DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

LECTURE #22, 23, 24

3RD – 5TH APRIL 2023
 3.4 INVERSION OF THE Z-TRANSFORM
3.4.3 The inverse z-transform by partial-fraction expansion

The objective is to express the given 𝑋(𝑧) as a linear combination of simpler transform-ed expressions, such
that:
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑋1 𝑧 + 𝑋2 𝑧 + … + 𝑋𝑘 𝑧 ,

and to look for the inverse transform in the available Table. With this decomposition, the time-domain signal
becomes (using linearity property):
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 𝑛 + … + 𝑥𝑘 𝑛 .
𝑝 𝑧
In case of a rational expression, i.e., 𝑋 𝑧 = , the degree of numerator (𝑀) must be lesser than degree of
𝑞 𝑧
denominator (𝑁) to be termed as a proper fraction.

1 −2𝑧 −1 1 −2𝑧 −2
For example, 𝑋 𝑧 = is a proper fraction but 𝑋 𝑧 = is not.
1 −0.4𝑧 −1 +5𝑧 −2 1 −0.4𝑧 −1
 3.4 INVERSION OF THE Z-TRANSFORM
Example 1 (Real & distinct poles) 1. How are the roots computed?
Find the time domain signal for the following expression: 2. What if the denominator is
amplified by a factor?
1
𝑋 𝑧 =
3 1
1 − 4 𝑧 −1 + 8 𝑧 −2
1 −1 2
𝑋 𝑧 = = +
1 1 1 1
1 − 4 𝑧 −1 1 − 2 𝑧 −1 1 − 4 𝑧 −1 1 − 2 𝑧 −1

𝑛 𝑛
1 1
Causal 𝑥 𝑛 =− 𝑢 𝑛 +2 𝑢𝑛, 𝑛≥0
4 2
𝑛 𝑛
1 1
Anti-causal 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 − 2 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 , 𝑛<0
4 2
𝑛 𝑛
1 1
Non-causal 𝑥 𝑛 =− 𝑢 𝑛 −2 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 , −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞
4 2
 3.4 INVERSION OF THE Z-TRANSFORM

Example 2 (Complex poles)

Find the time domain signal for the following expression:
1 + 𝑧 −1
𝑋 𝑧 =
1 − 𝑧 −1 + 0.5𝑧 −2
1 + 𝑧 −1 0.5 − 𝑗1.5 0.5 + 𝑗1.5
𝑋 𝑧 = = +
1 − 0.5 + 𝑗0.5 𝑧 −1 1 − 0.5 − 𝑗0.5 𝑧 −1 1 − 0.5 + 𝑗0.5 𝑧 −1 1 − 0.5 − 𝑗0.5 𝑧 −1

𝑛 cos
𝜋
Causal 𝑥 𝑛 = 3.1623 0.7071 𝑛 − 71.56° 𝑢 𝑛 , 𝑛≥0
4
𝑛 cos
𝜋
Anti-causal 𝑥 𝑛 = 3.1623 0.7071 𝑛 − 71.56° 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 , 𝑛<0
4
Non-causal Not possible/cannot exist
 3.4 INVERSION OF THE Z-TRANSFORM
Example 3 (Multiple poles at same root) 1. How to handle expressions
with positive power of 𝑧?
Find the time domain signal for the following expression:
18𝑧 3
𝑋 𝑧 =
18𝑧 3 + 3𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 − 1
1 1 0.36 0.24 0.4
𝑋 𝑧 = = 2 = + + 2
3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 + 18 𝑧 −1 − 18 𝑧 −2 − 18 𝑧 −3 1 − 2 𝑧 −1 1 + 3 𝑧 −1 1 − 2 𝑧 −1 1 + 3 𝑧 −1 1 + 3 𝑧 −1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛+1
1 1 1
Causal 𝑥 𝑛 = 0.36 𝑢 𝑛 + 0.24 − 𝑢 𝑛 − 1.2 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑢 𝑛+1 , 𝑛≥0
2 3 3
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛+1
1 1 1
Anti-causal 𝑥 𝑛 = −0.36 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 − 0.24 − 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 + 1.2 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑢 −𝑛 , 𝑛<0
2 3 3
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛+1
1 1 1
Non-causal 𝑥 𝑛 = −0.36 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 + 0.24 − 𝑢 𝑛 − 1.2 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑢 𝑛+1 , −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞
2 3 3
 3.4 INVERSION OF THE Z-TRANSFORM
1. What is an improper fraction?
Example 4 (improper fraction)
2. Is the characteristics of a
Find the time domain signal for the following expression: given fraction, being proper
1 + 𝑧 −2 or improper, determined
𝑋 𝑧 = when 𝑧 has positive powers
1 + 2𝑧 −1
1 1 −1 5/4 or negative powers?
𝑋 𝑧 =− + 𝑧 +
4 2 1 + 2𝑧 −1

