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Binomial Theorem Guide

The document discusses the binomial theorem, which expresses the expansion of powers of binomial expressions. Some key points covered include: 1. The binomial theorem uses Pascal's triangle to determine the binomial coefficients in the expansion of terms like (a + b)n. 2. It provides formulas for the general term and sums of expansions of expressions like (a + x)n, (1 + x)n, and (1 - x)n. 3. Various forms and properties of the binomial expansion are discussed, including the middle term, differentiation, integration, and expressions with non-integer indices.

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106 views3 pages

Binomial Theorem Guide

The document discusses the binomial theorem, which expresses the expansion of powers of binomial expressions. Some key points covered include: 1. The binomial theorem uses Pascal's triangle to determine the binomial coefficients in the expansion of terms like (a + b)n. 2. It provides formulas for the general term and sums of expansions of expressions like (a + x)n, (1 + x)n, and (1 - x)n. 3. Various forms and properties of the binomial expansion are discussed, including the middle term, differentiation, integration, and expressions with non-integer indices.

Uploaded by

SL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Binomial Theorem

1. Pascal’s Triangle:

(i)

(ii) Value = 𝐶 , eg: fifth entry in 7th row = 𝐶 = 𝐶 = 35

2. Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index:


(i) (𝑥 + 𝑎) = ∑ 𝐶 𝑥 𝑎
(ii) Power of 𝑎 + power of 𝑥 = 𝑛, for all terms
(iii) Number of terms in (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑛 + 1
3. Some important forms of Binomial Expansion:
(i) (𝑎 + 𝑥) = 𝐶 𝑎 + 𝐶 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑎 𝑥 … … + 𝐶 𝑥
(ii) (𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝐶 𝑎 + 𝐶 𝑎 (−𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑎 (−𝑥) … … + 𝐶 (−𝑥)
(iii) (1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 … … + 𝐶 𝑥
(iv) (1 − 𝑥) = 1 + 𝐶 (−𝑥) + 𝐶 (−𝑥) + 𝐶 (−𝑥) … … + 𝐶 (−𝑥)
(v) (𝑎 + 𝑥) = ∑ 𝐶𝑎 𝑥
(vi) (1 + 𝑥) = ∑ 𝐶𝑥
(vii) (1 − 𝑥) = ∑ 𝐶 (−𝑥)
4. General Term in the expansion: 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑥
5. Middle Term of (𝑎 + 𝑥) :
(i) When n is even:
𝑛 = 2𝑚
𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝐶 𝑎 𝑥

(ii) When n is odd: 𝑛 = 2𝑚 + 1 ⇒ 𝑚 = . Then 𝑇 =𝑇

𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝐶 𝑎 𝑥

𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝐶 𝑎 𝑥

6. Coefficient of a term 𝑥 = 𝑟 = in the expansion of 𝑎𝑥 +


7. Properties of Binomial Coefficients:
(i) 𝐶 +𝐶 +𝐶 +𝐶 …=2
(ii) 𝐶 +𝐶 +𝐶 +𝐶 …=𝐶 +𝐶 +𝐶 +𝐶 …=2
(iii) 𝐶 −𝐶 +𝐶 −𝐶 +𝐶 −𝐶 +𝐶 …=0
8. Differentiation of Binomial Series:
(i) (1 + 𝑥) = (𝐶 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑥 … + 𝐶 𝑥 )

⇒ 𝑛(1 + 𝑥) = 𝐶 + 2𝐶 𝑥 + 3𝐶 𝑥 + 4𝐶 𝑥 … + 𝑛𝐶 𝑥

⇒ 𝑛𝑥(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥𝐶 + 2𝑥𝐶 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝐶 𝑥 + 4𝑥𝐶 𝑥 … + 𝑛𝑥𝐶 𝑥

Differentiating both sides,


⇒ 𝑛(1 + 𝑥) + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) = 𝐶1 + 22 𝐶2 𝑥 + 32 𝐶3 𝑥2 + 42 𝐶4 𝑥3 … + 𝑛2 𝐶𝑛𝑥𝑛−1

(ii) Substitute 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −1 to get the required series

