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EnergyProcedia 158
Procedia 00(2019)
(2017)6425–6430
000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
10th International Conference on Applied Energy
China(ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
China
Capacity Optimization for Electrical and Thermal Energy Storage in
Capacity Optimization
The 15th International for Electrical
Symposium on and Thermal
District Heating Energy
and Cooling Storage in
Multi-energy Building Energy System
Multi-energy Building Energy System
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Qianwen Zhua, Qiqiang Lia,a,*, Bingying Zhangaa, Luhao Wangbb, Guanguan Liaa, Rui Wangaa
a

temperature
Qianwen function
Zhu , Qiqiang for a long-term
Li *, Bingying Zhang , Luhao district
Wangheat demand
, Guanguan Li , forecast
School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250061, China
a
Rui Wang
a b
School
School of Electrical
of Control ScienceEngineering, University
and Engineering, of Jinan,
Shandong 336 Nanxinzhuang
University, Road,
17923 Jingshi Jinan
Road, 250022,
Jinan China
250061, China
a,b,c
I. Andrić b
*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Correc
a a b c
School of Electrical Engineering, University of Jinan, 336 Nanxinzhuang Road, Jinan 250022, China

a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
Abstract Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
In a multi-energy building energy system, the key to improve the energy efficiency and economy is coordinating the capacity
In a multi-energy
configuration and building
operationenergy system,oftheboth
scheduling key electrical
to improve andthethermal
energy energy
efficiency and economy
storage. is coordinating
Considering the capacity
the electricity storage
configuration
characteristics and operationfeedback
of electricity scheduling of both
arbitrage andelectrical
degradation, and asthermal
well asenergy
part load storage.
rate and Considering
ON/OFF time the constraints
electricity storage
for the
Abstractoperation
characteristics
combined of electricity feedback
of thermal energy arbitrage
storage andandground
degradation,
source as well
heat as part
pump, thisload
paper rate and ON/OFF
presents a bi-leveltime constraintsmethod,
optimization for the
combined operation
including upper of thermal
capacity energy storage
optimization and lowerand ground
operation source heat pump,The
optimization. thissimulation
paper presents a bi-level
results show that,optimization
comparedmethod,
to the
Districtwithout
including
system heating
upperenergy networks
capacity are thecommonly
optimization
storage, andaddressed
proposed lower in the literature
methodoperation as total
optimization.
significantly reduces one
Theof the mostcost,
simulation
annualized effective
results solutions
shiftsshow
largethat, for decreasing
compared
amounts of peaktoloadthe
the
greenhouse
system without gas emissions
energy from
storage, thethe building
proposed
and increases renewable energy self-consumption rate. sector.
method These systems
significantly require
reduces high
total investments
annualized cost,which
shifts are returned
large amounts through
of peakthe heat
load
sales.
and Due to
increases the changed
renewable energyclimate conditions rate.
self-consumption and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
prolonging the investment return period.
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
©The2019 The
main Authors.
©scope Published
ofElsevier
this paper isby Elsevier Ltd.
toresponsibility
assess the feasibility
Copyright
Selection and 2018
peer-review Ltd.
under All rights reserved. of the of using the
scientific heat demand
committee – outdoor
of the temperature Conference
10th International function for on heatApplied
demand
This is an open
forecast. access
districtarticle
The peer-review under thelocated
of Alvalade, CC BY-NC-ND
in Lisbon license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(Portugal), was used of as the
a case th study. The district is consisted of 665
Selection
Energy and
(ICAE2018).
Peer-review under under
responsibility responsibility
of the scientific of the scientific committee 10 International Conference on Applied
buildings
Energy that
(ICAE2018). vary in both construction periodcommittee
and typology.of ICAE2018 – The 10th
Three weather International
scenarios Conference
(low, medium, on Applied
high) and threeEnergy.
district
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the
Keywords: building energy; capacity optimization; electrical and thermal energy storage; bi-level optimization model error, obtained heat demand values were
comparedbuilding
Keywords: with results
energy;from a dynamic
capacity heat demand
optimization; electricalmodel, previously
and thermal developed
energy storage; and optimization
bi-level validated bymodelthe authors.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
1.(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
Introduction
scenarios,
1. Introduction the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
Using energy storage devices in building energy systems can increase the load flexibility of demand side,
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
Using the
maintain energy
balance storage devices
of energy in building
supply energy systems canpromote
increaselocal the consumption
load flexibility of demand side,
renovation scenarios considered). On theand otherdemand within
hand, function systems,
intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% of renewable
per decade (depending energy,
on the
maintain
achieve the balance
peak-load of energy
shifting, and supply
thus and
reduce demand
the within
energy systems,
cost of promote
buildings. In local consumption
multi-energy
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and of
building renewable
energy energy,
systems,
achieve
improvepeak-load
electricity thestorage
accuracy shifting,
(ES) and
and demand
of heat thermalthus reducestorage
energy
estimations. the energy (TES) cost
areoftwo
buildings.
commonInstorage multi-energy building energy
forms. Therefore, systems,
it is necessary
electricity storage (ES) and thermal energy storage (TES) are two common storage forms. Therefore, it is necessary
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
Cooling.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-531-88396736; fax: +86-531-88396736.
* E-mail address:author.
Corresponding qqli@sdu.edu.cn
Tel.: +86-531-88396736; fax: +86-531-88396736.
Keywords: Heat demand;
E-mail address: Forecast; Climate change
qqli@sdu.edu.cn
1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and
1876-6102 peer-review
Copyright under
© 2018 responsibility
Elsevier Ltd. All of the scientific
rights reserved. committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018).
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICAE2018 – The 10th International Conference on Applied Energy.
10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.183
6426 Qianwen Zhu et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6425–6430
2 Qianwen Zhu et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

