See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/321635464

Comparative study on charge controller techniques for solar PV system

Conference Paper · January 2017

CITATIONS READS

2 3,675

5 authors, including:

P J R pavan Kumar Saniya Aneel Aneel

VIT University La Trobe University
2 PUBLICATIONS   4 CITATIONS    1 PUBLICATION   2 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Sudhakar Babu Thanikanti Rajasekar Natarajan

Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology VIT University
147 PUBLICATIONS   3,229 CITATIONS    94 PUBLICATIONS   4,162 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Suppression Of Conducted EMI View project

PID Controller for Inverted Pendulum View project

All content following this page was uploaded by P J R pavan Kumar on 07 December 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Availableonline
Available onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy
EnergyProcedia 117
Procedia 00(2017)
(2017)1070–1077
000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1stInternational Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and Control, PECCON-2017, 2-4
March 2017, VIT University, Chennai Campus
1stInternational Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and Control, PECCON-2017, 2-4
March 2017, VIT University, Chennai Campus
Comparative study on charge controller techniques for solar PV
Comparative study
The 15th on charge
International controller
system
Symposium techniques
on District for solar PV
Heating and Cooling
system a, S. Aneel Manik Chandraa,
Assessing the feasibility
M. LokeshReddy a
of Kumar
, P.J.R. Pavan using the heat demand-outdoor
a a
temperature function
M. LokeshReddy T., Sudhakar
a
for aPavan
P.J.R. Babu
long-term*, N.a,district
Kumar Rajasekar
S. Aneel heat
Manikdemand
Chandraa,forecast
a T. Sudhakar Babu a*, N. Rajasekara
Solar Energy Research
a,b,c a Cell, School of aElectrical Engineering,
b VIT University,Vellore,India
I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Correc c
a
a
Solar Energy Research Cell, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University,Vellore,India
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
This paper presents a new technology based solar PV charge controller which contains series, shunt charge controller. The
lead acid battery is been chosen for charging and discharging of series, shunt charge controller due to its features. Authors used
This paper
MOSFET’s forpresents a newpurpose
the switching technologyand itbased solar PV
will reduce thecharge
switchingcontroller
losses. which containscharge
The proposed series,controller
shunt charge controller.
has been The
developed
lead acid
Abstract battery is been chosen for charging and discharging of series, shunt charge controller
using MATLAB and the charging and discharging process of developed charge controller has been verified. Further, the due to its features. Authors used
MOSFET’s for thecontroller
developed charge switchinghas purpose
been and it will reduce
maintained withinthe theswitching
SOC limits losses. The proposed
by considering thecharge controller
efficiency of the has beenmaintained
battery developed
using MATLAB
District heating and the
networks charging
are and
commonly discharging
addressed process
in the of developed
literature as one charge
of the controller
most has
effective
good, hence forth the life time of battery can be increased up to a larger extent. In addition, the analysis on various charge been verified.
solutions for Further,
decreasing the
the
greenhouse
developed gas emissions
charge controller from
has the building
been maintainedsector.
withinThesethesystems
SOC require
limits by high investments
considering the which areofreturned
efficiency the through
battery the heat
maintained
controller has been discussed and based on this it can be proved that; the performance of the proposed charge controller is
sales.hence
good, Due forth
to thethe changed
life climate conditions and buildinguprenovation policies, Inheat demandtheinanalysis
the future could decrease,
improved and it requires lesstime of battery
number can be
of switches so increased
the cost of thetosystem
a larger
alsoextent.
reduces. Itaddition, on various
is most suitable for optimize charge
the energy
prolonging
controller hasthe investment
been discussed return
and period.
based on this it can be proved that; the performance of the proposed charge controller is
crises in thescope
The main rural areas
of thistopaper
an affordable level.
is to assess the feasibility of using
improved and it requires less number of switches so the cost of thethe heat demand
system – outdoor
also reduces. temperature
It is most suitablefunction for heat
for optimize the demand
energy
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
crises
© 2017inThe
the rural areas to an affordable
Authors.Published level.
by Elsevier Ltd. and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
buildings that vary in both construction period
Peer-review
©renovation under responsibility
scenariosPublished
2017 The Authors. were developedofthe scientific
Ltd. committee
(shallow,
by Elsevier intermediate,of thedeep).
1st International
To estimateConference
the error, on Power heat
obtained Engineering,
demand values were
© 2017 Theand
Computing Authors.Published
CONtrol. by Elsevier Ltd.
compared with
Peer-review underresults from a dynamic
responsibility heat demand
of the scientific model,of
committee previously developed and
the 1st International validatedonbyPower
Conference the authors.
Engineering,
Peer-review
Computing under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering,
The resultsand CONtrol.
showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
Computing and CONtrol.
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
Keywords: Load switching controller, Charge Controller, State of Charge
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The value
Keywords: Loadof switching
slope coefficient
controller,increased on average
Charge Controller, State within
of Charge the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
----------
decrease in the number of heating
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9600117935
hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
renovation
---------- scenarios considered).
E-mail address: sudhakarbabu66@gmail.com On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios).
* Corresponding TheTel.:
author. values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
+91 9600117935
improve the accuracy
E-mail address: of heat demand estimations.
sudhakarbabu66@gmail.com

