Distance Education: Instructional Module

LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD
Galo Corner Gatuslao Streets, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines

Tel No. +63 (34) 434 9661 to 64 | Fax No. +63 (34) 433 5190
lccbpresoffice@gmail.com | www.lcc.edu.ph
Distance Education
Instructional Module
LCCB Vision-Mission
We are a Christ-centered, Augustinian and Marian educational community dedicated
to create a more sustainable world.
LCCB is committed to provide the community with
 accessible, relevant and advanced curricular programs that promote life-long
learning towards fulfilling careers;
 empowering and enriching avenues to conduct responsive research to push
the frontiers of new knowledge; and
 meaningful experiences of the universal compassion of Christ through
services and programs with the last, the least, and the lost.
LCCB Graduate Attributes (IGA)

LCCians are…
 Christ-centered
 Restless searchers for truth
 Intellectually and universally competent
 Nationalistic
 Community and service-oriented
 Active ecological stewards
 Culturally-sensitive
LCCB Core Values

 Christ-centeredness
 Community of Friends
 Stewardship
 Excellence
 Diversity
Prayer to the Holy Spirit

Breathe in me O Holy Spirit, that my thoughts may all be holy.
Act in me O Holy Spirit, that my work, too, may be holy.
Draw my heart O Holy Spirit, that I love what is holy.
Strengthen me O Holy Spirit, to defend all that is holy.
Guard me, then, O Holy Spirit, that I always may be holy. Amen.
- St. Augustine
This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 1

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Distance Education
Course Information
Course Title : ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING SYSTEM
Course Code : B.UTIL.3
Credit : 3 units (3 hours lecture)
Course Instructor : Ar. Rialino M. Alisbo, MsARCH, FUAP
Ar. Abemar Gegantoni, UAP
Contact Details : rialino.alisbo@lccbonline.edu.ph/ +639324507097
Consultation Schedule : Monday thru Friday, 10:00 - 11:00 AM
Helplines : Guidance (4349661 local 313); DSA (4349661 local312)
Introduction
Acoustics involves many areas. Knowledge in acoustics is important for many professional
engineers and architects, but also for professionals from other faculties, such as medical
doctors, psychologists, biologists, oceanographers, media professionals and so forth.
Knowledge in acoustics is essential to promote the creation of environments, both indoors
and outdoors, involving rooms with good listening conditions for speakers, musicians and
listeners and also living environments and working areas which are reasonably free from
harmful and/or intruding noise and vibrations and with acoustic comfort. In other words;
acoustics is a discipline of great importance for a sustainable development.
On the other hand “Light has the capacity to create an atmosphere much more than
furniture or an accessory can; it recreates unique sensations and experiences”. If it hasn’t
been done correctly it’s immediately noticeable. We can find ourselves in the most beautiful
space in the world, but if enough time hasn’t been dedicated to the study and design of the
lighting, our experience will leave us dissatisfied.
You will complete this course for one semester. This course is composed of eight (8)
units, namely:
Prelim
Unit 1 - Basic Theory of Acoustics
Unit 2 - Sound Absorption
Unit 3- Room Acoustics
Midterm
Unit 4- Sound Isolation
Unit 5 - Lighting Fundamentals and Vision
Finals
Unit 6- Properties of Light
Unit 7-Electric Light
Unit 8-Light and Form

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Competencies and Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, you should have:

1. Gained adequate knowledge on the different aspects of acoustic and lighting
principles, design and application
2. Embraced the importance of acoustics and lighting in the design of buildings or
structures.
3. Acquired considerable knowledge on the practical application of the concepts and
principles in acoustic and lighting relative to designing space and building
envelope.
4. Gained fundamental knowledge on the psychological effects of sound and light on
building occupants.
Grading, Requirements and Examinations

In this course, you will be evaluated in the following way:
Class Standing (60%)
Reports - 10%
Tasks/Assignments - 20 %
Projects - 30 %
Examination (40%)
Prelim - 10%
Midterm - 10%
Final - 10%
100%
Attendance Policy
Considering the modality of instruction of this course (Correspondence), actual
attendance of students may not be required as in the traditional residential or classroom
setting. However, you should make sure that are present during the monitoring or follow-up
of your progress by your teacher, the Guidance Office or the Student Affairs Office. Your
attendance in any of these follow-up calls corresponds to your attendance in class.
Students with Disability

Students with disabilities and verifiable learning impediments who require
accommodations (academic adjustments, auxiliary aids or services) must disclose their cases
and register with the Guidance Services Center.