to study the capacity optimization method for electrical and thermal energy storage in multi-energy building energy
systems to enhance economic benefit in the system lifecycle.
Optimal configuration of energy storage devices has been a hot research topic in the field of energy applications.
ES can increase the economic benefit of the active distribution network[1], mitigate the randomness and volatility of
energy generation to improve power quality[2], and enhance the schedulability of power systems[3]. TES can
decouple the generation process of electricity and thermal energy[4], save fuel cost and decrease generation capacity
of the utility[5], and reduce electricity cost by shifting loads[6]. However, in multi-energy building energy systems,
the electricity subsystem and the thermal energy subsystem couple and interact with each other. Therefore,
integrating both electrical and thermal energy storage in building energy systems can achieve more advantages. A
generic optimal design framework is proposed for a distributed energy system with ES and TES in [7], but the
operation characteristics of the individual device are neglected. Considering the operation characteristics of devices,
individual objectives can be achieved in different energy systems. In [8], a TES is utilized to store the extra thermal
energy of fuel cell power plants and thermal load satisfaction is determined by a fixed logic. Generation and storage
devices are designed for an isolated cogeneration system in [9] to increase the system reliability and flexibility. In
[10], electrical and thermal energy storage is configured for a residential energy system, which achieves high-level
self-sufficiency and self-consumption of the generated electricity. Although the supply and demand coordination
within the system is studied in the above researches, the economic benefit obtained from load-shifting by storage
devices under time-of-use (TOU) prices is not considered. Moreover, it is hard to obtain the optimal economic
operation under fixed operation strategies. To solve the above problem, an integrated planning and scheduling
optimization is formulated as mixed integer linear programming (MILP) in [11] and [12], while the nonlinearity
caused by the decision variable coupling between planning and scheduling is neglected. A two-stage optimization
method is adopted in [13] for the optimal planning of a combined cooling, heating and power system, but the
difference in load-shifting and renewable energy consumption between ES and TES is ignored. Therefore, in this
paper, a capacity optimization method for electrical and thermal energy storage based on coordinated optimal
operation is investigated for a multi-energy building energy system to improve the energy efficiency and economy.
The main contributions are as follows.

• The proposed capacity optimization method achieves complementary advantages of integrating ES and TES in
peak-load shifting, renewable energy consumption and cost saving, which enhances system efficiency and
reduces energy cost.
• The formulated model considers the ES characteristics of electricity feedback arbitrage and degradation, as well
as part load rate and ON/OFF time constraints for the combined operation of TES and ground source heat pump,
which promotes the coordinated operation of ES and TES.
• Three metrics, annualized cost saving rate, peak-load shifting rate, renewable energy self-consumption rate, are
defined to evaluate the capacity configuration.

