LCC

Leadership Competence Commitment

G. A Solis St. Lipa City

Module 2
Lesson 1

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Leadership Competence Commitment

Police of Japan
G. A Solis St. Lipa City

Police logo

1. Responsibilities
Police responsibilities under the Police Act include "protecting life, person, and property;
preventing, suppressing, and investigating crimes; apprehending suspects; traffic enforcement; and,
maintaining public safety and order." The Code of Criminal Procedure states that "when a judicial police
official deems an offense has been committed, he shall investigate the offender and evidence thereof."
Accordingly, the police are empowered to investigate not only penal code offenses but also all
illegal acts punishable under Japan's judicial system. Most cases are investigated by the police and
referred to the public prosecutor’s office for prosecution. While public prosecutors are also empowered
to conduct investigations, their investigations are generally supplementary.
The primary duty of the public prosecutor is to determine case dispositions and prosecute
suspects. Several other authorities such as the Japan Coast Guard and the Narcotics Control Department
possess investigative powers, which are authorized by law. Their investigations are generally limited in
scope and number. In addition to criminal investigations, the police perform a wide range of
administrative activities to maintain public safety and order applying various acts such as the Road
Traffic Act and the Anti-Boryokudan Act.
The police also maintain close contact with local communities to:
・Prevent crimes;
・Handle lost and found articles;
・Give guidance to juveniles;
・Help people in times of disaster;
・Provide care for lost children and runaways; and,
・Offer counseling services to help citizens solve their problems.

Organizational Structure
The Police Act empowers the national government to establish a central police
organization to control and supervise prefectural police forces on matters of national concern.
The act also gives each prefecture the authority to carry out police duties to "protect life, person,
and property" and "maintain public safety and order" within its jurisdiction. At both the national

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and prefectural levels, Public Safety Commissions have administrative supervision powers over
the police.

A. National Police Structure

The National Public Safety Commission (NPSC) and the National Police Agency (NPA)
constitute Japan's national police organization.

The NPSC supervises the NPA. The Prime Minister is not empowered to exercise direct
command or control toward the Commission. This ensures the political neutrality of the
Commission.

The Commission draws out basic policies and regulations, coordinates police administration on
matters of national concern and sets general standards for training, communication, criminal
identification, criminal statistics, and equipment.

The Commission appoints the Commissioner General of the NPA and chiefs of prefectural police
organizations. The Commission indirectly supervises prefectural police organizations through the NPA.

The Commission is composed of a chairman and five members. To make it clear that the
responsibility for public safety lies with the cabinet, a state minister is assigned as the chairman, who
presides over Commission meetings. Members are appointed by the Prime Minister with the consent

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of both houses of the Diet and serve a five-year term. Persons who served as professional public
servants in police or prosecution in the last five years may not be appointed. To ensure political
neutrality, no more than two members may belong to the same political party.

Rank
Police officers are divided into nine ranks: Superintendent General, Senior Commissioner,
Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Superintendent, Chief Inspector, Inspector, Sergeant, and
Police Officer.
On top of the nine ranks, the highest position in the Japanese police is held by the NPA
Commissioner General. Deputy Commissioner General of the NPA holds the rank of Senior
Commissioner.
Only Chief of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department holds the rank of Superintendent
General.
Senior officers of the NPA, including Director Generals and Deputy Director Generals, and
Chiefs of large prefectural police headquarters, such as Osaka and Kyoto, hold the rank of Senior
Commissioner.

Ranking System

Equipments
A. Police Vehicles

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Police vehicles, as the core of the mobile police force,

take on the task of responding to daily occurrences of
crimes and accidents. They are also used for street
patrolling and other police activities.

Approximately 42,500 police vehicles are equipped at

police stations, police boxes (Koban), and residential
police boxes (Chuzaisho) throughout the country.

B. Police Boats

As a mobile police force on the water, police boats are

employed in major ports, remote islands, lakes, and
marshes to patrol and fight against illegal immigration,
smuggling, and poaching. Ranging from 5 to 23 meters
in length, there are approximately 150 police boats
nationwide.

C. Police Helicopters

As a mobile police force in the air, police helicopters

are used extensively for traffic control surveillance,
pursuit of suspects, rescue, and disaster relief. A total
of approximately 80 small and medium-sized
helicopters are operated nationwide.

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Police in Canada

Overview
Police services vary

throughout regions of Canada. As a result, they may have different mandates, serve different sizes of
population, be presented with different community circumstances and operational requirements, all of
which may affect their resources and expenditures.
Policing in Canada is administered on three levels: municipal, provincial, and federal. In 2018, at
the municipal level, there were 141 stand-alone police services and 36 First Nations self-administered
services. Self-administered First Nations police services are created under agreements between the
federal, provincial, and territorial governments along with the communities looking to administer their
own police service, under a cost-sharing agreement between the federal government (52%) and
provincial/territorial governments (48%) (Kiedrowski et al. 2013). The communities are responsible for
governing the police service through a police board, band council, or other authority (Lithopoulos and
Ruddell 2013).
There are three provinces that provide provincial police services. The provincial police service of
the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) is responsible to provide police services to St. John's,
Corner Brook and Labrador West. The other two provincial services—Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and
Sûreté du Québec (SQ)—are responsible for serving communities in those provinces without stand-
alone municipal forces. They are also responsible for provincial highways and other areas under
provincial jurisdiction.

