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    El ABC de La Teoria y Aplicacion de Motores Electricos Polifasicos en La Industria PDF

    Uploaded by

    Rusber Flores

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    EL ABC DE LA TEORIA Y APLICACION DE MOTORES ELECTRICOS POLIFASICOS EN LA INDUSTRIA POR G. L. OSCARSON Y M. H. GOTTFRIED GUTIERREZ GOLABORADOR, TRADUCTOR Y EDITOR, ESPANOL-INGLES. THE ABC OF THEORY AND APPLICATION OF POLYPHASE ELECTRIC MOTORS IN INDUSTRY BY G. L. OSCARSON AND M, H. GOTTFRIED Primera Eeteisn, 1989 (limited) First Eton 1983 (Limtec) Fabrieado en Mexico Manufactured in Mexico Derechos reservados contorme ais ly. ‘Copyrights reserved cantarming tam ‘Ninguna arte de este bro podr ser rproducida sin No part of this Book maybe reproduced without permise sor eserto cel pucadar sicept pare turin permission tram the publisher except az Utitarse como ayada en una compre eepectica ‘vsistance na specific purchase ok eae ‘de metores sectioe, motors Publicado por Publis by: SERRE México, DF, México ‘988 UWA VEZ UN REY LE PREGUNTO 4 EUCLIDES. “2No hay una forma mds fi de entender sgeomenia? ™ EUCLIDES RESPONDIO: No hum camino Rea! hacia ta Geomenia. Cada ino tene que pensar por sf misma cuando cesta’ 4 KING ONCE ASKED FUCLID "lw there an easier way to derstand geometes? EUCLID REPLIED: There is no Raval way s0 geometry Evervone has to think for hisell when sin PALABRAS INTRODUCTORIAS POR EL EDITOR Hoy en dia los mares estos son indispensable a Indra, gomercio yest emma de ia, Proves na Users de tarets isis tales some sl ombea part Ustribuie nuestra seb» el eomprenion para obtener Ilo. Considerando qus hay muchos allan de mo= {ores en uso. es asomibroso ue tan eseas0 eel cone tient acerca de elon por la mayora de quienes ga ¥ Apenden de los frutos de su versiti © interminable tmbaio. xa obra onica representa un estuerzo conjunto die ado para llenar un necesilad de aga exper para Feferenels prices singvlar en Fsafol/Ings qi com emne eon fs seleccibny apiencin de motors eleticos ‘de covremealtina en industri. Darantemis propos 8S horde xperioncia en ventas samara de motores en Mexico. enuoaite que su lent un mejor entenchmiento en materia de motores into por el comprador como por el vendodor.conside- rablentente mx cficencia y ahorros en costo hubieran fevutalo en la selec de motores part esos moto on docsiones mis ripidas » poste Mientras México y otras paises Latinoameieanos se fhfusrzin fica sus metts de dewirollo sunt se protende ue ens libro served para proposion es de Ingenerom vondedores, contnititas,asewores agentes Aiecompras funcionsros, gente de negocios opetadares te plantas: personal sindsizado estan. Lag referencias hochas los estinaes NEMA (Nationa Elctnical Manufacturer Amoeation de los Estados Unidos) em ext. obra reflsian br comveniencia de ws e ‘stidar= para motores léticos is comin Homan Occidental ¢ histricmient et esuindar de rmotoresii cotiado sn Mesicn, Por estas ms 70 sacha hecho menciin de ovextindars" UL" 9 "NEC {hdeewviters Laboratories snd National Hectic Code, tam de Tos Estados Unis) Le dcbo una expresin de apreco especial a mi amigo y {olaboraloe "leery" Osearson porcomprender is 70 fis pra predueir este Hbro') pov eniegarme con toa Eencresilad sis conosimentos durante Tos, pasidos Desen también conde tihato Nikola Tesla. quien descub el campo magneto ratio de CA e invent fl motor de induciin. Desde pincpia de sal, prc INTRODUCTORY WORDS BY THE EDITOR Hlctrie motors today are indispensible 10 firs, commerce and our way OF ie, They preside eves of si shores acts pa ‘ng to deliver our water and eompresing Yo ob {Sin ie. Considering there aze many milons of Gout them na by most who enjoy and dspend ‘onthe rut oftheievertte and unehing work, This techni work represents joint efor de signa 0 fils longstanding nee for 4 Spaeh Ealsh single practical eerence concerned with selection and spplsaton of dete alternating During my. 8 year af industrial sling and Imanulactuting experiences in Mexico | foul that had th sujet of motors hee tir under Sows by both the user and the sell. cor Sraly more ellcency ant sos savings cou awe resulted in choosing drives and in fasten are postive desis Ay Mesico and othr Latin American counis sine tomar their goals of dasa detcope be fein ns ook will serve to use Purpose for enpinvers, sales peopl, contacto. Sinaia. purchisingagents government Sich, busines people, unionized personel pant perso ad students The referees nade to NEMA stants (N ional Electrical Manuetuners Assoeation the Unie Stats} in thi work veer the ere ‘enisnes of sing know and most common ‘ect moor "sands" nthe Wester Hem pire and hatorialy the most quoted motor Slants in Mico. For the imme retoame hnetions are tude of the "UL" and “NEC™ Siandanls (Uadervnter Lahorsiones and Nox tional Etre Code ao of the United Sites) 1 owe a special expression of appreciation to me Ferd and eolaborstor ety" Oscarsan for tindergtaning my retsons to produce this book tnd for unselishy giving of ht knowledge vo me Ser he pant seven Seat 1 ant to also pay site to Nikola Tesla the iscoverero the AC rotating magnetic ed and fnventorof he induction ator Since ihe ture oF 5 ticamente toda la leticdad en nuestro planeta ha sido sencrada, transmis, estrus § somvertala en por tencia mecdnica por medio dels sistent poifiseor de “Tesla. Hay constderablemente més guess ponds flat dJeestehombrey cuyosaleaneeseenoloeicr son merecee tires de mayor reconocimieno. Se ha dicho Tes exe invencor mis rande en toda Is historia yin gual en os es del mud inlets Por varias razones macho de est libro eth candensado yy no se dudu que cerores y amisionesserin deectados Comes. sin embargo, Gerarde Oscarsn yo ereemosel contenido agufexerto alana nucstos obtivon ms, parece ser el recurso mis comprensivo de informaciin Drdetca disponible hoy sobre potencia de motores elee- {heos,aplcicioa de motores yel Factor de Potecia, practically all he electricity on our planet has been generated, transmited, dst buted and converted unto mechaniea! ower by ‘cans of the Tesla polyphase systems, Thre omiderabiy more that ex be fold of thie man nd whose technological achievements are Jee Serving of greater recognition Tesla ssid to be the greatest nsentor mall history and without equal isthe annals of the intellect world For various reasons mach of this Book fs eo= densed and no doubs eros and omision vil be Aetected. As is, however etry” Oscars ind TToeteve the contents herein writen full our ‘objectives and more, appear tobe the most com Prchensive source of practical information ava Able today on electric motor power, moter appli tations and Power Factor, Mario H, Gottried Gusiérer Edliory Traduetor ‘and Translator Mésico, 977-83 ACERCA DEL AUTOR A avis de sus mumeroso exeritos tecnico yenperencas {que sbarean medio silo, Ga. Osean fs toga om ‘Reonccimiento como autoridad enh apencin de mo {ores sinerono y de induscin asi como en generadores ‘Gonteoes para fa insti, La vid profesional de G0. fue dodicada al puesto de Ste de Ingeicria de Aplisicibn para un fabricate Now ieamericane de motores, Exy a sido Miembro" Tell por vil, # miembro det Comité Nacional de lt IEEL Ingenta Protesions! Reyistrado, tno em fx Aso cn Teenca de a Indust dels Pulp y Papel ts Aso ‘sucign Americana de Estindars yasssor pura Uni Sida, Firms privadasy prodctores de ener en los Fstades Unidos, Canad, Mesicn, Auselia¥ Asi Merscedor de varios ttlos de Ingenisra Perio dt Instituto de Teenologs de a Universidad de Minnesota, lu espeiaiaciin se Ga. Oscarson on aparaten de P- tena eles ln condueron escribie man le SO ‘loss holies tenons atin utizandose com valonss relent. Ahora retiado en Present, Arona, GLO. eo compasticndo sa rgo eaudsl de conacinsiton ABOUT THE AUTHOR By his many tcinicat writings and experinees ‘shih span all century, Gel. Oscars fk Schieved recognition ava authority nthe appl ation of synchronous and induction mts Sse asia-generators and contals Tor indus G.L.0- professional lie was dedicated 10 the pritiomof Chie! Appisition Engineer ora USA, molar manulacrer He's hs bee Fellow Ile Member and National Commitice Member ‘oF the WEEE, a Registered Professional Enginer setve in the Techie Assocation othe Ply and Paper Industry. the -Ametean’Stindov Aeition. and! consultant wo Universi, pie sate Firms and power producers inthe United Stiten, Camila, Mews, Australia and As Recipian of variags eletrical engineering de ice from the Inst Technology University St Minnesota. GL. Oscesons speetaeation ‘este power apparatus hae led to his Wein ‘or un Si artes chal bulletins tis is ae roerenees, Azo, GA. conte wc ‘uc co sae his ich store of PROLOGO Certo ws que t corre oer esl vida sanguinea de Ie indusiea deena. El vabajador Industral de hey Hine wsemando erga que tose soaba hace menos e tin sigh cto fue construid laprmeenestacion em tral Coo silo oprinir an botbn bro cerae an ite Fruptor,o mover ons planes de controll puede ara ‘hr parirycnalganoe casos controle veloida de un motor con apaeidad dese contin hasta mies deeb Tow de Toor Li primera estacion contra fue const en Nie York hace wien aftos por Tomtls Fuso en 1842. Lox oneradore eran de corte dint del po de ar dura ginatora con conmutador: Debio af sida por omngtdor e tolls eta necesaramente Bajo yeh ie ‘Gn revi serio fn mite a ume cxanias ea 1 generar de corsene alors de campo giraori fue dlesrrllado et 185. En ea entonces ue posible ase tan bobs cxacioniriay de br arma Bomediana pars operaea 13 KV RV Methane e ts Qe ranstormadones selon de cco fe posble leva voltae corrientlternt a Salone much mis lim pars A trams tte, Pa a opcracisn ssomomicn > siente me consis _sralmente ge a roylore wn Volaje del orden de | EV por de meade que voiajes de transi dls SY RV hist 2 RV son comune, Los vas hoy on di on consierablemente ms os pete cuiin Bajados prt se dgtnbgcin generac POVRY. IRE RV. S16 KV O24 KV. Enel prado dal Sliente «5 comin bajar ain is sta AN 6. 