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
Cooling.
1876-6102© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review
Keywords: under responsibility
Heat demand; oftheClimate
Forecast; scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.
change
1876-6102© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
and CONtrol.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.230
 M. LokeshReddy et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 1070–1077 1071
2 Lokesh Reddy et al., / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

1. Introduction

The solar energy has become one of the main renewable energy resource in the world due to its advent features
and availability. Solar energy also become of the alternate source to overcome the energy scarcity. The main
advantages of solar energy is clean in nature, pollution free, abundant in availability and involves less maintenance
[1].The rate at which this energy is emitted is equivalent to the energy coming from a furnace at a temperature of
about 6,000 K (10,340ºF). If we could harvest the energy coming from just 10 hectares of the surface of the sun, we
would have enough to supply the current energy demand of the world.

Due to non-linear characteristics of solar PV and atmospheric conditions the efficiency of solar PV is reduces
drastically. Hence, the maximum power output from the solar PV system is changes with respect to change in
irradiation and weather conditions. To achieve the maximum power various maximum power tracking techniques
have been explained in detail by authors in [2]. Further, to maximize the transfer of power generated from solar PV
to battery bank, a battery charger with a charge controller plays a vital role in that. The main function of a battery
charger with charge controller is 1). It helps in tracking maximum power by placing the operating of system at MPP
irrespective of change in irradiation. 2). It reduces the battery charging time to back-up the PV arrays. Further it also
controls the over-charging and discharging of battery so that it enhances the life time of battery as well. By
considering the major advantages of charge controller in this article, authors focused to develop a suitable charge
controller which helps to improve the efficiency and life time of battery effectively. In addition, a comparative study
has been presented by comparing the charge controllers proposed by the various authors in the literature so far. The
algorithm of a PV charge controller regulates the efficiency of battery charging as well as the PV array consumption,
and eventually improves the ability of the system to meet the required electrical load demands.

The most commonly used types of solar PV charge controllers are the series, shunt, PWM and MPPT charge
controllers. The series controller employs with a kind of control element which is connected in series between the
PV array and the battery. This type of charge controller is widely used in small scale PV systems, further it can also
be used for larger systems because of its current limitations of shunt controllers. The shunt charge controller
regulated the charging of a battery from the PV array by short-circuiting the array internal to the controller. This type
of charge controllers mostly used to regulate the Voltage (or) Current to keep batteries from overcharging and deep
discharging which causes to damage the battery [3]. The basic example for the charge controller is; let us consider
12volts battery which is fed to 12volts panel which charge up to (16V-20V) which causes the battery so we need
charge controller which can protects the battery from overcharging.
Basically, charge controller requires lesser maintenance. Trickle charge panels, such as the (1-5 Watts panels)
charge controller is called battery regulator which limits rate of current [3]. There exists various advantages of using
charge controllers which protect against overvoltage which reduces the battery performance and life span and also
prevent deep charging of the battery [4]. Based on single state and multi-stage; the charge controllers are classified
as series; here constant current and constant voltages are best examples of single stage and multistage levels [5].

