Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Energy
Available
Available Procedia
online
online 00 (2017) 000–000
atatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia117 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 575–582
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol, PECCON-2017, 2-

1st International Conference on Power
4 March Engineering,
2017, VIT Computing
University, Chennai and CONtrol, PECCON-2017, 2-
Campus
4 March 2017, VIT University, Chennai Campus
Optimal Placement of STATCOM using Two Stage Algorithm for
Optimal Placement of STATCOM
The 15th International Symposiumusing on DistrictTwo Stage
Heating and Algorithm
Cooling for
Enhancing Power System Static Security
Enhancing Power System Static Security
Assessing the feasibility ofa,using the heat demand-outdoor
V. Srinivasa Raoa,*, R. Srinivasa Raobb
temperature functiona
for a long-term
V. Srinivasa Rao *, R. SrinivasadistrictRao heat demand forecast
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Aditya Engineering College, Kakinada, India
a
ElectricalbElectrical
and Electronics Engineering
and Electronics Department,
Engineering Aditya Engineering
Department, College, Kakinada,
JNTUK, Kakinada, India India
I. Andrića,b,c*,Electrical
A. Pina
b a
, P. Ferrão
and Electronics
a
, J. Fournier
Engineering
b
., B. Lacarrière
Department, JNTUK,
c
Kakinada, India , O. Le Corre
c

a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a consistent increase in power demand which has resulted in heavy line flows, greater losses, and
InAbstract
may recent years,
threaten there security
system has beenand a consistent
stability. increase
The power in power
systemdemand
consists which has resulted
of diversified in heavy
loads line flows,
with rapid greater
variations losses,
in its and
reactive
may threaten
power system security
requirement. STATCOM and isstability. The power system
a shunt compensator used forconsists of diversified
fast response when the loads with rapid
reactive powervariations
of the load in isitschanging
reactive
power
rapidly.requirement.
District heating
This STATCOM
papernetworks
presents are is a shunt
commonly
STATCOM compensator
addressed
modeled usedliterature
in the
as synchronous for fast response
voltageas one ofwhen
source. the
thisreactive
theInmost power
effective
work, of location
solutions
optimum thefor
loaddecreasing
is changing
and optimal the
rapidly.
parametersThisofgas
greenhouse paper presentsfrom
STATCOM
emissions STATCOM
have been
the modeled
determined.
building as These
sector. synchronous
systemsvoltage
The objective is to source.
require minimize Insystem
this work,
high investments power
whichoptimum bylocation
lossreturned
are and optimal
controlling
through device
the heat
parameters
sales. DueoftoInSTATCOM
parameters. the work, ahave
thischanged beenconditions
two-stage
climate determined.
approach and The
is proposedobjective
building for is to placement
optimal
renovation minimize
policies, heatsystem
of powerinloss
STATCOM.
demand by
In the
the controlling
first
future device
stage, decrease,
could optimal
parameters.
location In investment
of STATCOM
prolonging the this work, a two-stage
is obtained
return by approach
period. generalized is proposed
approach for optimal
which placement
is based of STATCOM.
on sensitivity analysis Inandtheinfirst
thestage,
second optimal
stage
location
STATCOM
The main of scope
STATCOM
parameter is obtained
of thissetting
paper is done
is to byusing
assess generalized
theNewton- approach
of usingwhich
Raphson
feasibility (N-R)
the heatis based
power on–technique.
flow
demand sensitivity analysis and
This approach
outdoor temperature inisthe
function forsecond
implemented stage
heat demand on
STATCOM
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of on
14-bus test parameter
system. setting
Voltages is
in done
the using
network, Newton-
power Raphson
flows and (N-R)
power power
loss flow
before technique.
and after This
placing approach
the is
STATCOM implemented
have been
665
14-bus
compared.test system.
It isvary Voltages
observed inafter
that, the network,
placement power flows and voltage
power loss before and afterand placing theloss
STATCOM have been
buildings that in both construction periodofandSTATCOM
typology. Three weatherprofile isscenarios
improved power
(low, medium, is minimized
high) and three in the
district
compared.
system. It is observed
Proposed algorithm that,implemented
after placement of STATCOM voltage profile is improved and power loss is minimized in the
renovation scenarios were is developed (shallow, in MATLAB.
intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
system. Proposed algorithm is implemented in MATLAB.
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
© 2017 The Authors.Published by Elsevier Ltd.
©The
© results
2017
2017 The showed that
The Authors. when only
Published
Authors.Published weather
byElsevier
Elsevier change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibilitybyofthe Ltd.
scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering,
Peer-review
Peer-review under
(the error inunder responsibility
annual demand was
responsibility of lower
thescientific
ofthe scientific
than 20% committee ofthe
for all of
committee the1st
weather 1stscenarios
International Conference
considered).
International Conference onPower
Power
However,
on afterEngineering,
introducing renovation
Engineering,
Computing
Computing and
and CONtrol.
CONtrol.
scenarios, the error
Computing and CONtrol. value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
Keywords: STATCOM; optimal location; optimal sizing; sensitivity analysis; real power loss.
decrease in the
Keywords: number ofoptimal
STATCOM; heatinglocation;
hours ofoptimal
22-139hsizing;
duringsensitivity
the heating seasonreal
analysis; (depending
power loss. on the combination of weather and
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding
Peer-review author.
under Tel.: +919440504272
responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +919440504272
E-mail address:connectvsr@gmail.com
Cooling.
E-mail address:connectvsr@gmail.com
1876-6102© 2017demand;
Keywords: Heat The Authors. Published
Forecast; bychange
Climate Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102© 2017 The
Peer-review under Authors. Published
responsibility by Elsevier
ofthe scientific Ltd. of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.
committee
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
and CONtrol.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.151
576 V. Srinivasa Rao et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 575–582
2 V.Srinivasa Rao/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