2a0 vols “hung algonos motores ingles ce mis oF tama prsdenoperara 230, 41606 13.200 vols, Donde pred finan carsns de aumbrag se ysncomunmente sis tras de S40/139, 208/139 6 9317127 vals. tres fs Philos ‘Los citeltos de alumbsado se reparten eh 128 vols seutroa tray motores peton se concen sips lambres de 3 fascs 230 ot La invenciin en T8AK dal_motor ectico seni y Fobunto de jasla Je ardilly por Nikola Tela el Seto Americano cientficn produ el impetu gue cond & {que fx confente temas desplazaea complemen ft reente directa como Fuente euesea de Ls insta (cept on aplicaciones altament especial) FOREWORD Truly elec current isthe Hleblood of modern industry. Toys industital worker Tus at his ‘Smmand enengy which sas undress tha centr ago whem te Het cena tation tnas built By pushing s button. opening or low: Inga swich, or moving 2 comiea levee he can Si pad in some cases contol he speed ot 3 mo Fat a hundreds fo tows of HOM Ihe fet entra station was bul in New York Ta years age by Thowas Elson in 1882, The senerivy muse diet curent revolsing sem {ure type with eommeators Dus to the com mutated output the valkage was neccesary ove fi the aver Uh revved electie erie May fly lew square Blocks The eevoling fc alternating enero sats develop in IS. AI that me Has pes bie 0 inate the stationary sma cll for tors were ba operate tI it {hits Theol he se oF simple and highly lite trantoner ts posible to sep ee hating vliags ta mnch higher aes for cecrcal Trammission, For economical and efit pee fantom is sal et ha voltage on the onder SUT RY pote sible ransmision vot duce ol AS KW 40 2M KV ae common Transion voltages today ane comiderably Iigher but ane stepped down Tor dhtebutio, tually 19 280 KV. 13 KV, LIGKV or 24 KV Aine customers premises further step down {0 a8 or 28) volts conimon althowal nae thal large motors may aperae at 280, $160 or Td vos Where lighting loads predominate DV 139- 208/120 9 220/127 volts, Apsve 4 ee Ssstcms ae comon, Lighting cireusare istr- Bored onthe 127 volt to grounded neural t= ute amd snail motors ave connected 10 the 220 volt unre phase ies Tine invention in 18H othe simple but ugged saqustl cage motor by Nikola Tela The Setbo> meric scimtst, provided the impetus which ied altenaning current complete displacing the caeot current ty industry's electrical energy SouaeeTessept for highly especiaied appli ‘Ls Figura 0-1 usta un digeama de conesiin de os tes principales tpos de motores industrials pois, Enefestel motord jaa de ari esl Atlas madera turgando cl munde industialsobresushombros. Cuenta onalauna ayuda para apliciconesespeciias desis dos Famitiaes ef moter de ails rozantes (rotor devanado} $€l motor sinerono. Se disponen de 70s tipos de moto Fesde corrinte alterna para aplcasiones my especial: oto son may complicados muy cosososy Hosein tre tedos en ‘ste abo de Indole general sobre motores ‘lktricosindustiates vque también nluve alguna eon Sob operscon de motores polifseosy alguna infor= ‘macion prtica pars Sus apiaciones, Figure 0-1 ilusraesa tine connection diagram of the thee principal types of polspace inurl In effect. the squire eage motor isthe modern Aulas carving the industial world oa its shoul ders Ts helped Tor spite plications By ts {so Kimmen: the slip ng (woud ror) motor and the syacheonoun motor Othersy peso alter: hating curren motors ate availabe for very spe- ‘ial applications bat they are very complicated nd very expensive and wll ot be considered it this work of guneral indus clsiric motors and which aso nels some theory on he oper ation of polyphase motor al some pata Information for their mans applications G.L, Oseanson, PE Preseott, Arizona vsi7a8 DEDICATORIA 5 Exe libro est dedicado porel Faitora ly memaria desu padre, FLW. Gottfried, pronero Ingenero de Ventas on Al ibis con la Primera Generaibn (6 personas) a (Chae Nocturna de Ingenieria Ekcrics en 1910 el In tuto Tesnelgicode Carnegie. Ptsburgh, PA, FEW. ‘cept6 un pueso en Mevico com Ingeniero de Ventas Montaje don 6.0. Brant y iz cepresntantes de Westinghouse Las actividades protesionales de HAWG. ca Mésio sled 1910 ¢ 1926 abarearon: la ents de motores gee radores para eletnificar tr industria, dueho de varias sas léticas comerciales (una delisclenestaba est ‘leiden la Calle Madero No. 37 en México, Dat) a onratain paral slecrfeicin de tenton gles: ia comerciaiacion de una de tos primero stones lectus Americanos ya inpariion dees de eee Ircidad en cases nocirmas. nde ators esl Loita Poltsnicn, SIMI De 1927 318891. W.G. ue Ingsnier en Joe de Ingenio= Fay Pde Semis ingen lc usad de Niza York on ‘responsabilidad de comercaliaiy motores. generac ‘es y equipo de contol en fo Estados Unidos destnados para América Latina En 1940 H.W.G.. junto com el Ing. Geoage Vaughn (ox EBASCO) cstabscion una compan par a exports ‘ida de maguinaca e ingenieri. Est compat fe ire igh mais tate por H.W.G. ho, En 19S H.W.G, repress a Mévieo con vary represen laciones eels de abricantes de magna etic Norteamencanay con eto rcstablens ss reptastinen In venta de equipo eletricos © ingeneria hasta 1954 suando ssa sei aetad, H.W.G. fale en 1985, Sus negocios on México comti= nian en manos bess hijos, Mario y Gustavo nstos DEDICATION “This book is dedicated by the Eaton 40 he memory of his father HW. Govt, ponece Sites Engineer in Mec, {Upon graduating with the Charter Night School (Cass peopietof Electrical Eaginceringin (91 At the Carnegie Instute of Technology. Pats. burgh. PA. HLW.G. accepted a postion io Meri as Soles and Enetion Engineer with G.O. Branil € Co.. Westinghouse represent H.W.Gs professional ues in Mei ram 191016 192s cosered sling of motors gene ators to elects dues. ownership of srs ‘leteal commercial houses feof hich a exablahel on ‘Calle Madero #47 in Mesicn Dar contacting of clcttieation of tater: and churches. marketiag an euly (USA electie Automobile aa teaching nigh schoo! electra ‘lasses where today iis he Init Polite ESI rom 1927 19 1939 HAW.G. was Chit Sales [Engineer and VP of Stencns Ine. in New York Gist te esponsbiltyof marketing motors cnetators and soitchasar ithe USA destined for tat Americ. fy 1940 H.W G,,togsthor with Goorge Vaughn [6c EBASCO} established an export machine files and engineering company in) New York “Tis compan te later managed by H.W.G. Tr In 1945 H.W.G. reno to Meise with various ‘Xclusive USA aetory representations of electric Inachinery and success reestablished his ‘epuaation for selng electrical einen and nncering unt 1984 hen his heslt led. HLN.G, disd in. 1958. His business in Mexico continue in hands of is sons Mario 9 Gusto Sind grandsons COMPRA DE MOTORES A menaao existe confunin entre el compraor de moto fey comel fabrcante con repecto a a responsi de le Seteceion 9 foncionamiento de un moter Et compraor debe saher yue fabricate de motores septa tna arden de compra por interprsteion ds specificaciones del molar sie proporenna cl compet tory que las garamiay de! motor, por el pio de io. slo cen fos matsritlesy mana de hraaser He {de defeton ¥ que el antonamisnta del moter ext acuerdo con la pliea monograms. Adem el fabricate emotores na eepts dain consceuentes eo sl cise de {altars estas condone o garam m por loadsa sn propos particular Deb ser bien emendido por el comprador de motores celietricon quveeneresponsabldadsckecionar tama Y'uipa de motor al como lx responsabilidad dl 0 del Efubrieant de motores slo pus suininitrael motor sdeacuerdo'a yom moi ly ampli dos ai ee prador La oni de datos ambien responsabiigad cl comprador Si el comprar deser hacer al fabricunte de motores Faponsable nor lt sclccion del moor. lon terminos > adic hen ser establecidos chun conta pa Spat con el faicane de motores para est sre {de ingens. La prtic ovale ue ef Tabrcante ds} "sivipo impulse clingeniroconsultordsleomprador proves I iformacion parse fabricate de maton PURCHASING OF MOTORS Confusion often exists betwcon the purchaser of ‘motors with the manutacturer ay concerns the ‘Section and fesponsiy of performance The purehaser should kno that she motorman uturerseeepts a parehase onsen hi er pretation of the motor specications provided bythe purchaser and that the mar guaranty for's peri of Tear. cover only the materials ind workimarshipto heres of deletn an motor performances inuccordance with hensmeplate Frrthermors the motor manufacturer dass aot accep! Labity Tor conscytertal damsge im case ‘tare to meet conditions or guarusioy, nor Tor the tno 4 particu prove 1s shouldbe fly wnderstvoby the purchaser of ‘eviricmoton that isbisesponsbiytaseeet ihe sizeand tepeala motor aswel ort rs pity forthe Wee 9 he motor manalictr can only stmply the motor according to ind in measure ith the fn data sao the responsi of Uh purchase Ithe purchaser wishes to make the motor ma Facturerresponsie for a choice of motor the terme andl aditions) pynem shoul be es= Tshed i separate contact wih the motorman hfgeturer fo tis engineering service. Me uaa Practice is fr the driven machine mansloctrer Sethe purchaser’ consatingengincer to prove Information forthe motor manufacturer. INDICE PALABRAS INTRODUCTORIAS. POR EL AUTOR, ACERCA DEL AUTOR PROLOGO: DEDICATORIA COMPRA DE MOTORES capiruro 1 FUNDAMENTOS ¥ FORMULAS 1 Von V 2 Ampere. A 1 Vottermpere, VA Wate, W 5. Resioncis, R & Leyds Ohm 9, Corrente Directs, CD &. Voltijede CD, CD 8. Corriente Alters, CA 1. Volujede CA. Vea 12 Rise F 13. Campo Magneto 1 Inductanci L 1S, Restate inductiva, X, To. Capacitancas C 17 Reuctancin Capacities, X 18 Impedancia, 2 19, Factor de Potencia, EP 2. Part 31, Giallon de Potencin HP 2 Revaluionss por minuto, RPM 3. Flewio de Volante, WK 24. Tiempo de Acceracién.t 25. Funcionss Trigononeiicas 36. Vector 27. Rectilcador BS. Grachos Flenicos 28. Moor 50. Gencrador M. Bricenci 32 Tesla 32, Coulom® 3 erste 35. Weber 36, Gawes 37, Maxwell 3A Gilbert, a0. Kelvin INDEX Pa IyrRODUCTORY WoRDS By THE EDITOR 5 AMOUT THE AUTHOR 7 FOREWORD ° DEDICATION n PURCHASING OF MOTORS. 