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Steady State and Dynamic Analysis of Renewable Energy Integration into the
Grid using PSS/E Software

Article in Energy Procedia · December 2017

DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.023

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 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
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Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia141 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 119–125
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4th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2017, 25-29
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Systems Engineering, CPESE 2017, 25-29
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Steady State and Dynamic Analysis of
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Assessing the feasibility
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Arechkik Ameurfora,b,* a long-term district heatAggour
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Arechkik Ameur , Khalid Loudiyi , Mohammed Aggour
a
Ibn Tofail University, Faculty of Sciences, B.P 242, kenitra 14050, Morocco
b
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I.Al Andrić *,Ibn
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kenitra Lacarrière c 53000, Morocco c
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Al Akhawayan University,School of Sciences and Engineering, P.O. Box 104, Hassan II Avenue, Ifrane 53000, Morocco
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
Abstract c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
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this work time of various power stations. The aforementioned studies 665
© 2017 Theusing
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Energy values were
Peer-review
compared
Systems under responsibility of the organizing committee
with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed
Engineering. of CPESE 2017. and validated by the authors.
Keywords: Steady state analysis; transient stability; renewable energy; Transmission network; PSS®E.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
(the errorSteady
Keywords: state analysis;
in annual demandtransient
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thanrenewable
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scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
1.The
Introduction
value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
1.decrease
Introduction
in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
Large power
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© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +212-660-972-618.
Cooling.
*E-mail address:author.
Corresponding amerarchkik@gmail.com
Tel.: +212-660-972-618.
E-mail address: amerarchkik@gmail.com
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review
1876-6102 ©under
2017responsibility
The Authors. of the organizing
Published committee
by Elsevier Ltd. of CPESE 2017.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2017.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Power and Energy
Systems Engineering.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.023
120 Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 141 (2017) 119–125
Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

operators to manage the network within its safe limits. More precisely, each line of the transmission system has
transit limits that must not be crossed. These limits depend on the thermal resistance of the line, the voltage limits
and the stability limits of the network. Power transfer might present an increasingly frequent constraint on the
transmission lines, also known as congestions. A situation of congestion occurs when the transport system is no
longer able to serve energy demand; without the transit limit being violated on one or more lines of the network.
Due to the unpredictable evolution of the energy market, the increase of residential and industrial energy needs, it is
very difficult to prevent the occurrence of congestions on the network.
Among the challenges to the Moroccan grid system operators, areas with high renewable energy potential are
highly concentrated and unevenly distributed. They are mainly located in areas of low consumption. In addition, the
massive integration of renewable energy sources into the grid creates new challenges because of their highly
intermittent and variable generation [1]. Moreover, in order to examine the power system’s stability and define the
potential integration of distributed generation into the grid, steady sate and dynamic simulations need to be
conducted [2]. Steady-state analysis is based on the calculation of load flow on the voltage profiles of system bus
bars, transmission lines and transformers [3]. This analysis is the most important and crucial approach to investigate
the problems in power system planning and design of the power plants’ connections to the transmission grid.
On the other hand, dynamic stability analysis involves investigation and prediction of the network behavior when
faced with sudden disturbances. Especially three phase faults created by tripping of transmission lines, transformers
or bus bars connected to generators [4].
The objective of this work is to analyze the Moroccan southern transmission network with a large-scale
integration of renewable energy, by the year 2020, through performing steady state and the dynamic simulations.

2. Description of the electrical network and methodology

The transmission network that will be studied consists of two central fossil fuel power stations, two concentrating
solar power plants, one hydro plant and four wind farms. This is Morocco’s 2020 predicted network and is based on
the current transmission network database. It consists of 400 and 225 KV extra high voltage (EHV); in addition to
60 kV high voltage (HV) lines. The power units are first linked to low voltage levels and then connected to
transmission voltage via transformers as described in Table 1[5].

Table 1. Voltage profile for different power plants.

Power plant type Voltage levels traversed (kV)
Fossil power station I 11/60/225
Fossil power station II 15/60/225
CSP power plant 15/400
Hydro power plant 21/225
Wind park I, II, III 0.7/33/225
Wind park IV 0.7/33/400

The South Moroccan sub-network has been analyzed for the period of 2020. Taking into account the country’s
policy to reduce the cost of production; by establishing plans that include shutting down all fuel-based units and
operating all renewable energy generation facilities, developed in the south region, at their maximum capacities. The
generation capacity is distributed among various generation systems as shown in Table 2 [6].

