Nuclear Properties

Stellar-Nucelosynthesis
Theory for the Formation of the Elements in
the stars
– Big-Bang
– Hydrogen Burning
– Helium Burning and Helium Reactions
– Carbon Burning
– Neutron Caputre
 Big-Bang
• starts with universe a singularity with
infinite density and temperature, only
radiation exists
• sudden expansion leads to rapid drop in
temperature and density
• nuclear particle transformations convert
most of universe’s energy to protons and
deuterons
 Hydrogen Burning
Hydrogen Burning (fusion)

4 1H ---> 4He + 2 positrons + 2 neutrinos

+ 2.5 x 106 MJ/mol

after about 1/10 of hydrogen consumed,

changes to helium burning
 Helium Burning
and Helium Reactions
Helium Burning (fusion)
3 4He ----> 12C
Helium Reactions
12C + 4He ---> 16O

16O + 4He ---> 20Ne

20Ne + 4He ---> 24Mg

when temperature reaches 5 x 108 K, carbon

fusion
Carbon Burning
2 12C ---> 23Na + 1H
2 12C ---> 20Ne + 4He
etc.
 Neutron Capture
68Zn + 1n ---> 69Zn* ---> 69Ga + beta
80Br + 1n ---> 81Br* ---> 81Kr + beta

etc.
Average Binding Energy per Nucleon
Relative Penetrating Powers of Radiation
Decay Scheme for Uranium Series
First Order Radioactive Decay
Nuclear Fission
Branched Chain Reaction
Infrared Spectroscopy
EFT-60 NMR Spectrometer with
Varian 60MHz Permanent Magnet
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Nuclei used in inorganic chemistry:
H-1, C-13, F-19, P-31, Fe-57, Ag-107,
Ag-109, Sn-117, Sn-119, W-183, Pt-195,
Hg-199, Pb-207, N-14, Li-7, B-10, O-17,
Co-59, and In-115.
Splitting pattern
Multiplicity (# of lines) = 2nI + 1
n = number of equivalent nuclei
I = nuclear spin quantum number
162MHz 31P NMR Spectra
162MHz 31P NMR Spectra

Spin-spin coupling of 19F to 31P, both I = 1/2

128MHz 11B NMR Spectra

Spin-spin coupling of 1H, I=1/2, to 11B, I=3/2

162MHz 31P{1H} NMR Spectra

Four 1:1:1:1 peaks due to coupling of 31P (I=1/2) to

11B (I=3/2), thus 4 spin states, +3/2, +1/2, -1/2, -3/2)
 376MHz 19F NMR Spectra

Center peak - 19F attached to non-NMR active Xe (73.6% atoms)

Side peaks -coupling of 19F to 129Xe (26.4% atoms)
Berry Pseudo-Rotation Interconversions
 Mssbauer Spectroscopy
Method of producing and measuring recoil-free
gamma rays
Nuclei using Mssbauer effect: 57Fe, 99Ru, 119Sn,
121Sb, 125Te, 129I, 129Xe, 182W, 197Au

Questions answered by Mssbauer

Spectroscopy:
• what is the oxidation state of nuclei
• what is the detailed electronic description