2 CHAPTER L FUNDAMENTALS AND FORMULAE 1. Volts 3. Volt-Ampere. VA. 5. Resintanee, R & Ohms tw 5) iret Consent. BC §. BC Voluige, BCV 8 Attenating Cuseent, AC AC Vottage, ACV Phase. PHY Magnetic Pict 14 Indra. 15. Induetive Reaetanee. Xe To. Capacitance. C 17 Capaerive Resistance. ¥. 18. Impedance. 2 19. Power Factor. PE 20, Tonge, 1 Homepower, HP Revoltions per minute. RPM Flywheel Elect, WR’ Accskration Tin. Trigonometic Fusetions Rect Bs, Flere Degrees 28. Motor BW. Generator ML Etciney 3. Tole 38 Colom 3 Oented 38, Weber 36 Gases 37, Maxwell 38, Girt, 40. Kehin ‘CAPITULO tL CARACTERISTICAS DEL MOTOR DE INDUCCION I. Accién Generador y Acciin Motor 2 Et campo mugnetico rotator, 3. Parcs de motores de inductin 4 Chasiescion de fos motores de indusion 5. Leta Codigo de NEMA 1 ota 2. Disero de juta (de arditay 8 Los KVA mugnetizntes 9. Motores de dos velacidades 10. Generudor de indceion 1. Motors de rotor devenado CAPITULO IIL CARACTERISTICAS DEL MOTOR SINCRONO. 1. Ace sinerona 2 Relaci de coro circuito (RCC) 3. EL motor sncrono y emo sorrige ef Factor de Poteneis 4. Conan V 5. ares de motores sincronos 6, Preeleoeficente de par de sineronizacion 8. Factor de compresor NEMA MGI-21.88 9. Limitaciones norms NEMA motores sncronos) CAPITULO, EL AISLAMIENTO ¥ LA ELEVACION DE LA TEMPERATURA Generaidades Sistema de aslamiento Eleven de temperatura Vida dst uisamicnto El clecio e i alti y te temperatura CCatentamicnta por pedidas de desirmiento Datos miscclaneos bre el ealentamiento Cargaseelics capiruto y CONSTRUCTORA MECANICA, 1 Tipos 2. Comsirueciones del encierre protector 3. Condiciones smbientales pelgrosis 4 ‘Balunceo dinimice y vbracion Mu u u u 3 u x» a Py a 3 45 as a a 2° 3 55 56 Ey ot st ot 3 Pe 6 & 9 " u n 8 cuarrer 11 INDUCTION MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS. Generator and Motor Action Rotating magnetic field Inadetion motor tories Induction motor clasieation Cade Letter of NEMA, Voltages (Squire Cage design Magnsuzing KVA Two speed marers Induction generator Wound rotor motors (sip sing) CHAPTER tt SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS 1. Spnchronous ation 2 Short circuit ratio (SCR) 3. The synchronous motor and howe Weorrets Power Factor V Cures Synchronous motor tongues Pr synchronizing torque coeicient Compressor factor NEMA MG NEMA lis nd standards {aynchronous motors). to, Excitation systems ae CHAPTER IW INSULATION AND TEMPERATURE RISE. ‘General ulation system Tenperstora rise satan ile Effect of altude and of temperature Slip toss heating Mibcellneous Heating data Cyclic loads CHAPTER V MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION [Types 2 Protective cnelonue construction 3. Harardous ambient conditions 4 Dynami balancing and sibration Page u u a 9 wo & ae a 35 6 ° ss ss 55 56 EN ot ot él 8 & 0 1 B 5 capiruto vi RODAMIENTOS, LUBRICACION YCOPLES, Generaidades Balerosamtfricen Cones de habbit Ea Ibrieacion ‘Cortents por ls fecha cariroto vit APLICACION 1 En general 2 Gaeteristcas de motores 3. Curacterstiee det carn carruto vir EL CONTROL DE MOTORES, General Tipos NEMA Evarrangue manual y aucomitco Méiodos de errangue «pleno voltae VRVA reduction 5. Proteceidn al motor -sobrecoriente 1 bajo vataje 7. Transformadores para instcumentacidn 8. Proteccim conta unto crete CAPITULO IX FACTOR DE POTENCIA ‘General Analogia mecinies Representacignsenoidal Cileutos de Factor de Potencia ‘Aspects econdmisos caprruto x VOLTAJE DE REGENERACION (CONTRA VOLTAIJE DE MOTOR) TABLA: AMPERES A PLENA CARGA DE MOTORES TRIFASICOS FIGURAS LISTA ALFABETICA DE ALGUNOS TERMINOS DE MOTORES ELECTRICOS Pig » 8 2 a ” a 3 a 1B na us Hy 10 ns mB ia Bs 19 i ns ut be v9 CHAPTER VI BEARINGS, LUBRICATION AND. COUPLINGS: ‘General Anttrition Bearings Babbited bears Lobrcation ‘Sha currents Covpiings CHAPTER vi APPLICATION Gener 2 Motor characterises 3. Led characteris CHAPTER vi MOTOR CONTROL 1 Genera 2 NEMA wes 3. Starting. manual and automatic 4. Fullvotiage snd reduced KVA starting methous 5. Motor protection - overcurrent and underaltage 6 mtramentaion Instrument transformers 8. Shor eecut protection CHAPTER 1X POWER FACTOR, General Mechanical analogy Sinusoidal representation Power Factor cslelations Economie spout CHAPTER x. REGENERATIVE VOLTAGE (MOTOR COUNTER VOLTAGE) TABLE OF FULL LOAD AMPERES OF EPHASE MOTORS: FIGURES ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF SOME ELECTRICAL MOTOR TERMS Page » 6 % 80 sh 2 8 sess 43 13 uy us hy 10 i a ir 3 a bs 9 22 bs ro 19 CAPITULO 1 FUNDAMENTOS Y FORMULAS. Un propésto de esta obra es hace lara a teria y api ‘acién de motores industries poifsicos a cuslgvier persona con conocimientos hiscos de Dreparatora. Sin embargo, para entender la forma de fonda de a Corrente Alterna del Factor de Potencia, se Fequiere un eonocimieno elemental de funeiones igo hométicasyseinclue alguna ifermacisn en este Capl- Tulo, En forma aus compreniva se rata sobre el Factor e Poencia en ef Capitulo IX. 1. VOLT, V (Alejandro Volts 1745-1827) Elites a unidad de feraa electromotriz, ola diferen- ia de potenial entre dos puntos. Hace que a eorriente de un ampere Moya através de una impedancia (este tencia en uneireuto de CD) de un ohm. (Esandiogo sla presi en ibras por pulgada cudrad 0 Klos por en {imetro evadrade en un sistema hidrdlic,) Los si bolos Ey V se usan en contexios distintos para indicar Vols, Para ser consistentes usaemos la Teta Ven esta obra 2, AMPERE, A (Andre Marie Ampere 1775-1836) Elamper esa una de fiat ebeeien. (Ee nilogo al fujo en galones 0 ltros por minuto en un is tema hidréuice) Los simbolosy Ase uranencontextos Aistintos para indicar Amperes, Para ser consistentes tsaremos a letra A en esta obra 3. VOLT-AMPERE, VA de os vols mutiplcados por amperes. es para la mayor de os tipos de servicio se rmuestran ela fabla It 4. WATTS, W (James Watt 1736-1819) Un wat es el producto de un voltampere multipieado pore! Factor de Potenca.expresado usualmentecnvalot ‘ecimaly a veees come un porcenae 5, RESISTENCTA, R Resistencia es aquella propiedad de un conductor que se ‘pone al ajo de corrient elétricay neces: Eenere faler. (Esandiogo a ielén en un sistema hide.) Su simboio es Ry se mide en ohms. 6. LEY DE OHM (Georg Simon Ohm 1789-1854) 1a Ley de Ohm es la ley bisien en la eletriedad, Se cexpresa com: CHAPTER | FUNDAMENTALS AND FORMULAE ‘One purpose ofthis work is 10 make the theory and tpplieation of polyphase Indust) motors ‘lar 10 anyone with a basi knowledge of high School physics. However, to understand Alr- nating Current wave form ané Power Factor, an clementary kaowiedge of tgoaametrie Tune: tions necessary snd some information inched din this Chapter, A more comprehensive treat ‘ment on Power Factor ineladed in Chapter IX, 1. VOLTS, V (Alessandro Volta 1745-1827) Avot sth unit of etetromotive force oF poten til lference, berween two points ew cause & furrent of one ampere 9 Now through an impe- ‘ance (resistance ina DC creult) of one oh. lt is analogous to pounds per square inch o Klos et square center presse ina hydraulics} tem.) Symbols E and V are used in differing com texts to indicate Vols. To he consistent the leter Vill be used in this work, 2. AMPERE, A (Andee Mavle Ampere 1775-1836) ‘The ompere ie the uit of low of svi current (Gris analogous to gallos or Titers per minute Flow ins hydric jstem,) Symbols end A are used in difering contexts to indzate Amperes. “To be consistent the letter A will be used inthis ork 3. VOLT-AMPERE, VA, Is the product of volts multiplied by amperes. Values'for most types of service are shown in Table I 4, WATTS, W (James Watt 1736-1819) Avwattisa product ofa valtampere multiplied by Power Factor, expressed usally a8 decimal, and sometimes asa percentage, 5, RESISTANCE, Resistance is that property of conductor which ‘opposes the host of electric curent ang eases heat to be generated, (es analogous to friction ine hydraulic system) lis symbol is Rand iis measured in obs 6. OHMS LAW (Georg Simon Ohm 1789-1854) ‘Ohms Law is the basic latin electricity, I is expressed at) eutcén 1+ Donde A= Amperer Vols Resistencia Tots: Ohm esta unidad de la resistencia elfetrcs, 17. CORRIENTE DIRECTA, CD La corriente directa es una correnteeéctrica que i invionts su ditecion yvene una magnitud que no varia en forma significa. 