ++ Gmirton of heat Sefer ~ (3) ah eB PBs) ig Sis} BO tir flictouabin A¥iatis 5331.3) QSTMNG Gee pb spelt ¢ InGmplete. Combustion (6 UP? ge Paplibpeadtteade -2 Bb? pst sail me - © eae OF De >-@O byT BsuLb, Ab -: “Direct Helle a} faze Andy FEI) clam @ - asIDorling me, ms TOG, T Soe Les RAI, JyaM BUS POOR dpa PAUH Es UE une D - Bis Lbs) tuk Fs AB Pate BN bee ep efit BI .® Example; Find the efficiency of the steam generator by direct method with the data given below: + Type of boiler Coal fired Seam ms tow me ‘+ Steam pressure ©) Outlet steam temperature 4 Fuel mass flow rate (consumed) veo ‘ Te cae Ep, A> A- hp 3) 26 Sotto ; Hag =3375.15 Kg, Mensninane 597 - TES Cadi) Maen “2% poe vy CHW) Advantages of direct method:aie tepdl Ani -¢ Indvect Methods -@ O} unk (Jo -15)% wt M7e HE ENS e_p Sod az Biv U's oh DOB yhoo ps Ao) Ad > be 2 dob Fase mele 3800) Jer joe ae A: noid Alig dyetoll, 4 to te we (e# poe) ey moh) Cr Pe) Be? st ae ee foots BI) Apa Gs we < DD og tA DAT ~ Dry fun gues less ~ te less = Moisture b- tach, ~ Monture jn ir ~@ sexs - Fy ath less Water Bottom al Less Output + Input = bese, a9 = eetpet Inpod Cpe Ce ete ae Jagd Jvped < 7 = foo. 2 (tosses) 2 eel tate ‘i 7 = LUC (2 fehl hops ) or @ Hav em) © Oseft eney A ee ua = pl A My + de mj(bu- say] ky /eg + Steam ood Bate kG fsec) Sarnrca hthe)» Bragy bees due te dry exhist gas af Ge Blass -@ CQ, = Why x Gx C%.i) lexfey [eae ee of ty produced per ky fuel Lregy fers clue to enbunt Grban OFFS pple FbI) Bld -@ C03 = (0-47 M800 _-339)2. (cc) keg » nrg bets Ane fo Intarplete Coubrostim Wy DAV 2 FWSt1 = (oloox Ws 25 Conan By = lol00 x Wally x ( ni ae bi, > Lrevgy legs clue bo Morsture ™ facl Shag 7G oles -@ LE @s = Mal YW (100-Th) + 2256.8 4 209 (F~ loo)] effi JAB dpe, porg> 4f + Breny boss atu be Agere fod SS putty wb Fl cles ® Bea 9H [ W187 ( koo-T ) 2256 B+ Le7C Glos) ] cy loss Ane bo Ineigpye Comma with aie Suppled -@ eo ah) idee ab Sb FD otes, G2 0rWax Ge CG-Tay _ this energy x de bo Ash anel Shy EER eo} pF bss, ® Ge- [\--c+Al x} x The Ta Ls SpAape, + Energy lea Ane be Orvecteon ern Protiatur. for beilin seipce @ Sy hehe las Chea i lL, Tad sry.G= enagy Chad = HHV- Z(G... Gay se Bi = ep ized HYP - ECryCr- hov Dodf pelersed dav = Ble b), Cre 4) 5 &) Wig HV AHA aly the gue 50 $3) BLD ype Sher Akay OS 6) Glee ab p> Chile AF spoe> See UH Bee jul WL USE phere Flea. 3i0 Sue ep) Steams? Fx? Jd riaty lek Sa) @ Site pomk gp ioe (Steam Dom) 550 (G2 Ghar pies Gok Drm Vie Feed water Boe Cees ps Fu PS Malte (Geb 615] as oe i See tie. Gnstact (long) Pespons (Seah 25) Very ute Fe ovis Stem ara ths Cle! roe SUL PA, Senn Cao vat a Lydy Ale, mp ta Laie ls Stans itepne } Feed water < Steam. » Eee Gras P eed nado > Sem © Steam pressure Gmtbolier 2— Ma TBs YF 23N x SAS GLGH MM Nye shiz ge Sas SUSI SLT) ae LES ger yWyge master Grivllon — co 5 SALA Salty ASpbdg M1, 4 Ly bed per Sur Gl pee Xotl yslasy dezall toh 2 fre SU wp2,> silt op 3) ® SW 4 Mp SOLE RAH God ey si) bs ames : » cule hie tes 1aky Ae ae Aig, A Tie i 5 40 Ma ytig PY Ae erten te L202, Be) Hoy SE steam 4 72 AG? Olle, Abs cut, ipsa pilex, Sie 3s Drag bee de Ee 6 glen dope Cadi coe fe 1 bell Hp eae Sie pis arses ble pe “CS feed 3 yar be Ai pehecd —,) Sixppephsador (2AY WLSG lord pe ByPs%E)b ae, OS) ue 1 book ~O Chr ietee Aly Vnae leas Ap ye lb pA euler IA Mag TEN GM Toe le Bob Of or SF. _@ (Clad Geel -@© 2 i : al twrporyre.» - @ CONS ib EAN he Ji 6h Lagden Aol -© ee (Memnpraten ;- Bb Yog ANNs Reduction =f Steam pempernt’nre -) Swed Grit Solas of + Imelwect Contact sees aes - fh be ph SNE oy, Zz /lehiee tp ey EN ape > Cae Sap ee meth bo lol, eerily pipe cy een YBN E le po BxKe ( ontsle SM) What yeu} § eat (ols [ap oe Allemperetere — —) jen Jo | = : x es I L oN 7 x PSL 1 oS. praneny Super 2 Atlepnibr pA sf d 1 be Morne See pt te DESI pom hyo Slometrum Ge SU a : « Crcbrechin Gia ese: Covcction Supper healed. = teed Pout < Pstr Pahte ae a = Tf aies bei pita, at eee fs Seppe heaton (50) Lexpnmabe. (CO, Ly Sipe batt yt SO LF labExample: A steam generator operates under the following conditions: Coal analysis carbon: 61 0)hydrogen 4.0, oxy pen: 3.0 nittogen: 2.0 sulphur: .0 “Moisture 4.0 and ash 25.0 HEV of coal ~24.3 Milk. Dry flue gas analysis: COs: 12%, CO: 5 5, O3: 7.0% and No: 79.5% Unburat carbon = nil Exhaust gas temperature = 170%, Energy loss other than dry exhaust loss and incomplete combustion = 39 of HV. Steam generating rte = 150 Uh ‘Steam condition a boiler inlet ~ 100 bars, 00°C. Feedvater inlet temperature = 160°C. Determine (a the amount of dry fue gi preduced per kg Mel (b) the dry’ exhaust Ios ad f hear henomeienlse Re () the boiler efficiency, (4) the fuel burning rate, (¢) the percentage of excess air used, and (f) the percentage of energy absorbed in the superheater Given: heat of reaction of: My kegcarbon C+0,3C0, 133.083 1 £450-co ts9g—_M wy Sof dfg is 1.05 1 é ifg is 1.05. Tak ‘And the ambient air temperature is 30°C. 9 Mus of oly Hue fas prdwcet Por ky fuel = BlMOL+28@+2202 425m) eee 120 Gp. Le) = 26(CMK O12 +Z8K o1o(S +32X00}F +23 Xe- ws) a 12 Xlo12. +o.015-) 218/X Be 162 9 Liegy bere Lue bo iy crhust yas = Wap x ce x (75 4) = 37-ky = IK boSy (Ho- 3) = 164.34 Ky Ag peallay hss due be MnGruplebe Crmbustean = Pe Wa ee ee epsom We) x fe WO2 4230+ 320. +28N2 ae ee ne ee YY Koul2 423X954 72K oP HZBKO PIS 2 ISI8E Ki/y fret. ° Singy bes oMter tren ng excborst Less aed Iukemplite Gudrsboe SOX, 3 = 01F27 7 /ky fuel. Plel mrecgy dott > 1-621 41598 40-929 = 8198 HS /y Saok 7, = WH Zleses 2 Bb 3.998 xe AA i 24:2 > a = BRS % D fecha, Swe tu = 3373-4 bly O lho ht = C555 ep leg 7 i ee ean) ‘a HAV Na A OSS) a es O-BBSUx Ui Zoo 4 199 th =8539 Efhew + Thershenk ai repuired po ly fuel Wy. = usc+eys (%--Z) +3 $ w Mexoibl +95 (ot 222%) yp 48 Xero] Wa = 3.2/ kgeActad Air Syplel per by fuel. Wie $2466] iy Cer +02 O- Fee eRe Jee Oe t0AS Oe Lf) teas tin = MAW xloo = (2:89~ Bye (.. 