DETERMINANTS

Exercise 4.1

𝟐 𝟒
1. Evaluate the determinant | |
−𝟓 −𝟏

2 4
Ans. Given determinant is | |
−5 −1
Expanding along 𝑅1 , we get
= (2 × (−1)) − (4 × (−5))
= −2 + 20 = 18
2 4
Hence, | | = 18
−5 −1

2 Evaluate the determinants

cos⁡ 𝜃 −sin⁡ 𝜃
(i) | |
sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
2
(ii) |𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1|
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
cos⁡ 𝜃 −sin⁡ 𝜃
Ans. (i) Given determinant is | |
sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
cos⁡ 𝜃 −sin⁡ 𝜃
Now, | |
sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
= (cos⁡ 𝜃 × cos⁡ 𝜃) − (sin⁡ 𝜃 × (−sin⁡ 𝜃))

= cos 2 ⁡ 𝜃 + sin2 ⁡ 𝜃 = 1

cos⁡ 𝜃 −sin⁡ 𝜃
Hence | |=1
sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
2
(ii) Given determinant is |𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1|
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
 2
Now, |𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1|
𝑥+1 𝑥+1

= (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) × (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 − 1) × (𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 − (𝑥 2 − 1)
= 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 2
2
Hence, |𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1| = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑥+1 𝑥+1

𝟏 𝟐
3 If 𝑨 = [ ], then show that |𝟐𝑨| = 𝟒|𝑨|
𝟒 𝟐

1 2
Ans. Given that 𝐴 = [ ]
4 2
2×1 2×2
Now, 2𝐴 = [ ]
2×4 2×2
2 4
=[ ]
8 4
2 4
|2𝐴| = | |
8 4
Expanding along 𝑅1 , we get
= 2 × 4 − 4 × 8 = 8 − 32 = −24...(i)
1 2
And 4|𝐴| = 4 | |
4 2
Expanding along 𝑅1 , we get
= 4(1 × 2 − 2 × 4) = 4(−6) = −24...(ii)
From the equation (i) and (ii),
we get |2𝐴| = 4|𝐴|
Hence proved.

𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
4 If 𝑨 = [𝟎 𝟏 𝟐], then show that |𝟑𝑨| = 𝟐𝟕|𝑨|
𝟎 𝟎 𝟒

1 0 1
Ans. Given that 𝐴 = [0 1 2]
0 0 4
 3 0 3
⇒ 3𝐴 = [0 3 6]
0 0 12
3 0 3
Now, |3𝐴| = |0 3 6 |
0 0 12
Expanding along 𝑅1 , we get
= 3(36 − 0) − 0(0 − 0) + 3(0 − 0) = 108...(i)
1 0 1
And 27 |𝐴| = 27 |0 1 2|
0 0 4
Expanding along 𝑅1 , we get
= 27{1(4 − 0) − 0(0 − 0) + 1(0 − 0)} = 27(4) = 108⁡ … (ii)
From the equation (i) and (ii),
we get |3𝐴| = 27|𝐴|
Hence proved.

5 Evaluate the determinants:

3 −1 −2
(i) |0 0 −1|
3 −5 0
3 −4 5
(ii) |1 1 −2|
2 3 1
0 1 2
(iii) |−1 0 −3|
−2 3 0
2 −1 −2
(iv) |0 2 −1|
3 −5 0
3 −1 −2
Ans. (i) Given determinant is |0 0 −1|
3 −5 0
Now, expanding the determinant along 𝑅1 , we get
𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟐
|𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏| = 𝟑(𝟎 − 𝟓) + 𝟏(𝟎 + 𝟑) − 𝟐(𝟎 − 𝟎) = −𝟏𝟓 + 𝟑 − 𝟎 = −𝟏𝟐
𝟑 −𝟓 𝟎
3 −1 −2
Hence |0 0 −1| = −12
3 −5 0
3 −4 5
Given determinant is |1 1 −2|
2 3 1
Now, expanding the determinant along 𝑅1 , we get
 3 −4 5
|1 1 −2| = 3(1 + 6) + 4(1 + 4) + 5(3 − 2) = 21 + 20 + 5 = 46
2 3 1
3 −4 5
Hence |1 1 −2| = 46
2 3 1
0 1 2
(iii) Given determinant is |−1 0 −3|
−2 3 0
Now, expanding the determinant along 𝑅1 , we get
0 1 2
|−1 0 −3| = 0(0 + 9) − 1(0 − 6) + 2(−3 − 0) = 0 + 6 − 6
−2 3 0

