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Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Energy
Energy
EnergyProcedia 158
Procedia
Procedia 00(2019)
00 (2018)6328–6333
(2017) 000–000
000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018,

10th International Conference onHong
Applied Energy
Kong, (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018,
China
Hong Kong, China
Active ThePower Regulation
15th International of Hydro
Symposium Dominating
on District Energy
Heating and Cooling
Active Power Regulation of Hydro Dominating Energy
Assessing theSystem usingof
feasibility IDD
using optimized
the heatFPA demand-outdoor
System using IDD optimized FPA
temperature
Akhilesh function for a Sharma
Panwaraa, Gulshan long-term
b
b
, S. K.district heat
Sahooaa and demand
R. C. forecast
Bansalc,d
c,d
*
Akhilesh Panwar , Gulshan Sharma , S. K. Sahoo and R. C. Bansal *
Department
a,b,c of ElectricalaEngineering, Institute
a
a of Technology, Nirma
b University, Ahmedabad,
c India
I. Andrić
Department
b *,Electrical
of
Department
a A.Electrical
of Pina , P.
Power Ferrão
Engineering,
Engineering, , J.ofFournier
Durban
Institute ., B.University,
University ofNirma
Technology, Lacarrière
Technology, Durban, 4001,, South
Ahmedabad,O.India
Le Correc
Africa
b c
Department
Department of Electrical
of Electrical Powerand Computer Engineering,
Engineering, University
Durban University of Sharjah, Durban,
of Technology, United Arab
4001,Emirates
South Africa
a
IN+ Center fordDepertment
Innovation,
c Technology
of
Department of and
Electrical,
Electrical Policy
Electronic
and Research - Instituto
and Computer,
Computer Superior
University
Engineering, of Técnico,
UniversityPretoria,
of Av. Rovisco
Pretoria,
Sharjah, United PaisSouth
0028,
Arab 1, 1049-001
Africa Lisbon, Portugal
Emirates
b
d
Depertment Veolia
of Recherche
Electrical, & Innovation,
Electronic and 291 Avenue
Computer, Dreyfous
University of Daniel, 78520
Pretoria, Limay,
Pretoria, France
0028, South Africa
c
AbstractDépartement Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
In this paper an attempt is made to propose the different models of control and design such as integral derivative (ID),
In this paper an
proportional attempt
integral is made to(PID)
derivative propose andthe different
integral models
double of control
derivative and design
(IDD) such optimized
effectively as integral derivative (ID),
through flower
Abstract
proportionalalgorithm
pollination integral (FPA)
derivative (PID)power
for active and integral double
regulation derivative
of modern energy(IDD) effectively
system optimized
having hydro through
dominating flower
areas. At
pollination
first, algorithm (FPA)
the performance for active
of FPA-ID, power and
FPA-PID regulation
FPA-IDD of modern
foundedenergy
LFC system having for
are evaluated hydro dominating
standard areas. At
load change in
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
first,control
one the performance
area and their of FPA-ID, FPA-PID
performance and FPA-IDD
for system model is founded
judged on LFCtheare evaluated
basis of inversefor time
standard load change
multiplied absolutein
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
one control
error (ITAE). area andresults
The their performance
obtained show forthe
system model is of
advancement judged on theover
FPA-IDD basisother
of inverse
designs timeformultiplied absolute
hydro dominating
sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
error (ITAE).
energy system.The Theresults obtained
performance of show the advancement
the control of FPA-IDD
lacks in minimizing systemover other designs
overshoot, for hydro
oscillations dominating
and settling time
prolonging the investment return period.
energy
due system.
to large The performance
responding time of hydroof the controlHence,
turbines. lacks intheminimizing system overshoot,
collective operation of unifiedoscillations
power flowand settling
control time
(UPFC)
The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
dueseries
in to largewithresponding
tie-line andtime of hydro
active powerturbines.
supportHence, the collective
from redox operation
flow battery of unified
is installed in the power
hydroflow control (UPFC)
dominating energy
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
in series The
system. withsignificant
tie-line andimprovement
active powerinsupport systemfrom redox
results areflow batterybyisinstalling
obtained installed inthethe hydroand
UPFC dominating energy
RFB in system
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
system. Further
model. The significant
enhancement improvement
in the systemin system
resultsresults are obtained
are achieved by installing
by recalculating the the UPFC
gains of IDDand with
RFBthe in help
systemof
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
model.
FPA withFurther
positiveenhancement
support from in the
RFB system resultsThe
and UPFC. are application
achieved byresults
recalculating the gains
are obtained of IDD load
for standard with change
the helpandof
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
FPA with
results showpositive support from
the effectiveness RFB
of the and UPFC.
proposed The application
technique for the hydroresults are obtained
dominating energyfor standard load change and
system.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique for the hydro dominating energy system.
(the error
© 2018
2019 in The
annual demand was lower Elsevier
than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
© The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd.
scenarios,
This isthe an error
open value
accessincreased up to
article under the59.5% (dependinglicense
CC BY-NC-ND on the(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
Selection
© 2018 The and/or peer-review
Authors. Published under responsibility
by Elsevier Ltd. of ICAE
The Peer-review
value of slope under responsibility
coefficient of theonscientific
increased averagecommittee
within theofrangeICAE2018
of 3.8% – The
up 10th
to 8% International
per decade,Conference on
that corresponds to the
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of ICAE
Applied
decrease in theEnergy.
number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
Keywords: AGC; Flower pollination algoritm; FPA-ID; FPA-PID; FPA-IDD; RFB; UPFC
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
Keywords: AGC; Flower pollination algoritm; FPA-ID; FPA-PID; FPA-IDD; RFB; UPFC
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The under
Peer-review power system is ofexpanding
responsibility dayCommittee
the Scientific by day to meet
of The theInternational
15th demands Symposium
of the modern customers
on District Heatingwith
and
The
intention
Cooling. power
to system
limit the is expanding
carbon dioxide day by day
emission to
with meet the
focusing demands
towards of the
energy modern
generationcustomers
via with
renewable
intention to limit the carbon dioxide emission with focusing towards energy generation via renewable
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +97165050909

