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Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Energy
Energy
EnergyProcedia 158
Procedia
Procedia 00(2019)
00 (2018)6321–6327
(2017) 000–000
000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
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10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018,

10th International Conference onHong
Applied Energy
Kong, (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018,
China
Hong Kong, China
FrequencyThe 15thRegulation of WindonIntegrated
International Symposium Power
District Heating System
and Cooling
Frequency Regulation of Wind Integrated Power System
using Dual
Assessing the feasibility Modethe
of using Fuzzy
heat demand-outdoor
using Dual Mode Fuzzy
temperature function
Sukanta K. Sahoo a
a
for Sharma
, Gulshan a long-term
b
b
district
, Akhilesh Panwarheat
a
a
and demand forecast
R. C. Bansal c,d
c,d
*
Sukanta K. Sahoo , Gulshan Sharma , Akhilesh Panwar and R. C. Bansal *
a
Department
a,b,c of ElectricalaEngineering, Institute
a of Technology, Nirma
b University, Ahmedabad,
c India
I. Andrićb
Department
a *,Electrical
of
Department A.Electrical
of Pina , P.
Power Ferrão
Engineering,
Engineering, , J.ofFournier
Durban
Institute ., B.University,
University ofNirma
Technology, Lacarrière
Technology, Durban, 4001,, South
Ahmedabad,O.India
Le Correc
Africa
c
b Department
Department of Electrical
of Electrical Powerand Computer Engineering,
Engineering, University
Durban University of Sharjah, Durban,
of Technology, United Arab
4001,Emirates
South Africa
a
IN+ Center fordDepertment
Innovation,
c Technology
of
Department of and
Electrical,
Electrical Policy
Electronic
and Research - Instituto
and Computer,
Computer Superior
University
Engineering, of Técnico,
UniversityPretoria,
of Av. Rovisco
Pretoria,
Sharjah, United PaisSouth
0028,
Arab 1, 1049-001
Africa Lisbon, Portugal
Emirates
b
d
Depertment Veolia
of Recherche
Electrical, & Innovation,
Electronic and 291 Avenue
Computer, Dreyfous
University of Daniel, 78520
Pretoria, Limay,
Pretoria, France
0028, South Africa
c
AbstractDépartement Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
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Keywords:
decrease in theLFC; DFIG;ofFuzzy
number heatinglogic; Area of
hours control
22-139herror; during
Dual modethe with fuzzyseason
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Keywords:
renovation LFC; DFIG;
scenarios Fuzzy logic;
considered). OnArea the control error; Dual
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function with fuzzyincreased
tuning for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
1. Introduction
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
1. Introduction
© 2017 The Authors.
complexity of power
Published delivery
by Elsevier Ltd.structure is increasing day by day with growing trends towards the
The under
Peer-review complexity
penetration windof power
ofresponsibility
energy ofin delivery
the structure
conventional
Scientific is increasing
system.
Committee ofInThe 15thday
addition to by daylarge
it, the
Internationalwith growingontrends
contribution
Symposium towards
of wind
District the
energy
Heating and
penetration of wind energy in conventional system. In addition to it, the large contribution of wind energy
Cooling.

Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +97165050909.
E-mail address: rcbansal@ieee.org.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +97165050909.
E-mail address: rcbansal@ieee.org.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICAE2018 – The 10th International Conference on Applied Energy.
10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.381
6322 Sukanta K. Sahoo et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6321–6327
2 Sukanta K. Sahoo et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

generations will have an effect on standard frequency profile of energy delivery system due to non-
contribution of wind energy generators in frequency regulations i.e. load frequency control (LFC)
scheme. However, the promising movement and advancement in wind power technology has led to the
development of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind generation as it has the ability to work
on asynchronous speeds. Further, its speed can be controlled as required by the system operator and may
have significant effect in near future in frequency regulation of modern and interconnected energy
delivery system [1-4]. Furthermore, the modern energy delivery structure is extremely non-linear and its
operational points alter continuously as the power requirement of the modern customers shifts and for this
reason the conventional approach based on hit and trial is extremely time consuming and no more usable
for the current and future energy delivery system [5]. The intelligent LFC designs depend on genetic
algorithm (GA), artificial neural networks (ANNs) and fuzzy logic (FL) concepts are proposed by the
several researchers on timely basis. The FL have the power to handle various types of uncertainties and
non-linearities of energy delivery system and hence appear to be a promising LFC design for current and
future energy delivery system. In [6], the FL structure highly depend on adaptiveness in order to evaluate
the PI controller gains as per the available area control error (ACE) was discussed. The FL design based
on gain scheduling approach was identified and discussed in [7]. The FL design based on type-2 theory
for LFC was developed in [8]. Therefore, it is observed from the literature that FL based LFC designs are
gaining momentum worldwide and hence in this work an attempt is made to propose an LFC design based
on dual mode structure. The proposed design first operates as proportional control (PC) and after few
seconds it works as integral control (IC) for standard load change in power delivery system. Further, PC
and IC both have the capability of fuzzy intelligence with changing structure and may prove to be an
efficient LFC design for the proposed system [9]. In addition, the rule base for PC action is reduced to
four and for IC action it is reduced to six and hence the designed control works effectively with four as
well as six rules in comparison to twenty five rules required by the conventional fuzzy to provide the
required results.