0 1 2
So, the given determinant |−1 0 −3| = 0
−2 3 0
2 −1 −2
Given determinant is |0 2 −1|
3 −5 0
Now, expanding the determinant along 𝑅1 , we get
2 −1 −2
|0 2 −1| = 2(0 − 5) + 1(0 + 3) − 2(0 − 6) = −10 + 3 + 12 = 5
3 −5 0
2 −1 −2
Hence, |0 2 −1| = 5
3 −5 0

𝟏 𝟏 −𝟐
6 If 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑], find |𝑨|.
𝟓 𝟒 −𝟗
1 1 −2
Ans. Given that 𝐴 = [2 1 −3]
5 4 −9
1 1 −2
Now, |𝐴| = |2 1 −3|
5 4 −9
Expanding the determinant along 𝑅1 , we get
= 1(−9 + 12) − 1(−18 + 15) − 2(8 − 5) = 3 + 3 − 6 = 0
Hence, |𝐴| = 0
7 Find values of 𝒙, if
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 𝟒
(i) | |=| |
𝟓 𝟏 𝟔 𝒙
𝟐 𝟑 𝒙 𝟑
(ii) | |=| |
𝟒 𝟓 𝟐𝒙 𝟓

2 4 2𝑥 4
Ans. (i) Given that | |=| |
5 1 6 𝑥
⇒ 2 − 20 = 2𝑥 2 − 24
⇒ 𝑥2 = 3
⇒ 𝑥 = ±√3
Hence, the values of 𝑥 are ±√3

2 3 𝑥 3
(ii) Given that | |=| |
4 5 2𝑥 5

⇒ 10 − 12 = 5𝑥 − 6𝑥
⇒ −2 = −𝑥
⇒𝑥=2
Hence, the value of 𝑥 is 2

𝒙 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
8 If | |=| |, then 𝒙 is equal to:
𝟏𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟖 𝟔
(A) 6
(B) ±6
(C) −6
(D) 0

Ans. (B)
𝑥 2 6 2
Given that | |=| |
18 𝑥 18 6
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 36 = 36 − 36
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 36
⇒ 𝑥 = ±6
Hence, the option (𝐵) is correct.
Exercise 4.2

Using the property of determinants and without expanding, prove that:

𝒙 𝒂 𝒙+𝒂
1. |𝒚 𝒃 𝒚 + 𝒃| = 𝟎
𝒛 𝒄 𝒛+𝒄
𝑥 𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
Ans. LHS = |𝑦 𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑏|
𝑧 𝑐 𝑧+𝑐
𝑥+𝑎 𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
= |𝑦 + 𝑏 𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑏| [⁡ Applying 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ]
𝑧+𝑐 𝑐 𝑧+𝑐
= 0 = RHS ⁡[∵ 𝐶1 = 𝐶3 ]
Hence, LHS = RHS

𝒂−𝒃 𝒃−𝒄 𝒄−𝒂

2 |𝒃 − 𝒄 𝒄−𝒂 𝒂 − 𝒃| = 𝟎
𝒄−𝒂 𝒂−𝒃 𝒃−𝒄

𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎

Ans. LHS = |𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑐−𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑏|
𝑐−𝑎 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐
0 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎
= |0 𝑐−𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑏| [ Applying 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ]
0 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐
= 0 = RHS ⁡[∵ In column 𝐶1 every element is zero. ]
Hence, LHS = RHS

𝟐 𝟕 𝟔𝟓
3 |𝟑 𝟖 𝟕𝟓| = 𝟎
𝟓 𝟗 𝟖𝟔
 2 7 65
Ans. LHS = |3 8 75|
5 9 86
2 7 63
= |3 8 72| [Applying 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1 ]
5 9 81

2 7 7
= 9 [3 8 8] ⁡[⁡ Taking common 9 from 𝐶3 ]
5 9 9

= 0 = RHS ⁡[∵ 𝐶2 = 𝐶3 ]
Hence, LHS = RHS

𝟏 𝒃𝒄 𝒂(𝒃 + 𝒄)
4 |𝟏 𝒄𝒂 𝒃(𝒄 + 𝒂)| = 𝟎
𝟏 𝒂𝒃 𝒄(𝒂 + 𝒃)

1 𝑏𝑐 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐)
Ans. 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = |1 𝑐𝑎 𝑏(𝑐 + 𝑎)|
1 𝑎𝑏 𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏)