2. Proposed Method

In this work, the authors mainly focused to implement series, shunt, and combined series and shunt controller. To
develop this charge controller authors considered MOSFET’s as the switch which can reduces the switching power
losses. The block diagram of the system which indicating the operating principle of the system is presented in Fig. 1.
In this system switching controller plays a major role which is interconnected with entire system. It is mainly used to
control the state of charge of battery [5].
This system takes the input as battery’s state of charge; and it enables the systems simultaneously based upon the
SOC of the battery. Then other most important block is enable system which is used to enable the switching circuit
i.e., MOSFET’s which are connected on both source side and load side of the system. If the load side switch is
enabling then battery will get discharge through load [6]. Otherwise it enables the source side switch due to this
battery gets charge through solar panel. Here the series charge controller is used in source side for charging purpose
and shunt charge controller is used in load side for discharging [7].
1072 M. LokeshReddy et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 1070–1077
Lokesh Reddy et al., / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 3

Pulse Pulse
generator generator

Charg on

Load on
In out In out

Switch S1 Switch S2

Irradiation
battery
D2 RL load
Solar panel D1

Charge on

soc
SWITCHING

SOC
CONTROLLER scope

Load on

Fig 1. Functional Block Diagram of the system Fig 2. Development of series charge controller using SIMULINK

In the proposed method, the authors developed design of series, shunt, combined series and shunt controllers
using MATLAB/Simulation. Which give the more advantages, further protects the battery from overcharging and
deep discharging conditions. By considering these advantages, it extends the life of battery, further, design of system
is simple in structure in compare with other techniques.

3. Modelling of Charge Controller

Generally charge controllers are classified based on single stage and multi stage regulators; further these are
again classified as constant current and constant voltage regulators. For constant current purpose series charge
controller is used and for constant voltage purpose shunt charge controller is used and for both constant current,
constant voltage purpose we used the combined series shunt charge controller which are discussed detail in below
by using load switching control program developed in MATLAB. Mathematical model of solar PV module has been
modeled by guidelines provided in [8].

3.1 Series Charge Controller

The series charge controller is primarily used to regulate voltage and current flow between the solar panel and
battery; further, it can be used to disables current flow when batteries are fully charged and to keep batteries from
over charging conditions, which helps to improve the battery performances [9].

The Fig. 2 indicates the simulation diagram of series charge controller. Switch S1, S2 are the main switching
devices, Diodes D1, D2 can be used as freewheeling diodes. In this the switching elements are connected in series for
charging the battery. The operation of switches S1, S2 are depends on the state of charge of the battery. Here in the
proposed series charge controller, the functioning of the system is based upon the load conditions which are generate
by switching control program. When the battery state of charge falls to 20% the device which is connected to Switch
S1 is on (i.e., charge on = 1) and for Switch S2 is off i.e., (load on = 0) so the battery starts charging, and it continues
up to full charge. Whenever the battery is fully charged, it starts discharging so that now load on=1 and charging
on=0.As already mentioned the switching condition of switches S1, S2 are depends on battery state of charge
followed by the program incorporated in the load switching controller and based on this the pulses given to switches
to enable the system as shown in Fig. 2. Further, to develop this controller relays can also be used other than
MOSFET’s. Due to its advantages, MOSFET’s are most preferred switching devices in the charge controllers, also
the power losses are less in MOSFET’s in compare with relays [10]. The diodes are connected at the panel side and
 M. LokeshReddy et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 1070–1077 1073
4 Lokesh Reddy et al., / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

load side in order to protect from reverse power flow. The advantage of series controller is certain flexibility
concerning the input source. The main disadvantage is that charging efficiency is low as the charging current always
has to flow through two switches. The main application of series charge controller is it can be used for high power
applications such as grid interconnected system.