3 BN0S7 Wn G3) D bobar hy= 24. x hry Leta lah oy aksebed, > fe Seppe Aondkoh. Baw aoc = 23 F- 22247 ype = le KL ay aah. SPAR} -~OEST Test Gz A SooMW Cel fred unit operekeel vrder full lew. Condition, The. Unit output vs S0OMW and ie is net heat lke 1500 Bru / kwh, Cool vitnate Analysis 2- CaS: Nathd A=) H243 tS) M=8 O=81 — HyV= 22400 Bi /kg + Diy fle gases Aralysis ; Gree 8 mone, y= Cote One Tee ten porature 2, Gustin air 1b BOF arel humiclity late 1 0-018” kyr tgersir., Slack gas enpirature is 250C Tre. macs foachion bred Carbon x 0.0 Ky of Grton Per kgf fet Cleviate 2 ~ A- Tie Cul Grsunp ten bY Sho b- Tie mass ef ory Fhe pos preduce per ky fuel C- We Crrbushein ur mers fw fe kg/hr d- Whe Beitr loses as Dry fine ges 7 bp 3 bio ky fkg-k : 0h - inburred. Carbon leses .112 ~ Invemplete. Combustion lass w- boy due fo Lhistire in He air ard hae Gubafin boo ms We heel. 2 Aesuming ofber lessee 4ST. from Wy a- boiler efhuereg Input / output PMIR = PWAR x output = 1500 - x 5ooxle’ kw Input = = 4F50xb0° Bro Apr : oe Input = yng vHHV — vay x 22400 = HI OXle i . A = YASaxW® = 2120536F a> ry - mas fin nde of Got = ee S ir aaass of by Flue gases (keg fuel as = GM Cr +28 + WOLF 28M) 12 (2 +Ce) SS Gh Ss Oe (oe ae Gee se - 0102S < 61S — 0/025 [oo Ch = Ob indy = 0294 (MY IER HOF + BAGEE BNET) 12.C 138 40:4) indy ee /or7o1 Hyact Mass or Amount “f ur Seppheol, per ky #£ fuel is , -—_- N = 26GNe yy | OTR O63 12 (Cor+-C) Specie cry Ae ee ay 12 (B34) Oneg OZ 16:33, W+ The Cm lous of & air wass flow whe = = 10:33 x 212e53 157 = 2190513 :'4 kg/hr Qy = madly % CGR) = lo9x Les x (250-39) = 2S/F9 keg Gy. mass ff onbtmecl Carbon x HY = (C-4) % Looe way = 339IF (C-S) = ie = OG BF = B88 ky/kg Qy = foloo x Mdfy x 28 Co ere har nee Wer + 290 + 2201 +26y, = OTDOR N Io a ek 4X Stace nts ee ere 44X 13 B 4 ZAXOE + 32X48 + 28K Bog. Au 2 7979 kz/ey Os = M[VUBE (loo Tp) 4 1206-84 209x Cy. tod] = og] 4/93 leo - 30) 4 2256.2 4 2-F x(2g0- le) ] Gs 2241 key Qs whe Os = OW [118% ( leo 30)4. 2256. B+ 201 K(Wo ~!0e)] = 7x0:098 & [4.18% (Joa-3e) +2266 B42-KL50 los) Ce = 081 ky /tgy i x Lim GOTTA) = 0-0 198X [0:55 X loo KCL ~3e) 4812 lesley -otter bes = 0 ISK 22Y0e K beST = 1S E.4Y ley Ag botek less r+ xt Qt Bot QWs+Qhy+ Day = 65S: 33 ky fgg 2% - 22 eS oa Hav 22Mes ¥ hes Gs ee Fila aig 15 cal Hey Fyotinally Lestepall Leigh! . (HARB A4S) ait clone aly gill sass” 2018 gay BAS 75: aid Pe fh gle Ay ples inp ib atl: —_.- _.- a _ , Expl briely why with the lond increase the steam tempetatur® interes in convection superheater, while it decreases in a radiant superheate. [6 marks | follows; .. yA) t St gute yi O= 10.15 HV = 30429 kifeg, Flue gas analysis: Flue gas temperataze = 240 °C. Fuel and air temperature = 30 °C. f Ambient air humidity ratio = 0.013 kgvkg of dry ar b)_ the Steam generator efficiency. — - si [10 marks 1 @&) Avoal-Sired boiler i equipped with a SO» removal system, ‘The boiler consumes the col atthe rate oF 75000 kg/h. The con! has ho ultimate analysis cia dey basis ellos: c=a70 Hasos- [4 mors |QM = ges ie Bing Pidlak fe (C-) pill Bap ib precip Ath ett 1a led oh! Kifuse, = (0-444 = ols ONS = CorHO) —~%) + 2C8H a> G = 0.6358 ee Wa- Wr x00 Wa Wm = ws 6+ ns (H- 2) 443 @ a- Excess ar fo = = WS Ko HE) 4 HS (00523 — 21S) 43x 0.0334 ge Wr — 9.2664 ky /hy -f lag WE es Be et Le hy I2C@2+Co) — O'F63 o 463 2 NE ce 12( O42. +0093) OTR OB Wa 2 i. 6525 ed NeOS2T— TPE yloos 19297 ys es a HK FE Gi HV ope aS 20 Qash+ Dyay+ Bow + Cad = CR = Wofys px (B-F)= Wify = GCN Gr +28C> + 120, 418M) eee eee nen 12 (62 + Ce) a 658 [ YX « ONV2 + 28K 0-000 3 4 32x00 ob zexcar) 12 CORY Oveo3)Welly = Wh 499 ky Nig pu. hy 2 199 cnodx (DHo-30) = 2644 ley Hey GQ; e(Ceay Wg = (CG) x830F = CorW8l— 06853 )% BIT Gis = 106-54 kh Bry = Veleo Wd £28 Wy Gor + 26 G+ 281 +3207 [DOK MT epee oe ee UYX O142 +2BLe-0034 32x O13 4ZEXBL = BBy.426 les bg Be = FUL 4 tei Clog HF) +2056. 842-90 T9lo)] = Dx 00523% [4.18 xClo0-S0) 42056 8-4 DoT (2o~ (06)] = 1337-°% Kiheg os = LOWAx GO%-T) = oro X 165 x heoS x ( Mo Se) = F304 key Acq Cin, = Our + &. Se +@, LOWS D4 09S, TG 334-426 LIE E + B34 a 010S- = FAS he /ky esas = BEI SUOS Bre BOGa, Sor 2S Hass ¢ Sez Por leg fuk Sor = 64K OBS 2 0-16! eg [by of fas ae Jn = esblx Heo = 120% ky /ppa hydrogen 10% sul of dry flue gas: 2 sia CO or SO,, Calealate pec kg 0 ‘exeoss air supplied, (¢) mass of dr formed, Solution Let W-Bonsider-100 kg of Mel oil, The eombustion og for combustion. 7 Bw ager yt — 10, 480, Equating cocthcies Nitrogen Volumeuie analysis: bed bed+tet} bed or x= 10.002Power Plant Engineering ‘Theoretical sir required per kg fuel Wm 11504345 (H- 2) +438 2918) sasxome = uns xoses ats (01 | 29664338 +0.14= 13.18g | | 2¢190 = 1380=128 | 199 tage excess ai Percentage ex aaa 247% . Ans.) Mass of dry fluc gas formed for 100 kg fuel ! + =BCO; + d80,4 0, +N X44 + 0.1 x 64 + 0.852 x32 + 3.76 x 10.002 28 = 308 + 6.44 14.464 1053.01 = 1381.87 kg Mass of fg formed per kg fuel = 13.82 kg Anse) Mass of water vapour formed per kg fuel Ans.(8) FESTISEEA Propanc gos is reacted wlith air in such a ratio that an analysis of the dry products of combustion gives CO, 11.5%, O; 2.7%, and CO 0.7%. What is the percentage excess air used? Solution Letxmoles of propane are reacted by a moles of oxygen supplies. The ‘combustion equation is thus, XC3Hy + a0, +3.762Ny 9 11.5CO, + 0-700 + 2.70, + 85.1Na Equating totes for Nitrogen :3.76a-85.1 or a= 22.65 Carbon :3eetL5407=122 or xe4.07 s+ 2% 42742 gu ter iz 2 Hydrogen : 84.07) ~2(162) “Therefore, the combustion equation becomes HO Oxygen :22.65, AOTC Hg + 22.650, + 85.1Nj —> 11.5CO; + 0.760 42.70, 485.1 Np +162 1,0D.OIR, —2 2.8300, = 20.91N; + 3.98 H,0 Sivichiomeitic combustion equatios is ‘Theoretically, 5 (Og are supplied. T 5.00 100 or 11.4% ‘Si wed te re sample of the product gases wil CO, 12.1%, O2 3.8% und CO 0.9%. Determine (a) ne nieal equation for dhe sewal exction,(b) the composition ofthe