Angle 0˚ 15˚ 18˚ 30˚ 36˚ 45˚ 54˚ 60˚ 72˚ 75˚ 90˚

3−1 5−1 1 10 − 2 5 1 5+1 3 10 + 2 5 3+1

sin 𝜃 0 1
2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2
3+1 10 + 2 5 3 5+1 1 10 − 2 5 1 5−1 3−1
cos 𝜃 1 0
2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2
3−1 5−1 1 10 − 2 5 5+1 10 + 2 5 3+1
tan 𝜃 0 1 3 Undefined
3+1 10 + 2 5 3 5+1 10 − 2 5 5−1 3−1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cot 𝜃 Undefined tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃 3 tan 𝜃 1 tan 𝜃 3 tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃 0
1 1 2 1 1 1 1
sec 𝜃 1 2 2 Undefined
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 3 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 Undefined 1 sin 𝜃 1
sin 𝜃 2 1
sin 𝜃 2 1
sin 𝜃
1
sin 𝜃
1
sin 𝜃 0
3

Function Domain Range

sin 𝜃 𝑥 ∈𝑅 𝑦 ∈ [−1, 1]
cos 𝜃 𝑥 ∈𝑅 𝑦 ∈ [−1, 1]
𝜋
tan 𝜃 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − 𝑛𝜋 + ,𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 ∈𝑅
2

cot 𝜃 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍} 𝑦 ∈𝑅
𝜋
sec 𝜃 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − 𝑛𝜋 + ,𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 − (−1, 1)
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍} 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 − (−1, 1)

Trigonometric Identities:
1) sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 1
2) 1 + tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃
3) cot 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃

General Solutions:

sin 𝜃 = sin 𝛼 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + −1 𝛼

cos 𝜃 = cos 𝛼 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼

tan 𝜃 = tan 𝛼 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + 𝛼

cot 𝜃 = cot 𝛼 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + 𝛼

sec 𝜃 = sec 𝛼 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝛼 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + −1 𝛼
 Trigonometric Formulae

1. sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

2. sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
3. cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
4. cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
5. tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴−tan 𝐵
6. tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1+tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵−1
7. cot(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cot 𝐴+cot 𝐵
1+cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵
8. cot(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cot 𝐵−cot 𝐴

9. sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵 = cos2 𝐵 − cos2 𝐴

10. cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵 = cos2 𝐵 − sin2 𝐴
𝜋 1+tan 𝐴
11. tan(4 + 𝐴) = 1−tan 𝐴
𝜋 1−tan 𝐴
12. tan(4 − 𝐴) = 1+tan 𝐴
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
13. sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( 2 )
2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
14. sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos ( ) sin ( 2 )
2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
15. cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( 2 )
2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
16. cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( 2 )
2
2 tan 𝐴
17. sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = 1+tan2 𝐴
1−tan2 𝐴
18. cos 2𝐴 = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 = 1+tan2 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴 1−cos 𝐴
19. tan 2𝐴 = 1−tan2 𝐴 = sin 𝐴

20. sin 3𝐴 = 3 sin 𝐴 − 4 sin3 𝐴

21. cos 3𝐴 = 4 cos3 𝐴 − 3 cos 𝐴
3 tan 𝐴−tan3 𝐴
22. tan 3𝐴 = 1−3 tan2 𝐴
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵+tan 𝐶−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶
23. tan(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵−tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶−tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴
𝐴 1−cos 𝐴
24. tan2 2 = 1+cos 𝐴
𝐴
25. 1 + cos 𝐴 = 2 cos2 2
𝐴
26. 1 − cos2 𝐴 = 2 sin2
2

𝐴 𝐴 2
27. 1 + sin 𝐴 = (sin 2 + cos 2 )
 𝐴 𝐴 2 𝐴 𝐴 2
28. 1 − sin 𝐴 = (sin 2 − cos 2 ) = (cos 2 − sin 2 )

29. tan 𝜃 − cot 𝜃 = −2 cot 2𝜃

30. tan 𝜃 (1 + sec 2𝜃) = tan 2𝜃
𝜋
31. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 4 , (1 + tan 𝐴)(1 + tan 𝐵) = 2
3𝜋
32. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 + 𝐵 = , (1 − tan 𝐴)(1 − tan 𝐵) = 2
4
𝜋
33. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 + 𝐵 = , (1 + cot 𝐴)(1 + cot 𝐵) = 2
4

34. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝑛𝜋, tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

𝜋
35. 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = (2𝑛 + 1) 2 , tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶 + tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴 = 1

36. sin 𝜃 − sin(60˚ + 𝜃) + sin(60˚ − 𝜃) = 0

37. sin 𝜃 + sin(120˚ + 𝜃) − sin(120˚ − 𝜃) = 0
38. sin 𝜃 + sin(240˚ + 𝜃) − sin(240˚ − 𝜃) = 0
39. cos 𝜃 + cos(60˚ − 𝜃) + cos(60˚ − 𝜃) = 0
40. cos 𝜃 + cos(120° + 𝜃) + cos(120° − 𝜃) = 0
41. cos 𝜃 + cos(240° + 𝜃) + cos(240° − 𝜃) = 0
42. tan 𝜃 + tan(𝜃 − 60°) + tan(𝜃 + 60°) = 3 tan 3𝜃
43. tan 𝜃 + tan(𝜃 − 120°) + tan(𝜃 + 120°) = 3 tan 3𝜃
44. tan 𝜃 + tan(𝜃 − 240°) + tan(𝜃 + 240°) = 3 tan 3𝜃
1
45. sin 𝜃 sin(60° − 𝜃) sin(60° + 𝜃) = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃
1
46. sin 𝜃 sin(120° − 𝜃) sin(120° + 𝜃) = sin 3𝜃
4
1
47. cos 𝜃 cos(60° − 𝜃) cos 60° + 𝜃) = cos 3𝜃
4
1
48. cos 𝜃 cos(120° − 𝜃) cos(120° + 𝜃) = 4 cos 3𝜃

49. tan 𝜃 tan(60° − 𝜃) tan(60° + 𝜃) = tan 3𝜃

50. tan 𝜃 tan(120° − 𝜃) tan(120° + 𝜃) = tan 3𝜃
3
51. sin2 𝜃 + sin2 (60° − 𝜃) + sin2 (60° + 𝜃) =
2
3
52. sin2 𝜃 + sin2 (120° − 𝜃) + sin2 (120° + 𝜃) = 2
3
53. cos2 𝜃 + cos2 (60° − 𝜃) + cos2 (60° + 𝜃) = 2
3
54. cos2 𝜃 + cos2 (120° − 𝜃) + cos2 (120° + 𝜃) = 2
sin(2𝑛+1 𝜃)
55. cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 cos 4𝜃 cos 8𝜃 … cos 2𝑛 𝜃 = 2𝑛+1 sin 𝜃

56. tan 𝜃 + 2 tan 2𝜃 + 4 tan 4𝜃 … + 2𝑛−1 tan(2𝑛−1 𝜃) + 2𝑛 cot 2𝑛 𝜃 = cot 𝜃

2 cos2 2𝑛−1 𝜃
57. (1 + sec 2𝜃 )(1 + sec 4𝜃)(1 + sec 8𝜃) … (1 + sec 2𝑛 𝜃) = cos 2𝑛 𝜃
= cot 𝜃 tan 2𝑛 𝜃

58. |𝑎 sin 𝜃 + 𝑏 cos 𝜃| ≤ √𝑎 2 + 𝑏2

 𝜋 3𝜋
+𝑣𝑒, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ (− 4 , 4
3𝜋 7𝜋
59. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = −𝑣𝑒, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ (4 , 4)
3𝜋 7𝜋
{ 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 4
𝑜𝑟 4 }
𝑛𝛽
sin 2 𝑛−1
60. sin 𝛼 + sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) + sin(𝛼 + 2𝛽) … + sin(𝛼 + (𝑛 − 1)𝛽) = 𝛽 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
sin 2 2

𝑛𝛽
sin 2 𝑛−1
61. cos 𝛼 + cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) + cos(𝛼 + 2𝛽) … + cos(𝛼 + (𝑛 − 1)𝛽) = 𝛽 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)
sin 2 2

62. .

63. .

64. .

65. .

66. .
67. .

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
68. Sine Rule: = sin 𝐵 = sin 𝐶 (= 2𝑅)
sin 𝐴

69. Cosine Rule:

𝑏2+𝑐 2−𝑎 2
(i) cos 𝐴 = 2𝑏𝑐
𝑐 2 +𝑎 2 −𝑏2
(ii) cos 𝐵 = 2𝑐𝑎
𝑎 2 +𝑏2 −𝑐 2
(iii) cos 𝐶 = 2𝑎𝑏

70. Napier’s Analogy:

𝐴−𝐵 𝑎−𝑏 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝑎−𝑏
(i) tan = cot ⇒ tan cot =
2 𝑎+𝑏 2 2 2 𝑎+𝑏

𝐵−𝐶 𝑏−𝑐 𝐴 𝐵−𝐶 𝐵+𝐶 𝑏−𝑐

(ii) tan = 𝑏+𝑐 cot 2 ⇒ tan cot 2 = 𝑏+𝑐
2 2

𝐶−𝐴 𝑐−𝑎 𝐵 𝐶−𝐴 𝐶+𝐴 𝑐−𝑎

(iii) tan = 𝑐+𝑎 cot 2 ⇒ tan cot 2 = 𝑐+𝑎
2 2

71. Projection Law:

(i) 𝑎 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐵
(ii) 𝑏 = 𝑐 cos 𝐴 + 𝑎 cos 𝐶
(iii) 𝑐 = 𝑎 cos 𝐵 + 𝑏 cos 𝐴
72. m-n Theorem: (𝑚 + 𝑛) cot 𝜃 = 𝑛 cot 𝐵 − 𝑚 cot 𝐶
73. Area of a Triangle:
1
(i) ∆ = 2 × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
1 1 1
(ii) ∆ = 2 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 = 2 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 = 2 𝑐𝑎 sin 𝐵