1.1. System Model used for Investigations

It is a two-area system with power generation from conventional thermal plants having synchronous
generator in each area of interconnected energy delivery system. Two areas are connected via AC tie-line.
The DFIG based wind turbines are integrated in each area of the two-area system. The detailed structure
and DFIG modeling used for LFC studies is available in [3-4] and hence not included here due to space
limitation. However, the two-area system having synchronous generators in each area having generation
via thermal plants with DFIG based wind integrated system included in each area used for present LFC
studies is given in Figure 1.

2. Modeling and Logic of Dual Mode Fuzzy

The system performance can be improved with the concept of dual mode [7]. Modules A and B work
as proportional control and integral control with fuzzy tuned approach in order to bring the system
frequency and tie-power to nominal value. Hence, control design changes dynamically based on the
current ACE of the system. The dual mode with fuzzy tuning methodology depends upon the switching
limit of the controller. With gains tuned through intelligent fuzzy systems; the performance of two-area
system is improved significantly. The block diagram of dual mode with fuzzy tuning is shown in Figure
2. The proposed strategy is divided into three areas of operation;
(2.1) Allocation of control areas inputs
(2.2) Development of fuzzy rules for PC and IC action
 Sukanta K. Sahoo et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6321–6327 6323
Sukanta K. Sahoo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

(2.3) Defuzzification of fuzzy values into real values

6324 3 Sukanta
SukantaK.
K.Sahoo
Sahooetetal.
al./ /Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia158 (2019) 000–000
00 (2018) 6321–6327

Figure 1: System Model

 4 Sukanta K. Sahoo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Sukanta K. Sahoo et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6321–6327 6325

2.1. Allocation of Areas of Inputs

In order to achieve proportional action (Kp) by the proposed control design, the ACE is distributed into
four parts which are positive large (PL), positive small (PS), negative large (NL) and negative small (NS).
For obtaining integral operation (Ki) the ACE is distributed into negative big (NB), negative medium
(NM), negative small (NS), positive small (PS), positive medium (PM) and positive big (PB). The formed
rules for PC and IC action are shown in Table 1(a-b).

2.2. Tuning Rules for Proportional Action and Integral Action

Table 1(a). The rule base for PC Table 1(b). IC based on ACE values

If ACE is Then Kp is If ACE is Then Ki is

PL NL NB PB
PS NS NM PM
NL PL NS PS
NS PS PS NS
PM NM
PB NB

2.3. Defuzzifying the Output Value

The obtained crisp output is defuzzified by the famous method called centroid. This method is also
identified as center of area or center of gravity.

3. Analysis of Results Obtained

The present work discusses the dual mode with fuzzy tuning methodology for a two-area system
having thermal power generations via synchronous generators in area-1 & 2 with DFIG based wind
generation in each control areas. The LFC design for the proposed system is implemented via developing
the logic in such a way that after a sudden load change, the module 1, i.e. PC will be active and reduces
the overshoot from frequency and tie-power deviation responses and once the system gets settle after few
seconds the logic will shift to module 2, i.e. IC will be active and eliminates the steady state error as well
as takes the system back to the original condition. Further both the modules i.e. Modules 1 and 2 have
fuzzy tuning approach which will further improve the LFC performance significantly. Initially, the
efficacy of the proposed LFC is checked for standard load change, i.e. 1% in area-1 without integrating
wind power generators and the obtained LFC response is compared with natural response and with fuzzy
PI under similar working conditions. The system responses, i.e. ΔF1, ΔF2 (frequency deviations of areas-1
& 2) and ΔPtie12 (tie-power deviations) are given in Figure 3.