3.2. Shunt charge controller

This type of charge controller is shunt charge controller, which can be used to regulate voltage and current flow
between the battery and load. Further, it is used to divert the excess charge to the shunt load (like electric water
heater) and to provide supply the continuous power the load without any interruption [5].

Pulse Pulse Pulse Pulse

generator generator generator generator
Charg on

Load on

Charg on

Load on
In out In out
In out In out

D1 Switch S2
Switch S1 Switch S2

Irradiation
battery Irradiation
D2
Solar panel R – L load D
Switch S1
Solar panel battery R – L load
Switch S3

Charge on
soc

Charge on

soc
SWITCHING
SOC

CONTROLLER scope
SWITCHING
SOC

Load on
CONTROLLER scope

Load on

Fig. 3.Development of shunt charge controller using Fig. 4.Development of combined series and shunt charge controller using
SIMULINK SIMULINK

The Fig. 3.depicts shows the simulation diagram of shunt charge controller, the switching elements which
are connected in shunt generally used for connect the load to the battery. In only the difference in shunt charge
controller is the switching element is connected in parallel, and further the operation of the controller is same as the
series charge controller. The functioning of the proposed shunt charge controller is depends on the switching signals
generated by the switching controller. Further for automatic functioning of switches, the program has been
developed by considering the state of charge conditions of battery. Whenever the battery state of charge is reaches
80% then the switches S1 and S2 will get turn on at a time. Hence, the two switches on and off at same time as load
on, and charging on =1 and 0 at same time. The condition when both the switches are off the battery starts charging
continue till reaches maximum level of charge. At the time when reached fully charge condition, it starts discharging
as per the switching signals generated by the switching controller. The main disadvantage of shunt charge controller
is power loss is more at the panel side due to continuous current flow due to it produces a hot stop produced in PV
module. The shunt charge controller is mainly used for low power applications in the real time scenario. To
overcome the demerits of the series and shunt charge controller, the combination of series and shunt charge
controller is developed.

3.3 Combined Series and Shunt Charge Controller

Here the combined series and shunt charge controller is used to regulate voltage and current flow between the
solar PV panel and to the load in which series controller is used to charge the battery, on the other hand shunt
1074 M. LokeshReddy et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 1070–1077
Lokesh Reddy et al., / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 5

controller is used to connect the load to avoid the excess flow to the battery and continuous power to the load [11].

The Fig. 4 shows the above simulation diagram of combined series and shunt charge controller. It is basically
designed based upon the functional block diagram which is shown in Fig. 1. So in this combined system series
controller is used in control unit and shunt controller used in load distribution unit which are used to keep battery in
safe operating region. Here the program for combined system is written in same as the series controller model. In
this case charge on is connected to the both series and shunt switches with enabled system. Whenever state of charge
of battery is 80% then switch S1 will conduct [charging on] = 0 and switches S2 and S3 [load on] = 1 then battery
charge is discharged through load. Whenever charge of battery is 20% then [charging on] = 1 and [load on]= 0 then
battery will charge through series charge controller. At the same time the battery charges fully, then a shunt
controller will short circuit and the series charge controller will open the PV array so that it stop the charging current
flow to battery. With help of this type of charge controller, it is able to continuously supply power to load at any
instant of time.

4. Results and Analysis

To verify the effectiveness of the proposed charge controller models have developed using MATLAB
environment and various test conditions have been performed, further the result presented shows the superiority of
the proposed charge controller is given in the following section.
SOC(%)
Current(A)
Voltage(V)

Fig 5. Output waveform of series charge controller.