𝑛
1 1 5
Causal 𝑥 𝑛 =− 𝛿 𝑛 + 𝛿 𝑛 − 1 + −2 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 , 𝑛≥0
4 2 4

Anti-causal Not possible/cannot exist

𝑛
1 1 5
Non-causal 𝑥 𝑛 =− 𝛿 𝑛 + 𝛿 𝑛 − 1 − −2 𝑛 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 , −∞ < 𝑛 < 2
4 2 4
USEFUL TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
 3.5 ANALYSIS OF LTI SYSTEMS IN THE Z - DOMAIN
3.5.1 Response of systems with rational system functions (and rational input functions)
𝐵 𝑧
Let the input be a rational function given as, 𝑋 𝑧 =
𝐴 𝑧
𝑁 𝑧
Let the system function be a rational function given as, 𝐻 𝑧 =
𝑄 𝑧
𝐵 𝑧 𝑁 𝑧
Then the output would also be a rational function given as: 𝑌 𝑧 = 𝑋 𝑧 𝐻 𝑧 =
𝐴 𝑧 𝑄 𝑧
With containing 𝑁 poles 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , … , 𝑝𝑁 and input containing 𝐿 poles 𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , … , 𝑞𝐿 , applying partial-fraction on
𝑌(𝑧) would yield:
𝑁 𝐿
𝐴𝑘 𝑄𝑘
𝑌 𝑧 = ෍ −1
+෍
1 − 𝑝𝑘 𝑧 1 − 𝑞𝑘 𝑧 −1
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
And applying inverse transform give:
𝑁 𝐿
𝑛 𝑛
𝑦 𝑛 = ෍ 𝐴𝑘 𝑝𝑘 𝑢 𝑛 + ෍ 𝑄𝑘 𝑞𝑘 𝑢𝑛
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
 3.5 ANALYSIS OF LTI SYSTEMS IN THE Z - DOMAIN

3.5.2 Transient and steady-state responses

𝑁 𝐿
𝐴𝑘 𝑄𝑘
𝑌 𝑧 = ෍ + ෍
1 − 𝑝𝑘 𝑧 −1 1 − 𝑞𝑘 𝑧 −1
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑁 𝐿

𝑦 𝑛 = ෍ 𝐴𝑘 𝑝𝑘 𝑛𝑢 𝑛 + ෍ 𝑄𝑘 𝑞𝑘 𝑛𝑢 𝑛
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

Natural response, Forced response,

Transient response Steady-state response
 3.5 ANALYSIS OF LTI SYSTEMS IN THE Z - DOMAIN
3.5.2 Transient and steady-state responses
For the following difference equation of a causal system:
𝑦 𝑛 = 0.5𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑛
1 𝑛
(a) Determine output for 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢𝑛.
3
𝜋
(b) Determine output for 𝑥 𝑛 = 10 cos 4 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛.

(a) 1 1 (b) 1 −1
𝑋 𝑧 = , 𝑧 > 10 1 −
𝑧
1 3 2
1 − 3 𝑧 −1 𝑋 𝑧 = , 𝑧 >1
−1
1 − 2𝑧 + 𝑧 −2
3 2
𝑌 𝑧 = − 6.3 6.78𝑒 −𝑗28.7° 6.78𝑒 𝑗28.7°
1 −1 1 𝑌 𝑧 = + +
1 − 2𝑧 1 − 3 𝑧 −1 1 −1 𝑗
𝜋
−1
𝜋
−𝑗 −1
1 − 2𝑧 1 − 𝑒 𝑧 4 1 − 𝑒 4𝑧
𝑛 𝑛
1 1 1
𝑛
𝜋
𝑦𝑛𝑟 𝑛 =3 𝑢𝑛, 𝑦f 𝑛 = −2 𝑢𝑛 𝑦𝑛𝑟 𝑛 = 6.3 𝑢𝑛, 𝑦f 𝑛 = 13.56 cos 𝑛 − 28.7° 𝑢 𝑛
2 3 2 4