fut, (c) te air fuel ratio during the test, and (8) the excess or deficiency of air used, Solution The combustion equation ean be written a8 CH, + 0, + 3.26 aN, + 12.1CO, +3.80, + 0.9C0+83.2N, +41 Equating moles for Nitrogen: 316a=832 or ge 221 Osygen Corban: Hydrogen: ‘The combustiun equation becomes ‘he sornposition of Une fuel 8 C sys + (18.75)3.76N,Power Plant Engineering 3048276 179 aE ‘A steam generator operates under the following conditions: analysis: carbon 61,0, hydrogen 4.0, oxygen 3.0, nitrogen 2.0, sulphur 1.0 moisture 4.0 and ash 25.0 z HHV of coal = 24.3 Mi/ks. { Day flue gas analysis: CO, 12.0%, CO 1.5%, O; 7.0% and Ns79.5% ‘Unburnt carbon = nil | Exhaust gas temperature = 17°C Enorgy oss other than dry exhaust loss and incomplete combus ‘Steam generation rate = 150 uh Steam condition at boiler outlet = 100 bar, 500°C Feedwater inlet temperature = 160°C ‘Determine (a) the amount of dry flue gos produced per kg fuel, (b) the dry exhaust loss and incomplete combustion loss per kg fue, (c) the boiler efficiency, @ the fuel buming rate, (¢) the percentage of excess air used, and (P) the percentage of energy absorbed in the superheater. Given: heat of reaction of 17.03 Ans.(4) Air-fuel rat ~ ho, +00, ish0n Ws catonmnt taf 20,9 C0395 Mifkg.earbon, &, of dfgis 1.05 kifkg K, and the ambient air temperature is 30 °C Solution Mass of dry flue gas produced perkg fue! _ Gyl44C0, +2800 +320, +28N2) i 12(CO, +O) __ 061(44% 012 +28% 0015 4322007 + 28% 0.795) 12(012 +0015) 061x302 162 Energy loss due to dry exhaust gases = Wy Bp lg~ fy) = 11.37 ¥ 1.05 (170-30) = Nat kg Ansa) = 1671.39 klikg fuel Ans.(b) Energy loss due to incomplete combustion 28CO __. 28CO__. 53033-9500) 2HCO +320, +28N; 28 704 300 280015 Sree se e3 Oe ol Bax O12 + 28x 0.015 + 32 x 0.07 + 28 x 0.795 es HOIGL = 1137 esact) "02 bastion loss = 0.03 x nergy s other than dry exhetisi loss ai 729 Mig 1 iat enengy loss 243 = 3.998 Mihg fuel HEY — Ztosses 243-3998 Boiler efficien = SUS Niet es Sears TAY 243 100 3.5485 Anse} thy — fa) , X HAV At 100 bar, 508 °C, fy ~ 3373.7 kiikg Agsin, Tevtes™ On substitution, 9.0354 = OE “Theorstial ar required perky fi, ea tiecr (eae = 113x061 +345(0.08 aoe Actor supplied perk fe ay sige 2A ty £0, #00 07 Cn «0015 0.768 a2 oth Porcentage excess air used = #6 "in x 199 rit cy Anse)4 Power Plant Engineering SE ‘The ultimate analysis of a fue oil is 3 . ren 127, sulphur 0.7, nitrogen 1.7 and oxygen 1.2, The combustion air has a acy bulb temperature of 27°C and a wet bulb temperature of 21°C. With 30% ‘excess air and assuming complete combustion, find (a) the total volume of combustion products at 200°C and 1.013 bar, and (b) the dry flue gas analysis based on CO, Op and Ny Solution Theoretical air required per kg fet, Wye 1.5 0887 #345 ( ) +43 0.007 515.98 ke Wy= 13x 13.98 18.174 kelig fool From the psyehrometrc chart at DBT =27 *Cand WB = 0.0132 kg moisturefkg dry ar “Water vapour entering with air por kg fuct = 18.174 x 0.0132 = 0.24 ke vapikg fuel “Total water vapour formed perkg fuel = 9H +M+ 74) = 90127404024 383 ke ‘Mass of combustion gases per kg fuel: 1°C, specific humility 4g C0, = 75 *0.837 = 3.07; CO= 0 (complete combustion) 0, = 0.232 0:30 x 13.98= 0.97 "> 768 {1+ 0:3) x 13.98 + 0.017 = 13.99 & xoom-0m; 0-138 ‘Moles of combustion gases formed per kg fucl 3.07 , 097 , 1399 , 0.02 , 1383 = 307, 097 Be 432 BB = 0.0698 + 0,0303 + 0.4992 + 0.0003 +'0.0769 = 0.6765 ‘Volume of flue gases at 200 °C, 1.013 bar per kg ful Fog = 08765 «22.4 x 2OE200 5 LOT ae ee 1013 Composition of dry flue gos by volume: 0.0698, 2626m? —Ans.(a) 0, = 1164 6r 11.64%1 20x 0.287 x 303 573, a TOI3x 270 &is given se: C,H ustion Bs. am 2.4% to be dry and in 2: ‘excess, find (a} the molecular weight of the combustion products, (b) ‘yolume for complete combustion at 260°C, 1.013 bar, and (¢) the analysis based on CO., 0, and N. Soltition Assur written 22.6C3H, + 73.0CH, + 2400, + |,4N, +2263 (0, + 3,76N,) 121.200, + 215.011,0 + 56.60, + 1065.4N, Molecular weight of fucl gas 0.226 30-+0.736% 16 + 0.024 x 44 2 total gas dry fu 0.014 x28 = 20 ket, 226382 +5.76%28)H125 2896 . Total reaction moles = 100 moles of fuel gas + 1340 moles of air = 1440 moles of combustion ges sion gas ILE 44-4215 218 +566 x32 + 1065.4 1440 x28 308: 74a es of combustion gas per kg = 28.36 kghkg mol 440 kg mol kero of fuel gas 100 kgmoifuelgas 20 kg =07 Yolume of combustion products per kg fuel gas Yq 0.72 x 22.4 273*260 «34.49 mina factAns, FD fun under ‘the following conditions: Coal rate + 10 tennesih Coal analysis © 78.0, 3.0, 03.0, $ 1.0,M7.0,A 80 Excess air 30% Plenum chamber pressure 180mm n Mechsnigal effi 60% Room temperature 30°C Solution = 9.907 bg sini fel Wy= 9.907 x13 _ RT _ 0287x303 2.0 ke ainrkg fuel = 0.858 mie[220] Power Plant Enginer ing 9 > 10000 x 0.858 x 180 x10 981 10° 360006 = 9048 W= 90.48 KW Ans. For the above boiler (Example 4.9, if the draught produced by 250 tim water gouge, the gas temperature is 180°C and the fan efficiency is 52%, find the motor capacity of the ID fan. Solution wy Wy = 10% 10" + 12.9% 10% 10? 453 = 0,858 == = 1.283, 855 303 ID fan motor capacity 38.61 x J.283 x 250x107 x 981% 10° Eres 052 33.63 KW HSOUTRERIN eine» bis in» pia mas of dy fee sone “COp and 3.2% O, by volume, Some CO was probably present but its percentage was not measured. The analysis of the coal burnt was 88% carbon, 444% hydrogen and 7.6% asb, The moisture in the fuel was nil. Assuming that ail the carbon and hydrogen have been burt, estimate (a) the complete ‘volumetric composition of the dry flve gas, (b) the actual amount of air supplied per kg coal, (c) mass of water vapour formed per kg coal, and (d) the dew point temperature ofthe flue ga. Solution’ “For 100 kg of cos}, tet a moles of exygen are supplied = 233632 W 8 4 B41 rao, 276 —9 400, +4004, 2PM 0 catonisioes Sa rsssened © Hydrogen balance:2 Oxygen batancea-b+ 4 ver $aa+S teri ® Fears Nitrogen balance: 3.760" ® Bune and Combustion Bat): © od perky coal sns.d) “Total number of CO, by volume « A x %O, by volume = 3.20% ass) drt) sier vapour in ue gas+ Piant Engine! so 4 __?