From the performance curves we can observe the battery state of charge when reaches to 40% the battery
starts charging here authors used lead acid sealed battery so the charging time is more than the discharging time
as observed the battery charges slowly. As this is series charge controller authors can observe the constant current
line when the battery starts charging and the corresponding voltage waveform which follows the current wave form.
6 M. LokeshReddy
Lokesh Reddy et al., / et al. / Energy
Energy Procedia
Procedia00 117000–000
(2017) (2017) 1070–1077 1075

Fig 6. Output waveform of shunt charge controller

The above performance curves show the result of shunt charge controller. In this result authors can observe that
initially the state of charge is 20% and the battery starts charging and when reaches 80% the battery starts
discharging through load. Authors can observe corresponding voltage and current curves which depends on battery
state of charge. From the performance curves as it is combination of series and shunt charge controller we can
observe the constant voltage and constant current and opposite load current and load voltage waveform .As the
series charge controller is used for charging and shunt charge controller is used for discharging the battery through
load.
SOC(%)
Current(A)
Voltage(V)

Fig. 7.Output waveform of battery for combined series and shunt charge controller

To verify the effectiveness of the proposed charge controller, a comprehensive analysis has been provided
based on the parameters used to develop other charge controllers. Table 1 shows the performance comparison of
various charge controllers with the proposed charge controller. By using of proposed charge controller the number
of switches has been reduced to 2, due to this switching losses in the circuit can be reduces to minimal level. The
design of system is simple in structure and improves the performance of the system in compare with the existing
charge controllers.
1076 Lokesh Reddy et al., / et
M. LokeshReddy Energy Procedia00
al. / Energy (2017)
Procedia 117000–000
(2017) 1070–1077 7

Current(A)
Battery
Voltage(V)
Battery
Current(A)
Load
Voltage(V)
Load

Fig 8.Output waveform of load for combined series and shunt charge controller

Table.1. Comparative study on various types of charge controller

Number
Type of Type of Type of Type of
S.NO Title of Limitations Remediation
Controller switches battery converter
switches
Design Reducing the usable Capable of charging the
considerations capacity nickel- major type of NiCad,
1 and based batteries, Ni–MH, Li-ion and
NiCad,
performance sealed lead-acid
NiMH,
evaluation of Current Circuit DC- DC High cost due to
9 Lead
outdoor PV controller breakers converters more CB and
acid
battery converter
batteries
chargers [12]

Adaptive fuzzy High cost due to Better performance to

2 controller controllers and track MPP by using FLC
based MPPT MPPT, DC- DC converter
for FLC 2 MOSFET _ boost
photovoltaic controllers converter
systems[13]
ANN based Output specific Accurate and fast
3 MPPT method voltage level for estimation of GMPP
for rapidly charging
Boost
variable MPPT _ Low tracking speed
4 IGBT converter
shading controller and accuracy
conditions[14]
Design and Depending on the Fast charging of battery
implementation PV module size – Reducing no of sensors
4 of the low cost No MPPT control – and cost
and fast solar Long charging time
Digital
charger with Lead Buck – High
signal 2
the rooftop PV MOSFET acid converter implementation cost
processor
array of the battery
vehicle[15]
No MPPT control Efficiency of the battery
Working with maintained good
Series,
specific type of Low cost because no
shunt,
battery converter is used
combined
5 Proposed Lead _ Improve charging process
series and MOSFET
method 3 acid and life time of the
shunt charge
battery battery
controller
Charging period is
reduced
 M. LokeshReddy et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 1070–1077 1077
8 Lokesh Reddy et al., / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

5. Conclusion

In this paper authors proposed a new technology based charge controller. The charge controller has been
modelled effectively using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The performance of the controller is effectively
tested by considering various test conditions and results presented shows the effectiveness of the system. In addition
the feature of the proposed controller is also described in the manuscript by discussing the features and limitations of
the existing methods. The proposed charge controller is developed with cost effective solution and reduces the
circuit complexity. Authors considered load switching controller program to develop control and coordinate the
functions of battery state of charge and switching operation of MOSFET’s. This paper contains a proof of concept
for an optimized and safe battery charging system for home and other commercial systems by utilizing a direct
connection between solar PV panel and battery system. With help of this charge controller authors utilized the solar
in efficient way and extend the lifetime of battery as well. Due to this, it can be understood that the state of charge of
battery is also improved.