Figure 2: Dual mode with fuzzy tuning

 5 Sukanta K. Sahoo et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
6326 Sukanta K. Sahoo et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6321–6327

6
Figure 3: The system responses obtained via dual mode fuzzy tuning approach

The LFC response shows that sufficient steady state error i.e. difference between actual and desired
LFC exists in natural system responses. As compared to natural LFC, the fuzzy PI has lesser first peak
overshoot but the settling time and movement towards steady state is quite slow. This is due to fact that
for every disturbance the fuzzy PI have to evaluate complete 25 rules and hence the system gets slower to
provide the required results for LFC. In comparison to both, the dual mode fuzzy response for LFC results
in lowest first peak overshoot with reduced oscillations and faster actual condition, i.e. steady state error
move towards zero. The trend towards settling is soft and faster for all LFC responses. The act of
proposed LFC is ensured with four rules for PC action and 6 rules for IC action and hence the LFC results
are enhanced. Hence, the studies are further extended to study the dual mode with fuzzy tuning technique
 Sukanta K. Sahoo et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6321–6327 6327
Sukanta K. Sahoo et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

with considering the impact of DFIG based wind generation in both areas. The LFC results for proposed
LFC with and without DFIG are compared for various LFC responses i.e. ΔF1, ΔF2 (frequency deviations
of areas-1 & 2) and ΔPtie12 (tie-power deviations) and shown in Figure 3. The look of LFC clearly reveals
that DFIG has the ability to inject the quick active power in each area for load change in either of the area
by reducing its speed and hence delivering the power to the grid which significantly enhances the
proposed LFC. The of settling of all LFC responses are smooth and the system reaches to normal
condition within couple of seconds after the load changes and the same is justified via LFC responses as
shown in Figure 3.

4. Conclusions

In this research work a new control design based on switching logic having additional fuzzy
intelligence is proposed for wind integrated conventional power system. In addition, it is also tried to
reduce the rule base for proposed deign and hence to reduce the complexity of fuzzy based design. The
proposed design is tested for standard load change and the results are match with fuzzy PI and with
natural LFC response to show the validity of the proposed design. The obtained LFC response for
frequency and tie-power deviations shows enhanced results in comparison to that obtained via fuzzy PI as
well as from natural LFC. The obtained results for LFC are ensured with reduce rule base in comparison
to obtain via fuzzy PI with twenty five rules and therefore there is significant great reduction in the design
complexity. In addition to the above, the DFIG capability in reaching faster and smoother performance
have shown remarkable improvements in LFC results with dual mode fuzzy tuning in comparison to no
DFIG integration to conventional energy system. Hence, at this stage it can be said that wind integrated
system may results in enhancing frequency profile of the interconnected power system and thus deliver
quality power to the modern clients.

5. References

[1] Keung P, Lei P, Banakar H, and Ooi BT. Kinetic energy of wind-turbine generators for system frequency support. IEEE Trans.
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[2] Morren J, Haan SWH, Kling WH, Ferreira JA. Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control.
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[3] Ibraheem, Niazi KR, Sharma G. Study on dynamic participation of wind turbines in AGC of power system. Electr.
Power Compon. Syst. 2014; 4 (1): 44–55.
[4] Sharma G, Ibraheem, Niazi KR. Optimal AGC of asynchronous power systems using output feedback control strategy with
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[5] Elgerd OI, Fosha CE. Optimum megawatt frequency control of multi-area electric energy systems. IEEE Trans. Power Ap.
Syst. 1970; 89(4): 556-563.
[6] Juang CF, Lu CF. Load frequency control by hybrid evolutionary fuzzy PI controller. IEEE Proceedings Generation,
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[7] Kocaarslan I, Cam E. Fuzzy logic controller in interconnected electrical power systems for load frequency control. Int. Journal
of Elect. Power & Energy Syst. 2005; (27): 542-549.
[8] Sudha, KR, Santhi, RV. Robust decentralized load frequency control of interconnected power system with generation rate
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[9] Velusami, S, Chidambaram, IA. Design of decentralized biased dual mode controllers for LFC of interconnected power
systems considering GDB and GRC non-linearities. Energy Convers Manag. 2007; (48): 1691-1702.

Biography

Prof. Ramesh Bansal has over 25 years of experience and currently he is Professor and head of the department in
the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Sharjah. He has published over 300
papers. Prof. Bansal is an Editor/Associate editor of IEEE Systems Journal, IET-RPG & Electric Power
Components and Systems. He is a Fellow and CEngg IET-UK, Fellow Engineers Australia and Institution of
Engineers (India) and Senior Member-IEEE.
.