8. VOLTAJE DE cD, veD Elvoltae de couiemedireetaes tn vokajeque no inverte su deen y tiene una magnitud que no varia en forma Sienifiatva, (Se podria lamar "orrantecontiaus™. CC Ys estetamente certo s0la ene ee Iroperen, ples volticas y dispositivassemejantes). La Salida de un generador de CD de tipo de conmetacor xhibe una lige ondufacin (zo). Lasalida ecticada {de un circuit de CA podria tener sufekent rzo como para ocisionar un calentamiento indebide si se emplea Dera alimentar un motor de CD. El volaje de CD se ‘uesra en igor I+ 9. CORKIENTE ALTERNA, CA La cortente allen invirte su dzescign y magitud a intervals reguaves com une oageitud que varia cont: fnuarentecnvalorydiseeiénen apeoxinacign cera 4 {a forma senoidal.Lacorrientefeztiva como emide por {hn ammpérmetro convencional de CA es 7099 da valor ‘nlximo. (Este cv el valor RMC "Rate Medat Cunard tiga” de une onda seni”) 10, VOLTAJE DE CA, VCA El voltaje de cosremte alterna inviere su dceecién en intervaos regulresen una magnitad sproximadamente cnoidal En la Figura 1-2 se muestra une allemacion ‘comets. Fata representa un cielo de una onda mono fasion de voltae de CA. El volte fective como se mide por un voltinetra convercionaldeCA, yoomoseemplea Exedleulosce potencia, sel 70.77 del valor maim. A tin sie nominamente de 110 alts ene un voltae sini de 11, FRECUENCIA, HZ, CPS (enry Rodolph Heriz 1887-1894) Herts una unided de medida 6 Equation y as Where A= Ampere V= Vols R= Resistance Note: Ohm isthe wnit of electric resistance 1. DIRECT CURRENT, DE Direct curren i an electric current which does not reverse direction and has a magnitude which, docs not vary significantly 8. DE VOLTAGE, Dv Direst current volte is voltage which does ‘ot reverse dirction and has magnitude which oes not vary significantly. (This sretly true ‘only of batteries, theemo-couples,volaie pls $d sila dviees.) The output ofacoromutator {ype DC generator wil havea light ripple. Reet Fed output fram AC sicuit may have sicint pple cause unduc hating kissed power 8'DC moter. DC voltage is shown in Figure nating current reverses dgetion and mag- feat regular intervals having 4 mugnitade ‘which varie continuously in value and diretion ina close approximation of» sinusoidal manner. ‘The elective current ts measared by 8 conven: Tonal AC ammeter ¢ 70.7% of the oan Value (This s the RMS "Root Mean Square” Value ofa sine wave) AC VOLTAGE, ACY [Alternating current voltage reverses direction at regular intervals having mage whieh Is Approximately sinusoidal One complete alee tion shown in Figure [-2, This veprsens one jele of 2 single phase AC voltage wave. The elective voltage as measured by @- conventional AAC voltmeter nd a4 used in power ealulions, {370.95 ofthe maximum value. Thes anomieal Ti) vol reuit has a maximum vollage of 0. o707 56 volts, 11, FREQUENCY, HZ, CPS (Henry Rudolph Hertz 1857-1894) Hertz is unit of La freevenca de un circuit de CA ese nimeradecclos completes en un segundo y e expresad por el stnbolo Hz. La frecuencia comdn en las Americas es de 00 Ha, “Muchos lugares por todo el mundo usan 50 Hz, 12, FASE, F En un circuito de dos fase (Biftsic ilusrado enla Figura 3 la potenia est suministrada sobre dos ezeuitor, 1 voll ‘leanzando todes os valores correspondiente 90° Inds tarde en el segundo cteito, designado como Fase Sita potencia se suminisea sobre tfesciruiton em quelos voltajes alaneen sus valores corespondientes sinter ‘alos de 120", como se musta en la Figura 14 ls iio etic, 13, cawro macnerico. Uncampomagatse cena conic espacioen ccraia isan io deun concer Heasde corer: $e manteandone comune Eat Figure C3) Girepsema un conductor prpendiuarea papa Geeidiscortntemts aides asters Tanta igten rapes ene owes} Sono Ena ia mprecma once mete een eae Carsten ase eae Eee Snap’ sustnd Se ecm de ese Soke tnaneetenadestiuetnsn ss Cae ee Teeter See mage te SETS Soca ee Seid tec eaten st 14. INDUCTANCIA, L (Ioseph Henry 1797-1878) Henry es la unidad de inductances, Iductanca es aquella propiedad de un cicvito por la cual un cambio de coriente, ye cambio en a Tuerra de fampo magréico resultant, induce un valije ue 3 pone a ese cambio, Esta oposiconal cambio equivales inereta magrética, Dado que la magnitud de a corien siempre est cambiando en CA. esta caracteisticn cas feel cambio de coriente siempre se atrase al cambio de Volaje- En un creuito permanente inductivo, sn tes tencia alguna, la coriete se arrastard 90° ders del vollaje como se muestra en la Figura 1-7. La indoctaneia de uncieuitose midecn Henrios Lacorentedeenteada un motor de induceion atasa al voll, Esta puede Tesolvrse en dos eomponentes,elde carga componente Kilo-Watico en face com el votaey el lsmado compo Frequency of an AC circuit is the number of complete eyee ih one econdand exprested by symbol Hz. The most common fesuency inthe America is 60 He. Many places taroughout the world use 50 He 12, PHASE, PH Ina 2phase circuit itustated in Figure 1-3, Power i supplied over two circuits, the voltage Feaching al corresponding values 90° later inthe second circuit, designated as Phase 2, IF the power is provided over tree cruisin ‘which the woltages reach corresponding values at 120° intervals, as shown in Figure I-f, the Serviee is S-phase 13, MAGNETIC FIELD ‘A magnetic fl ea condition in space inthe ‘inty ofa magnetar oa curent carying cone Gluctor manifesting self aa ore. Tn Figure 155 (a) @ represents a conductor perpendiola: tors page earring ertent ava Tom he ob Seever. The esting magnetic Tins of fore re Stocks s shown nF 56) rps suet owing Lon eS cit acs San ae ed talent te fave Sg Mice a mated trio SEORSNG Sate fechas OSreietntCadng it tapenetnne Bem dic efector to hae at 14, INDUCTANCE, L. (Goseph Henry 1797-1878) Henry isthe unit for eletrie inductance Inductance is that property ofa circuit by which change ofcurent and resullingchange of mas reticle strength, induces a voltage opposing that change. Ths oppesion to change amounts to magnetic inortia. Since the magnitade of the ccurtent always changing on AC. this charac {erste causes the curent change co always lag behind the volage change. Im'a pure inductive cult, with no resistance, the surrent would i 50" behind the volage a shown in Figure 1 ‘The inductance ofa cies is measured in Hen ries, The current input toaninduetion motor lags behind the voiage It can be resolved into two ‘components, the foador KW component phase » ente magnetizante arattrando 90° deteis del vole 18, REACTANCIA INDUCTIVA, X,, El efecto de la incuetancia varia con la frecuencia, Bl \érmino *reactanca inductive” se et pore expresar a ‘pesicidn al jo decorvientealterna,Semmideen Ohms Se expresa como, evacion 1.2 X= 2nXHeXL Donde: Xi = Reactancia induetva en Ohms He = Frecuencia en cielos por segundo, inductancia en Henrios, Nota: (Di) r= 3.1416 la relacion de la crcunferenia, de un aireula a su dimetro, 16, CAPACITANCIA, € (Michael Faraday 1791-1867) FARAD ¢s la unidad de capactance elétrica, La capacitanca es Is propiedad de poder absorber una celnga eecrice En uma capacitanea pura. tambien lise trata condensor, fs cambios de corriente adelante 3 Tos cambios cartespondientes de voltaic por 90°. Exo Podra pareer trea, pero putde expiease por eferen- Sina la Figura 18, Supéngase un generador de CA ©) conceado a dos lar fas de cobre C por un inierupiorS. Estas placas estén ‘cparades por una hoja delgada de mica que per conse- ‘eneia forma una eapactancia Sis cereal imteruptor$ cuando elvoliajeestéencero, como indica a Figwra 19,clvoltajesubirsa + V maximo {durante primer cuato-de ciclo 6 90" La corciente de ‘argh, representads. por la lines punteade A, cargard rapedamente las placos y bsjard a cero al quedat lis pitas completamente sargadas 2 90°. Al comenrar a fuer el vitae Vaplicado a 90" ls placa, ya eargadas plero voltae. haran que ls corienteluya dentro del cir~ {uitoy por consiguente srt negativa un cuartode ciclo lines de quel voliajese vuelve negatvo. A vokajecero {longue osuere en 180) In corrione ya tended un valor regativo maximo, [A medida que cl voltsje negative del circuito aumenta tre 150° 9 270° lepars a ser gus a volaje de carga en las pcas 9 la corriene auevamente caer a evo. En 270° lacorriente causada por la earga negative, ui hae el generador siendo en electo una coriens pos= tis hacia Ia eapactaneia como se musta ene 270" y Sea 20 vith the voltege and the so called magnetir~ ‘ng component lagging 90° behind the vouage. 15, INDUCTIVE REACTANCE, X, ‘The elles of inductance varies with the fro quency, The term “inductive reactance"isused 10 Express the opposition to Mow of alternating current. fis measured in Ohms and iis expres edas, Equation 1-2 Xp= 2eXHeXL, Where: X= Inductive reatanee in Ohms. He = Frequency in eles per second. L= Inductance in Herries Note: (Pi) 7=3. 1416; A ratio of the ieumfer= ence ofa rele to its diameter. 