1. Introduction

In transmission network majority of the interruptions take place due to voltage instability. Voltage instability is
one of the reasons for blackout in North American power system on August 14th, 2003. With the help of modern
technology voltage stability margin can be enhanced [1]. To meet the load demand, the stability and reliability of the
power system can be enhanced by the efficient use of existing power system. The transmission network expansion
constraint, curbs the operation of electrical power systems close to their stability limits. The transmission network
supplies the load at a required reliable and optimum efficiency at a reasonable cost. Hence, emerges the necessity
for optimizing power system capacities effectively by installing Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices.
The maximum capability of power systems can be exploited by means of FACTS devices.
The detailed description of different FACTS devices including their operating principles were explained by
Hingorani et al [2, 3]. The power flow control, voltage profile, stability enhancement and minimal loss can be
anticipated by FACTS devices. The economical considerations limit the installation of FACTS controllers in all the
buses or the lines.
There are diverse methods proposed in literature for optimizing location and parameter setting of FACTS devices
in power system [4, 5, 6]. Sensitivity indices based on line loss have been developed for placement of series
capacitors by Preedavichit et al [7]. The economic dispatch problem resolves the optimal positioning of FACTS
devices by Tran Bach et al [8]. The FACTS devices are also considered for transmission congestion management
purposes [9, 10, 11].The best converter based FACTS devices are Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The STATCOM and UPFC were applied for power system steady state
operation in [12]. The damping of STATCOM was enhanced by an adaptive fuzzy controller in [13]. The optimum
gain setting of STATCOM to enhance the dynamic response of the hybrid power system is presented in [14]. In a
multi-machine environment, cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm based on the life of a bird family has been developed for
optimal design of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) by Abd-Elazim et al [15].
The purpose of this paper is to investigate on placement of STATCOM for improvement of voltage profile of
power system. In this work, two stage algorithm has been proposed to determine the optimal location and optimal
parameter setting of STATCOM. In the first stage optimal location of STATCOM is obtained based on partial
derivative of objective function with respect to reactive power injection according to generalized approach for
placement of FACTS devices [16] and in the second stage optimal parameter setting of STATCOM is obtained using
N-R polar technique. The objective considered is, minimization of sum of active power loss in the transmission
network. The static model of STATCOM has been used. The two stage approach has been demonstrated on 14 bus
test system.
The remaining paper is structured as follows. Section 2 consists of a static modeling of STATCOM. In section 3,
method for optimal placement of STATCOM is described. Section 4 consists of simulation results. Finally
conclusions are presented in Section 5.

2. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) model

The mathematical model of the controller can be derived by the STATCOM equivalent shown in Fig.1. It is
reasonable to represent the STATCOM with a synchronous voltage source having maximum and minimum voltage
magnitude limits. In the STATCOM at the AC converter terminal the synchronous voltage source represents the
primary Fourier series component of the switched voltage waveform. In the event of limits being violated the bus
connected to STATCOM is reassigned to PQ bus from PV bus. In such a case, the generated or absorbed reactive
power would correspond to the violated limit.
In this work, the STATCOM is represented as a voltage source for the complete range of operation, permitting
rigid voltage support mechanism. Using Fig.1 of STATCOM the nonlinear power equations are obtained.
 V. Srinivasa
Author name / Rao et al.
Energy / Energy Procedia
Procedia00 117 (2017) 575–582
(2017) 000–000 577
3

V k  k + VVR VR -
Z VR
Ik

IVR

Bus K

Fig. 1. Model of STATCOM

2.1. Power flow equations of STATCOM

With reference to Fig. 1, based on the principle of STATCOM, assuming the voltage source representation, the
current drawn by the STATCOM and the converter power flow equations can be given as:
EVR  VVR (cos VR +j sinVR ) (1)

I VR =YVR (VVR  VK ) (2)

*  VvRY * (V *  V * )
SVR  EVR IVR (3)
VR VR k

Using the basic circuit theory the power flow equations are derived with equations (1) - (3), for the converter and
bus k, respectively:

2
PvR  VvR GvR  VkVvR [GvR cos(vR  k )  BvR sin(vR  k ) (4)

2
QvR  VvR BvR  VkVvR [GvR sin(vR  k )  BvR cos(vR  k ) (5)

Pk  Vk2GvR  VkVvR [GvR cos(k  vR )  BvR sin(k  vR ) (6)

Qk  Vk2 BvR  VkVvR [GvR sin(k  vR )  BvR cos(k  vR ) (7)

With the power equations (4)-(7), the linearised STATCOM model is presented below, where the voltage magnitude
VvR and phase angle δvR are taken to be the state variables.

2.2. Operating constraints of STATCOM

The source voltage magnitude and angle of shunt converter are constrained by
min max
VvR  VvR  VvR
(8)
0   vR  2 (9)

Where, VvR min and VvR max are minimum and maximum voltage limits of VvR.
578 V. Srinivasa Rao et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 575–582
4 V.Srinivasa Rao/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

2.3. Implementation of STATCOM in Newton power flow

The Fig.1 shows the way of implementation of the STATCOM in N-R load flow algorithm [16]. The Newton
power flow equation with incorporation of STATCOM is written as.

 Pk   Pk Pk Pk Pk    k 

   Vk VvR   
    k Vk  vR VvR   
 Q   Q Qk Qk Qk   Vk 
 k   k Vk VvR   
    k Vk  vR VvR   Vk 
  =    
 PvR   PvR PvR
Vk
PvR PvR
VvR   vR  (10)
    k Vk  vR VvR   
     
 QvR   QvR QvR
Vk
QvR QvR
VvR   VvR 
    Vk  vR VvR  
   k   VvR 

Where ∆Pk, ∆Qk, ∆PvR, ∆QvR are the active and reactive power mismatches at bus k and for converter respectively.
In equation (10), the power mismatch equations are represented by the elements of the first two rows of the system
Jacobian matrix and the last two rows corresponds to the STATCOM control.

3. Method for Optimal Location of STATCOM

In this work, generalized approach for optimal location of STATCOM has been considered from static point of
view to reduce total system real power loss (PL). The parameter to be optimized is differentiated with the objective
function [17]. In this case, minimization of power loss is objective function and device parameter optimized is
reactive power injection by STATCOM. Reactive power injection is expressed in terms of susceptance of the
device.

3.1. Total System Loss Sensitivity Indices

For determining loss sensitivities with respect to STATCOM precise loss formula of N-bus system is used [18].
N N
PL  [α km (Pk Pm + Qk Qm ) + βkm (Qk Pm -Pk Qm )] (11)
k 1 m 1

Where, Pk and Qk are real and reactive powers at bus k and loss coefficients α and β are defined by
 km  rkm cos( k   m ) and  km  rkm sin( k   m ) (12)
VkVm VkVm

Where, rkm is real part of the kth row and mth column element of Z-bus matrix.

The sensitivity factors, which are obtained as partial derivatives of total system real power loss with respect to
reactive power output of a STATCOM (Qk placed at bus k) can be defined as:
P
aks  L =Total loss sensitivity with respect to STATCOM.
Qk
The sensitivity factors aks are computed using equation (13) in base case load flow. Consider a device connected at
bus k, sensitivity index with respect to STATCOM parameter using above loss formula can be expressed as:
N
PL
Q k
2  (α km Q m  β km Pm ) (13)
m1
 V. Srinivasa Rao et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 575–582 579
Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 5

Where, k = 1, 2… N and N is total number of buses.