References

[1]. T. Sudhakar Babu, K. Sangeetha, N. Rajasekar. Voltage band based improved particle swarm optimization technique for maximum
power Point tracking in solar photovoltaic system. journal of renewable and sustainable energy 2016; 15:60-70.
[2]. Ram, J. Prasanth, T. Sudhakar Babu, N. Rajasekar. A comprehensive review on solar PV maximum power point tracking techniques.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2017; 67: 826-847.
[3]. Md. Atiqur Rahaman, M. A. Matin, Apurba Sarker, Md. RubaiatUddin. Cost effective solar charge controller. International Journal of
Research in Engineering and Technology 2015; 04.
[4]. F. Sani, H.N Yahya, M. Momoh, I.G. Saidu, D.O. Akpootu. Design and Construction of Microcontroller Based Charge Controller for
Photovoltaic Application .IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2014; 9: 2278-1676; 2320-3331.
[5]. T .Sudhakar babu, K. Sangeetha, N. Rajasekar. Modified particle swarm optimization technique based maximum power point tracking
for uniform and under partial shading condition. Applied soft computing 2015; 32:613-624.
[6]. Sani, F., et al. Design and construction of microcontroller based charge controller for photovoltaic application. IOSR J Electro
ElectronEng2014;9.1: 92-97.
[7]. Khan, Sabbir A, Rafiur Rahman, A. Azad. Solar Home System Components Qualification Testing Procedure and Its Effectin
Bangladesh Perspective. Global Humanitarian Technology Conference 2012.
[8]. Rajasekar, N., Neeraja Krishna Kumar, Rini Venu gopalan. Bacterial foraging algorithm based solar PV parameter estimation.Solar
Energy 2013;91: 255-265.
[9]. Tesfahunegn, S. G., et al. A simplified battery charge controller for safety and increased utilization in standalone PV applications.
Clean Electrical Power 2011.
[10]. Z. Liao, X.Ruan. A novel power management control strategy for stand-alone photovoltaic power system.IEEE Power Electronicsand
Motion Control Conference 2009: 445—449.
[11]. Mohammed Azharuddin, Thanikanti Sudhakar Babu, Nishant Bilakanti, NatarajanRajasekar. Anearly accurate solar photovoltaic
emulator using dSPACE controller for Real-time control.Electrical powercomponents and systems 2016; 44.7: 774-782.
[12]. Hussein, Ala A., and Abbas A. Fardoun. Design considerations and performance evaluation of outdoor PV battery chargers.
Renewable Energy 2015;82: 85-91.
[13]. Guenounou, Ouahib, Boutaib Dahhou, and FerhatChabour. Adaptive fuzzy controller based MPPT for photovoltaic systems. Energy
Conversion and Management 2014;78: 843-850.
[14]. Rizzo, SantiAgatino, and GiacomoScelba. ANN based MPPT method for rapidly variable shading conditions.Applied Energy
2015;145: 124-132.
[15]. Nguyen, Thanh-Tuan, et al. Design and implementation of the low cost and fast solar charger with the rooftop PV array of the vehicle.
Solar Energy 2013;96: 83-95.
[16]. Jaya N. Ingole, Dr. Madhuri A. Choudhary, Dr. R.D. Kanphade. PIC based solar charging controller for battery.International Journalof
Engineering Science and Technology 2012; 04:384-390.

View publication stats