9. Integration of Binomial Series:


(i) ∫ (1 + 𝑥) = ∫ (C0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + C2 𝑥2 + C3 𝑥3 … + C𝑛 𝑥𝑛 )
( ) C1 𝑥2 C2 𝑥3 C3 𝑥4 C4 𝑥5 C𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛 C𝑛 𝑥𝑛+1
⇒ = C0 𝑥 + 2
+
3
+
4
+
5
…+
𝑛
+
𝑛+1

C1 C2 C3 C4 C𝑛−1 C𝑛
⇒ = C0 + 2
+
3
+
4
+
5
…+
𝑛
+
𝑛+1
...(1)

(ii) Similarly, integrating from -1 to 0:


( ) C1 𝑥2 C2 𝑥3 C3 𝑥4 C4 𝑥5 C𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛 C𝑛 𝑥𝑛+1
= C0 𝑥 + 2
+
3
+
4
+
5
…+
𝑛
+
𝑛+1

C C C C C C
⇒ = C + + + + …+ + ...(2)
2 3 4 5 𝑛 𝑛+1

Taking (1) + (2),

𝐶 + + + + …=

Taking (1) – (2),

+ + + …=

or + + + + …=

10. Bino-arithmetic Series:


𝑎 𝐶 + (𝑎 + 𝑑) 𝐶 + (𝑎 + 2𝑑) 𝐶 … + (𝑎 + 𝑛𝑑) 𝐶 = ∑ (𝑎 + 𝑟𝑑) 𝐶
Sum of bino-arithmetic series = 2 (2𝑎 + 𝑛𝑑)
11. Bino-Geometric Series:
𝑎 𝐶 + (𝑎𝑏) 𝐶 + (𝑎𝑏 ) 𝐶 … + (𝑎𝑏 ) 𝐶 = ∑ (𝑎𝑏 ) 𝐶
Sum of bino-geometric series = 𝑎(1 + 𝑏)
12. Bino-Harmonic Series:

+ + + + …+ = ∑
Sum of Bino-harmonic Series: 𝑆 = ∫ 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

13. Bino-binomial Series: The series formed by the sum of two binomial coefficients.
Eg: (i) 𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶 𝐶 …+ 𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶 𝐶

(ii) 𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶 𝐶 + 𝐶 𝐶 …+ 𝐶 𝐶

Solving technique here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLjCv2pXA30

14. Multinomial Theorem:


!
(𝑥 + 𝑦) = ∑ 𝐶 𝑥 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑥 𝑦 , 𝑛 + 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0
! !
!
Similarly, (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = ∑ ! ! !
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 , 𝑛 + 𝑛 + 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 , 𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0

The same method can be applied for all polynomials.

15. Number of terms in multinomial expansion = Number of non-negative integral


solutions of (𝑛 + 𝑛 + 𝑛 … + 𝑛 = 𝑛)
= 𝐶 , where r is the number of terms in the brackets.
( )( )( )
Eg: Number of terms in (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑡) is 𝐶 = 𝐶 =

16. The greatest coefficient in the expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 … + 𝑥 ) is:


!
, where 𝑛 = 𝑞𝑘 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑘 − 1
( !) [( )!]

17. The coefficient of 𝑥 in the expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 … + 𝑎 𝑥 ) is:


!
∑ 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 , where
! ! !… !

∑ 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑛 , 𝑛 , 𝑛 , 𝑛 … 𝑛 ≤ 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

18. Binomial Theorem for any index (|𝑥| < 1):


(i) (1 − 𝑥) = 1+𝑥+𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 … = ∑ 𝑥
(ii) (1 + 𝑥) = 1−𝑥+𝑥 −𝑥 +𝑥 … = ∑ (−𝑥)
(iii) (1 − 𝑥) = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 … = ∑ (𝑘 + 1)𝑥
(iv) (1 + 𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 … = ∑ (𝑘 + 1)(−𝑥)
(v) (1 − 𝑥) =1+ 𝐶 𝑥+ 𝐶𝑥 … = ∑ 𝐶 𝑥
(vi) (1 + 𝑥) =1− 𝐶 𝑥+ 𝐶𝑥 … = ∑ 𝐶 (−𝑥)

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