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Academic Dishonesty
Academic dishonesty in any form (bribery, plagiarism, cheating and fabrication of
documents will result in a failure on the academic task in question.
Unit 1
BASIC THEORY OF ACOUSTICS
Lesson 1
Introduction to Architectural Acoustic
Introduction:
In the twentieth century, architectural acoustics came to be recognized as a science

as well as an art. Although the number and quality of the published works increased,
our understanding of many of the principles of acoustical design did not in all cases
lead to improvements in concert halls. The more routine aspects of room acoustics,
including noise and vibration control and development of effective acoustical
materials, experienced marked improvements. The development of electroacoustic
devices including microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, and other electronic
processing instruments flourished. The precision that is now available in the ability to
record and reproduce sound has created an expectation of excellence that is difficult
to match in a live performance. The high-frequency response in a hall is never as crisp
as in a close-miked recording. The performance space is seldom as quiet as a
recording studio. The seats are never as comfortable as in a living room. Ironically,
just as we have begun to understand the behaviour of concert halls and are able to
accurately model their behaviour, electroacoustic technology has advanced to the
point where it may soon provide an equivalent or even superior experience in our
homes. (Long, 2014)
Lesson Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
a. Discussed the different acoustical situations and requirements that should be
considered during the earliest stages of design.
b. Outlined the basic principles of architectural acoustics.
c. Understood the essential elements of architectural acoustics.

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Distance Education
d. Accurately assess and articulate the importance of Architectural Acoustics to

human habitation.
Pre-Assessment: (LMS Classes) Prior to the start of the class, students will be
assessed according to the following:
(a) Prior experience/Knowledge
(b) Vocabulary
(c) Concept Knowledge
(d) Attitudes
(e) Personal Connections
Lesson Proper:
Learning Activities:
Task 1
The following videos will give you an introduction and preview of the history and
importance of Architectural Acoustics.
Watch the following videos on line and prepare a Reflection Paper regarding the
topics presented on the videos. The reflection paper should be between 300 and 500
words long, and should report some of your thoughts about the videos.
Submit your Reflection Papers via Google Mail on Thursday September 3, 2020.
Watch the following videos on line.

Media
Architectural Acoustics by Prof. Sumana Gupta and Prof. Shankha Pratim
Bhattacharya
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yyqhgnc5cWI&list=PLbRMhDVUMngeGSqPVkrc8G_kApltxEEos
Lecture 1 : Introduction and Historical Overview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=906kaCHwyYI&list=PLbRMhDVUMngeGSqPVkrc8G_kApltxEEos&index=2
Acoustic Factors - Reverberation Time, Focusing, Loudness, Echoes, Echelon
Effect
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyXlzIzW3FI

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a. Topic:
Lecture (LMS Classes)
I will be discussing the topic during our virtual class on Google meet scheduled
on_________________, 2020. Google Meet Code will be sent to you via group chat
one day before the meeting.
To be discussed during the Lecture:

a) Introduction to Architectural Acoustics
What is architectural acoustics?
Architectural acoustics is the study of sound in homes and other buildings and the
design of those structures for optimal acoustic performance, including control of
sound transmission throughout the building, maintaining conditions for good speech
intelligibility, and maintaining sound isolation for speech privacy.
All of the sounds we hear on a daily basis can contribute to a host of problems.
Environmental noise in particular, is an area of focus for European researchers who
have recently measured the health complications it can present. In addition to
negatively affecting the occupants’ energy level, those complications can include
everything from heart disease and tinnitus to sleep deprivation and cognitive
impairment, with the potential to take years off the average person’s life.
Environmental noise includes transportation noise – road traffic, railway and aircraft
– wind turbine noise and leisure noise. Leisure noise refers to all noise sources that
people are exposed to during activities such as attending nightclubs, restaurants,
fitness classes, live sporting events or live music venues, and listening to loud music
through personal listening devices.
Within the built environment, it would be easy to think that indoor noise might not
have any adverse impact compared to environmental noise. However, even within
the confines of a building, architectural acoustics play a significant role in the
occupant’s experience (e.g. environmental noise can be periodic and decrease during
evening hours and overnight, while excessive reverberation inside a room is always
present, interfering with every word spoken).
Every element of a building’s construction contributes to its acoustical

characteristics. It’s more than just walls and ceilings: its shapes, surfaces, furniture,