2. Capacity optimization method

2.1. Problem statement

The structure of the multi-energy building energy system is shown in Fig. 1, including a photovoltaic (PV)
generation unit, energy storage devices, a ground source heat pump (GSHP). In this paper, a lead-acid battery is
selected as the ES, and a water tank is selected as the TES which can store heat or cooling produced by the GSHP.
Grid
electrical load
PV
Battery
heat/cooling load
solar energy GSHP

geothermal energy water tank

Fig. 1. Multi-energy Building Energy System

 Qianwen Zhu et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6425–6430 6427
Qianwen Zhu et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

The goal of our study is to derive the optimal capacity of the battery and the water tank which can minimize the
total system life cycle cost while satisfying the demand of electrical, heat and cooling loads by effectively utilizing
TOU prices and renewable energy in the system. However, the capacity optimization of energy storage interacts and
couples with the operation optimization of the system. Thus, the investigated problem is decoupled to two layers and
formulated as a bi-level optimization model shown in Fig. 2, of which the upper layer determines the optimal
capacity of the ES and TES and the lower layer determines the optimal operation of the system. Besides, the
operation characteristics of the ES and TES, energy conversion between electricity and heat as well as the
equipment constraints need to be considered in the lower-layer optimization.
Upper Model: CapacityOptimization capacity of Lower Model: Operation Optimization
energy storage
Objective: min total annualized cost Objective: min annual operation cost
Constraints: limitation of capacity and investment Constraints: equipment operation constraints
Decision Variable: capacity of energy storage Decision Variable: energy dispatch schedule
annual
operation cost
Fig. 2. Bi-level optimization model

2.2. Upper capacity optimization model

The objective of the upper model is to minimize the total annualized cost CTot, including annualized investment
costs CIni of the storage devices, cost of electricity exchange with the grid Celec, operation and maintenance cost of
the water tank COM, battery degradation cost CDE, and replacement cost of storage devices CRep. The decision
variables are battery capacity Capbat and the water tank volume Vtes. K denotes the unit cost, r denotes the interest
rate, l denotes the lifetime, and CRF denotes the capital recovery factor [14]. The subscript bat represents battery,
and tes represents thermal energy storage. pb and ps are the purchasing and selling electricity prices respectively.
Pgrid,buy and Pgrid,sell are the electricity bought from the grid and fed into the grid. CDE is calculated according to the
equivalent full cycles model[15], in which Zmax is the number of cycles, and k1 is a constant.
min CTot = CIni + Celec + COM + CDE + CRep (1)
Cap ,V
bat tes

=CIni Capbat K bat CRFbat + Vtes K tesCRFtes (2)

8760
=Celec  ( p (t ) P
t =1
b grid,buy ( t ) − ps ( t ) Pgrid,sell ( t ) ) (3)
COM = K OMVtes (4)
8760
CDE = K Rep,bat k1Pbat,dis ( t ) / Z max (5)
t

CRep Capbat KRep,bat r / ((1 + r ) bat − 1) + Vtes KRep,tes r / ((1 + r ) tes − 1)

l l
= (6)
The constraints of the upper model include the limitations of the storage capacity Cap max
bat , Vmax
tes , and the
limitations of initial investment cost CInimax .
max
0  Capbat  Capbat (7)
0  Vtes  Vtesmax (8)
max
Capbat K bat + Vtes K tes  CIni (9)

2.3. Lower operation optimization model

In the upper model, Celec and CDE are calculated according to the operation state of each schedule interval. Thus,
they are added together as the objective of the lower model, which is the annual operation cost COP.
8759
min C=
OP  ( p (t ) P
t =0
b grid,buy ( t ) − ps ( t ) Pgrid,sell ( t ) + K Rep,bat k1Pbat,dis ( t ) / Z max ) (10)