E-mail address: rcbansal@ieee.org.
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +97165050909
E-mail address: rcbansal@ieee.org.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICAE2018 – The 10th International Conference on Applied Energy.
10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.356
 Akhilesh Panwar et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6328–6333 6329
2 Akhilesh Panwar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

energy technologies to meet the current and future system demand. Hence, it is estimated that future
power system may have the energy generations from all hydro power plants having hydro turbines. As the
energy generation shifts towards hydro power the active power regulation will become a challenge for the
electric utilities as the response time of hydro turbines are much larger than thermal turbines resulting in
the deteriorate performance and loss of system stability in the wake of quick load change in the system.
The balance between system energy generation and demand are met through automatic generation control
(AGC) scheme which tries to maintain the balance among these quantities and at the same time maintain
system frequency to standard and tie-power exchange among control areas to defined value [1-2]. To
achieve the standards of AGC, the design technique based on conventional architecture was primarily
taken by the researchers and did not work well due to the gain selections through trial and error
methodology. However, recently the soft computing techniques such as fuzzy logic, artificial neural
network, genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), bacteria foraging optimization
algorithm (BFOA), hybrid BFOA are explored by the several researchers on timely basis in the AGC
studies to select the gains of the controller. Hence, it is always welcome step in the AGC studies to come
up with some strong optimization techniques such as flower pollination algorithm (FPA) to evaluate the
gains of conventional controllers as well as to explore the different structures in order to achieve the
standards of AGC [3]. Further, most of AGC studies are related to thermal power plants and very less
efforts are made to study hydro dominating models due to large turbine time constants resulting in loss of
system stability. On the other side. The enhancement in power electronics technology has led to the
efficacious installation of FACTS devices in the modern power system. The redox flow battery (RFB) has
almost zero time constant and capability to quickly inject the power in case of sudden change in system
load. However, considering the system cost it is not advisable to install RFB in every hydro dominating
areas. Unified power flow controller (UPFC) is also a member of FACTS family which is much cheaper
in cost and installed in series with the tie-line to enhance the performance of hydro dominating power
system [4]. In the light of above discussion this paper is set:
 To propose different conventional designs such as ID, PID and IDD with gains evaluated
through powerful evolutionary algorithm i.e. FPA.
 To evaluate the FPA-ID, FPA-PID & FPA-IDD for AGC of hydro-hydro power system for step
load change and to compare the AGC results in terms of achieved ITAE.
 The achieved ITAE obtained via FPA-IDD are quite promising in comparison to other designs.
Still, the AGC performance lacks in reaching acceptable limits. Hence, the UPFC in series with
tie-line and RFB in area-2 of the model is installed for further enhancement and dynamic
performance is enhanced.
 Finally the gains of IDD are revaluated through FPA with support from UPFC and RFB for
standard load change and the enhancement in AGC performance is presented.