3.2. Criteria for Optimal Placement

The following criterion has been used for optimal placement of STATCOM:

 The STATCOM should be placed at a bus k having most negative sensitivity index aks
 The placement of STATCOM has been considered at load buses only.

4. Results

In the first stage of this section, to determine the optimal location for STATCOM, the objective function is
differentiated with respect to reactive power injection ( aks ) and in the second stage, the optimal parameter setting of
STATCOM is obtained for standard 14 bus system. The reduction in total loss, power flows, and voltage
magnitudes, phase angles before and after placing STATCOM are presented in this section. Optimal location and
size of STATCOM are also obtained in this section.
The 14-bus test system [19] consists of 5 generator buses, 11 load buses and 20 transmission lines shown in Fig.
2(a). The base value is taken as 100MVA and bus 1 is considered as reference bus. Sensitivities are calculated for
reactive power injection of STATCOM associated with every bus one at a time for same operating conditions.

(a) (b)

Fig. 2. a)14-bus system; b) 14-bus system with STATCOM

Table 1 presents the computed sensitivities of total system loss indices with STATCOM. Column 2 presents bus
type (i.e., bus type 3 is load PQ bus, bus type 2 is generator PV bus, and bus type 1 is slack bus). Column 4 presents
priority to place STATCOM. The magnitude of sensitivity factors aks are large, indicate that the reduction in total
system loss will be more which can be seen in column 3. The magnitude of sensitivity of loss with respect to
STATCOM placed at bus 14 is the most negative followed by placing at bus 6 and 9. But bus 6 (i.e., priority 3) is
not suitable because it is a generator bus. However, bus 14 (i.e., priority 1) is suitable for placement of STATCOM.
This indicates that placement of STATCOM at bus 14 will reduce loss more than the placement at other buses.
Decision for placement of STATCOM is presented in bold.
6 V.Srinivasa Rao/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

580 V. Srinivasa Rao et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 575–582

Table 1.Total system loss sensitivities ( aks )

Bus No. Bus Type aks Priority
1 1 0.0160 -
2 2 -0.0079 5
3 2 0.0493 -
4 3 0.0514 -
5 3 0.0223 -
6 2 -0.0159 3
7 3 0 -
8 2 0 -
9 3 -0.0184 2
10 3 -0.0140 4
11 3 0.363 -
12 3 0.0332 -
13 3 0.0061 -
14 3 -0.0633 1

In the second stage the optimal parameter setting, total system loss, voltage magnitude and angle is analyzed
using N-R load flow algorithm. The original network has been modified to include a STATCOM which
compensates the transmission system connected at bus 14. This is shown in Fig. 2(b). The STATCOM is used to
regulate bus 14 voltage magnitude at 1 pu. The initial condition for the source voltage magnitude and angle is set at
1.0 pu and zero degrees. Convergence was obtained in 5 iterations to a power mismatch tolerance of 1e-12. The
STATCOM upheld its target value.
From Table 2, the power flow result indicates that the STATCOM generates 17.1MVAR in order to keep the
voltage magnitude at 1.0 pu at bus 14. The STATCOM parameters associated with this amount of reactive power
generation are mentioned in column 2 and 3.

Table 2.Optimal setting/ limits of control parameter of STATCOM

Optimal setting of shunt converter Limits (p.u)
S. No δvR (deg) VvR (p.u) V min V max
vR vR
1 -16.075 1.020 0.9 1.1

The optimal location of STATCOM is presented in column 1 of Table 3. Real and reactive power loss before
and after placing STATCOM is presented in column 2 and 3 respectively. It is observed that, after placement of
STATCOM the real and reactive power loss have been reduced. Percentage reduction in real and reactive power
loss is presented in column4 and 5 respectively.