Table 2. Summary of 2020 total capacity production from plants in studied south Moroccan network.
Horizon 2020
Plant type Total capacity of south production (MW)
Thermal 205.5
Wind Park 800
Solar (CSP) 885
Hydraulic 200

The single line diagram of this network containing all EHV (400KV and 225KV) transmission branches, buses
 Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 141 (2017) 119–125 121
Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

and power plants is represented in Fig.1. Note that the HV lines and buses are not represented in Fig. 1. In here, the
400 kV bus number 81704 (CHEMAIA) is selected as the reference bus, the so-called slack or swing generator. Its
role is to maintain the power balance, so that the generation meets the demand after losses.

Fig.1. The 2020 studied southern Moroccan transmission sub-network.

A simulation is considered unacceptable if there is a loss of busbar swing, or a loss of the most powerful network
generator. In addition, voltage at various busbars must be checked. It is necessary to ensure that all power stations
respect the voltage requirements mentioned in Table 3 [7].

Table 3. Voltage variation limits for transmission lines in Morocco

Busbar 400 kV Busbar 225 kV Busbar 150 kV Busbar 60 kV
-5%<V<5% -10%<V<8.7% -10%<V<10% -10%<V<10%

The main aim of the simulation program consists of comprehensive transmission system planning and
reinforcement including optimal power flow and transient stability analysis. Load flow analysis is performed under
the category of steady-state analysis while transient stability is performed under dynamic analysis. The stability of
the system can be observed by using the simulation output file, embedded within PSS/E. The procedure for running
the simulation analysis is shown in the flowchart of Fig.2.
 Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

122 Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 141 (2017) 119–125

Fig.2. Flowchart of steady state and transient stability analysis using PSS/E.

3. Machine models

To conduct the transient stability, three important dynamic basic machine models must be taken into account,
these are: generator, exciter and governor. Moreover, dynamic modelling of conventional generators concerns the
definition of the standard generator model, the automatic voltage regulator modelling and the governor model. For
the dynamic calculations in PSS/E, CSP plants are considered as conventional thermal power plants using standard
models of synchronous generators, governors, exciters etc. For wind turbines, the model used simulates the dynamic
performance of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) technology, whose stator (armature) is directly connected to
the network; while the rotor (inducer) is powered by the network via a power system combining both rectifier (AC /
DC) and inverter (DC / AC) (figure 3).
 Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 141 (2017) 119–125 123

Fig.3. Doubly-fed induction generator.

This model can only be used when the generator is specified as a wind generator and not as conventional
generator in the power flow data file [8]. Figure 4 shows the interaction among the generic control modules in the
wind turbine.

Fig. 4. PSS/E DFIG Generic Model [8].

4. Results and discussions

In power flow analysis, PSS/E investigates the load flow calculation in a power system through balancing
between supply and demand. In this work, the analysis examines the stability of southern Moroccan transmission
network through steady state and dynamic examination in order to investigate the impact of renewable energy
integration, in particular the wind farms and CSP plants, into the grid.

A. Steady state analysis

This simulation power flow case computations summary results, illustrated in Table 4, show the total produced
generation at 2090.5 MW where 391.6 is taken by slack generator, with its reactive power delivery amount at 767.2
MVar. The high load demand rises to 1574 MW. The reactive power for the different cases of the high load, shunt
load and charging are at 670.6, 532.8 and 1593 MVar, respectively. These result in losses of 124.9 MW and 1156.8
MVar for the real and reactive power respectively.

Table 4. Case study summary report.

Need Load Shunts Charging Losses Slack generator
Active power (MW) 1698.8 1574 0.0 0.0 124.9 -391.6
Reactive power (MVar) 767.2 670.6 532.8 1593 1156.8 145.3
124 Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 141 (2017) 119–125
Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

In the current study, after simulating the power and checking the generated reports; we note that all buses have
voltage within the acceptable limits and the all transmission transformers do not experience any overload. Thus, the
steady state analysis shows that the penetration rate of a renewable energy does not affect the transmission network.
Therefore, in the next section the transient stability will be performed by calculating the critical fault clearing time
(CFCT).

