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Determinants :-
Determinants are arrays which are very useful in the analysis and solution
of systems of linear algebraic equations.
𝑎 𝑏
- The determinant of a 2×2 matrix A = | |
𝑐 𝑑
Det(A) or |A| is defined to be determinant
|A| = a*d – b*c
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
- The determinant of a 3×3 matrix A =| 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22

|A|= c11 a11 |𝑎 𝑎33 | +c 12 a12 | 𝑎31 𝑎33 |+ c13 a 13 | 𝑎31 𝑎32 |
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cij = (-1)i+j

|A|= a11(a22*a33 – a23*a32) – a12 (a21 *a33) + a13(a21*a32 – a22*a31)

Example 8:. Find determinants for the following:

3 −2
1- | | = (3*4) - (-2*7) = 12- (-14) = 26
7 4
1 5 0
4 −1 2 −1 2 4
2- | 2 4 −1|= 1| |-5| | +0 | |
−2 0 0 0 0 −2
0 −2 0

= 1(-2) – 5 (0) + 0 ( -2 ) = -2
4 −7 6
4 0 −2 0 −2 4
3- | −2 4 0 |= 4| | – ( -7) | |+6 | |
7 −4 5 −4 5 7
5 7 −4

= 4(-16-0) +7 (8-0) + 6 ( -14-20 ) = -212

1 2
2 3 1 −3 2 −1 −3 2 −7
4- |−1 −3| = * - ( * )= + =
2 5 3 3 10 9 90
3 5

Notes:.

The value of det. Of any matrix is the same if the expansion is done by
using any row or column.
+ − +
− + −
+ − +

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1 2 1
Example 9:. | −1 3 2|
2 −1 1

- If we take the first row.

3 2 −1 2 −1 3
= 1| |–2| |+1 | | = 5+10-5= 10
−1 1 2 1 2 −1
- If we take the second row.
2 1 1 1 1 2
= -(-1)| |+3| | -2 | | = 3-3+10= 10
−1 1 2 1 2 −1
- If we take the first collumn.
3 2 2 1 2 1
= 1| | – (-1) | |+2 | | = 5+3+2= 10
−1 1 −1 1 3 2
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
- The determinant of a 4×4 matrix A =| |
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
= 0| 1 1 1|-1 | 1 1 1| + 0 | 1 1 1|- 0| 1 1 1|
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1
= -1(0| |–1| |+0 | |) = -1
0 0 1 0 1 0
H.W:. Evaluate the following determinants:.
2 3 1 2 −1 −2
1. | 4 5 2| ans. (-5) 2. | −1 2 1| ans. (0)
1 2 3 3 0 −3
2 −1 2
3. | 1 0 3| ans. (-7) [ by used the third row ]
0 2 1
1 0 −1
4. | 0 2 −2| ans. (6) [ by used the first column]
2 0 1

1 1 0 0 1 −1 2 3
0 0 −2 1 2 1 2 6
5. | | ans. (38) 6. | | ans. (2)
0 −1 0 7 1 0 2 3
3 0 2 1 −2 2 0 −5
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Solution of simultaneous equations by using Cramers rule

Definition: Crammer ‘s rule uses a method of determinants to solve
systems of equations.
Two simultaneous equations in x and y
ax+by=p
cx+dy=q
to solve use the following
𝑫 𝑫𝒚
then x = 𝒙 , y=
𝑫 𝑫
where:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑏 𝑎 𝑝
D=| | , Dx= | | , Dy = | 𝑐 𝑞|
𝑐 𝑑 𝑞 𝑑
Example 10:. Solve the system by Crammer’s rule .

3x-y=9
x+2y=-4
solution:
3 −1
D=| | = 6+1= 7
1 2
9 −1 3 9
Dx= | | = 18-4= 14 , Dy = | | = -12-9 = -21
−4 2 1 −4
𝟏𝟒 −𝟐𝟏
x= =2 , y= = -3
𝟕 𝟕

Three simultaneous equations in x , y and z

a11x + a12y + a13z = b1
a21x + a22y + a23z = b2
a31x + a32y + a33z = b3
To solve use the following
𝑫𝒙 𝑫𝒚 𝑫𝒛
then x = , y= , z=
𝑫 𝑫 𝑫
where
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏1 𝑎12 𝑎13
D = | 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | , Dx=| 𝑏2 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑏3 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎11 𝑏1 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑏1

Dy= | 𝑎21 𝑏2 𝑎23 | , Dz= | 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑏2 |
𝑎31 𝑏3 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑏3

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Example 11:. Solve the system by using Crammer’s rule .

2x + y + 3z = 9
x – 2y + z = -2
3x + 2y + 2z = 7
Solution:
2 1 3
−2 1 1 1 1 −2
D= |1 −2 1| = 2| |–1| |+3 | | = 13
2 2 3 2 3 2
3 2 2
9 1 3
−2 1 −2 1 −2 −2
Dx= | −2 −2 1|= 9| |–1| |+3 | | = -13
2 2 7 2 7 2
7 2 2
2 9 3
−2 1 1 1 1 −2
Dy= | 1 −2 1| = 2| |–9| |+3 | | = 26
7 2 3 2 3 7
3 7 2
2 1 9
−2 −2 1 −2 1 −2
Dz= | 1 −2 −2|= 2| |–1| |+9 | | = 39
2 7 3 7 3 2
3 2 7
−𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟔 𝟑𝟗
then x = = -1 , y= =2 , z= =3
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

W.H:. Solve the system by using Crammer’s rule .

1. x - 3y = 6
2x + 3y = 3 ans. x = 3 , y = -1

1. x + 2y + 3z = 5
2x – 3y – z = 3
-3x + 4y +5z = 3 ans. x = 1 , y = -1 , z = 2

2. 3a + 4b - 3c = 2
-2a + 2b + 2c = 15
7a – 5b + 4c = 26 ans. x = 2.5 , y = 3.5 , z = 6.5

3. 2x – 4y -6 = 0
x+y=1–z
5y +7z = 10 ans. x = 0 , y = -1.5 , z = 2.5

4. x 1 + x2 + x 3 + x 4 = 3
2x1 - 2 x2 - x3 + 2x4 = 0
3x1 - x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 = 2
x1 - x2 - 2x3 + x4 = 0 ans. x1 = 1/2 , x2 = 3/2 , x3 = 0 , x4 = 1

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