___ 9.496 bedtet srg 131+22 *. Partial pressure of water vapour 0496 x 101.325 = 5.026 kPa 32.9 °C Ansa) = Ro Pont ™ <- Dew point temperature from steam tables) A200 m high 4 m dia stack emits 1000 kp/s of 100 °C gases into 5 °C ait. The prevailing wind velocity is $0 km/h, The atmosphere isin acondition of neutral stability. Calculate the height of the gas plume. Solution Using the correlation of Carson and Moses, (2)? uD 62 GO —gan9i where, V7, = stack gas exit velocity, m/s D= stack dia, m ¥,,= wind velocity, m/s Q_= heat emission from plume, > th og (TTD rin gas flowrate, ke/s 1 T= ambient air temperturd, K 2,= 1000 1,005 (100~5) = 95475 KW = 95.475 x 10° W ¥.,= 50000460 x 60) = 13.89 mis ¥,= mnipA, where p= (101.325)((0.287 x 373) = 0.9465 ke/m? Vj —00__ 4.08 mvs 0.9465 x 2 x a 4 tack exit was temperature, "2 13.89 1843 0.7015 ~ 18423 m Ans. TESINIERE es ties sppid i a tf sie vue of 20 Milkg and pravimettic analysis 65% C,25% tl, 10% O, The compressor takes inaicat I bar, 27 °C and compresses it isentropealy to a pressure of 4 bar. The exhaust gases heat the air leaving the compressor, before it enters the combustion chamber. a= 2.62 95ig 78%, the expansion in thn arbi dip etinult gas is 6% CO;, 119% °CO, he miu fmperaturein the yee Gera lecy of fie fuel ¢ gp = 1.005 Kafka K, determi 0,602) xO, 48.79 x 2.aCO, + BCO + CO, +aN, +e 0.0582 ; iin 0.015 3 0054 “he at025021 a= 0.05. 10434 and b= 0.0108 Henee, air supppeeitte niet eonsurnption = a7 = 0613 kee Ans, ISIE. st 2000 of a Te ments of air supplied ee and te averege temperature of the fe ges Icaving the chimney is 650 K ‘The 33.m high steel chimney produces a draught of 20 mm of water column Determine the (e) quantity of ar supplied per kg of eon, (b) the draught in terms of ‘column of hot gases, and (c) the base diameter ofthe chimney, assuming that 10% tthe theoretical draught is used for ereating the low velocity of gases through the chimney, Solution (@ 8-353 a Copyrighted mai ucis and Combustion [225] L_omtl t 20=353x33 | - "= pe (os ™ al m= 19.727 kg aickkg coal Ans. (8) (b) Let #, be the height ofthe hot gas column producing the dranght. Then 20721, 1 5705 HE ea * joa * 650 (©) Mass flow of flue gas = mass of coal + mass of eit = 2000 (1 + 19.727)'3600 ISIS ke/s _.Nolume flow of fue gas = YSIS 0.5706 180.13! sues veloc, J, fiaily = = 8.29 mis Ismsns. (b} +massof air = 2000 (1 + 19.727y3600 15 gis = base diameter of chimney =176m ns. (0) A forced draugiu fan suppl m's ugainsta draught of 20 ‘mim of Water across the fuel bed. Estimate the power required to run the fan if 2500 kg/h of coal is consumed and 16 kg of air is supplied per kg of coal bumed, The temperature of the flue gus and the ambient air may be taken a5 600 K and 300 K respectively ifthe forced draugiat fan is repiaced by an induced draught (an, what will be the power required to deve the fin? Saluijan Density af air, 2,=4,1 What are the fuels used for genet 4.2 How was coal formed? 4.3. What is rank of coul? What are the different ranks of coal? 4.4 What are the types of eoal analysis? 4.5. What is proximate analysis of coal?LGenemi t 4 porer plat :- pF EL eth ferret Jitcs be Peete olen Yat) se (Hormel. Paap €3) CASE whole Zl AS bool sly uu, Fig bo Coast YO sels, Abd, Wr Wr ® Dato A 6 Zo ghe Ces BANE predentin Cupp Yad Ves (Ctnemi: alyen) Sil wlacios flechig poner plut clesin (0) bcs LS Vs es © Locabon f plat 1 th Age = ° Availability water 5 Pues - 0 Arulebility lebar Lbs hie = olin. Gost A384 = © Perabiry ast ; (fez ae = o/Tanteage et «Aba we 2 tf may fromblin , Ads WE eCopjtek Cot » Aled!) 19) Clee a tele, ae! Fae JB dips Anya Des he 3), lof ies se (GH f hechiiy ) ver a le eet Gst f electriaty -_—y Fixed “Gort Varitble Gst Nite of retin Bis) 500 Ny fel Gst (ar ) 7 austences + NiDepreeieten Ve +3eiM) po No perden anys 5 ane. mee -apences N Admmnstedve e a i aie tia) Ny Msirance and a ma eld} Slane) Gey) Nitecs orien ae Jaa NiJrame fares (prety Ly (San CAE yp)Example W!- A pow plat ef nel 5626co KW Was Aes (gerd. wok te faffoviing ecoremie factors 3~ Noplant hfe 25 years, rete of retin FIS7'f, NeFiel ange rete 638% 5 Ne feel cst the fost year B Gruorticl cpembin 2 ®/ MBL, NeAied Gs escaladen rok oven the plant (fe FL No vale of the instulled. opacity tr ihe fast Yoo of Greaohol Operatic. 866 Hie. 91% plat Wil have fe following ret plat hoot pafes t= _ lesdiey rvimber, Plot rat utp Clr) plant Nel heat tale (Bla fay ; es 643500 4650 2 582 600 50 3 379900 7300 eiioa lojas- L 2 aa } @ aprnden bos exe Stown iv tha tetorrop fable. Eoueze touchy Scheclule Cheffen) | Yar f Zales 7a) 4 SDoontine) | foal ' 438 St lof Qlod. $622. P 7k 2+ 433 885 | 1909) gong a ae au #39) 2 | 68 | ome | pps | cae Bl 2i3) | 4S: BH | gree ere |e ees 12-35° | 438 | Sag! | w76 | gs (03. rea Caculnte ? {] Yhe. first yorrof, cprebain (6) the fuel Cast (2) he Qpirchenn anol gapiadence majntereuce Gat, Gi) Ae Fred Cast (40) The vit | gerorchin Gst in tenns of mills / Ah.[EZ] rite mate of rebum of 64, fad Gly PWE (P/F) GD Sens preent Worth ce (SPWE), for phnt of 30 yea - ED) Cleatete the present Worhaf Lie fired Cut for Be pleat oe as 17 & fil Cost CFC) = (plait het output XK Plant heat rate) % *(hows f operetin) — x( unit fre Get) —» iy @) loadlig ti) 2 (FC), = 64S600K BBR T65ORNDEIS® 2 $3.38 Loadiy (0) > (FO), = 582600 # 59.4 WSOx |: 26xI5° = H 3,eaxkh loading (3) 5 (Ft)y= SIM OOK GHA 18K lb x1s6 = stile Loodhis 0) = (FO)4 = 2I#lo0 x 210% lowS x WAKES = & SMT Fh Cost fhe frat year (FCOST) = (FO) + ---- FO FCOST = P3913 HIKE S28, 679 MIE = 18- OWE (BD) Pendag 3 (antence 3+ (OM Cosi) = (25/) (fuel oot) (OMCOST) = 025% i oSxbOS = % 4S) NE (898) Te fixech Cost for Fit year 5 = (omit Gpitel e@st)(Onit rating) ( Siren Chage rte) Tie fried Gost L* yeny = 866 x 582600% 0-638 F Y SBr x10 FO Tie wit goranten Got” for 1® (G@ET) G@sT = [FcosT 4 oMeoT + Finad Gost] “UA pee Sega = lB0S-4 $514. 