(iii) ∆ = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

𝑎𝑏𝑐
(iv) ∆= 4𝑅

(v) ∆ = 𝑟. 𝑠
𝑐 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 𝑎 2 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 𝑏2 sin 𝐶 sin 𝐴
(vi) ∆= 2 sin 𝐶
= 2 sin 𝐴
= 2 sin 𝐵
1
(vii) ∆ = 4 √2(𝑎 2 𝑏 2 + 𝑏2 𝑐 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎 2 ) − (𝑎 4 + 𝑏4 + 𝑐 4 )
1
(viii) ∆ = 4 √(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐)(−𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
4 𝑀𝑎 +𝑀𝑏+𝑀𝑐
(ix) With medians Ma, Mb, Mc: ∆ = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑀𝑎 )(𝑠 − 𝑀𝑏 )(𝑠 − 𝑀𝑐 ) , where 𝑠 =
3 2

𝑠2 𝑀𝑎 +𝑀𝑏+𝑀𝑐
(x) ∆ ≤ 3√3 , where 𝑠 = 2

(xi) ∆ = 2𝑅 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

74. Semi-angle formulae:
 𝐴 (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)
(i) sin 2 = √ 𝑏𝑐

𝐵 (𝑠−𝑐)(𝑠−𝑎)
(ii) sin = √
2 𝑐𝑎

𝐶 (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)
(iii) sin 2 = √ 𝑎𝑏

𝐴 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)
(iv) cos 2 = √ 𝑏𝑐

𝐵 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏)
(v) cos 2 = √ 𝑐𝑎

𝐶 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)
(vi) cos 2 = √ 𝑎𝑏

𝐴 (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐)
(vii) tan 2 = √ 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)

𝐵 (𝑠−𝑐)(𝑠−𝑎)
(viii) tan 2 = √ 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏)

𝐶 (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)
(ix) tan 2 = √ 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)

∆
75. 𝑟 = 𝑠 [r is inradius]

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
76. 𝑟 = (𝑠 − 𝑎) tan 2 = (𝑠 − 𝑏) tan 2 = (𝑠 − 𝑐) tan 2
𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴 𝐴 𝐵
𝑎 sin 2 sin 2 𝑏 sin 2 sin 2 𝑐 sin 2 sin 2
77. 𝑟 = 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 𝐶
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
78. 𝑟 = 4𝑅 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2

79. Distance of Vertex from Incentre:

𝐴
(i) 𝐴𝐼 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝐵
(ii) 𝐵𝐼 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝐶
(iii) 𝐶𝐼 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

80. Length of Internal Angle Bisector:

2𝑏𝑐 𝐴
(i) 𝐴𝑃 = cos
𝑏+𝑐 2
2𝑐𝑎 𝐵
(ii) 𝐵𝑄 = cos
𝑐+𝑎 2
2𝑎𝑏 𝐶
(iii) 𝐶𝑅 = cos 2
𝑎+𝑏

81. Excircle Values:

∆
(i) 𝑟1 = 𝑠−𝑎
∆
(ii) 𝑟2 = 𝑠−𝑏
∆
(iii) 𝑟3 = 𝑠−𝑐
 𝐵 𝐶
𝑎 cos 2 cos2
(iv) 𝑟1 = 𝐴
cos 2

𝐶 𝐴
𝑏 cos 2 cos 2
(v) 𝑟2 = 𝐵
cos 2

𝐴 𝐵
𝑐 cos 2 cos 2
(vi) 𝑟3 = 𝐶
cos 2

𝐴
(vii) 𝑟1 = 𝑠 tan 2
𝐵
(viii) 𝑟2 = 𝑠 tan 2
𝐶
(ix) 𝑟3 = 𝑠 tan 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(x) 𝑟1 = 4𝑅 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(xi) 𝑟2 = 4𝑅 cos sin cos
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(xii) 𝑟3 = 4𝑅 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
𝜋
82. Sum of all interior angles = (2𝑛 − 4) 2 = (𝑛 − 2)𝜋
𝜋
83. 𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛
(𝑛−2)𝜋
84. 𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛

85. In a regular polygon:

𝑎 𝜋
(i) 𝑅 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛
𝑎 𝜋
(ii) 𝑟 = 2 cot 𝑛
𝑟 𝜋
(iii) = cos 𝑛
𝑅
𝑛𝑎 2 𝜋
(iv) ∆= cot 𝑛
4
𝑛𝑅 2 𝜋
(v) ∆= sin 𝑛
2
𝑟
86. cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶 = 1 + 𝑅

87. For 2 n-sided polygons inscribed and circumscribed on a circle of radius r, if their areas
are In and Cn, then:

𝐼𝑛 𝑟 2𝐼𝑛 2
√
= (1 + 1 − ( 2 ) )
𝐶𝑛 2 𝑛𝑟