2nd ACHIEVEMENT EXAM REVIEWER resisting pressure and shock.

GENERAL BIOLOGY (STM 007) III.1 Extra Cellular Matrix

Day 10 a.1 Protein Fibers
TISSUES- are group of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a  Collagen
specific function.  Elastin
a.2 Ground Substances - supports the cells and fibers
I. Epithelial Tissue- mostly in linings of airways, reproductive tract and GI tract.
Types of Connective Tissue:
Types of Epithelial Tissue: A. Loose/Areolar Connective Tissue - fastens down the skins, binds muscles
A. Simple Epithelial- consist of one layer of cells together and fill spaces in between organs.
a.1) Simple Squamous
B. Dense Connective Tissue - mostly found in tendons (bone to muscle),
 flattened cells
ligaments (bone to bone). Poorly vascularized - wound healing is slow.
 found in linings of lungs, blood vessels and capillary walls
 it allows diffusion C. Adipose/Fat Tissue - it provides heat and it is the storage of nutrient and fat.
a.2) Simple Cuboidal D. Osseous Connective Tissue- bone and living tissue
 cube cells
 found in kidney tubules and ducts of ovaries IV. Vascular Tissue - carry blood and its components
 for secretion and absorption Types of Blood Cells:
A. Red Blood Cell/Erythrocytes - disk-shaped cell, no nucleus. They carry much
a.3) Simple Columnar
oxygen.
 Column like/elongated cells
 Found in linings of stomach and intestines B. White Blood Cell/Leukocytes - lesser in number, bigger in size. It fights
against infection.
a.4) Cillated Epithelium
Type of White Blood Cell:
 Either cuboidal or columnar
1. Agranulocytes- without granules in the cytoplasm
 Hair like called CILIA- found in nose, nasal cavity
1.a Lymphocytes- smallest white blood cells, lymphatic vessels
B. Stratified Epithelium - multiple layers of cells 1.b Monocytes- largest white blood cell with huge appetites
2. Granulocytes
II. Muscular Tissue- contraction and relaxation of muscles. It consists of cells called
2.a Neutrophils - phagocytes during bacterial infection
MUSCLE FIBER.
2.b Eosinophils - active during allergic reaction
1. Membrane (sarcolemma)
2.c Basophils - histamine containing granules
2. Cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)
a. Miyofribrils C. Thrombocytes - are platelets. It is responsible for blood clotting
 Actin & Myosin - proteins responsible for contraction and
relaxation. V. Nervous Tissue- responsible in receiving and transmitting stimuli in the form of
b. Mitochondria nerve impulses. Dendrites - carries impulses
Types of Muscular Tissue: towards the cell body
A. Based on location
a.1) Skeletal - attached to bones. Ex. Biceps, triceps and pectoralis Axon- carries impulses away from
a.2) Visceral/Smooth- walls of hollow organs, stomach and intestines the cell body
a.3) Cardiac-located at your heart Terminal Dendrites- connected to
dendrites of another neurons
B. Based on Appearance
b.1) Striated- there is stripes seen Cell Body- called soma. It
b.2) Unstriated- there is none stripes seen connects to the dendrites that
brings information to the neuron
C. Based on Neural Control
Node of Ranvier- a small gap in
c.1) Voluntary- you have control
the between the myelin sheath
c.2) Involuntary- you cannot control the movement
Schawann Cell- a glial cell that
wraps around the nerve fiber
Myelin Sheath- insulating covering
III. Connective Tissue - it gives form and shape. It forms rigid structures capable of that surround an axon
Day 11 Day 13
PLANT TISSUES Cellular Modification
1. Protective Tissue - it covers the surface of your leaves and living cells of roots and  Newly formed cell undergo structural modification
stems.  In order to adapt and respond to the changes in the environment
a. Epidermis - secretes a coating called CUTICLE- helps the plant to retain water
ANIMALS
b. Periderm- bark. It consists of cork cells that protects the plant from pathogens. 1. MICROVILI
It prevents excessive loss of water and provides insulation.  Cellular modification happens in plasma membrane
 Epithelial cells
2. Meristematic Tissue - region where rapid production of cell is happening
 Found in hollow organs
a. Apical Meristem- primary growth (vertical growth)
 Found in stomach, SI, kidney tubules, inner ear, cells of the taste buds,
b. Lateral Meristem- secondary growth (horizontal growth)
olfactory receptor cells.
b.1 Vascular Cambium- increasing the thickness/girth of plants
 It increases surface area for absorption, secretion and cellular
b.2 Cork Cambium- only for woody plants
adhesion.
c. Intercalary Meristem - grass, bamboo. It has apical meristem, doesn’t have
lateral meristem 2. CILIA
 Whip-like extensions that more substances along the surface
3. Mechanical/Ground Tissue
Types:
a. Parenchyma - most abundant cell type. They are vital in repairing tissue
a. Motile Cilia - more substances, sweeper. Accumulation of dirt and dusts.
damage
Found in lining of trachea.
a.1 Chlorenchyma- parenchyma cell that has a lot of chloroplast.
b. Non-motile Cilia - found in eyes and nose. Its function is to trap dirt.
a.2 Aerenchyma- parenchyma cell that loosely packed together with
Nose: acts as olfactory senses (tells the brain what is it)
connected air spaces. (Ex. Water lily)
b. Collenchyma - found beneath the epidermis. It provides flexible support. (Ex. 3. STEREO CILIA
Celery)  Mechano sensing organelles that respond to fluid pressure in ears
c. Sclerenchyma- embedded with LIGNIN- very important ingredient in making  To maintain hearing and balance
cell wall
4. MUSCLES
4. Conducting Tissue- vascular tissue of plants  For contraction (coordination of muscles & produce movement)
a. Xylem- water conducting tissue  It needs a lot of mitochondria
b. Phloem- food conducting tissue. It responsible for distributing glucose
5. RBC/RED BLOOD CELLS
 Biconcave shaped without nucleus
5. Specialized Tissue
 Red pigment called HEMOGLOBIN
a. Stomata- found underside of the leaves/leaf and where carbon enters the
leaves
PLANTS
b. Trichomes- the one who prevents excessive evaporation from the leaves. It
1. ROOT HAIR CELLS
regulates stomata.
 Found in epidermis roots
 Surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients in the soil
2. TRICHOMES
 They closes the stomata if they feel increase of water
 Regulates water evaporation
3. GUARD CELLS
 Values open and close the pores in response to changes in the
temperature of environment