589 lor ~~ [438x685 00 + SIPH SB Lhe + [0H x 39700 + 21022200] = Bb o09579/kih oF 55134 mith kWh. WN eee , PWR L=ci+i)” aaa calar,yen PWE SPF eur PW SPW of; OFA = 0. 784 26 a2i% 13-0032, 2 3900 © 1, 3334 27 0-204% = 18-2) S 0/9316 26730 FEA 75GB aot 4 oP B4ES) 2784 BG ice 0748 4294 Bo ofp] IB9 aces be) eves S Lev MY Sleds, Epo big J eae Ce ee DrasS\> 28 es Glizple paebis sip plwitlide CLerelied. factors) oat Ph Timed -> fC PWA), (Cnngy procduce Ke x Pent t hand Bind) a QFE pe (ee =X Fe PWEVX Gecge Gossned Be por far] yen) a (PAF, OIE Brey cnt in Br/ poor Is Goshat , then frit = ZAP (8 Ady (SPF) Tore are fun jpanl Gus, 1D § Odeut, feat = f Ze (rs = §G2E) (PHF) SPA 2— yade of tburn 2 Rie in exaleniyate =/ttk) . | i - J Em las org area en jeeExample (2) 5- Compute the leveleck fuel pnie for a prject Lit 4 BS~ years Comomic kfe, At the tns the plaut is Lommerdialy opereted, the fuel price fhias” per milion Bri anol tit escaluden mate 'g expecteet Lt be Ff on tha avecsge Tha tate f retin -for bin pred 7 FSB A. Aesuns Gorstoot fod Croup tion por Yer throsshout frat lenin’ . J = 0 IF ee —— oe Pea ae feel price fi (Sf bi) = Vas” Pwd onic (K/tar) = ABBISKLAS = 116 = 1 eae = BUS Fiel price Gi = fuel pice bast x (1+ esealebe rete) fo? Fm fa- xt 140.07958) = Vt 116 Pu Fried price (Ht /MB1s) = 08676 x 1.54 = ex yes fiel gree fi = ).B4-( lp 0807558) = 143. (or Pwr Fiek prie b/s Preset Wort dood pe LO 7BIS- 125° ied 2 0.8676 (3F B 53 OGL re ! : ' f ; { / 35 0-088 lo.47 fot Pa BOR Ay 3B Slo Fuel pric : 2 life present Work of fuel price SPW 7 levelizedful prie( ose sto / 12.458 =43:09/MBMu, levdiieh Or we may ae f- FU-LY-0)1/Sur ees ee (5 -2-f2~ ) 12459 Example (33 The Anish plant Cpauy Factor 1 fneguenty oltfinel 45 the yuto of actiol plant cupput b¢ the moe possible plant out put. (Note Hie marion output the presct of plant roti “ig and E760 hours par yew) » Using Hg oltfinrten , He plant aleseribed. ty example (LD) wil have fhe prartirruen possille, ouput = z 8 YAK posible Output = 582600 kW x 8760 ty yerr = 5103576000 kWh/year. « Yer GY) 2- AeA @ actal plat oulpels kWh/yer = 643500x439-+ S800 5+ 3414008 loF/ + + UHoo x22 =~ 1467694300 . @ Cpu Retr = (467624800 / 5103576000 = 01 287- © 2-4 yeayn s- et Rene Achat plant outprts kathy yaor = 643%00x 438-58 200% BBS + 31H 00K| 927-4 Hitloo X 2278 = 6265/00 @ Opi fier — 206 261S!00/ 570354600 = 0-404, yep Acted plant outpds Heh ear Gpesis, Factor SH 2679352200 6. 525— B-/ 86005 5 $006 F055" 23 2634945 0 OF 205-present Worth Fact are 3 - years Fie present Werte fasir — Yeerr PWE t O.94S~ 8-H 2.046] a cag 1-35 Feat Sor $6 962F Goan exe s f ui J = 2.4286 - aa (Ct 0079 “Gena is (t40103)" (Geen Cha ae, Been Ce oeQs "(teen (Ieoey? wo Te. levehzed phit Gpacity frcter is: = = 2eBFKOIYS #0" 404K 24826+ oS25HI pNGDp eon TSH DAS 407K SOM EC eee 12.454 res Sez ODay = oset . oo GWEX 82600 X F760X 0 S7F The leveled, Ganuah perarbor = Be = 0nKlS Wh /sear, E: ample (4) ¢ EP Clculnte He lovelizeed net plint hast tede forte Poor plaut described, in Cncuglt (I) s- w lactad. phut hea rale is lefecd y= Lael oy reac eee ferrabeor * VW laatiod aimal fuel Gussnghorn = Zs (Pa) SPH F = 3A. 268.440° = 29-48Kl0 al/yewr, 12,459Tie leveliicd phut heat rote jp, = PAF He MBb/ star BIE KWh vor = 72 Bu AWh. Cangl 0 FZ Coeubut the Leveliz dnit fal Cost eno} Ul ste Lueleed fuel price frre the Gomer plort + Sieg: CG ae GI Lovebeed anit fuck ost = feschaal rmuel faak expeose levelized anual y_precehiin B.S or oo i = di 0 0323/KWh FeRTx(0° Ri Pin or mil: 1) lowteced fuel pre ERK ds = the levebesd onit fnob Ont leveled Plat ref head rake at eeea(kith 8 305/yBt 9726 Blak # Stoncmnc evaluation ywethuel : ' pone fai SY Ue EP bY 752 POL past Lia] fei ae PA ball, Lab) abt orp ate CWNP Cbs JParh, petosve Oe AE Cael alpen Jat cil pf \ghalterh ide cle Re pe7 a t- Amual @st sethed, H— Pen} War method , [A Arrucl Gest mefeds- Colal Annual Gost (C)= Capital Invectnont(T) X Aswad (red Chesgne vate (AFCR) ou, /rehzeel cho! fue Cost (Cp) fe lavelzsel smal pertey OF ftitence M (Com),[2 Present Inwrth methect T PW = 2 OWE LCAPCR + NE et 4 a + ZINP); Aon TPW = Tote preserit Worth of |ifelume e, s Ag = amd sifad Got f 3 fom ~ cml opertey O ¢ Mavtone 11 Gry . n = Plant ltetwe in yeeons. When the levedcee Vabiis of amu fuck cst amd O XH est. Geastable p TPW 2 LT CAFCR) + Cy + Com] (PHP) Ezamplets)=- A Power Compa bs Planug fo Cortruck a rer Boot senrctiy nite. Te arkcieleat Capeity factor Apprnivkely 62% “Tie muagront bas bo make fhe okcisiin on the yp of grote Siem, Which Iichuke Sriple gas Yorbine, Cmte Cyele; Coal Sirel and/ putea pour. Cig the bafmatin. tabulated and asin: te ara fred Clayze bate of IsH, ckbwne Be ane! ast Cfrol F— ford Chazet) ir toms of cblars pte jer and por Kilowwth pom Year! Toe of plat — pint Gs W/m) pled rt had iad fad ot rok (Bh/ kwh) (MBM) Conbrid crete. 562 Peo 6b Srigle gus orive 380 14000 6 Coal bared plrat [loo Pboe a Naclon phat 2000 Loovo 04TAC = Cont Capital Cost Wemual Sued cheage ride) + (3760) # Chieti AHacity Factory. phwt net heat rate) X (Levlied fuel crt 4159 EMbH38) JSF @ fr the Cmbmed Cycle :- TAC = (€62)(015) 4(B00)(062)4209)(6) US) = 384-1 SKA /yr = 384i x bocoos = 23048344 H/yr, © Fer Smiple 40s farbine TAC ~/(BSDYeouls) + (BIEN «21 Ho00 6189, = £568.72 &/ku/yr _= SBHx Ogtadgi= deSantzo L/yr. @ ( Cal- fied pint Be= (1 092Us)-+ ¢ FooK 2) IoN(LUSY) = 222.2 at/kin/yr = 83412063 Hypr @ te Putcdap polirt TAC = (2e0eXour) (F709(0:62Y Leoolls Iie) = 329.44 9 /ku/yr = 11966424 thy Example (6) ¢- Fide pla elegn alternatives foe Gees prepeseel for a feed ~ fel pore pind prjeb, Use the present bert weted, boolelermie ype etmenix Choice » Here te Sunreny af these two Abin allervatiis Parapet Meornatives Alterra 2 ee econ NED 16 ae Steam tonpoaitoe (C) ee ae Pelant forporatire (E) 598 coal Phat See rd Gon Ca ONE plant Kost role Brey, 5 loo" = ee 860 ae qove BB6O 6074 180 co as7 [008 qW20grate Abeorsties 1 Allarodives 2 plant lk year 36 eo) Conshachen Cost (e/fy) G00 850 [eveleid/ nit feel cos} Cy co ee Rib jf rem x 6 6 Fixed hearse rade 7 Ue US ® nif boadug Tiformebon lead. yar Pate 41-20 2-30 er HL 234 bz Bo/. ZI 237. 