1 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎
= |1 𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎| [Applying C3 → 𝐶3 + 𝐶2 ]
1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎
1 𝑏𝑐 1
= (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)⁡ [1 𝑐𝑎 1 ∣ ⁡ [Taking 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 as common from 𝐶3 ]
1 𝑎𝑏 1
= 0 = RHS ⁡[∵ 𝐶1 = 𝐶3 ]
Hence, LHS = RHS
 𝒃+𝒄 𝒒+𝒓 𝒚+𝒛 𝒂 𝒑 𝒙
5 |𝒄 + 𝒂 𝒓 + 𝒑 𝒛 + 𝒙 | = 𝟐 |𝒃 𝒒 𝒚 |
𝒂+𝒃 𝒑+𝒒 𝒙+𝒚 𝒄 𝒓 𝒛

𝑏+𝑐 𝑞+𝑟 𝑦+𝑧

Ans. 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = |𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑟 + 𝑝 𝑧 + 𝑥 |
𝑎+𝑏 𝑝+𝑞 𝑥+𝑦
2𝑐 2𝑟 2𝑧
=| 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑟 + 𝑝 𝑧 + 𝑥 | ⁡ [Applying R1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
𝑎+𝑏 𝑝+𝑞 𝑥+𝑦
𝑐 𝑟 𝑧
= 2| 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑟 + 𝑝 𝑧 + 𝑥 | ⁡ [Taking 2 as common from R1 ]
𝑎+𝑏 𝑝+𝑞 𝑥+𝑦
𝑐 𝑟 𝑧
= 2| 𝑎 𝑝 𝑥 | ⁡ [Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 ]
𝑎+𝑏 𝑝+𝑞 𝑥+𝑦
𝑐 𝑟𝑧
= 2 |𝑎 𝑝𝑥 | ⁡ [Applying 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 ]
𝑏 𝑞𝑦
𝑎 𝑝 𝑥
= −2 |𝑐 𝑟 𝑧 | ⁡ [Interchanging 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2 ]
𝑏 𝑞 𝑦
𝑎 𝑝 𝑥
= 2 |𝑏 𝑞 𝑦| = 𝑅𝐻𝑆⁡ [Interchanging 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3 ]
𝑐 𝑟 𝑧
Hence, LHS=RHS

𝟎 𝒂 −𝒃
6 |−𝒂 𝟎 −𝒄 | = 𝟎
𝒃 𝒄 𝟎

0 𝑎 −𝑏
Ans. 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = |−𝑎 0 −𝑐 |
𝑏 𝑐 0
0 𝑎 −𝑏
= |−𝑎𝑏 0 −𝑏𝑐| [ Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑏𝑅2 and 𝑅3 → 𝑎𝑅3 ]
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 0
 0 𝑎 −𝑏
=|0 𝑎𝑐 −𝑏𝑐| ⁡ [Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ]
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 0
= 𝑎𝑏(−𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐)⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶1 ]

= 𝑎𝑏(0) = 0 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Hence, LHS = RHS

−𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒄
7 | 𝒃𝒂 −𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝒄 | = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝒄𝒂 𝒄𝒃 −𝒄𝟐

−𝑎2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
Ans. 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = | 𝑏𝑎 −𝑏 2
𝑏𝑐 |
𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑏 −𝑐 2
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑏 −𝑏 𝑏 | ⁡ [Taking a, b, c as common from C1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 respectively]
𝑐 𝑐 −𝑐
−1 1 1
= 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 | 1 −1 1 | ⁡ [Taking a,b, c as common from R1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 respectively]
1 1 −1
0 1 1
= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 |0 −1 1 | ⁡ [Applying 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ]
2 2 2

2 1 −1
= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 {2(1 + 1)}⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶1 ]
2 2 2