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The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) provides provincial, municipal, rural and First
Nations policing (where self-administered police services have not been established). The RCMP is also
responsible for all federal policing matters such as serious and organized crime and financial crime, as
well as specialized policing services such as the Canadian Firearms Program and the National Child
Exploitation Coordination Centre.

Levels of Policing
Policing is the most expensive component of the Criminal Justice System
There are four levels of Policing in Canada:
Federal
Provincial
Municipal
Aboriginal

Federal Police: known as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, or RCMP,

- RCMP provide investigative and protective services to the federal government

- Serve as provincial police in everywhere except Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland

Labrador

- In some communities they also act as municipal police

Federal Police

RCMP is responsible for federal policing which covers four mandates

- Border Integrity
- Drugs and Organized
- Crime International Policing
- Financial Crime
Often provincial and municipal police agencies work with the RCMP to enforce law in these areas

Provincial Police Forces:

have jurisdiction in rural areas and unincorporated areas around cities
Largest Provincial Police force is the (OPP) or Ontario Provincial Police Force
RCMP operates as the provincial police in most province

Municipal Police:

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funded by the city they have jurisdiction over their city or town
Municipal Police are organized into numbered division and the division are divided into squads or
units
Municipal Police protect the largest number of Canadians

Municipal Police duties include:

preserving the peace
preventing crimes from occurring
assisting crime victims apprehending criminals Laying charges
participating in prosecutions,
executing warrants,
enforcing municipal by laws

Municipalities can employ the RCMP as their local police force if they do not wish to start their own
This is the case in Langford,Si dney and Nanaimo

Aboriginal Police: Developed to police aboriginal communities

Each First Nation can enter into an agreement with the federal or provincial government to have a
stand alone aboriginal police force or First Nations Contingents

Aboriginal Communities have unique policing needs

Established in 1991, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) concluded that "the justice
system has failed Aboriginal people," the key indicator of which was their steadily increasing and
disproportionate representation in Canadian correctional facilities.

Aboriginal Police:

While Aboriginal peoples comprise 2.7 percent of the adult Canadian population, approximately 18.5
percent of offenders now serving federal sentences are of First Nations, Métis and Inuit ancestry
(Correctional Service Canada, 2006.)
Approximately 68 percent of federal Aboriginal offenders are First Nations, 28 percent are Métis and
4 percent Inuit.

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Ranks of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Commissioned officers
Deputy Assistant Chief
Commissioner Superintendent Inspector
commissioner commissioner superintendent
Sous- Commissaire Surintendant Inspecteu
Commissaire Surintendant
commissaire adjoint principal r

Non-commissioned officers
Corps sergeant Sergeant Staff sergeant Sergean
Staff sergeant Corporal Constable
major major major t
Sergent-major du Sergent- Sergent-major Sergent Gendarm
Sergent Caporal
corps major d'état major d'état-major e

No
insignia

Ranks of the Sûreté du Québec

Commissioned officers
Directeur Inspecteur
Directeur general Inspecteur Capitaine Lieutenant
adjoint chef
Director general of the Associate Chief
Inspector Captain Lieutenant
SQ director Inspector

Non-commissioned officers
Sergent Chef d'equip Agent
Sergeant Team Leader Constable

No insignia

Ranks of the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary

Rank Commanding Senior officers Police officers Officer

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in
officers
training
Chief Staff
Deputy Superintenden Inspecto Sergean Constabl
constabl sergean Cadet
chief t r t e
e t

Insigni
a

POLICE IN MALAYSIA
THE ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE

The Royal Malaysian Police (Abbreviation: RMP; Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM;) is a part of
the security forces structure in Malaysia. The force is a centralized organization with responsibilities
ranging from traffic control to intelligence gathering. 

It’s headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur.

In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular RMP is also assisted by a support group
comprising of Extra Police Constables, Police Volunteer Reserves, Auxiliary Police, Police Cadets and a
civilian service element. 
Rakan Cop is a community outreach programme launched in 9 August 2005.

The RMP constantly co-operates closely with police forces worldwide, which include those from
the four neighbouring countries Malaysia shares border with: Indonesian National Police, Royal Brunei
Police Force, Royal Thai Police and Singapore Police Force.

The modern police organization in Malaysia started in 25 March 1807 after the Charter of Justice
in Penang was granted. 

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Most of the officers were of British origin. Later this organization was developed in the Straits
Settlements and other Malay State, particularly the Federal Malay States. 

At that time, police organization was limited to their respective states.

Only after World War II, a single police organization with maiden administration of the centre
was established and it was known as the Civil Affairs Police Force.

This organization was formed in Malaya and led by H. B. Longworthy.

The British colonial had to stabilize the police organization after a nationwide anarchy took place
during Japanese state time.
 
One of the problems faced by the police then was the rebellion of the communist party.