16, CAPACITANCE, C (chet Faraia 1791-1867) FARAD ia the unit of electric capacitance. Capacitance is the propery of being able co Shlorbancketricl charge. Inapurecapactance, So eed sondensor. the erent changes Wil ied she soreaponding rola canes by 90 may appear to be unreaiaie but can Beck led by freee to Figure 8 ‘Assume an AC generator©) connected to two copper plates C by a switch S. These pate are Separated by a thin mica sheet which thereby form @ capacitance LEsheswitch $ be closed when voltage isatzr0, as in Figure 19, the voltage wil rise o-+V max imum during the fist quartr yele or 80°. The charging cutent represented By the dosed line ‘Avil quickly charge the plates and will drop to {ero a8 the plats boeome folly charged at 90 Ax the applied voage V sar to drop at 90, the lites, already charped at fll volge, wl cause furtent to Now imo the circuit and will hus be negative one quarter eye before the voltage be- comes negative. At zero ciruit voltage (occuring at TRO") the current wil already be a nepaive [As negutive circuit voltage builds wp between 180° and 20° wil become equal othe charge voltage on the plates and the current wil again drop to 220 [AL 270° the cucent cause by the negtivecharge ‘will ow towards the generator, i effect beinga postive current toward the capacitance as chown between 270° and 360°, En 360° las condisiones senin semejantes alas de 0, salvo que la capactanciaentonocs estar cares y lat condiciones se reper Tal condensador se designa comercialmente como un ipacitor. El componente do corrante adeantad que propoteiona puede usarse para conratrestar un compo fente atrasado den motor de inducciGn yas uetse para ‘mejorar et Factor de Potencia, 17, REACTANCIA CAPACTTIVA, X, Lit oposcidn a flujo de eorriente alterna por una capa ‘Stancia sellamateactanciacapacitiva se designa cone! Simboto X, y se express com Eeuacion 13 —l Tee Reactancia capactva en Ohms. Frecuencia en ccls por segundo, CCapacitania en Farad 18. IMPEDANCIA, Z CCualguierczcuito de CA incluye por lo general alguna combinacion de resistencia, reactanciainductvay oc Sionalmente reactanciseapactiva,todasen serie, Lasdos reactancis se oponen unt a ora estin en euadeatra ‘oma nltonin Em Infra girl psp fen un Greuito de CA, ésta se expresa como; euacién 1-4 z Donde: z VPFRERT Impedancia total en el crcuito en Ohms R= Resinencia en Ohms Xx = Reactanci inductva en Ohms X, = Reactancia capacitva en Ohms. Cuando X.es mayor que Xl corcentearratre (des) elvaltaie. ‘Cuando X- es mayor que Xi a corinte se adelanta a vole El dngulo de aeaso, oe ngule de adeamto, se expe Ecuacion 15 Xex. Tangente & At 360° the conditions will be simile t0 08 ‘except thatthe capaciance will hen be charged, and conditions sil repeat ‘Such acondensors designated commercially sa capacitor. Te leading current corsponent it pro ‘Vides may be use o offset a lagging component Som an induetion motor and ths wed to I= prove Power Factor, 17, CAPACITIVE REACTANCE, X, ‘The oppesition to alternating curent ow by a capactance is ealed eapactne reactance and Aesigated by the symbol X, and isexpresed a; Equation 13 xe el TeX Where: X.= Capacitive reactance io Ohm. Hz = Frequency in eyes per second, (© = Capacianoe in Farad. 18, IMPEDANCE, Z ‘Any AC circuit wll usually incade some combi- fition of resistance, inductive renctanee and ccasionally capacitive reactance, all in series ‘The two reaetances oppose eachother end are Atadeature with vossinee Ip the gener fy ‘la for impedance in an AC ctcut, this i ex- pressed a5 Equation 1-4 RTKRT Z= Total impedance in cireuit in ons, Where: = Resistance in Ohms X= Inductive eactance in Obs X,= Capacitive restance in Ohms When Xcexeeeds Xe the current wil lg (behind) the valege When Xe exceeds Xx the eurent will lead the voltage Treangl of ag, orthe ange ofiead, isexpressed Equation 1-5 Tangente & 2 Donde: #= Angulo de atraso o éngulo de adelante (pn. X<= Reactancia indctiva en Ohms, Si no estin pretents ni inductancia ni capacitencis como sucede en algunas cargas resistivas, [a corieme Estar en fase com el vole. 19, FACTOR DE POTENCIA, FP En los citculos de CD Ia potescia es el producto de los ‘volts miliplicados por lo amperes, expresada como, Eevaciin 1-6 amperes Pero, en creutos de CA. en la mayoria dels cargas de Ta corientey ei volajenoestardn en fase ys Products (VA) representars poteneia sparente. Fst potencia aparerte deberd entonces, ser mulplicads por tin factor, dependiendo de la diferencia de Tase. pura ‘determina fa potencia fal, Este factor se conc como actor de Potencia- E> igual sumercamente al coset del dngulo de atraseo Angulo de sdelant, dela coriente ‘on respctoal volte. Esto se expres tsualmentecome Valor decimal. or ejemplo, si tenemos $71 en KVAy los KW son 468. cen un cruito, el Facto de Potercia sed 68 = 5710.82, ‘veces dicho como 82%, Esta eondiciony asuntos re ‘ionados con su corrlacgn son watados en detulleen el Where: 6 = Angle of lg or angle of lead oho. Inductive reactance in Ohms. 'apacitve reactance in Obras. R= Resistance in Ohms neither inductance nor capacitance be presen, loads, the curtent wl be In ‘hase with the Voltage 19, POWER FACTOR, PF In DC cirvits the power i che product of the ‘vols times the amperes, express as: Equation 1-6 xa, Where: W= Wats Power Vol aAmperes However. in AC circuits, with most power loads, ‘he current and che yoke will not bein phase nd thelr produet(V ¢ Saga en Watt Salat perce 32, TESLA (Nikola Tesla 1856-1943) (lnventor del motor jaula de aria inducion), Unidad de Poiarieaciin Magnetic 33. COULOME (Charles Coulomb 1736-1806) Unidad de Carga Elctrica Coulombs = amperes segundos, 34, OFRSTED (Hand C. ersted 1777-1851) Unidad de Intensidad de Campo Magnético (CS) 35, WEBER (William E, Weber 18 Unidad de Fajo Magnétio, 891) 36. GAUSS (Kael F. Gauss 1777-1885) Unidad de ia Densidad de Flujo Magnético (COS) 37. MAXWELL (James C, Maxwell 1831-1879) Unidad de Flujo Magnético (CGS) 38, GILBERT (William Gihert 1544-1603) Unidad de Fuerza Magnetomotis (COS) 38, JOULE (James P, Joule 1818-189) ‘Ley de Joule; larelacién etre Calor, Votajey Tiempoen un Circuito Ekstreo (COS) 40. KELVIN (William Thompson 1824-1907) Unidad de Temperatura Termodinémica Nota: Para mayor informacisn scores de ot etindares NEMA para motores y_generadores (refiiéndose 2 MG-1), gue pueden obtenerse dle National Electrical Manufacturers Assn. 2101 L Stet N.W. Washington. Dic. 20037, Sinema Ceninete-Gramo Spin, 0 Mathematicaly, this may be expressed as Equation 1-14 Motor Efficiency _ 100%ourputin Wauts (Percent) Trapt ia Waits ‘oF (conventional) Equation 115 Motor Etficieney (Percent) 100> ita del rela, con «rotor Restacionario. las lneas de fuera magntins conta a aves de as barra represen- adie por elfeuos. El efecto es el mismo que sel rotor fiaca en contra dela direclGn de as mancellas dre Refiriendono si ela de ln mane derecha en a Figura 2a coriete fui desde elector en las ees DAES CHAPTER I INDUCTION MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS |, GENERATOR AND MOTOR ACTION ‘A conductor moved aright angles toa magnetic Feld will avea voltage geverated init. Holding the thumb, frelinger and middle finger of the Fight hand at eight angles te each thee as shown inpFiguee 21: ifthe forefinger points in the diree- tion of he magnetic lines ef force and the thumb inthe direction of motion, the voltage generated tl ease the corent to fow in the difetion of ‘motion pointed by the middle finger, if there bea ‘hosed eeu 1k makes no difference whether the conduc ‘moves through a stationary Tel asin conve tional DC generator. or the magnetic ines of force sweep through stationary conductor. 20 ' conventional rating Hild AC generator Its the relative motion tht count Ie the currem be passed trough aconductorin a magnet field. free will be developed which nds to move the conductor at igh anges {hough the magnetic Tied Holding he thumb. forefinger and mile finger tthe it band a ght ange each other as Shown n Figure 22:the fortngcr pats inthe Aivection of the ines of foes and the mile finger inthe direction of current fw. he thumb ‘vl point inthe Girecion ofthe resultant force on ‘Aa indvction motor combines both generator and motor action as shown in Figure 2:3 2, ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD (PHASE ROTATION) ‘Assume an annular iron ring core Cas shown in Figure 23 with two permanent magnets PM of ‘the polarity shown inserted init. Then magnetic Tins of free, shown by darhed ines, wil low up through the rotor R-nhih has eght round squi~ Fel cage bars equispacea around the periphery tnd conneced tend Fins. The core Cree 10 fotate and is drives ina clockwise direction byan ‘xternal forse bars represented by eices. The effec as if the rotor Lured counterclockwise Refer fing othe" Right Hand Rule™in Figure 2, the arte wil flow from the observer inthe upper Three hars and toward the observer inthe Lower a superiores y hci elector en ls tres Barras inferiores, ‘Ahora rfrigndonosa ls regla de a mano inquetda en a Figura 22, habra una ferra deserollada en evs betas ‘ocasionando que el ator give en la cireciOn dels mane fills de elo, Este es entonces un campo magnético rotator accio nado mecénicamente giranda en fs direceion de las mac Gel relojy eausando que un rotor de joule de bajo st influencia gre también en ex8 misma Sirecsin * Llumado “Jaula de adil” porque la configuracisn de lus barr del rotor y Tes ans lateral en comjunt, Forman una jaulaeilinsiea de manera similar a a jaula deus Se puede desarrolar un campo magnético rotatoria sesionado eleticamente como se muestra cola Figura Evi ‘Ena fccerge epi | ae iS SMO nde emacs inc eae et ee S3RG Sta staate pipers Devcoae A.