Table 3. Power loss and % Reduction in Power loss

Real power Reactive power % Reduction in % Reduction in
STATCOM connected bus
loss(p.u) loss(p.u) Real power loss Reactive power loss
System without STATCOM 0.1391 0.3037 - -
Connected at bus 14 0.1376 0.2872 1.07 5.43

Table 4 presents, the voltage magnitudes (VM), and voltage angles (VA) without and with STATCOM. With
STATCOM placed at bus 14, the voltage magnitude at bus 14 improved to the specified value of 1.0 pu, and it is
observed that at buses 3, 4 and buses 9-13, voltage is improved by a large amount and the value is more than 1.0 pu.
 Author name / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 7
V. Srinivasa Rao et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 575–582 581

Table 4.Bus voltage magnitude and angle with and without STATCOM
Bus No Bus Type Without STATCOM With STATCOM
VM(p.u) VA(deg) VM(p.u) VA(deg)
1 1 1.0600 0 1.0600 0
2 2 1.0356 -4.87140 1.0450 -4.96030
3 2 0.9714 -12.4960 1.0100 -12.6369
4 3 0.9975 -10.2309 1.0262 -10.3722
5 3 1.0063 -8.73650 1.0328 -8.96200
6 2 1.0011 -14.9980 1.0700 -14.9578
7 3 1.0009 -13.6656 1.0424 -13.4455
8 2 1.0415 -13.6656 1.0900 -13.4455
9 3 0.9788 -15.5061 1.0224 -15.0676
10 3 0.9748 -15.7426 1.0232 -15.3299
11 3 0.9841 -15.5143 1.0427 -15.2559
12 3 0.9847 -15.9611 1.0509 -15.7736
13 3 0.9790 -16.0246 1.0423 -15.7205
14 3 0.9595 -16.8924 1.0000 -16.0750

Table 5.Power flow results with and without STATCOM

Line-k Without STATCOM With STATCOM Without STATCOM With STATCOM
No From-To Pline(p.u) Ploss(p.u) Pline(p.u) Ploss(p.u) Qline(p.u) Qloss(p.u) Qline(p.u) Qloss(p.u)
1 1-2 1.5718 0.0426 1.5621 0.0426 -0.0408 0.0721 -0.2025 0.0716
2 1-5 0.7572 0.0284 0.7655 0.0282 0.0995 0.0645 -0.0237 0.0625
3 2-3 0.7239 0.0249 0.7264 0.0229 0.1856 0.0606 0.0362 0.0501
4 2-4 0.5678 0.0177 0.5586 0.0167 0.0423 0.0150 -0.0658 0.0106
5 2-5 0.4205 0.0095 0.4174 0.0092 0.0322 -0.0064 -0.0666 -0.0086
6 3-4 -0.2430 0.0044 -0.2384 0.0037 -0.0650 -0.0224 -0.0150 -0.0263
7 4-5 -0.6227 0.0052 -0.6069 0.0047 -0.0095 0.0036 0.0327 0.0012
8 4-7 0.2860 0 0.2472 0 -0.0078 0.0172 -0.0722 0.0160
9 4-9 0.1614 0 0.1544 0 0.0409 0.0155 0.0134 0.0127
10 5-6 0.4360 0 0.4580 0 0.0445 0.0478 -0.1286 0.0535
11 6-11 0.0698 0.0007 0.0809 0.0015 0.0526 0.0155 0.1083 0.0032
12 6-12 0.0780 0.0008 0.0822 0.0009 0.0275 0.0017 0.0409 0.0019
13 6-13 0.1762 0.0025 0.1829 0.0030 0.0815 0.0049 0.1358 0.0059
14 7-8 0 0 0 0 -0.2306 0.0094 -0.2816 0.0129
15 7-9 0.2860 0 0.2742 0 0.2057 0.0136 0.1936 0.0114
16 9-10 0.0563 0.0001 0.0464 0.0001 0.0257 0.0003 -0.0272 0.0002
17 9-14 0.0962 0.0013 0.0872 0.0012 0.0256 0.0028 0.0441 0.0025
18 10-11 -0.0339 0.0002 -0.0437 0.0007 -0.0327 0.0004 -0.0854 0.0017
19 12-13 0.0162 0.0001 0.0203 0.0002 0.0098 0.0001 0.0230 0.0002
20 13-14 0.0548 0.0007 0.0650 0.0021 0.0284 0.0014 0.0947 0.0042
8 V.Srinivasa Rao/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000
582 V. Srinivasa Rao et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 575–582

The power flows before and after placing the STATCOM is presented in Table 5. It is observed that after placing
the device at bus 14 the real power flow in lines 10-13 and 18-20 increases slightly and in the rest of the lines it
decreases slightly. In the case of reactive power, it is observed that after placing the device at bus 14 the reactive
power flow in lines 4, 5, 7, 8, 10-14, 17-20 increases considerably compared with the base case, and in the rest of
the lines it decreases slightly. Correspondingly real and reactive power loss changes in all lines.

