MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

NAME REG NUMBER MOE PROGRAM

AYAANDA MADZUKUTURE R168291J CDP HINFO
PARDON TINGINI R166656A CDP HINFO
BRIGHTON TSIGA R163439W CDP HINFO
WILLIE MAKUYANA R165298B CDP HINFO
TAFADZWA WAZEZA R155686R CDP HINFO
KUNDAI VIRU R163952H CDP HINFO
MATTHEW NDORO R169448Y CDP HINFO
PATRICK NYONI R164218F CDP HINFO

HCS 412: ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER NETWORKS

ASSIGNMENT GROUP 4
15. Explain the functions of the following Bluetooth protocol stack components.
i. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
The L2CAP, also referred to as the heart of the Bluetooth protocol stack conveys data from the
higher layers of the Bluetooth stack and from applications to the lower layers of the stack. Data
packets are passed to the Host Controller Interface (HCI) whilst in a host less structure, packets
are passed directly to the Link Manager. In addition, it facilitates the communication between
upper and lower layers of the Bluetooth protocol stack by packaging the data packets received
from upper layers into the form expected by lower layers. It also performs the segmentation and
multiplexing where it multiplexes between the various logical connections made by the upper
layers.

ii. Radio
The Radio component defines the physical characteristics of Bluetooth transceiver where it
distinguishes two types of physical link: connection-less and connection-oriented. It performs
modulation/demodulation of the data into RF signals. In addition to being the lowest defined layer
of the Bluetooth specification, the radio layer defines the requirements of the Bluetooth transceiver
device operating in the 2.4-GHz ISM band.

iii. Baseband
The Baseband component establishes a connection within a piconet. What's more is that it handles
channel processing and timing, addressing scheme, packet frame format and power control
algorithms required for establishing connection between bluetooth devices within piconet.

iv. Service discovery protocol

It is built on top of L2CAP and allows to discover the services available on another Bluetooth
enabled device. SDP provides a means for applications to query services and characteristics of
services. In the Bluetooth environment one finds the devices before one finds the service. In
addition, in a Bluetooth environment where the devices are in motion the services available
change.
v. Link Manager

It manages connections already established in the Bluetooth stack as it is responsible for setting
up as well as maintaining the link created between Bluetooth devices. The Link Manager Protocol
(LMP) functionality also stretches to not only managing and negotiating the baseband packet sizes
between devices but also managing the security aspects, such as authentication and encryption, by
generating, exchanging, and checking link and encryption keys.

16. We have sampled a low-pass signal with a bandwidth of 12500 KHz using 8 levels of

quantization.

a) Calculate the bit rate of the digitized signal. [3]

Bit Rate = 2 × Bandwidth × log 2 𝐿

Under low pass signal: 2 × Bandwidth = 𝑓𝑠 and log 2 𝐿 = n bits

Therefore, bit rate = 2 f(max) × n bits

= 2 × 12 500 000 Hz × log 2 8

= 25 000 000 × 3

= 75 000 000 bps

= 75 mbps.

b) Calculate the PCM bandwidth of this signal. [3]

Bits per sample (n) = log 2 𝐿 where L is the number of quantization levels

= log 2 8

= 3 bits per sample

Therefore, PCM bandwidth = n × 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔

= 3 × 12 500 KHz

= 37 500 KHz
 = 37.5 MHz

17. Describe the dual stack strategy applied in IPv6. [5]

Dual stack strategy is a simultaneous approach to IPv4 and IPv6 which allows both to flexibly
coexist, that is, it involves running IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time. End nodes and routers or
switches run both protocols. The prerequisite is that the interfaces need both an IPv6 and an IPv4
address. This means IPv6 needs to be available all the way to one’s devices and sufficient IPv4
address space is required. Usually, IPv4 communication uses the IPv4 protocol stack, and IPv6
communication uses the IPv6 protocol stack. Whether to use IPv4 or IPv6 is based on the response
to Domain Name System (DNS) requests, but usually, IPv6 protocol stack will be given priority
over IPv4. In an Internet Service Providers’ network (ISP network), every networking device,
including using IPv4 or IPv6 switches, will be configured with the capabilities to run IPv4 and
IPv6 simultaneously.

18. An organization is granted a block of addresses with the beginning address 18.27.75.4/24.
The organization needs to have 3 subblocks of addresses to use in its three subnets: one
subblock of 10 addresses, one subblock of 60 addresses, and one subblock of 120 addresses.
Design the subblocks, mentioning the first address, last address and subnet mask.

Solution

a. The number of addresses in the largest subblock, which requires 120 addresses, is not a power
of 2. We allocate 128 addresses. The subnet mask for this subnet can be found as

𝑛 1 = 32 − log 2 128 = 25.

The first address in this block is 18.27.75.1/25

The last address is 18.27.75.128/25.

b. The number of addresses in the second largest subblock, which requires 60 addresses, is not a
power of 2 either. We allocate 64 addresses. The subnet mask for this subnet can be found as
𝑛 2 = 32 − log 2 64 = 26.
The first address in this block is 18.27.75.129/26

The last address is 18.27.75.194/26

c. The number of addresses in the smallest subblock, which requires 10 addresses, is not a power
of 2 either. We allocate 16 addresses. The subnet mask for this subnet can be found as
𝑛 3 = 32 − log 2 16 = 28.

The first address in this block is 18.27.75.195/28

The last address is 18.27.75.210/28.