237. bot [37 au 2t7. AeA bY We 237% of Ge F/- Dh Solution 2- Ye Calewtalean Gre bepresen te ire four Steps ¢ l= Annial teh cost * 2- preant ruth liana Krol Cosp Be Preeed worth Motive — Tryestnend- F preead hath of folet Onbuateel Cost LI- Fe aut fuel xt (FCOST) + Fest . (Ocost) 2 (LoAapy(Hours)(PNHR) GCesT = cif fuel Cot, /MBy . LOAD = plant ned ouput feodiig Ry, HOUR " Operating hows ie PUR) plant net heat rake Blu RWfor Allende. 4 weak. (KI) pov BGon ce 8760x0144 = 2364.4 804 3 3.8Xx box 000 = 480,000 Foxoz? = 2462.8 60K => 0-6 boe,c00 = 30,000 | aren pede BEL => 8.85% Gocyors = 0,000! Stexe0l » S26 ax Plat foxt ai x 77CeaTe Gavi! Lear) a CPNHED Or 26 rol? Pilg. Date Got0 | beS xl 6000c0x2 25445 Ioce = Rb0It 200 Xie B0/- 9000 | hasyis$ x 43.0” K 24-52, BX4o00 = (Buadsrte Ape b04 9730 [PEM r6yo00 xy384xI8 = A FOYME SE 10030 Wax x2p s00xSbbxfod = L3%%to Scapa oa ee Vas a2 Oe Kast) _ 45 BEOK IE /yeens. on shh Ges A fal Cle STL ceil Lene fiz 22) Lead (hy) hours PWR Fest 2 Fees 600,200 LAs 7tco 135 4ec0 2.9 “tooo lo.® boos 2978.4. Uso 12:36 Zepoow 786 Leto 289 a) hows Pune FCs Creosp Conwer Teeeg Fowo 2 Sad $000 28 eco Jo. 82 Bocce 21284. ad (2.303 B0,200 Zolb.8 4008 SB Sz Fa: 06Kx Alternatives B /~ le aad. 00000 4h 022 S6bj,002 2h ove we2a 027000 480,022 360; 000 Dlyov 7-8) p7000 $000 366,20 2leroa2 OWFOST) = SPW 1 CeiQ™ sac)” AD = #36 ee ee 2 MIP wtp Oo for d year = hour BH4 450.8 N3YR S256 2o/4.8 2b 27784 VLE Be 21P2k 29784 2olt. 3 a PMR io ¥60 Jogo 9Ro ERO 3366 9040 te 3%bo Bio Gee 1400 For Yeas /] 020 = t~Gpoeby ee | 2106 FOST LE re- MS. of Y. 620 | 362. Zz 3.287 foe (2:1) 2507 ps 744 low (hs Sete pT VACA DFO 44. 69K, 33: 723 Sh Se Step 2:- om bert of liletire fuel Cost is shined. bs FE) XPriot swt, faclr for povcock)Fe tve30 . SPWF2 Loe eee) 2-H -Mdhs 224 ‘ one oe 6 2° far Alematies A PWF OST = 45.3564 736 4 34.53 x Fill 4 22-06K 2.29 2 SBS co Fir Aborsties B PUPCST = 44.65 7-36 438-70X 44 2).56x2.09 =H SBOE ae Sep 2 = The fhe reser birth. a litetre Capit Invetment PWLCEST = (cnit rahigy Unil cot) (Stel charge née) (SPP) fer allereties A PWICOST ~ (bocpow)( Gee) (0-15)(12-Fe) = H FSF. Sex/oe » Fir alforstives B PWICET = 1 Chaoee0)(3@)(OlS)( P76) = B Hherxid % Stepd: Te presat berhs of total eveteatd Get FWTCST = pread bork of Hobie fuel cat _ Present Wort al etm pith Ot. @ [2 aterratyes A PWItosT = SBS axl’ 4 Pacxld = & Ms2e4K (8, @ Bratensies B PWTOST 2 $66 ,06Xo 4 FoPe2 ee = & IGP rorKkKe.xload Curves s- AW HA Mb O72 Gi tail6) wo BB Od oe FMS ghd “Maximum clamand, Cbg) Cl gast_O _ Pehl enagy reqsirmentt yo LPN ues -@ » Distrabuban f enagy demand — DE Cte ES -O -8 Menmim demas — Cabepash 12 Bol monn Behe Boe ) Set pea Te} 29,1 45a 5583) 3) os PNG asia Ules sigedl ed Atte 2 (By weds Leledies 5 ticle d deaggast Wb Rd ledhon Plath asap [ee BAA jy MEN LIES 1561 2055 Erol ler Fak OG [2d spel layhe ol (Comected break) gars eB pk ot ae LEO Geolian8 gal (pre | BU go BD ( Aebal marina clemond) © Derma, factor — Kein devon 4 : Cmnecte [ago Oates, perl bite ded, ( domard fader) 1a La (7?) Derand dheder 33 Ces) peas pr, eae gter (BN cleried Fay A GE Ys b> “Geb A Gang Aiep pe en GAbnt eG 2) cliirsily fatter - (GOF) Cer Cen BPE Sor che tale Wilk hla dt Cue ae Cost aide abel oles iL E50 FT dn : CUH EF leprae bop tN Jars adele pe C3 gS 3 — _ Sum of indivduch rmaxwauuan cleave, CAUSED tion: «Gi Ufa acs) See eal Seana) ae Sem of achol marinsm demand of Cop(1D), «(cae pine Pom ) apd \S Sly po geh pow) chee + (Cm Beep eee) tertle Chaves gai1ne fk Minsty hecho = NEM toy Ca Led) PIs ca Aeligs jilab, oe) f2y) “2 ol) Gite Ip lis ned JE gai) lpr Gh GLI “CSiilon perk deward) Wed fe cad Peak Asiewsify fee matinin dense of Gonssoioe Groep > Wan at ec Prep O time of a pa © Power plaibs Prfomance 1) Pl mit at rk, est foot (Bh Aet ky omput C1) ea ED Plat ht Ghemy (B) - Debobet 2). 2413 Meat Input (EZ) PNHR # We Srreronted baat yrfe CIR) s- We tharerertal haat ree is He Kept f be jnpudadput Cone atte gin bed, Ne eee | eee aL pia TR. ACLKPMIR) 2 pues. 2 ALLEAKR) AL oe ZR = PIR» STitled Gasle ye Exmenie Porter Plat 2~a femmuta Cod O lead fctr= ® ue frctr @ Cpaay facer = @ Arey faA = © Dod felr a @ Diveaity fron = D wririnun Site clorand = ® H$lan pak olewenet os” Aversa » leat Peak lad Bak banel Plat Caprcige AEE Pen Plant Copaciy TENOR, tive Period Rezo eden. 0 Gnected tad, is Se lw ca ase Sinucereouthy arian chemo. EMD, dwersity Sactor~ = Pretirium ftv, clemerely pak vikealpy Foe Zevple We yar Joa dab Gove of power ploxt ie Grscloneds as Srajpht iw fom ToMW . Power ix Sepgohe. LY one init two nits +f ZOMW e2ck. O Lrsathet Cpacity . @ bad factor maxims 340 WW fo avn of DOMM omch Me Pelormine - @®- plat fact . @ — Utilisation Feckor 3t0 AO | lead in | Mi he Se } ae bn 80oral energy gerernted Per year = fren f diagram, lel Qurve oTelel enagy gorerateds per yeur= 4 (340-40); 8160 + ox 3760 = [683400 MWh. Q Installed Cypcity (©) 5- Power is Supplied. ly one vnit f- 2e0MW amd two onits of /20 MW each, tharefor C = 2004 /20X2 = 440 NW. o @ flit factor Avery beat = fal evwegy / Fine. Persie. (388400/ 376 . 