B. Transient stability analysis

The performed dynamic analysis examines the immediate response after three phase fault condition and inspects
the critical fault clearing time (CFCT). The CFCT is defined as the maximum time during which a disturbance can
occur without losing the system stability. The calculation of such time ensures the correct operation of the network
during the various shocks to which it is subjected, in addition it serves as a reference when setting grid protections.
In order to test the integration of renewable energy into the transmission grid riding through capability over
perturbations, a three-phase fault was applied on the connection point node of the wind farm III (see fig.1). The fault
is applied one second after the initiation of the simulation, the fault duration was increased gradually using the step
time of 100 ms until the power system appears to be unstable by observing the output graphs and the total simulation
time was defined at 20 s.
Figure 5 and 6 illustrate the active power and reactive power response of the all wind farms output during the
short circuit occurrence, respectively. The wind turbines generators most critical fault occurs on the connection
point of the transmission network. Simulation results reveal that a CFCT of 200 ms should not be exceeded to keep
the network stability. During the fault, the active power output decreases to zero for wind farm III and to low values
for other wind farms. After fault clearing, the wind farms output power oscillates, for about 5s, and then recovers to
its steady state pre-fault value (fig.5).
The reactive power output of wind farm III during the fault drops to zero and has a damped oscillating response
with a small overshoot for the other wind farms. After fault clearing it returns quickly to its same steady state value
before the fault occurrence (fig.6).
These active and reactive power responses can be explained by the fact that rotor speed increases and starts to
accelerate, thus giving a larger negative slip during the fault. This is because the electrical power drops to zero,
whereas the mechanical power is assumed to be the same at the beginning, when the fault starts to oscillate, causing
mechanical stress in the drive train system. In order to reduce the mechanical power during the fault, the pitch
module responds by altering the blade pitch angle.
Figure 7 and 8 shows the terminal voltage response for all wind farms’ buses and variations in frequency at the
faulted wind farm III bus. During the fault, the terminal voltage at the faulted wind farm III bus drops to zero.
Moreover, for other wind farms the terminal voltage decreases to a low value. After the fault is cleared this voltage
gradually recover to 1pu (fig.7).

Fig. 5. Active power outputs of the all wind farms in Fig. 6. Reactive power outputs of the all wind farms in
operation during the fault incident. operation during the fault incident.
 Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 141 (2017) 119–125 125
Arechkik Ameur et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Regarding the frequency response at the faulted substation during the three-phase fault, increases by 0.45 Hz and
then slightly oscillates until it reaches its pre-fault steady state regime (fig.8).

Fig. 7. Terminal voltage response at the all wind farms busbar. Fig. 8. Frequency response at the faulted wind farm III busbar.

5. Conclusion

In this research work we conducts a steady state and dynamic analysis on the southern transmission network of
Morocco for 2020. Our study has revealed that the critical fault clearing time is 200 ms. This should not be
exceeded on the connection point of wind farm III.
These CFCT results showed that the integration of renewable energy does not affect the transmission power
system stability. The terminal voltage and frequency behavior, as well as the active and reactive power outputs do
not fall under allowed values, while their reset to their initial conditions are soon after the fault clearing.

Acknowledgment

The research leading to these results have received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n°608593.

References

[1] Yuxin Lin et al, “Integrating High-penetration Renewable Energy Into Power System--A Case Study,” in China
International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Xi’an, 2016.
[2] P. Kundur, Power system stability and control, New York: Mc- Graw-Hill, 1994.
[3] N. Hemdan and M. Kurrat, “Influence of distributed generation on different load ability aspects of electric
distributions systems,” in 20th International Conference on Electricity Distribution, CIRED,, Prague, 8-11 June
2009.
[4] Hamed H.H. Aly, “Dynamic modeling and control of the tidal current turbine using DFIG and DDPMSG for
power system stability analysis,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 83, p. 525–540, 2016.
[5] ONEE, "Annual report," 2015.
[6] Irene García, Anna Leidreiter, "Feuille de route pour un Maroc 100% énergie renouvelable," 2016.
[7] Khalid Loudiyi et al, “Grid code status for wind farms interconnection in Northern Africa and Spain:
Descriptions and recommendations for Northern Africa,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017.
[8] Siemens Power Technologies Inc., PSS/E-33 Program Operational Manual.

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