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Distance Education
light fixtures, mechanical systems and materials used in construction all have an
impact on a building’s acoustics. When the acoustical properties of materials are not
considered during the specification process, the result is too often a poor acoustical
environment. The conversation around healthier buildings often focuses on light and
air quality, but the noise levels also significantly impact health and wellbeing.
Increasingly, though, many industry standards, guidelines and building rating systems
now have acoustic criteria sections, elevating the importance of acoustics in building
occupant wellbeing.
In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated its Environmental Noise
Guidelines for the first time since 1999, with new research confirming that noise has
negative impacts on human health and is becoming a growing concern. The data
shows that improving indoor environmental quality (IEQ) results in a substantial
benefit for occupants.
b) The Risk of poor acoustics in buildings.
Depending on the type of structure, the potential complications from poor

acoustical design can vary greatly. Let’s take a look at the range of possible
negative consequences that noise can produce in different built environments. In
healthcare settings, noises can range from irritating to harmful for patients and
caregivers.
For patients:
Sudden noises can set off startle reflexes, leading to injury, increased blood
pressure and higher respiratory rates
Prolonged noise can contribute to memory problems, irritation, impaired pain
tolerance and perceptions of isolation
Reduced noise levels in intensive care units have been found to promote better
sleep and healing
Noise at all hours can lead to sleep deprivation which has been tied to longer
recovery, falls, dementia, higher re-hospitalization and worse medical outcomes.
c) Characteristics of Sound
When you are in school, you come to know when the period gets over. When
someone rings the doorbell at your door you can hear the sound. Suppose if
someone approaching you, you can make it out by hearing the footsteps itself.
Sound plays an important role in our daily lives. You hear many types of sound in

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Distance Education
our surroundings. How is the sound audible to you? Let us discuss these
characteristics of sound in detail.
Characteristics of Sound
The sound that we hear around us is the type of energy made by the vibration
that travels through the air or any other medium and can be heard when it
reaches a person’s ear. So, basically sound helps us to communicate with the
other person. For example, we can hear the musical instruments like tabla, flute,
a guitar due to vibration. The characteristics of sound are as follows:
Pitch
Loudness
Quality
Pitch
Pitch is a characteristic of sound by which a correct note can be distinguished
from a grave or a flat note. We can identify a female and male voice without
seeing them. The term ‘pitch’ is often used in music. Pitch depends upon the
frequencies of the sound wave. A note has a higher pitch when the frequency is
high and a note of low frequency has a low pitch. For example, when a small baby
speaks something, his/her voice has a higher frequency so in case of a baby the
pitch is higher than the pitch of a man. The sound with a high frequency is called
as shrill.
Loudness
The loudness is a sensation of how strong a sound wave is at a place. It is always a
relative term and is a dimensionless quantity. Loudness is measured in decibel
(dB). It is given as:
L = log(I), here ‘I’ is the intensity.
The loudness depends on the amplitude of the vibration. It will be louder when
the amplitude is high. Suppose when we pluck a string of the sitar it starts
vibrating with low amplitude and if we apply more energy by plucking more
strongly, the string will vibrate with the greater amplitude and produce a loud
sound. As the amplitude of vibration increases, sound also increases.
Quality
The word timbre also describes the term quality. As different sources produce
different sounds, the timbre helps us to distinguish between them. A sound of
good quality is pleasant to listen. The instruments are of different shapes and size

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and they produce different harmonics of loudness hence their sound can be
easily distinguished.
d) Factors affecting Architectural Acoustics
There are many differences in the acoustical properties of buildings or rooms.

Some are quiet enough to hear a pin drop from one end to the other. In others,
you almost have to shout to be heard barely across the room. Still others are
noisy and filled with echo’s. There are many factors that determine the
acoustical properties of buildings or rooms within buildings. Factors that
acoustics of a building are reverberation time, loudness, focusing, Echelon effect,
resonance, noise and Echo.
e) Reverberation Time
Persistence or prolongation of sound is known as Reverberation time. When is
too large in a hall, an overlapping of sounds and echo results. If the reverberation
is very less, the loudness will be insufficient, sound disappear quickly and become
inaudible. A satisfactory value = optimum reverberation time. Classrooms
reverberation times in the range of 0.4-0.6 seconds.
The Reverberation time can be maintained at an optimum value by adopting

following ways;
a) By providing Windows and openings
b) By having full capacity of audience in hall or room
c) By using heavy curtains with folds .
d) By covering the floor with carpets
e) By decorating walls with wallpapers
f) By covering ceiling with good sound absorbing materials like felt, fibre board,
false roofing, etc.
f) Sound Absorption
Sound absorption is the loss of sound energy when sound waves comes into
contact with an absorbent material such as ceilings, walls, floors and other
objects, as a result of which, the sound is not reflected back into the space.
Sound absorbent materials can be used to create a suitable acoustic environment

within a space by reducing the ‘reverberation time’. Reverberation affects the
way a space 'sounds'. A long reverberation time can make a room sound loud and
noisy and causes speech to sound muffled and muddy. Rooms designed for
speech therefore typically have a short reverberation time of less than 1 second.