® (71 340") le corsemte ena fise L-y porto tanto ls bbobinas A y A‘ son maxim posite as ques campo ‘agnéic. representad porlalecha gree, esun mai moen la poscion vertical. Las corrientes.en as ses 2y 3 Son i mitad del maximo negative st gue los campos ‘magnetios dsarrellados por las bobinas By CC so, lumbien la mitad de intensidad, con diferencia de pox idm angular de os eampos principales, Cada campo tiene un componente en faxecon el enmpo principal yn ‘componente de cuadratura anges ‘ects. Los compo ‘pelts a euadrators se canclan los componentey ey {ase akan a fa fuerza dl campo princi ‘A 60° bs cortiente fase 2. y en las bobinss BLBY es ‘dima negative. La corsienteen i fase ha verti su Gireccion a igual que en Lis bobinas C.C-y es ehora ‘tad del maximo pasiivo como lo ela cornente en It fase I yen bobines A.A" Eleampomagndtice ha ges. do 60" coma es mostra en la Figure 2-4 (b), 18 120° Ia corsinte en fase 3y bobinas C.C es maxima positha y la fuerza del compo magnetice,ropresentads Porla echa grace, ext a 1A) endirecsin els mane: 2 ‘hee bas Now refecing tothe "Left Hand Rein Figure 2-2. there wll be a force developed in those bars ‘causing the rotor to tur clockwise ‘This is then a mechanically actuated rotating magnetic eld turning clockwise and causing @ Saquirel cages cotor within its influense to also {ur in that same rection, ‘Called “squirrel cage” because the configuct tion of the rotor bars and end rings, together, form a cylindrical cage ia a manner similar 0 8 sure age ‘An electrically actuated rotating magnetic field ‘may be developed as shown in Figure 2-4 “Thecurrent values ina 3-phasecitcut reach their corresponding values i 120° intervals as dincuss- fd in Chapter 1. This is also illstaved in Figure 2st whee the phase rotation in I-32. Duet the ‘oll spacing and tothe manner in whic the coils are connected. a Ssphase machine actualy pe {es a5 4 6 phase machine with phase belts of (60°. In.a 2 pole machine, the electrical and me~ ‘hanical angular measure ietial so 2 pole ‘motor would have coll groups represented BY A. BUCA B. Creech mousted in an nun vrei effec thisis'a pole phase stator with lt per pole per phase, An actual motor bas several slots er poe. per phase, to provide a uniorm dst bution anda uniformly smooth phase rotation. ‘At 0" and 360°) she urrent in phase |e thee ForecoilsA and A” i atin positive sotheiy apneic field, represemtee by the hey arrow Ika maximum in the vertical position, The cars rents in phase 2 and 3 are one-hll masini hegative So. magnetic elds develoned by cals BBB" und C.Care aso hall srongthy difering in angular position Irom the main il. Each ld has component in phase win the main eld nd 4 yuudratue component at right angles, The quadrature components cancel out and the it ‘hase components ad tothe main eld strength, ‘As 60" the curtent in phase 2 and in coils BBY is ‘maximum negative. The cuetent in phase} has reversed dietion, as also in coils CC, and is ‘ow one-half maximum positive ays the current inphase | andais A.A" The magne eld has Totated 6 as shown in Figure 24 (6), ‘AL 10° the curren in phase 3 and coils CC is ‘maximum’ postive ‘and. the ‘magnetic fed Strength as represented by the Nea arrow, is cillas del rel) del vertical. La corviente em ta fase inveriga direcoidn yes mitad del maximo neg como foes tambien ls eortente en la fase 2 Esta rotacign del campo magnético eausar que cule aquier rotor, bajo si ifuenein, gre on Este 3. PARES DE MOTORES DE INDUCCION A) Pata plena carga, NEMA MGI-I.46, El para plena carga de un motor eel par nessaie para progucle, ‘St eapacidad (HP) nominal ala velocidad de plena faces Bn Horas al ragio den piever gual ioseaba Tes de potenei (HP) multipliada por $250 dividida por is Velocidad a plena carga 1) Par & rotor blogueado (Par de arronque) NEMA MGI-LA7- El par a rotor blagueado de un motores lpar eninimo que dsarollrd en repos para toda pebicgn angular el rotor (©) Par de Jl6n (Par de Accleracién) NEMA MGI-LA8 Fparde ila de un motor de corviente alterna ese par inimo desarollado por et motor durante el Petfoda de aclracion desde repose hasta e punto Secoiso, Pura motores que o tienen un par define de colapeo, ep de alin ese parminim desarrolad hasta in velocidad nominal ) Par de Colapso NEMA MGi-I 49, Flpardecolapso ese maximo que un motor desarolia sin una cada Sbrupta en velbexlade a menudose ie refere come el par de desenganche en motores sinero1os. “Todos los paves anteriores suponen volte ythecuencia sominals. 4. CLASIFICACION DE LOS MOTORES DE INDUCCION Los motaes de indovibn est clasificados por die y spiezcn. ‘A Un motor de CA. para sos generates NEMA MGI-105 es an motor de induccion con eapaciad ominal de 200 HP o menos el eal incorpora 10 Siauente I.E de tipo abiert, 2.Su capacidad nominal es continu. 3. Tiene su Factor de Servicio de acverga con NEMA MGI-1247 (1.15 para arsiba ée | HP), 4.Tione un sistema de aistimientos co eapacidad ‘Chie con una ckvacin de emperatrasepin se texpecfiea en NEMA MGI-I2.42 para ls motores Ge" potenci negra (véase Capitulo [V para NEMA MGI-I240). 120° clockwise from the vetial. The cree in phase (has reverse direction and is one-half Inaimum negative, as is also the eureent it phase 2. “This rotation ofthe magnetic field would ease {ny eotor within ts inflzenc to turn wih 3. INDUCTION MOTOR TORQUES AA) Full Load Torque, NEMA MGI-L46. The full load torque of a motor isthe torque necessary to produce ls rated horsepower at Tut toa speed In pounds atone Foard, itisequalto the horsepower times 5250 divi ced bythe full load speed. B) Locked Rotor Torque (Starting. torque) NEMA MGI-L47. The locker rotor torque ‘of 2 motor i the inimum torque which it will develop attest frallangularpositionso¢ the rotor © Pall Up Torque (Accelerating torque) NEMA MGI-148, The pull up torque ofan alerting current motor isthe vinimum, Tongue developed by the mator during the period of aceerating Irom fst 0 the point It which Breaatown occurs For motors which do not have a definite breakdown torque the pul up torgueis the tinimim torque developed’ up 0 rated Speed Breakdown Torque NEMA MGI-L4. The teakdown torque ofa motor sa maximum ‘whieh it wil develop wichout an abrupt drop In sped: often relereed to as the pull vt forge i ayneironaus Motors D) All ofthe above torques presuppose rated volte ‘age and frequency 4. INDUCTION MOTOR CLASSIFICATION Induction motors are classified by design and pplication, |A) A general purpose AC moor NEMA MGI-L0S ie an induction “motor rated 200 HIP or les, whieh incorporates the ol owing 1. Is of open constuction 2s continuously rated 5 Has a Service Factor in accordance with NEMA M1247 (115 forabove | HP) 4. Hag Clase B ated insulation system with {temperature ie te specified fn NEMA, MGI-12.42 for inegral horsepower me- tors (se Chapter IV for NEMA MGl- 1a) a3 4.1. Hloy en dia el mor” motor es aque! que se tai const alain Cle F Eis noma = 5.Fs diseBado en capacidades estindar con caracte Titieasestindar de opeaciony constrecién me- inn para uso bajo condiiones de servieio WU tes sin resiisiOn-8 un plieeién pateuar 0 Tipo de apleacon B) Motorde Propésito Definido NEMA MGI-L08, Un ator de propdsito delinigo es cualquier motor dive. lado en eapacidades estinda, con earacteristions tstindar de operaciin yennstrceidn meciaica para ser asade bajo condiciones de servicio no uses, ©'para use en un tipo de apicaign en partculer ©) Motors Poifsicos NEMA MGI-1.16, Los motores politsicos de cornente alterna son de tipo de aula {Se ail, o de rotor devanad 0 tio sncrono, Lot motores de jaa de ails pueden ser lo siguientes \queado que excede 14.5 amperes) HP a 230 Vals Este disco es poco comin. 2.Diseo B. Par normal, bijon KVA de arrange Estecsel dicho comin para motores de wo ene rales y parla mayorla de las apieusiones. 3. DiseRo C. Alto par. bajos KWA dearrangue. Este dlisefio es el comunmenteusado donde el par de rranque yaceeracgn de ciseNg Bes inadeousd insulciente 4:Disefo D. Alto desizamieno, alto per. byjos KVA de arranque. Usualmente este motor tiene esizamiento de 10% a 12% a plena carga par provechar el efxto de Volante en eagasintermi= feates a pic, donde se requieren pares de tan ‘ques mis altos pare periedos dearvangue continu, sudo son constrei- ye con jaula de Los motares de dssfo Da 08 con doble jaula de adi Aandi de ata vestencs, D) Los pares 2 rotor blogueado de Diseno A y B paca ‘motores de una velocidad, polifisices. son Segdn la Tab 2 4.1. Today, the “eter” motor is one whic is manufactred with Clase F Insulation system o operate ata rated (Cass B temperature rise 51s designed in standard ratings with stand dard operating characteristics and mecha- ical eoastrution for use under esa set ice conetions without resection 10 3 pasicelar application or type of applic BB) Definite Purpose Motor NEMA MGI-L08. Acdelinite purpose motor is any motor de. Signed instandara ratings with standard ope Faling characteristics or mechanical cons ttuetion Tor use under service conditions, ‘ther than ual or for use on a particular ‘ype of application, ) Polyphase Motors NEMA MGI-LI6. Al ‘ating eurrent polyphase motors are of the Scuirel cage. or wound rotor. oF synchco= ‘ows type. Suirrel cage meters may be one oF the following |. Design A. Normal true with « toed ‘current roigrimexcessof 14.3 amperes] HP U3) Volts. This design i quite une 2.Design 3. Normal torque, low staring KVA. This i the common design for ge- real purpose motors and for most app 3. Design C. High torque, low starting KYA ‘This design i commonly used where De- sign B starting and accelerating torque in Inadequate or insufficient, Design D. High sip. high torque starting KWA. Thismotor usally Bae load slip of 10% 10 12% to rake advantage of lye effet on itermittent peak duty Toads and where higher staring torques are necesary for contiaueus. staring peviods Design D motors are often constructed with double squire! cage and/or with a high resistance squieel cage D) Locked Rotor Torus of Design A and B, Single speed, polyphase motors: are 88 per Table 241 ‘TABLA 241 TABLE Velocidad Sincrona___RPM Synchronous Speed Pr sone | 3000 | 1500 | 1000 | 750 Ta Tso BS Ho 278 Bs Ho iis | 250 10. Ho im | 25 ho 1 | ais no 150] as 110 no] 175 110 ns | 6s no Bo] 160 ro | 150 fata Bo) 150 “uo Bo | 150 Ho ras) 0 Ho 120 | ao ho 20 | 140 ho wos | 140 Ho wos | as] 1s 10 too |. tos no too] no 1” 30 oo] 100, "0, 7 [| g0"'| 100 | 70, }¥0,.,| 100; ; F 7°! | a0!) 