The balance constraints of electricity and heat are written as (11) and (12) individually, the cooling balance
constraint is similar to (12). PPV is the PV generation power, Pbat,ch and Pbat,dis are the charging and discharging
6428 Qianwen Zhu et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6425–6430
4 Qianwen Zhu et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

power of the battery, Pelec is the electricity demand, and PHP is the electrical consumption of GSHP. QHP is the heat
generated by GSHP, Qin and Qout are the heat charging and discharging power of TES, and Qload is the heat demand.
Pgrid,buy ( t ) + PPV ( t=
) Pgrid,sell ( t ) + Pbat,ch ( t ) − Pbat,dis (t ) + PHP (t ) + Pelec (t ) (11)
QHP ( t ) + Qout ( t )  Qin ( t ) + Qload ( t ) (12)
The constraints of electricity exchange with the grid are as follows, where zbuy and zsell are the binary variables
denoting the states of electricity exchanging with the grid. Pgrid,buy
max
and Pgrid,sell
max
are the maximum power supplied from
the grid and that fed into the grid.
0  Pgrid,buy ( t )  zbuy ( t ) Pgrid,buy
max
(13)
0  Pgrid,sell ( t )  zsell ( t ) Pgrid,sell
max
(14)
zbuy ( t ) + zsell ( t )  1 (15)
The constraints of the battery are as follows, where  and  are the maximum charging and discharging
max
ch
max
dis
rates, zch and zdis are the binary variables denoting the charging and discharging states. SOCbat is the state of
charge (SOC) of the battery,  bat is the electricity loss ratio, ch and  dis are the charging and discharging efficiencies,
SOCmin and SOCmax are the minimum and maximum SOC.
0  Pbat,ch ( t )  zch ( t )  chmaxCapbat (16)
0  Pbat,dis ( t )  zdis ( t )  dis Capbat
max
(17)
zch ( t ) + zdis ( t )  1 (18)
SOCbat ( t + 1) Capbat= SOCbat ( t )(1 −  bat ) Capbat + Pbat,ch ( t )ch − Pbat , dis ( t ) / dis (19)
SOCbat ( t )   SOCmin , SOCmax  (20)
The constraints of the GSHP for heating mode are as follows, and those for cooling mode are similar. The
coefficient of performance COP is related to the part load rate, shown in (22), in which a, b, c and d are parameters.
max
QHP is the maximum heat generation power, and  min is the minimum generation rate. z HP is the binary variable
related to the heating mode of the GSHP. Considering the influence of start-up and shut-down of heat pumps on the
grid, the minimum time of ON status G and that of OFF status H are restricted by (24) and (25) respectively. T is the
length of scheduling period.
QHP(t ) = PHP(t )COP(t ) (21)
COP ( t ) = a  PLR(t )3 + b  PLR(t ) 2 + c  PLR(t ) + d (22)
 minQHP
max
zHP ( t )  QHP,h ( t )  QHP
max
zHP ( t ) (23)
− zHP ( t − 1) + zHP ( t ) − zHP ( h )  0, t  h  min G + t − 1, T − 1 (24)
zHP ( t − 1) − zHP ( t ) + zHP ( h )  1, t  h  min H + t − 1,T − 1 (25)
The constraints of the thermal storage tank are as follows. The maximum energy storage amount Qcap is
calculated by its volume, liquid density  , specific heat cp, the temperature difference of heat storage t , tank
integrity  , and utilization factor  . SOCtes denotes SOC of the TES.  tes is the heat loss ratio. in and  out are the
charging and discharging efficiencies. t1 is the first interval of the scheduling period.
Qcap = Vtescp t / 3600 (26)
SOCtes ( t + 1)  Qcap = (1 −  tes ) SOCtes ( t )  Qcap + Qin ( t )in − Qout ( t ) / out (27)
( t1 ) SOCtes ( t1 =
SOCtes= +T) 0 (28)
We obtain a bilevel nonlinear mixed-integer model, of which the upper level is solved by an adaptive genetic
algorithm and the lower level is reformulated into MILP by piecewise linearization and solved by GUROBI solver.