1.1. Study Model

In order to check the ability of the FPA-ID, FPA-PID and FPA-IDD, a two-area system having hydro
power generation in area-1 and 2 is considered for the present study. The dynamics of RFB in area-2 and
UPFC is incorporated in series with tie-line in transfer function form and incorporated in the system
model. The model is given in Figure 1. The detailed mathematical modeling of UPFC and RFB is not
included due to space limitation.

1.2. Flower Pollination Optimized AGC Designs

In the present study, the objective function (OF) is designed on the basis of area control error (ACE)
which is the combination of frequency and tie-power deviation in linear form.
6330 Akhilesh Panwar et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6328–6333
Akhilesh Panwar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

The inverse time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) is used as OF for the present study as it has the
capability to reduce the settling time with reduction in peak overshoot which is difficult to obtain by
means of other error criterions such as integral of squared error (ISE), integral of absolute error (IAE),
etc. The OF (Jn) for the nth control areas is expressed as follows:
Tsim
Jn  
0
( ACE ). t. dt (1)

The problem of optimization is to find the minimum value of ITAE subject to the following
constraints:
min max
K Pn  K pn  K pn
Kinmin  Kin  Kinmax
min max
Kdn  Kdn  Kdn
The K pn , Kin and K dn signify the proportional, integral and derivative gains. The maximum and
minimum limits of these parameters is chosen between -2.0 to 2.0. The FPA algorithm is chosen to
evaluate these parameters. The execution methodology of FPA is given in Figure 2 which is used to
evaluate the parameters of ID, PID & IDD for AGC of hydro-hydro power generation [3]. The FPA was
run continually 50 times and the optimal solution among the 50 trials are chosen as the parameters of the
various AGC designs.

1
b1 Pdh1
R1 X gh1 X g1

K ph1 F1
K gh1 1  sTh1 1  sTw1
1  sTgh1 1  sTh3 1  0.5sTw1 1  sTph1
Pg1
Pch1

PUPFC Ptie12
F1 1
2 T12
1 sTUPFC
s

a12 a12

Pch2  Pg 2
K ph 2 F2
K gh 2 1  sTh 2 1  sTw2
1  sTgh 2 1  sTh 4 1  0.5sTw2 1  sT ph 2

X gh 2 X g 2
b2 Pdh2
1 PRFB
R2

Fig. 1. System Model

 4 Akhilesh
AkhileshPanwar
Panwaretetal.
al./ /Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia158 (2019) 000–000
00 (2018) 6328–6333 6331

Fig. 2. Execution methodology of FPA

1.3. Analysis of Results

Due to modern trends towards renewable technology based energy generation and to limit the various
harmful emissions in the environment from thermal based power plants an attempt is made to study the
dynamics of hydro-hydro power generation model, i.e. AGC of hydro energy system as well as to propose
the different AGC designs for this power system. Very limited AGC work on this model is present in the
literature as responding time of hydro turbines are much larger resulting in sustained oscillations, higher
overshoot and difficult to achieve steady state conditions for standard load change i.e. 1% change in
power generation and load balance model. However, it is expected to have more and more power
generation from hydro power in future and hence it is critical to investigate the performance of such types
of models as well as to propose suitable control strategy. The various conventional designs such as ID,
PID, IDD proposed in today's world are preferred choice of researchers and engineers due to its
simplicity. Further, in present work the various conventional designs are combined with powerful
evolutionary algorithms in order to be simple and promising for AGC. At first, the ID, PID and IDD AGC
designs are evaluated for 1% load change in area-1 and FPA is used to find the optimal gains of AGC
designs. The gains of FPA-ID, FPA-PID and FPA-IDD as well as value of ITAE are given in Table 1 for
6332 Akhilesh Panwar et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6328–6333
Akhilesh Panwar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