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Conversely, a longer reverberation time can enhance a music hall by adding

richness, depth and warmth to music.
Sound absorption can be a particularly important factor for spaces such as:
Sports halls.
Schools.
Recording studios.
Lecture theatres.
Concert venues, cinemas and theatres.
Generally, sound absorption is applied in the form of treatment to floors, walls,
ceilings, partition surfaces and objects such as chairs or bookshelves. The use of
sound absorbing screens is also becoming more common.
Sound absorbers can be divided into three main categories:
Porous absorbents.
Resonance absorbents.
Single absorbents.
Porous absorbents conventionally take two forms; fibrous materials or open-

celled foam. Fibrous materials absorb sound as sound waves force the fibres to
bend and this bending of the fibres generates heat. The conversion of acoustic
energy into heat energy results in the sound effectively being absorbed. In the
case of open-celled foam, the air movement resulting from sound waves pushes
air particles through the narrow passages which in turn generate a viscous loss
along with heat.
Usually a materials thickness has the greatest impact on its sound absorbing
qualities. The thickness of materials can be compensated for with air space
behind a wall panel or acoustic ceiling to improve performance at lower
frequencies.
It is generally better to not include an airtight layer on the surface, such as a

vapour barrier or paint layer, as this may reduce the sound absorbing qualities.
However, architecturally, fibrous materials and open celled foams are not always
considered attractive or robust. It is common therefore to cover these materials
with an acoustically transparent finish such as a tissue, cloth or slatted wood, or
with perforated materials such as wood, metal, plasterboard and so on.

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Resonance absorbents consist of a mechanical or acoustic oscillation system, such

as membrane absorbers, where there is a solid plate with a tight air space behind.
Absorption reaches its maximum at the resonance frequency. The cavity can be
filled with a porous material, to broaden the absorption over the range of
frequency.
Single absorbers can be tables, chairs or other objects.
The sound absorbing characteristics of acoustical materials varies significantly

with frequency. Low frequency sounds, below 500 Hz, tend to be more difficult to
absorb whereas high frequencies sounds, above 500 Hz, are easier to absorb.
A material's sound absorbing properties can be expressed by the sound

absorption coefficient, alpha, as a function of frequency. Alpha ranges from 0
(total reflection) to 1.00 (total absorption).
NB: Sound absorption is not the same as sound insulation which is used to
prevent sound travelling between separate spaces across a partition such as a
wall, ceiling or floor. Sound absorbing materials can convert some of the
absorbed sound energy into heat, rather than transmitting it, which improve
sound insulation, but it should not be seen as a substitute for adequate sound
insulation.
g) Sound Isolation
Soundproofing is any means of reducing the sound pressure with respect to a

specified sound source and receptor. There are several basic approaches to reducing
sound: increasing the distance between source and receiver, using noise barriers to
reflect or absorb the energy of the sound waves, using damping structures such as
sound baffles, or using active antinoise sound generators.
There are 5 elements in sound reduction (Absorption, Damping, Decoupling, Distance

and, Adding Mass). The "Absorption" aspect in soundproofing should not be
confused with Sound Absorbing Panels used in acoustic treatments. "Absorption" in
this sense only refers to reducing a resonating frequency in a cavity by installing
insulation between walls, ceilings or floors. Acoustic Panels can play a role in a
treatment only after walls or ceilings have been soundproofed, reducing the
amplified reflection in the source room.

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Two distinct soundproofing problems may need to be considered when designing

acoustic treatments—to improve the sound within a room (see reverberation), and
reduce sound leakage to/from adjacent rooms or outdoors. Acoustic quieting and
noise control can be used to limit unwanted noise. Soundproofing can suppress
unwanted indirect sound waves such as reflections that cause echoes and resonances
that cause reverberation. Soundproofing can reduce the transmission of unwanted
direct sound waves from the source to an involuntary listener through the use of
distance and intervening objects in the sound path.
h) Noise Nuisance
Noise is sound which is unwelcome and can cause distress, annoyance or disturbance
to unwilling listeners. District councils and some government agencies are
responsible for investigating noise complaints.
Noise categories
Environmental noise is caused by industry and traffic. Domestic neighbours and
public entertainment venues can create a noise nuisance.
Noise is categorised as:
Occupational – unwanted sound in the workplace, indoors or outdoors caused by

activity in the workplace
Community – unwanted sound outside the workplace can be indoors or outdoors,

caused by sources you cannot control and includes noise caused by neighbours
Consumer products – unwanted sound from a device or product which you use and
may have some control over
Noise sources
When you want to complain about noise, you need to identify the source and find
out if there is an organisation responsible for investigating the noise source.
There are various noise sources:
Industrial noise includes agriculture, manufacturing businesses and workshops
Commercial and leisure noise includes entertainment, sports and leisure, petrol
stations, car washes, fast food outlets, bars, restaurants, offices, security alarms