3. Case study

An office building in northern China is introduced as an illustrative example. The electrical load demand is large
in work time while it is small in non-work time. The electrical load profiles are selected from the historical load data
 Qianwen Zhu et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6425–6430 6429
Qianwen Zhu et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

of the building. There are also cooling and heat loads in work time of summer and winter. The profiles of cooling
and heat load and PV generation are obtained from simulations in TRNSYS.
Three metrics, annualized cost saving rate (CSR), peak-load shifting rate (PSR), renewable energy self-
consumption rate (SCR), are defined to evaluate the economic and energy performance of the system with energy
storage of the optimal capacity. CTot’ and Pgrid,buy’ are the annual operation cost and power bought from the grid in
the system without energy storage.
CSR =−(CTot CTot ') / CTot ' 100% (29)
tP ( Pgrid,buy (t ) − Pgrid,buy'(t )) / tPPgrid,buy'(t ) 100%
LSR = (30)

 t 1=
SCR =
8760
( 
PPV ( t ) − zsell ( t ) max ( Pgrid,sell − Pbat,dis ) ,0 /  t 1 Ppv ( t )  100% ) 8760
(31)

Table 1. Results of energy storage configuration

No storage only ES only TES ES & TES
Capacity of battery(kWh) 0 543.18 0 529.64
Capacity of water tank(kWh) 0 0 1340.39 514.50
operation cost(10k CNY) 15.57 5.68 10.51 4.21
total annualized cost（10k CNY） 15.57 14.08 14.77 13.82
CSR / 9.57% 5.16% 11.26%
LSR / 63.99% 40.94% 71.26%
SCR 58.27% 68.54% 62.17% 79.46%

400 2.5
P_GSHP battery SOC
P_battery 1.2
purchasing price
300 P_grid
selling price
P_load 2.0
P_PV 1.0
Electricity (kWh)

200

electricity price (CNK)

1.5
100 0.8
battery SOC

1.0
0 0.6

-100 0.5
0.4

-200
0.2 0.0

-300
0.0 -0.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time (h) Time (h)
(a) Electricity schedule scheme (b) Battery state of charge

1.5 2.5
Q_TES TES SOC
600 Q_GSHP purchasing price
Q_load
2.0
400
1.0
electricity price(CNK)

1.5
200
Cooling (kWh)

TES SOC

0 1.0

0.5
-200
0.5

-400
0.0
0.0
-600
-0.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time (h) Time (h)
(c) Thermal dispatch schedule (d) TES state of charge

Fig. 3. Energy scheduling results in summer work day

To analyze the effect of electrical and thermal energy storage on the building energy system, the optimal capacity
and the three above-mentioned metrics are calculated under four scenarios, including the system without storage, the
system with ES, the system with TES, and the system with both ES and TES, which are shown in Table 1.
Compared to the system without storage, the total annualized cost of the system with both ES and TES configured
by the proposed method is significantly reduced while the PSR and the SCR are increased. Moreover, CSR, PSR,
and SCR in the system with both ES and TES are higher than those in the system with only one type of energy
storage.
The proposed method can obtain the energy scheduling results under the optimal capacity of energy storage. The
scheduling results on summer work days are presented in Fig. 3. The simulation results show that the ES can reduce
6430 Qianwen Zhu et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 6425–6430
6 Qianwen Zhu et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

the system operating cost by load shifting, renewable energy consumption and electricity feed-in. Also, the TES can
reduce the system operation cost by shifting the thermal load and increasing the part load rate of GSHP. Therefore,
the proposed method can coordinate the operation of electrical and thermal energy storage and obtain the optimal
capacity and optimal scheduling scheme to enhance the energy efficiency and economy of the system.

4. Conclusion

This paper proposes a capacity optimization method of electrical and thermal energy storage for a multi-energy
building energy system. The problem is formulated as a bi-level optimization, which decouples the capacity
optimization and operation optimization, to reduce the complexity of the problem. The method takes account of the
difference characteristics of ES and TES, to make full use of the complementary effect of two types of storage, so as
to improve the energy efficiency and economy of the building energy system. Case studies verify that the proposed
method can effectively solve the optimal capacity of energy storage and the optimal system scheduling scheme.
Compared with the system without energy storage, the method reduces the total annualized cost by 11.26%, shifts
71.26% of the peak load, and consumes 79.46% of the renewable energy in the system with both ES and TES.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation – China (Grant No. ZR2014FM036).

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