2ISMW - plant factor = Lead Aver By ieee es. Copcity f fie 44o ~ @ bad frm = Ary fad 2S /pg0 a ostrrs- Peak loud OD Cshzlen faclr (tse fader " Uthzatuin tutor. PAK hood Aebet ony 342/440 = o-7923- EBxargle ze A 2thr Gel Ore of 4 power plot ic Snresoild. Lith max anol min Aomarel of beooW “rd Doce MW respectively « FF the flirt Gpactiy bs Jooo MW. — Five Os~ Arorg bac on ste Pls © plat boc thetey and pnt Capacty factor. Selb 2- @ Dates b= 24h, arateir lone 6000-2000 = 4000 NFg000 pe — SA Loedd i it Mu = yoo 7 dive. i fesd Grve Gin be no by fhe eh 2 2000 + 4000 Sin(-EP) << Aer >) io eipetidlees Sie pF pO tat bro, Wy, b= doe, teiri, Lia bo0e x ok at 24 Lay = f Ag or aes 2s x Lo 1 fine teres (BE) } de aah a fet + thoo [Gx BE) «3t]. ~ g-[ met = toeel FB) a =f [ 20n24-0 -[ Jooox Gos (E24) Gos ipe)x | oa foo0( -(-1) aut) = 446. MW © Phat bod frctor = Lavy = BMS 2 0 9s— Goce Lage ® Pint Comelty facter » Lad. = WYGS «0.644 Tmax ForceMoog emi : ees © boat fickr = Aherge loud Lag _ Cibopoey CL omber fe, ania Jake rie © apped fret (EF) = biteb Goreatar (Te) ~ Mth a Tate Capncity MW x Serie how (SH) in ye Gh ee Capx SH , fs ° O Copacipy fetr (CF). 4 bod, = 9) BH pty Cip @ Vilinter facfor = flak loud . Lox rated Capacity Cap oo Semie for = Seruce hows (SH) x be ° Ability feb. (AR) = Pl (PoH+MOH+ OH) yee TH POH 2. Plonect. Outage hous chy MOH !- [Yowdtance cote hours (be) FOR:- Fareal artep 0 foun (br) © Freed. odye Be (FoR) = FO For+ Si x00.ono spa sina leit rll gh ian a ebaela ree amine ects Oo renal elles hela eRe tO jmprovement of this unit availability factor. ‘The following conditions Should be uscd for evaluation: ‘Levelized energy replacement cost. 26 mills kWh : 22 Unit economic life 45 years a 4 ‘ Rate of return 12% ee Levelized unit capacity factor 0.68. [8 marks | SB Ble) 3) (Present Worth of Uebine) 8 ptf lm soe gall + Areeila bility AR = Lh a 6 Por HOM FOO. PH Afi lesmaveegi Avanitabbly ts He AR ced JS sel (AR) = 10) AR) ae A= + Mots Fou cas OM A, PHETEEM Fone OLEUTD) ot PH Pt o-0/ PA = hola -%z Toke PH psi @ Lap AI bees (AR) A AI Ie Aske ASAI SLLe uss ® PA = 8700 br 2p oof PH = 8F-6 br FAA [Ao oby te Aub ATS LE Aogy prolaced ( $7.6) = afB X{000x Hb. = S9S6® MWh. (EAD o\) PA ely fo beh NIG Aphearent Git = 57568 x13 kwh 0.026 WK Jk = 1542707 Ye SPWF = j~ Ore)”. aa9is- Or ee 8 prade Dl A teases di Reet Kerbs f te lerelizd = 3248S x\o ya 769 = Bott &(8 oi gar tins bhi Beblbmie tite So'years: ‘The dad turbine init-uses fuel rth east of 8 LD. pet MIB the fiat Yer a is expend tothe an coeaation rae of 7%. ‘The Toad duration is expected as given below: Lai Pant Net Heat Plant Life Years £ Rate TB 1630 Landings (%) (Beukwh) Tape ‘Yeat a Vatfous Output 12500 0 1500 4 0 13500 260 en cuca 0 6500 7000 7 Assuine thatthe ate of return is 12%, ealeulate: i) The levelized fuel price, fi). the levelized plant capacity factor, and iii) the Yevelized plant net heat rate, = pee ek os palo So p> WY > o7Kse=ItS ° Maina paegt7y out = Soxlo’ KW x 2%0 be = 439.110 CleWh) . Yer — leadslitw)) acfuck plant autpat Ch (sow) Capaiity factors Ps 850) SOKIEK 2000 + 35x18 K260 = 1OVIKIS f le = 10F1Xle 109LKIS 2 244 = Haw Z2PWF talieoneyS 6. atl OL Jerr Coad. liu!) actual plait apd (ih /pexr) Onpucty Facts arto, Be Goxtey Boo +.35K1Ex200 = 95.Ale Bsxto’ O34 4 328x(0S 3 ‘| Seats Bae a out ~Lerebzech plant Gpatily factor 2 wm 02499 KE HI +-0, 1a PE ice) =e a Ee ola ob ito 7 Ree eeeo Lilzid anal gerercbin = 428418 poh 06 = ISK Ki yer Ye — anmuol fuel Grsumphinigyy Z (PHF)! Fi SPUR) (Be) Lis = (Sox y Zook 2500) GB 29 xben (35M 260X8G0) hE = 1.350545 = 1 39xId> oe 30 = S0xlo*K I$ 0X60 A244 = 06S ye xX po2d 4 3 55xle X200 XI35Ce = AIRE 2 ho BIKER — 2d. P90 Ks 1B XN = 10. 631X je, Leveled, fuel Gusunptin 3 AFC hentia = Leéattte™ _ pebetess™ 684 1044 aie = (326 x0" Bh Jor. Nnetiteol put hunt tole ie PAIR rawiecq = Paar = 12582 Bly /ki. % Asssme Grslent fircl Comsvnphon por yor tonegho plant Mice Po tt _ bemh 2 qsr3e- lod Peart Be 1 (0.45536) 0 Fiet mice fue 2 8 (4 thez He,600 BOW unichas an inputoutpar curve giver by the equation 1 =10"(180-+10¢ «020128 “a1 Where Lin Bio and 1. in MW. The capital cost for this unit ig 2000 L.D.AW and the fixed ch 10%. Th ois of fel used for this unit is 18 L.D/MBtu. The loading schedule for his uni is expressed Assume the ale of return is 8%, ealoulate: i) The output factor, fi) ‘The lovelzed plant net hi fil) ‘The present worth iv) The present wor fad Wi) shea fpo'% = bapecity beoNW, bowl tr + leach FEY a> Capacity BOM, lecd 2) 5 lah OX p> Gpacily Es Xe Flal emgy gorreton Fir (I-20) fer = [co x #500) + nail GES KE MWh. a¥ Tiled tangy gerarte for (21-25) = [Geo X5300) + CF 20x Z000)] AI = SpE Mii TG = 85.544 Suoe xt = 1H Male SH = (460.435)X10 (352 PRONE = F0xX 26 4 Stexti- = 2s br 6 2 a PAR ond bore = 2. 10° [180 y thi) soee(oo} «sd Cec} L boo x le = 10360 BY/Kiyh - oF 3 ~ Pate fod, = 2. « WLR tol$2) 10 0004599 5659?) L 450x(2* = 546 Be yl.Mairwm Erogy ound = b00Kle ¥3%0 = 6.156! kth + ZPWP)1o 2 flim ee)” = 4.91816 oe 8 + CPWF)a3 2 Z (Ph pas — AWA = La tee. 4.34815 = 18364 ae ad SPwie Libera 2 pace Crpuity Fret fy.29 = GeHEK G60 + HAE REOO _ gy. S 286 XloF Capacity Factor apse g SCEXbD'DS00 + $80 KBEKB 000s OMS éb- SSE X64 PCF [imbicd = SPX PW eai39ynai i o6stoniey SPW W604 = F887 7% Lorebisd Pruruch Crmombsin = © F8EP¢SaseMIE = 4185 XI AU /yy o Auk fuel Convsunphsis fjnoy = (Goole') ¥( 4880) KC fo860) sp. + (4SOXLEN 120) U0SI6) =. 