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Domestic noise includes home entertainment such as loud music and television,
parties, animal noise, shouting, home security alarms
Construction noise includes building, demolition and road works

transport noise includes road traffic, railways, domestic air traffic, military aircraft,
delivery vehicles, vehicle alarms
Street noise includes loudspeakers, ice cream van chimes, street traders, performers
and public addresses
b. Processing:
Task 2
Assignment
You are required to attend a scheduled meeting on Google Meet on Tuesday,

September 8, 2020, 1 PM. Please be sure to have a printed copy of your submitted
Reflection Paper on the day of the meet. Google Meet Code will be posted on our FB
Chat Group 30 mins. before the schedule. Attendance is a must.Prepare a Reflection
Paper regarding the topics that were discussed as well as the videos you were
instructed to view.
See Attached Reflection Paper Rubric on the next page.

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c. Closure:
In this part of the Unit, the instructor will facilitate wrap-up at the end of the lesson – we will
have a quick review of the lesson ,so as to remind all of you what it was that you learned
(or should have learned) and will also allow your instructor to announce our next lesson.
Closure will allow each of you to summarize the main ideas and be able answer questions
posed at the beginning of the lesson, and link to both the past and the future.
a. What were the key points of the lesson?

b. What conclusions can be drawn from the lesson?
c. Where do you think you can use many of this new information that you learned?
d. How do you think acoustics will be able to solve a “noisy” space? (Problem-
solving process.)

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e. What are the important things you learned from the lesson? (Exhibiting student
learning.)
f. The next topic will be creating a smooth transition from one lesson to the next
lesson.
See Attached Class Discussion Rubric below:
Correspondence Class
Students will be required to respond to the same questions above. Submission
however will be made thru my Facebook Messenger account on September ____,
2020, 2020 .
Timeline:
6 hours

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LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD

Galo Corner Gatuslao Streets, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines

LCCB Graduate Attributes (IGA)

LCCB Core Values

Prayer to the Holy Spirit

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 1

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 2

Competencies and Outcomes

Upon completion of this course, you should have:

Grading, Requirements and Examinations

Class Standing (60%)

Students with Disability

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 3

Introduction to Architectural Acoustic

In the twentieth century, architectural acoustics came to be recognized as a science

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 4

d. Accurately assess and articulate the importance of Architectural Acoustics to

Watch the following videos on line.

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 5

To be discussed during the Lecture:

What is architectural acoustics?

Every element of a building’s construction contributes to its acoustical

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 6

b) The Risk of poor acoustics in buildings.

Depending on the type of structure, the potential complications from poor

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 7

L = log(I), here ‘I’ is the intensity.

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 8

d) Factors affecting Architectural Acoustics

There are many differences in the acoustical properties of buildings or rooms.

The Reverberation time can be maintained at an optimum value by adopting

Sound absorbent materials can be used to create a suitable acoustic environment

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 9

Conversely, a longer reverberation time can enhance a music hall by adding

Sound absorbers can be divided into three main categories:

Porous absorbents conventionally take two forms; fibrous materials or open-

It is generally better to not include an airtight layer on the surface, such as a

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 10

Resonance absorbents consist of a mechanical or acoustic oscillation system, such

Single absorbers can be tables, chairs or other objects.

The sound absorbing characteristics of acoustical materials varies significantly

A material's sound absorbing properties can be expressed by the sound

Soundproofing is any means of reducing the sound pressure with respect to a

There are 5 elements in sound reduction (Absorption, Damping, Decoupling, Distance

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 11

Two distinct soundproofing problems may need to be considered when designing

Noise is categorised as:

Occupational – unwanted sound in the workplace, indoors or outdoors caused by

Community – unwanted sound outside the workplace can be indoors or outdoors,

There are various noise sources:

Industrial noise includes agriculture, manufacturing businesses and workshops

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 12

Construction noise includes building, demolition and road works

You are required to attend a scheduled meeting on Google Meet on Tuesday,

See Attached Reflection Paper Rubric on the next page.

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 13

a. What were the key points of the lesson?

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 14

See Attached Class Discussion Rubric below:

This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 15

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