The aim and objectives of this lab is to use the Newton-Raphson Technique for Load flow

Simulation and Analysis.

Load –flow simulation and analysis is a fundamental aspect of any electric power system to
determine the systems steady-state operation. The study of load-flow calculates the voltage at
each bus, voltage drop on each feeder and the power flow in every branch and feeder circuits.
Moreover, it determines whether the system’s voltages remain within specified limits under
different contingency conditions, and whether transformers or conductors in the system are
overloaded.
These studies often help in decision making for additional generation, capacitive or inductive
VAR support, or the placement of capacitors and/or reactors to maintain system voltages within
specified limits. Hence, the need to calculate the losses in each branch and total power losses in
the system. The calculated results are necessary for planning, economic scheduling, and control
of existing system.
Therefore, this lab will focus on the Newton-Raphson method to solve load-flow problems.
 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
60∠ − 40∠ 20∠
2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 40∠ 60∠ − 20∠
2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
[ 20∠ 2 20∠
2
40∠ − ]
2

𝑃𝑖 = ∑|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑉𝑗 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 |cos⁡(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )

𝑗=1
𝑛

𝑄𝑖 = ∑|𝑉𝑖 ||𝑉𝑗 ||𝑌𝑖𝑗 |sin⁡(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )

𝑗=1

𝑃2 = 40|𝑉2 ||𝑉1 | cos(90° − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 ) + 20|𝑉2 ||𝑉3 | cos(90° − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 )

𝑃3 = 20|𝑉3 ||𝑉1 | cos(90° − 𝛿3 + 𝛿1 ) + 20|𝑉3 ||𝑉2 | cos(90° − 𝛿3 + 𝛿2 )
𝑄3 = −20|𝑉3 ||𝑉1 | sin(90° − 𝛿3 + 𝛿1 ) + 20|𝑉3 ||𝑉2 | sin(90° − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 ) + 40|𝑉3 |2

𝜹𝟐 , 𝜹𝟑 |𝑽𝟑 |.

𝜕𝑃2 𝜋 𝜋
= 40|𝑉2 ||𝑉1 | sin ( − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 ) + 20|𝑉2 ||𝑉3 | sin ( − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3 )
𝜕𝛿2 2 2

𝜕𝑃2 𝜋
= −20|𝑉2 ||𝑉3 | sin ( − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3 )
𝜕𝛿3 2

𝜕𝑃2 𝜋
= 20|𝑉2 |⁡cos ( − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3 )
𝜕|𝑉3 | 2
 𝜕𝑃3 𝜋
= −20|𝑉3 ||𝑉2 |⁡sin ( − 𝛿3 + 𝛿2 )
𝜕𝛿2 2

𝜕𝑃3 𝜋 𝜋
= 20|𝑉3 ||𝑉1 | sin ( − 𝛿3 + 𝛿1 ) + 20|𝑉3 ||𝑉2 | sin ( − 𝛿3 + 𝛿2 )
𝜕𝛿3 2 2

𝜕𝑃3 𝜋 𝜋
= 20|𝑉1|⁡cos ( − 𝛿3 + 𝛿1 ) + 20|𝑉2 |⁡cos ( − 𝛿3 + 𝛿2 )
𝜕|𝑉3 | 2 2

𝜕𝑄3 𝜋
= −20|𝑉3 ||𝑉2 |⁡cos ( − 𝛿3 + 𝛿2 )
𝜕𝛿2 2

𝜕𝑄3 𝜋 𝜋
= 20|𝑉3 ||𝑉1 | cos ( − 𝛿3 + 𝛿1 ) + 20|𝑉3 ||𝑉2 | cos ( − 𝛿3 + 𝛿2 )
𝜕𝛿3 2 2

𝜕𝑄3 𝜋 𝜋
= −20|𝑉1 |⁡sin ( − 𝛿3 + 𝛿1 ) − 20|𝑉2 |⁡sin ( − 𝛿3 + 𝛿2 ) + 80|𝑉3 |
𝜕|𝑉3 | 2 2

400
𝑃2𝑠𝑐ℎ = = 4.0⁡𝑝𝑢
100
(500 + 𝑗400)
𝑆3𝑠𝑐ℎ = − = −5.0 − 𝑗4.0⁡𝑝𝑢
100

𝑉1 = 1.0∠0⁡𝑝𝑢 |𝑉2 | = 1.05⁡𝑝𝑢

(0) (0)
∆𝑃2 = 𝑃2𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑃2 = 4.0 − (0) = 4.0
(0) (0)
∆𝑃3 = 𝑃3𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑃3 = −5.0 − (0) = −5.0
(0) (0)
∆𝑄3 = 𝑄3𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑄3 = −4.0 − (−1.0) = −3.0
 (0)
−2.8600 63 −21 0 ∆𝛿2
[ 1.4384 ] = [−21 41 0 ] [ ∆𝛿3(0) ]
−0.2200 0 0 39 (0)
∆|𝑉2 |

(0) (1)
∆𝛿2 = 0.0275⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝛿2 = 0 + 0.0275 = 0.0275⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 1.5782°
(0) (1)
∆𝛿3 = −0.1078𝛿3 = 0 + (−0.1078) = −0.1078⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = −6.1790°
(0) (1)
∆|𝑉3 | = −0.0769|𝑉3 | = 1 + (−0.0769) = 0.9231𝑝𝑢

(1)
0.2269 61.1913 −19.2072 2.8345 ∆𝛿2
[−0.3965] = [−19.2072 37.5615 −4.9871] [ ∆𝛿3(1) ]
−0.5213 02.6164 −4.6035 33.1545 (1)
∆|𝑉2 |

(1) (2)
∆𝛿2 = 0.0006𝛿2 = 0.0275⁡ + 0.0006 = 0.0281⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 1.61°
(1) (2)
∆𝛿3 = −0.0126𝛿3 = −0.1078 + (−0.0126) = −0.1204⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = −6.898°
(1) (2)
∆|𝑉3 | = −0.0175|𝑉3 | = 0.9231 + (−0.0175) = 0.9056⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑝𝑢
Problem Script
Bus Out Script
Ifybus Script
Ifnewton Script
Line flow Script
Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method
In this laboratory activity students are required to simulate using MATLAB a simple three-bus
power system with generations at bus 1 and bus 2, and use the Newton-Raphson method of
iteration to analyze the system.
In this laboratory activity students are required to simulate using MATLAB a simple three-bus
power system with generations at bus 1 and bus 2, and use the Newton-Raphson method of
iteration to analyze the system. There are three parts to the lab.
In parts one and two, students were required to analyze the system using Newton-Raphson
method. In the first part the expressions were obtain by producing a bus admittance matrix and
substituting the elements of the bus admittance matrix in the power-flow-equation. For the
second part the phasor values of 𝑉2 ⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝑉3 were obtained by producing Jacobian matrix. Its
elements were obtained by taking partial derivatives of equations in part one with respect to
𝜕2 , 𝛿3 ⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡|𝑉3 |. Then first and second iterations were performed.
In the third part of the lab power flow solution was checked using MATLAB.

In conclusion, students were able to successfully analyze the load flow for an electrical power
system using the Newton-Raphson Technique. Students also learn to simulate the system using
MATLAB using the IFnewton command.

Elgerd, Olle I. "Electrical Energy Systems Theory: An Introduction." Elgerd, Olle I. Electrical
Energy Systems Theory: An Introduction. Florida: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1995. 255-
261.