100 B mo} 70<| 80. wos | 0 E) Los Pares a Rotor Blogueado de motores de disefia_E), Locked Rotor Torques of Design C moton. Crson seein la Tabla 22 A. © are as per Table 22 A. TABLA 22 TABLE HP 1800 RPM 1200 RPM | 900 RPM 3 = 250% 225% —s 250% 250% 225% is 250% 25% 200% 0 250% 225% 200%, Is 225% 220% 200% 20200 200% 200% 200% FF) los pares a rotor blogueado de motores de Diseho. F) Locker rotor torques af Design D motors, Dyson sega la Tabla 2-2 B. areas per Table 22 B. 35 TABLA 228 TABLE uP. 1800 RPM 1200 RPM 900 RPM 3180 23% 25% 275% 1s valores anteriores representa e limite superior de gama deaplicssion de os mol de Diseto Cy . Cuando st requioren las caracteristicas de Diseho CoD encapacidades en que noes pretice su fabri ‘icidn como motores de jauls de ards, donde las limitaiones de coriente de arrangue no permiten st to, sert neresario waar motores de Rotor Devanado {anillos rors) ‘The above values represent the upper limit tinge of appiation of Design Brand Crme- tors When Design Cor D characteris are ‘quired in ratings which are ns pratcble to bud as squire cage motor or where Stating current limitations donot permit ther ue wil be nezeury to ase Wound Rotor motors. cp ig) G) Elpardecolapsode los Motoresde DiseRo Ay Bno G) Breakdown Torque of Design A and B serin menor los valores indiadoren a Tabla 23. motors will not be ks than values 86 por Table 23. TABLA 2-3 TABLE Velocided Sincrona___-RPM Synchronous Speed eorcex | 3600 | 1000 | 1200 | 90 | 720 | oo | a1 He Sone | 3000 | 1500 | 1000 | 750 2 - | 25 | 20 | 20 | 200 “ a9 | 20 | 300 | 200 | 30 1 soo | 265 | 215 | 20 | 200 | 200 he 36) 20 | 250 | 210 | 300 | 200 | 200 2 wo | 20 | 20 | 210 | 20 | 20 | 20 3 20 | 30 | 20 | xs | 20 | 200 | 200 5 ais | ms | 21s | aos | 200 | 200 | 300 ay zoo | 21s | 205 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 10125 inclusive 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 20 | 2 | 20 150 x0 | 200 | 200 | 20 | 200 | 20 200 xo | 200 | 200 | 200 | 20 20 ms | ts | is | its 00-350 ms | ons | ons 1300-300 inctsive rs | us 1H La Tabla 2-4 present x6 Feteridon a inveock ual los motores de jaula de Sin dao los valores de WK’ dea carga id de a eck del motor. fs Hy Table 2-4 liss loud WK values as retered to motor shaft speed which polyphase squir= fel"eage moton can aeselerate without Injury NEMA MGI-12.50 TABLA 24 TABLE ‘Carga WK? (Exelusivo del WK" del Moton), Lb-Pes HP VELOCIDAD — SPEED eco | 1900 | 1200 | 900 | 720 | oo | si 7 se [8 aps | @ | us lip gs | ss | 7 | ao | ve 2 1 0 | 2 | ae | 28 3 7 4 sr} ow | oan | 3s 3 2 n | ua | 2a | ars | Sea 712 xs wor | aos | G56 | 351 | 8 10 1 tr | as | ast | 723 | es 15 8 aon | 400 | 63 | sos) | ise 2 9 a2 | 2s | ws | ae | 208 2 12 sae | oa? | ios | mie | 291 % aa 3 709 | i316 | 200 | 280 0 189 303 | 07 dem | Gast 30 282 go | ia | aia | 3302 | arse o 215 ms | 147s | asta | 3819 | soto 13 335 soa | isa | aint | agai | 7010 100 as | ater | 2372 | aoro | 6320 | 9180 15 ma) 52 | tase | 219 | Soo | 7790 | 11310 130, a | 6 | iia | 34s | sao | 230 200 m2 | ss | ze | 3508 | 7150 250 210 mas | 5500 300 6 3239 350 231 373 a0 ais 430 30, 500 x A [Loud WK? (Exclusive of Motor WK), Lint Las sieientes coidiciones gobirnan 1. Voltsey frecuencia nomineles son aplicados. 2 El par de ln carga conectda no exceéa de 100% felocidad nominal y vasiango con el cuadeade de ln velocidad ese punt, 4. No hab: mis de dos arranques sucesivos con ‘hotor inicsimente a temperatura ambiente, un irangue con el motor temperatura de operacion nominal Sila velocidad de! motor y ia vlosidad de la ears Son ifeeatee debiga a engraes o caja de engranes intermedi, et WK" efctivo referent ala velocidad ela ee del motor se determina por a sguiente ewacidn 21 WR? Elective = WK? de acarsa x ‘The following conditions govern |. Rated voltage and frequency ate applic 2.The connected load torque is not over 100% at Tated speed and varying as the speed square to that point. 2. There wll nt be over two suecesive starts swith motor taal ak ambien tempers ure, or ome start with motor a fated ‘operating temperature Ir the motor speed ad toad speed dfer due tolinfervening gears or pear box theefiective WK ae roferred tothe motor shaft speed determined by the following Equation 2-4 Etfstive W1 Velocidad de scars. Load 5 Velocidad det motor Novo ped 1) Mécuinas grandes, Motores de Induscién NEMA. 1). Large machines, Induction motors NEMA MGi-0.10. Las potencas (HP) nominal para | MEIN 10" Horsepower ratings Tor Taree Imiquina. grande incuyen las indeagas ef machine ocd the folowing. as For Tavle as & Tables A (CRENA MGran10 AA 3a Tame SSS 109 HP “00 BP 1000 HP 3o00 HP t3s 2 120 3500 130 $00 ‘so 000 200 oo v0 000 28 soo ao 53300 oo ato 20 doa 399 se 2500 ‘ooo Yast hasta 100.000 HP (no presentados en is tbla and on upto 100.000 HP (not ltd he), Serio tos pares de fos motores anteriores no daten ser The torque ofthe above moors stl not be inferors tor sefiados en Tala 23 B Ins thon Table 33 8 TABLA 258 TABLE PAR _ (fi) PORCENTAJE DE PAR NOMINAL A PLENA CARGA TORQUE 'A Rotor Blogueado @ Locked Rovor (pur de arrangue) (string) Bejan co Pall up (aecleracisn) (accelerating) De calapso ns Breakdown (pur de desengancte) (pull ow) PERCENT (9) OF RATED FL. TORQUE ‘demise par dsarroliado a cualquier velocidad, baste aquellyen fx que ocuree el eolapso, ser evando renos 13 veces el par obtenido de una curva que ‘aria como el euadrado def velocidad y que esigtal 1 100 la velocidad nominal Esto se muestra en fa Figura 25 J) WK? de Carga Nominal, ELK" de carga normal con las miamas resrcciones que Se indican en la Tabla Pero aplicidas a magus grandes. ser como seinen 06 la Tabla 2-6 ‘5, LETRA CODIGO DE NEMA (Entrade do Corrente @ Rotor Blogueado) “Toda placa mondgrama para motores de CA mayores a TH. except los motores de rotor devanado (anos ropanies),debenlevar uraletradecddige que muestra la thdxima KVA/HP rotor blogueado yconvaloressegin Ia Tabla 2-7 (para 3 fase. Se pueden converic KVA/HP a amperes mediante la frmuia generals KVAx 1000 TTB XValts A ‘Spe APH i os WE cue of Mer WL In addition, the developed toryue at any speed upto that at whieh breakdown ooeurs. Shall beat least 1-3 mes the torque obtained fromm curve thai varies an the square of the speed and 1S equal to 100% at rated speed This is shown in Figure 25. 43) Normal Load WK®. The Normal Lead WK° sith the same restitions as thos indicated “Table 2-4, but applying to large machines, wl be as per Table 26, 5, CODE LETTER OF NEMA (Inrush Locked Rotor Carrent) All AC polyphase motor nameplates for motors larger than | HP, excep svound rotor (stip ing) ‘motors, mut chrty a"ode etter"showing may ‘mum locked rotor KVA/HP and with values 2s per Table 2-7 (for 3 phase) KVA/HP can be converted to emperes by the ‘eneral formula KVA% 1000 Amps = T a5 Vols » KVA = Volts Ampsx V/3 (3 fases) La entrada de coriente es importante pore infuye la caida de volaje de linea al atancar un motor. Generale ‘Mente In entrads de corriente maxim a) arrancar esta Establecida por e eddigo local eletriceo lz Compas de Lur. Una corrente drisica de entrada podria ule mente afectar los aparatosasocados, de tal manera que Podris eispararcomtctoresy para otros motores debiso 2 bajo voltae KVA= Vols Amps ¥ V/3.