various AGC designs. The reduction in ITAE (6.111587685) value obtained with IDD optimized FPA as
compared to FPA-ID (6.275642512), FPA-PID (7.459889004) clearly shows the control and efficacy of
the AGC design. The AGC responses of ΔF1, ΔF2 (frequency deviations of control areas-1 & 2) and
ΔPtie12 (tie power deviation) is given in Figure 3. The results shows the advancement of FPA-IDD in
terms of settling time with oscillations reduction in comparison to AGC response obtained via FPA-ID
and FPA-PID. Still, the improvements in AGC responses are required. Hence, the dynamics of UPFC in
series with tie-line and RFB at area-2 is added to the system model and the significant improvement in
FPA-IDD performance is achieved. However, there is an increase in the value of ITAE. The obtained
gains of IDD via FPA and ITAE value are shown in Table 2. The results of FPA-IDD are compared with
FPA-IDD with UPFC+RFB. The appreciable overshoot reduction with improved settling time and no
oscillations in AGC response is achieved via means of FPA-IDD with UPFC+RFB combination. This is
due to fact that these energy storage technologies have lesser time constant which results in significant
enhancement of AGC performance.
The reduction in ITAE with improved system results are improved to great extent when IDD gains are
recalculated via FPA in presence of UPFC+RFB. These recalculated gains of IDD as well as reduced
ITAE value is given in Table 2 which shows the efficacy of AGC design. Further, the improved system
performance can be clearly seen from the AGC responses as given in Figure 3.

Table 1. The gains of several AGC designs obtained via FPA

Controller Kp Ki Kd1 Kd2 ITAE

ID 0 0.16503 -0.30014 0 6.275642512
PID 0.041029 0.21432 -0.21262 0 7.459889004
IDD 0 0.15649 1.1699 -1.4129 6.111587685

Table 2. The comparative analysis of earlier calculated and recalculated gains of IDD via FPA in presence of UPFC+RFB

Controller Kp Ki Kd1 Kd2 ITAE

IDD 0 0.15649 1.1699 -1.4129 6.749695558
IDD+UPFC+RFB(retune) 0 2 -0. 79909 1.6394 2.349770563

Fig. 3. The system responses obtained via several AGC optimized via FPA
 Akhilesh Panwar et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6328–6333 6333
6 Akhilesh Panwar et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

2. Conclusions

This work designs FPA optimized IDD control to achieve the standards of AGC for hydro dominating
power system for step power demand and compares its performance with other designs by achieving the
acceptable value of ITAE. The further AGC enhancement is obtained by considering the dynamics of
UPFC in series with tie-line with fast power injection capability of RFB. The overshoot reduction in
system responses with faster settling time and zero steady state condition is guaranteed with the proposed
AGC. Finally the gains of IDD are recalculated via FPA for step power demand considering joint support
from UPFC and RFB and the noticeable enhancement in AGC is observed for hydro dominated power
system. At last it can be said that proposed AGC is simple yet effective and provides acceptable
performance.

3. References

[1] Ibraheem, Niazi KR, Sharma G. Study on dynamic participation of wind turbines in AGC of power system. Electr.
Power Compon. Syst. 2014; 4 (1): 44–55.
[2] Sharma G, Ibraheem, Niazi KR. Optimal AGC of asynchronous power systems using output feedback control strategy with
dynamic participation of wind turbines. Electr. Power Compon. Syst. 2015; 43(4): 384–98.
[3] Dash, P, Saikia, LC, Sinha, N. Flower pollination algorithm optimized PI-PD cascade controller in automatic generation
control of a multi-area power System. Int. Journal of Elect. Power & Energy Syst. 2016; 82: 19-28.
[4] Sahu, RK, Gorripotu, TS, and Panda, S. A hybrid DE-PS algorithm for load frequency control under deregulated power system
with UPFC and RFB. Ain Shams Engg. Journal. 2015; 6: 893-911.

Biography

Prof. Ramesh Bansal has over 25 years of experience and currently he is Professor and head of the
department in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Sharjah. He has
published over 300 papers. Prof. Bansal is an Editor/Associate editor of IEEE Systems Journal, IET-
RPG & Electric Power Components and Systems. He is a Fellow and CEngg IET-UK, Fellow Engineers
Australia and Institution of Engineers (India) and Senior Member-IEEE.