During the confrontations of Malaysia and Indonesian forces from 1963 to 1965, the police force along
with military forces fought against the infiltrations of Indonesian forces in the sates of Johore and
Sabah. 

Almost a year after Independence Day, on July 24, 1958, the King of Malaysia, Almarhum Tuanku
Abdul Rahman Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhamad (late) bestowed the Royal title to the Malayan
Federations Police Forces.

In 1963, the Royal federation Of Malayan Police (RFMP), the North Borneo Armed Constabulary and
Sarawak Constabulary was merged and formed the Royal Malaysian Police.

Logo of RMP.
The flag and insignia of the Royal Malaysia Police has a blue-coloured background which
symbolises the Malaysian masses. In the centre of the flag is the PDRM symbol coloured silver or white.

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The police symbol is made up of an intersected Kris and Ilang / Klewang machete. Above the PDRM
symbol, there is a tiger head in a garland of Paddy flowers, with a scroll underneath bearing the name
Polis Diraja Malaysia. Arabic lettering in the Crown includes the words Allah on the right
and Muhammad on the left.

Moon and star

The Moon and Star symbolises Islam as the official religion of Malaysia.

Crown
The crown, depicted on the Royal Malaysia Police insignia, is a panegyric reference to the King of
Malaysia, bestowing the "Royal" title to its name. The words Allah and Muhammad in Arabic, which
respectively symbolise Allah the Almighty and Muhammad as the Messenger, signifies Islam as the
official religion and faith of RMP personnel, who are willing to uphold justice and the security of the
people of Malaysia.

Kris and the Ilang sword

The Kris is an important symbol of the Malay Peninsular. This particular weapon was used by Malay
warriors in the past. According to Frey (2003), who concluded from Sir Stamford Raffles' (1817) study of
the Candi Sukuh, the kris came into existence around AD 1361. Others believe that early forms were
inspired by the daggers of the Dong-Son in Vietnam (circa 300 BC). In the temples of Borobudur (825 CE)
and Prambanan (850CE), renderings of the Kris have been found.
The traditional machete, Ilang or Klewang symbolises the states of Sarawak and Sabah in East Malaysia
and it represents the spirit of heroism of a multitude of ethnic tribes such as
the Dayak, Dusun, Bajau and Kadazan.

Tiger head
The tiger head symbolises courage, strength and spirits of RMP. Previously, RMP used a lion head as the
symbol of courage from 16 September 1963, after the formation of Malaysia, until 15 May 1994, when it
was replaced with the tiger head by an official order of Malaysian government. The former lion head
also symbolised the states of Singapore (until 1965) and Sabah.
Paddy flower
Paddy flower is a reference to paddy and rice, the staple food for Malaysians and it signifies national
prosperity.
Motto
The RMP motto represents team spirit and determination.
Sang Saka Biru
The PDRM flag is called the Blue Perennial or Sang Saka Biru; each colour has its own distinctive meaning
and the flag symbolises the force's pride and integrity.

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Police pledge
Section 20 (3) Police Act 1967 stipulates that the duties of the Royal Malaysia Police personnel are as
follows:
1. Apprehending all persons whom he is by law authorised to apprehend;
2. Processing security intelligence;
3. Conducting prosecutions;
4. Giving assistance in the carrying out of any law relating to revenue, excise, sanitation,
quarantine, immigration and registration;
5. Giving assistance in the preservation of order in the ports, harbours and airports of Malaysia,
and in enforcing maritime and port regulations;
6. Executing summonses, subpoenas, warrants, commitments and other process lawfully issued by
any competent authority;
7. Exhibiting information;
8. Protecting unclaimed and lost property and finding the owners thereof;
9. Seizing stray animals and placing them in a public pound;
10. Giving assistance in the protection of life and property;
11. Protecting public property from loss or injury;
12. Attending the criminal courts and, if specially ordered, the civil courts, and keeping order
therein; and
13. Escorting and guarding prisoners and other persons in the custody of the police.

Police rank

Rank Rank Insignia Collar Badges

Senior Officers
Gazett Commission
ed ers Inspector-
Officer General of
s Police (IGP)

Deputy
Inspector-
General of
Police (DIG)
Commissio
ner of
Police (CP)

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Deputy
Commissio
ner of
Police (DCP
)
Senior
Assistant
Commissio
ner of
Police (SAC)
Assistant
Commissio
ner of
Police (ACP)
Superinten
dent of
Police
(SUPT)
Deputy
Superinten
dent of
Police (DSP)
Assistant
Superintend
Superinten
ents
dent of
Police (ASP)

Inspector (I
nsp)

Probationar
y Inspector
(P/Insp)

Rank and File Officers

Sub-
Non-commissioned
Inspector (S
officers
I)

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Sergeant
Major (SM)

Sergeant (S
gt)

Corporal (C
pl)

Lance
Corporal (L/
Constables Cpl)
Constable (
PC)
Lower ranks of police officers apart from Sub-Inspectors wear their rank insignia on the right sleeve of
their uniforms. Sub-Inspectors and higher ranks wear their rank insignia on epaulettes on both
shoulders.

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