(3 phase) ‘Curren inrush is important in that it intuenoes line vltage drop when tartinga motor. General ly the maximum ierush of erent on starting sablished by a fea electrical code or the power company. A drasic current ineush may also alle assoeated apparatus due to contactor {ripping and Stopping other emotos due to low Voltage TABLA 27 TABLE LETRA NEMA DESIGNADA SKVA/HP, AMPS A220 VOLTS _| AMPS A 440 VOLTS a o> uu Do - 828 ao - 4 B BIS = 58 B26 - 939 a > te c 333-398 531 - 1047 Sos - San D 400 = Lao oa = 1178 Sat - 589 E 450 = 499 ian = 1309 590 = om FE 300 = 339 12 = ta67 636 = Ths G S60 — 639 16@ — 16380 3s - 2s 4 630-709 16s 1860 826 = 930 i Tio = 798 1863 ~ 2096 531 oa8 K 800 - 399 wo - 2339 was = 1159 L 900 — 999 2xel 2621 180 = 140 M 000 = 11.19 2424 — 2936 BR = tee N 1220 = 1249 239 - 327 26 = 1638 e 1230 5 19s Sean 23671 Toso = 1833 R Wea = 1599 Bene = 4196 i837 = 2038 s 600 = 1799 alos = 721 299 = De T 800 = 18.99 ar23 = 5246 2361 = 2623 u 2.00 = 2239 Shak — 5875 3624 — 3937 v 2240 — y mis 58.78 ~ y mis 2939 = y mis find up ands and up LETTER NEMA Pa KVA/HP | AMPS AT 220 VOLTS |AMPS AT 440 VOLTS ‘SKVA/HP con rotor bloqueado a pleno voltae, ‘Locked rotor KVAY HP at Tull voltage Ejemplo para la lta A en la Tabla 27; Ww vA 1000 VK20 6. VOLTAJES Las voltaies NEMA normals para motores polifctticos deCoreiente Altea, 60 Hy sein: 118.220, 220. $60.575, 40 Example far leer A of Table 2.7: 1.73205) Sie a4 6. VOLTAGES Alternating Current, 60 Hz, polyphase motor standard NEMA voliages shal be: 15,200,290, 2300 400,460, 55009 1.200. Laci de 115s Seuapiicn solamente motores con potenes nominal de IS HP o menores . Hay ciertostamaos de motores abajo de fos cules noes practice fabricar in motora un voltaje dado, aebidoa la Fimitacién de espacio que prohibe sufciente material alate 7, DISERO DE JAULA (DE ARDILLA) El par miximo desarollado por un moto es funcion de su renctaneia. La velocidad ‘Sseneia del rotor. E pur de arrangue. a forma de a Curva de par ye desizamiento.aplena care, son Lodas funciones cel eisefo del rotor aula de adil. El paresta al miximo cuando la eistenca la eactancia inguctiva fon iguales En reposo, a Treeuenca de deslzamiemo es de 60 Hy tx reatancia inductiva es un maximo. Para Sgualar esto y'desarrollar un par de arrangue alto, s¢ ‘Feguiee eatonces una jaula de rotor de alta resistencia, Para lograr una elevada eicienea de operacion, un des- Tiramiento plena carga de 205 a 5% es deseable. Esto Signiica una fccuensia de deshamionto de 1283 Hay {Uks covrespondienterenetencia indwetien baja: Para ae lorar un par elomado ym baja desizamicnto de velo- ‘id &plena caren presenta una jaula devotor de bj Diterentes medios se wtitzan para obtener una alta resis tenia elective al arrange yuna baja resistencia ala velo= ‘dud nominsl, Dketosipices del rotor jaula de aril, Semacsian en le Figura 26 ‘Una bara de cabreredonda en el rotor poco profunda, Figura 2-6 (a) on barra cuadrada (b) dard como resul tado una considerable alla comiente de arcangue. un bastante bajo par de arranque,y bajo deslzamiento & pena carga Una barra en el rtor y profanda reetangular (9) prom porcionasicaraterisiens de pas. KVA ce arranque y eslnamientoa pena carga, eorespoadicntes aun Dis flo B normal, La alta reaetanee induetiva aun alto des- Tnamento (cerca el punto de reposo) forza lacotriente dentro dela socei6 superior de la barra causando una tka resistencia efeciva’ A velocidad normal de oper ‘iin y aj freevenein de desizamient la reactane Tnductiva e baja permitiengo que in barra entera eve la corriene “Tanto ls barra T invertida (4) como la barra traperoidt {0 accion efecto de lta retctancia induetva 8 Us Sito deizamento por presenar bina dren de paca ta- 460, $75, 2300, 4000, 4600, 6600 and 13.20 volts ‘The 118 voit figuee applies only to motors rated 1S HP or smaller, ‘There are certsin motor sizes below which i is impracticable to build a motor ata given vltage because of space limitation probing sulicien: insulation material 7. (SQUIRREL) CAGE DESIGN The maximum torque developed by a motor isa function of is reactance The speed at which ‘matimmum torque willbe developed then largely 4 matter of the rotor resistance. The staring Toru, shape ofthe torque. curve und sip at fll load. ace all netins ofthe squire cage rotor CHAPTER III SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS 1, SYNCHRONOUS ACTION Synchconous means “a the same time” or “in tine with" Synchronous motors in time with the power supply. ‘The speed is proportional rothefrequencyand inversly proportional the humber of poles as expresied i the, Equation 110 xen RPM = Xora poles Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. This sta rent expreses the asie principle inthe operae tion of industeial synchronous motors, AS (Chapter Ilassume an annvlaecore Casshownin Figure 31, capable of being driven ina clockwise direction and having (Wo permanent magnels (PM) of the polarity and configuration shown, mounted diametrically opposite. At the center anton core (ot fee 10 {bout sane with to sts cut iaeetnealy Spposie sx shown in Figue Bh ‘Avinding spaced in these slots through which divest cute ows. Th current Now om the Shsenerinthenght and conductors) and fowards the obser i the ket hand Zondue~ fon). The rotor ther becomes a magnet of the ary shows and ieare"C*be ture na Soci tteton the motor wa ern wth nd continue magnets "instep" TS in tic, a two pole synehronous Motor [Now asume that a load is applied to the shalt of the roter. Ag shown in Figure 3-2 it wil then fssume a new poston In the magnetic fed ‘of "C™ lagging Behind in the direction of roia- Mion, The magnetic lines of force will setch as ‘Shown (einlar to rubber bands). the load be continually inerease, at some point the angle of Tg wil sfetch tothe poine where the magnetic fttraction will be overcome. ‘The rotor would then “drop out of step" and sill 1 the mechanically actuated rotating magnetic Field now be replaced by an AC polyphase eld, fs was shown in Figute 2-4 the devie wil then become, in ac, 8 polyphase synchronous motor. ‘Actually, the rotor would line up a8 shown in ‘igure 21 without DC excitation being applied ‘Avmagnetic Held tends to assume a postion of “s ‘ania magnétca minima” La reluetancia es une medida ‘elt oposiicn presentada por una substanci al estable- imiento de un campo magnético, La reluctancia tage nétiea del aire y de la mayors de las substoncaa, €s vnidad Einverso dea celuctanca esa permanenca,y ésta, por supuesto, tambien es unidad para aire para la mayorta els substancas. La permeancia del acero lamirad, como llizadoenlosnicleos de los motores. es medida fenls miles comparado lars. La reloctaneacorespon- lente es tambien baja La permeancia es una funcibn de la camnteistice det I principio del par de reluctance wtiiado veal mente en toes les rele de CA. Motores de tempo y ‘tos motores siaeranos de mey bor abalos de pote a treesentomente lo aprovestan Stan moto dala Searels ienee nimero aformaadecsada derairas xls cortado en el cuerpo cel rotor. djendoitatoe restodelajaus de ardilsaclererardpdamentey se una ear de 05 a OE des Eidad nominal contnusré oprando como vn motor Sinerono no exckado. Dependiendo de tt esc del aco de polo a paso del polo. y de otros factors de dso, un motor snrono Eonvenconal pod lar dst 20% al de au carga nominal sin exetseton, Lacorsene de Une ies pods Serve 10% 2086 de la smd El psiode pol sla distancia angular odd lo larg Avlentehicro, desde centro de un polo nome haste Siguiente polo norte (Ejemple Param motor de polos, Execs 290" mesinics) Unarcode polo la distance angular medida ao largo enter valores de WK: de carga EI WK" normal de car pra este motor segs Ia Tabla 32 ¢5 de 331 Ibs. pie Obviamente el abricante de motores debe asegurarse de squecl motor que dl fabrica pueda realizar el trabajo para que fue pedide. Probublemente e!fabeicante Je mo= tores no tendri disponible pruebas de carga dupicanda fos requerimientos de WK"y de per del carga real. El cdsehador por consiguente utiliza un valor conocido ‘somo par de enganche “nominal” Fst evel pas desuero- lindo como mator de nduciGna 3 de desizariento. EL ‘iseRador debe entonees telacionar el par “nominal” iedido enelpisode proebas con as condiiones ealesdé torques in low speed motors this usually requires ‘amoror frame size large enough to provide fr08 DF operation. OF course, a plant with a large umber of 0.8 PF motors could haveamexess of Corrective capaci, which im any event ay et be harnal, ‘Asa general rule asynchronous motor for conti- ‘uous operation a leading 8Dfp PF is approxi- ‘ately 20% larger than one for 100% PF and proportionately more expensive. ‘The net aceerating torque must bring the motor ‘oor ta high enough speed 50 i wl pull into step on application o the ated excitation voltage “The mognetic sttraction resting from applica tion of excitation at the proper polarity and the broper polar relationship and speed, all things cing compatible, wil pull she rotor Into sep (ynehronian [At very low slip she eeactance torque i help ‘Tietorgue orllates from negative to postive at tie sip requeney. Atany pereent sip. the ip FRequengy ons 60 He creut i determined bythe Fouation 32 = Percent sti 60 He oe Where ia, = Slip frequency in eyees per second ‘Tne vale of WK‘ of the laud 10 which the moror isconnected sve important as isa significant factor in determining the sped the mor must teach before pullin ean be elected. Tn the ease ba centrifugal pump i might be less chan the formal loud WK" ertabliehed by NEMA MCI 37:2 and covered by Table 3-2, Fors chipper it ould e100 times that value Figure 3-1 illustrates the maximum percent lip from whieh pies 900 HP, 1200 RPM. 10 PF ‘motor could be expected to, pull int sep with Sarlgus values of fond WK The normal load WK’ for this motor pee Table 3-2 i 331 Lbs Obviously the motor manufacturer must assure Dimself thatthe moor he Builds will do the o> for which st was purchased. The motor manu svalabletohima nd torque eguie- retort teria iesratome 3 carga inerca Un método de hacer esta determinacién es de soponer «quela curva de par desde SJ de desizaento acre des. Hlzamiento ts una linea recs, Entonces, conociendo 1

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