9.96xla! » Arusod fucl Gosumptin [rr = Geox \30)(le360) + ~ + CMDB 000)X (oF) = 3.6 10? baled fel Gusunphan = AACE x qIg + BEKLF NBO cy gay? W652 ~ PIER fanetecrd Paclidedf Groh fuk cone phic a Oe LEME Amick Jovondne Phixied = (of83 BH JuiPresent teak fhetor of liktria. fal Cat ~ (PAF) unwell Fred cot . c ) xbox kus xe) 2 (2oxle Lid IS «Aanel fxd Gst = 2000 & VWF of Uihtine Filed Gxt = (1-84) (120X18) = 1399-5118 LD year Cregy prtuwt fuel pice PUKE» SPW Kh /yp “OMB — (Be/juon) f-20 book 460 \z (o%o VAAS 4OXE K Soo bs 10546 181A AS beck EX Rb0 BR 10360 1° 8364 #2XL7/2000 B $48 1-334 a sed Cpretent ori, ued cue fe Dt.) ee = bo X40 é J = Poel rds. (Aah) 9 Be x Hox 0° (HB XIF|AS = 9024 al 5 B = FEMI & la xtesyexle & ae = eo 2/-35~ 2 = Baxls X Ste XB KoGEK EE, 13804 FLAALG = BME y B00 x 12x osdayle$ RGaE = bIerey a4 2a 9069-59 UP CT = F684 LE BL oePA = 3640 br Ga wane AE eee as = 086x150 = THE MW. Crergy Suyphed. per Year = Lavy X80 = IPS X BK = B54 hoe MWh. Oyvenp dierity fate = & marinssen dewssecd Peak load. = GotsSrdorIS- 2 13 oe ie ee at el Borg o4 de tl | ei eG Ee leo stam power pan hes Wo was A mB each af 600 MW coast Te two wats ave the (7 cg Bucompt caectesie alt 1,10 [raz 3608-00372] swe: atl [pom sas -omn] ‘hee in Bap rnin a MW ea laid in open alone wich wil beatae Shwe ow Aecision iszesched, Bree econmeal petion whan both ui rin operant pals bow woul Toad of 1000 MW is divided betwean these two mits? [som | Lam 7 200 i00) + 36 (6o05 ~ 0-03l6os)] = bebo x Bfhr - ‘ige & | 200¢66) + 20 (bs lanes Ceo. Bale p- Cp. AT Ou aL cS(Puke )a - Gobo x|o¢ BA/hr = Moo ptu/kwh. $00 Xie? ew box oo Pasar ; . PAAR « a = Uloo Bb kWh. cmt. of thom Steuth be Selectad., Bocuse ita PUAR of a Pb ae ofeal we fee AL. thy - 10 [300 = 72 La 0.09 La] Sas TRb bY 00 4 Fo La~ ew 1] ES and [4 4 Ly = loo => Laz looo-ky +B re Tk = Tp, > © == Yo' [tee in ~ 0.64 ee] E Q°] be p30 Lh — 009 Le] 2 3 B00 +72 (000-14) 0109 (oon tpjre Fob F0 Lb. 04d OLE => 300+ 7200. Fly ~ o.0G f love aools +b] = Foottol go A LE > 200+ Howe 221, — Tocco + 180L, —SwqlF = toot Fold ~Sgle “l7700 7 1034, = Por7ol, ~lFF00—Joo = Foly.—lo3ly = - BELL Le= 516.66 MW => las loco — Lb La = Slo S32 HW a so Jka = Zh G00 + 72lg-owfle 5 JoorPoly-oedl— _» O C jam, ake 72 ly ~o0%@ = 600 +72lh-ooFle = |X,de dallouciv ie ‘TRIPOLI UNIVERSITY - FACULTY OF ENGINEERIN' ‘Department of Mechanical snd Industriel Engineering Final Exam of Power Plants (ME443 ) only allowed after answering the first question Fall 2018, “Time = i Q1.MCQ (ona separate paper ) [2 marks = = 2. A 100 MW unit in a power station produces power to supply a load with a pealeipad of 80 MW and === minimum load of 40 MW. This unit rons for only 8000 h/year, and its diifation curve can bess approximated by a straight line. For this unit determine (a) load factor, (b) cagiiy factor, (c) output factor, (d) utilization factor, and (e) service factor. = {8 marks = A = (WD 4 400% ftue gas enters an ait pre-heater. To avoid the metal corrosion, #6 minimum flue gas Tesaiiratdes seb ce Onl "0 Featie tibeaing online 2 “Mass flow rate of fue gas 50x10? kg/h = Airsfuel ratio 12 kgykgs = Air temperature 30°C = Overall heat transfer coefficient 25 Wim? °C = ‘Assume specific heat of flue gas equals that of the air, determine: (i) the temperaiare of combustion ait leaving the air pre-heater, and ({i) the heat transfer area. [ Note; the air heater is designed for counter flow _ of the air and flue gas, Logaricaiemean overalltempératurediterence LMTp = A%>8%e J = wh) 18 marks | (Q4. The incremental heat rates of two generating units of a power plant are given by the following relations Unit A JR, =10[ 50.042, ] Unit B: IR, =10°[ 8+0.032, ] Where IR is in BtwkWh and L is in MW. = For the most economical operation when both units are in operation in parallel, termine: 4) How a total load of 250 MW will be distributed between the two units. = = fi) The increase of fuel cost per hour if the load is equally distributed beliGeen these two units, == when the unit fuel cost is $3.5 per MBtu, [12 marks @S!_A 600 MW coai-fired unit has maximuim initial and reheat temperature of 560 %E. Due to progress i= the material science the metallurgical temperature limit of a new alloy is increased to 600 °C. With thes use of this improvement (ie. new alloy) the plant net heat rate is expected to be reduced by 5% and th initial cost to be increased by $80 per kilowatt. Would you recommend use of this new alloy? The evaluation should be done on the basis of the following conditions: PARAMETER EXISTING | NEW l ALLOY | ALLOY “The plant net heat rate (BiwkWh) 9000 = 8550 i “The plant construction cost (S/kW) 8000 8080, = Levelized fuel cost (S/M Btu) 15 15 Levelized plant capacity factor 0.75 075 = ‘Annual fixed charge rate (%) 12 ‘Economic life (yr) 30 [10 Marks j ‘tiMHEHE Good Luck #iHiiHiiht .Q1s- Fe ® Falal energy Gevareted per Hime( Bove bir) =n rea of olisgram vvoler lod Cuwe 8O | hood in My | Tokal energy Geroratter, poy Hine (Bloch) = 26, ie ee a Ff (80-40) (4000) -4. 40% F000 [bs ig oe Brea are ala = 4570000 MWh © Kakd pity = Cup = 0 MW. Aronge load. = Tobat orrgy [Inne Period. ata ek #80000 / 00d - 66 MW # Load factor = Y/ lnax = C0080 = OFF Pacmag rape alan * enV ene ¥ Uthebon fader "0 Sop = Bofoo 208 ~ Sonic hows 5 f= 2000 # Serie factor = BE « |oe = Bee x foo = 0: WB 2. _4¥0000 1 Otfout fret = Gn Cap x SH Bax Bo00: = OFS,Qa z- oly flue pot | 400e pee, SOC > => r 7719 = 5coxle kgfyp J! air i =/38:87 Wlee 2000 elry Flue je AER = 12 ko /dey Ta = 306 = 303k - Os 25 Waite puto okrhegk My 2 mn aw dy fin = Py bp ( Te=Te) = 13808941 ax (400-208) = 276.89 kw qe Wy oH ae 4 ge ee eA va ae AFR+I WY fag = (241 = 13 s mp = my : eS Romp = 10.65 biffe mia = AFR xm = [2 xlo- 6839 =128. 256 by/sec. 0 Map el~ ry yar) - % ce 2496.87 = 128.2056 Xo X ( Te. ~ Se) Texitzair = = 246. ORE Q. CA Min» 2791629 = 2xA x (foo 26 6) C 200-80) (BK A= PUEBT _ eae a aX 2EX leonC+ Output Coo MW _ Coed fired ~ Existing Alley > heat bemperehare- S00 - PKR = %00 Bo /kwh , AFCR = 12% = ol + Plant Construct Get = 5000 S/he N=36 sleveletd feeb Get @ 15 Kb + beetecd pind Gprcily frcber 9 LEE) Existing Alley 2- 52 OAS = etal mfprd- s Actoad oudpub= 344-2000 MN, 600 x F760 Aria Pitad Git = tho $y boxiekeny o2 = SPX ki Pronk fuel Gat = 394200042 Pith 1 ooo = xis leo 6521S hn Polat Arnal Coot = S76 x14 570.19 108 = [loR EX 1° 4, gz Devs Alley 2- ots = ic fahaedeet SS Achal oufpl = 3442000 HNh 00 X 376 © Arowl fro Cost = G60 Px BoxlP AW x 02 = SA Penle” 4. Prd Fuel Cost ~ D4 200xF ben eso es Xone AE, 2 POA Bw Voted Annu Cort = SB Flo + (08) 12K (08 3KbE OWS fo ied Toll Annual Cost aA (Leet, Pld pd ex eo Aer Qiloy Exuting Alloy /08P BK HK 116 1A K ee