[MUSIC] Hi and welcome back.

Today, we're going to cover in

module nine where we'll look at nomenclature systems for metals and
also the impact of processing on metals. The learning outcomes for today's
module are to understand the widely utilized numbering designations for
steel and aluminum, and also to understand the impact
of various material processes and treatments on the material
properties of metals. So, let's start out with steel. Last module,
we talked about how strong steel steel is. The numbering sequence for
steel will typically be four numbers. The first number pair will indicate
the composition code of steel. So for example,
10 in this AISI 1040 steel. 10 indicates that the steel
is a plain carbon steel, there are no other alloying
elements in there. For the AISI 4340 steel,
the 43 indicates that it's a nickel-chromium-molybdenum or
nickel-chromium-moly steel. There's a number of different pairs that designates
specific compositions for
steel, you can see them here. So, we have Plain Carbon. 23 means Nickel,
41 means a chrome-moly steel, 46 means a nickel-moly steel,
50 means a chromium type of steel. The second number pair in the steel
indicates the carbon content. So this 40 in 1040 steel indicates
that it's 0.4% carbon and this 40 in 4340 steel, again,
indicates that it's 0.4% carbon. And if I were to look at 1010 steel, the second 10
would indicate
that it's 0.1% carbon. All right, let's take a look
at the aluminum designations. So, for aluminum numbering,
there's a prefix, the letter A and that indicates
that it's an aluminum metal. The first number indicates
the processing it's gone through, 0 is cast iron and 9 is wrought. The second
number is
the main alloying group. So, typically,
you might see something like a 6,000 or a 6 would mean that it's
the type of alloy it is. So for a 2,000 group,
it's a copper alloy and for a 6,000 series, it would be
a magnesium and silicon alloys. The third number indicates
the modification or impurity limits and the last two numbers specify
any other alloys used. So if we look here at this example,
UNS A96061. So the A indicates that it's aluminum and the 9 indicates that it's
a wrought aluminum, and the 6 or the 6,000 indicates that it's a magnesium
and silicon alloying elements. This aluminum is commonly
referred to as 6061 aluminum. So a lot of times you'll hear designer
saying things like, I need 2024, I need 7075,
I'm going to need 6061 aluminum. So, it's really common when people
talk that they'll leave out these first numbers in design meetings. All right, so
heat treating and
cold working. These are two types of processes
that metals experience. Cold working means that you're forming
the metal at a low temperature. And when they say, low temperature,
they typically mean room temperature. The nice thing about cold working
is that it's very accurate. It can get you a fairly large
increase in both yield and ultimate strengths, as well as hardness. The downside is
that it dramatically
decreases your ductility. So heat treating, these are time and
temperature controlled processes. Quenching is when you heat the metal
up to a high temperature and then you control the cooling rate. Typically,
quenching
is done quite rapidly. It increases the strength,
the hardness, but it decreases the ductility and it can
leave residual stresses in the material. Tempering is when you heat the material
up to below the critical temperature for the material and hold it there for
a certain amount of time. What tempering does is it
relieves residual stresses, it restores the ductility,
but it reduces the strength. So, in both cold working and
heat treating, you're essentially in this balance
between where you're trading off between increasing your strength and
decreasing your ductility or restoring your ductility and
decreasing your strength. All right, so,
let's take a look at different notations. You'll see numbers like this very
commonly in military standards or ASTM standards, or
at the back of your textbooks and it's important to understand what
all the different notation means. So, let's start at the top with steel. For 1010
steel, you can see that it's
giving you its AISI number, 1010. So again, it's plain carbon steel and it has a
carbon content of 0.1. Here the processing says that HR,
that means hot rolled steel. And CD, that means cold drawn. And you can see what I
just
talked about happening here. So the hot rolled steel is not as
strong as the cold drawn steel, it has a significantly
lower yield strength. But the hot rolled steel
has better ductility, it has a more elongation
than the cold drawn steel. So then, if we look at 1045 steel. So again,
we've increased the carbon content and now the carbon content is at 0.45%,
which causes an increase in strength. So, we start to see that
increase in yield strength where these steel is stronger
than the 1010 steel. And then if we go to a 1095 steel,
that's been quenched and tempered. So, that's what Q&T stands for. It stands for
quenched and tempered, and then it gives you
the temperature it's tempered at. You can see much higher strength. And again, you
see the steel
that has the higher tempering temperature at 650 degrees
C is at a lower strength. All right, so
then let's go on to the aluminum. I'm sorry, we have one more steel, 4340. So, this
is a very strong steel. It's commonly used in
the aircraft industry. So 43 is again, referring to the type
of alloying elements that are in there. The 40 is 0.4% carbon,
quench and tempered. And we can see that here, you're hitting
the gigapascal range of strength. So, this is a very strong steel. The steel that
has been tempered
longer has better ductility, but is less strong or
is tempered at a higher temperature. Okay, so
then we can move on to the aluminums. So for 2024 aluminum, that's an aluminum
with a copper alloying in it. The temper that they're referring to is T6
and that's just telling you the type of tempering it went through,
whether there was a solution and how long it was tempered for,
whether it was cold worked afterwards. You can look up the designations,
they're all on Wikipedia and see what's happening there. So then, we can also see
6061, which is one of the most common aluminums
utilized in the aerospace industry. And again,
it gives you the temper designation of T6. So this is how you read standard
material properties for strengths and what all the numbers, and various
abbreviations mean, and we'll be utilizing these throughout the class when you're
trying to calculate stresses, and then compare them to strengths. And so
it's important to understand these and it's always important to use
the correct material processing. So what you never want to do is have your
design have be a 1010 cold rolled steel, but be calculating the factor of
safety off of the hot rolled steel. So, you need to always make
sure that you're processing and you're alloying elements,
everything is taken into account when you're looking up the strength and
that it matches your specific design. All right, so
these values came from MIL-HDBK-5J, which is a great source and
that's all we have for this lecture, I'll see you next lecture. [MUSIC]