5. Conclusion

In this study STATCOM model has been presented. The Generalized Approach has been implemented to find the
optimal placement of STATCOM, for enhancing the security of the power system network. The optimal parameter
setting of STATCOM has been done by Newton Raphson power flow technique. The objective function is defined
as minimization of total system real power loss by controlling device parameters. The two stage algorithm is
implemented on standard 14 bus system. The voltage profile, power flow and total system real power loss before
and after placing the STATCOM have been compared. The simulation results show considerable improvement in
voltage profile and power loss is reduced.

References

[1] M. Karami, N. Mariun and M. Z. A. A. Kadir, “On basic definition of optimal allocation of FACTS devices in power system”, Research and
Development (SCOReD), IEEE Student Conference on, UPM Serdang, 2009, pp. 418-421.
[2] N.G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTS: Concepts and technology of flexible ac transmission systems”, IEEE Press, New
York, 2000.
[3] Y. H. Song and A. T. Johns. “Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)”, IEE Power and Energy Series 30, London, UK, 1999.
[4] S.Gerbex, R. Cherkaoui, and A. Germond, “Optimal location of multitype FACTS devices in a power system by means of genetic
algorithms,” IEEE Transaction Power System, Aug. 2001, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 537-544.
[5] N. Sharma, A. Ghosh, and R. Varma, “A novel placement strategy for FACTS controllers”, IEEE Transaction Power Delivery, July 2003,
vol. 18, pp. 982-987.
[6] J. G. Singh, S. N. Singh, and S. C. Srivastava, “Placement of FACTS controllers for enhancing power system loadability,” IEEE power India
conference, New Delhi, 2006.
[7] P. Preedavichit and S. C. Srivastava, “Optimal reactive power dispatch considering FACTS devices”, Electric Power Systems Research, Sept.
1998, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 251-257.
[8] T. T. Lie and W. Deng, “Optimal flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices allocation”, International Journal of Electrical
Power and Energy systems, 1999, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 125-134.
[9] R. S. Fang., A.. K. David, “Transmission Congestion Management in an Electricity Market”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Aug.
1999, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 877- 883.
[10] N. Acharya, N. Mithulanathan, “Locating Series FACTS devices for Congestion Management in Deregulated Electricity Markets”, Electric
Power Systems Research, March 2007, vol. 77, no. 3-4, pp. 352-360.
[11] J. Brosda, E. Handschin, “Congestion Management Methods with a Special Consideration of FACTS-Devices”, IEEE Power Tech2001
Porto, Sept. 2001, vol. 1, 10-13.
[12] Ashwin Kumar Sahoo, S.S. Dash, T. Thyagarajan, “Modeling of STATCOM and UPFC for Power System Steady State Operation and
Control”, IET-UK International Conference on Information and Communication Technology in Electrical Sciences (ICTES 2007), Dec. 20-
22, 2007. pp. 458-463.
[13] W. Chao, Z. Yao, “Approach on nonlinear control theory for designing STATCOM controller”, IEEE/ICGSIS, Nov. 2007, pp.871-875.
[14] P. Sharma, T.S.Bhatti, K.S.S.Ramakrishna, “Control of reactive power of autonomous wind-diesel hybrid power systems”, in joint
international conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Power India, 2010.
[15] S. M. Abd-Elazim, E.S. Ali, “Optimal location of STATCOM in multimachine power system for increasing loadability by Cuckoo Search
algorithm”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, January 2016, vol. 80, pp 240-251.
[16] G. W. Stagg and A. H. El-Abiad, “Computer Methods in Power System Analysis”, McGraw-Hill, 1968.
[17] R. Srinivasa Rao and V. Srinivasa Rao, “A generalized approach for determination of optimal location and performance analysis of FACTS
devices”, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, December, 2015, Vol.73, pp. 711-724.
[18] I. O. Elgerd, “Electric Energy System Theory - An Introduction”, McGraw Hill Inc., New York, 1971.
[19] L. L. Freris and A.M. Sasson, “Investigation of the Load Flow Problem”, Proc IEE, 1968, vol. 115, pp. 1459-1469.