= 4𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Hence, LHS = RHS

8 Using properties of determinants, show that

1 𝑎 𝑎2
(i) |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 | = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
1 𝑐 𝑐2
1 1 1
(ii) | 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 | = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑎3 𝑏 3 𝑐 3
 1 𝑎 𝑎2
Ans. (i) LHS = |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 |
1 𝑐 𝑐2
0 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
= |0 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 | [⁡ [Applying R1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
1 𝑐 𝑐2
0 1 𝑎+𝑏
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 1 𝑏 + 𝑐 | ⁡[⁡ Taking common a −b from R1 and b − c from R 2 ]]
1 𝑐 𝑐2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐){1(𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 − 𝑏)}⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶1 ]
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Hence, LHS = RHS
1 1 1
(ii) ⁡ | 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 | = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
1 1 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = | 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 |
𝑎3 𝑏 3 𝑐 3
0 0 1
=| 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐 | [ByC1 → 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 , 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶3 ]
3 3 3 3
𝑎 −𝑏 𝑏 −𝑐 𝑐3
0 0 1
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐) | 1 1 𝑐 | [Taking common 𝐚 − b from C1
2 2 2 2
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑐3
and 𝐛 − 𝐜 from C2 ]
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐){1(𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 ) − (𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )}⁡ [Expanding along 𝑅1 ]
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐){𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏}
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐){(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑐 + 𝑎) + 𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑎)}
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎){𝑐 + 𝑎 + 𝑏}
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Hence, LHS = RHS

𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛
9 Using properties of determinants, show that |𝒚 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒙 | = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒚 − 𝒛)(𝒛 −
𝒛 𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝒚
𝒙)(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)
 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑦𝑧 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 𝑥𝑦𝑧
Ans. LHS = |𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑥 | , = |𝑦 2 𝑦 3 𝑥𝑦𝑧| [⁡ Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑥𝑅1 , 𝑅2 → 𝑦𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑧𝑅3 ]
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 2 𝑧 3 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑥2 𝑥3 1
= 𝑥𝑦𝑧 |𝑦 2 𝑦 3 1| ⁡ [Taking xyz as common from C3 ]
𝑧2 𝑧3 1
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥3 − 𝑦3 0
= 𝑥𝑦𝑧 | 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2𝑦 3 − 𝑧 3 0| ⁡ [Applying R1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
𝑧2 𝑧3 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 0
= 𝑥𝑦𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧) |𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 0| ⁡ [Taking 𝑥 − 𝑦 as common from R1
𝑧2 𝑧3 1
and y − z from R 2 ]

= 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ⁡(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧){(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) − (𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )}⁡ [Expanding along C3 ]

⁡= 𝑥𝑦𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧){𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 2 − (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 +
𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 2 𝑧)}
⁡= 𝑥𝑦𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧){𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑧}
⁡= 𝑥𝑦𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧){𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦}
⁡= 𝑥𝑦𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧){𝑥𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑥) + 𝑦(𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 )}
⁡= 𝑥𝑦𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥){𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦(𝑧 + 𝑥)}
⁡= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥) = RHS
Hence, LHS = RHS

10 Using properties of determinants, show that

𝒙+𝟒 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙
(i) | 𝟐𝒙 𝒙+𝟒 𝟐𝒙 | = (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝟒 − 𝒙)𝟐
𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒙+𝟒
𝒚+𝒌 𝒚 𝒚
(ii) | 𝒚 𝒚+𝒌 𝒚 | = 𝒌𝟐 (𝟑𝒚 + 𝒌)
𝒚 𝒚 𝒚+𝒌

𝑥+4 2𝑥 2𝑥
Ans. (i) | 2𝑥 𝑥+4 2𝑥 | = (5𝑥 + 4)(4 − 𝑥)2
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥+4
𝑥+4 2𝑥 2𝑥
LHS = | 2𝑥 𝑥+4 2𝑥 |
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥+4
5𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 2𝑥
= |5𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 | ⁡ [Applying 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ]
5𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 𝑥+4
 1 2𝑥 2𝑥
= (5𝑥 + 4) |1 𝑥+4 2𝑥 | [Taking 5x + 4 as common from C1 ]
1 2𝑥 𝑥+4
0 𝑥−4 0
= (5𝑥 + 4) |0 4 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 4| ⁡ [Applying R1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
1 2𝑥 𝑥+4
= (5𝑥 + 4){(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 4) − (4 − 𝑥)0}⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶1 ]
= (5𝑥 + 4)(4 − 𝑥)2 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Hence, LHS = RHS

𝑦+𝑘 𝑦 𝑦
(iii) | 𝑦 𝑦+𝑘 𝑦 | = 𝑘 2 (3𝑦 + 𝑘)
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦+𝑘
𝑦+𝑘 𝑦 𝑦
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = | 𝑦 𝑦+𝑘 𝑦 |
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦+𝑘
3𝑦 + 𝑘 𝑦 𝑦
= |3𝑦 + 𝑘 𝑦 + 𝑘 𝑦 | ⁡[⁡ Applying C1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ]
3𝑦 + 𝑘 𝑦 𝑦+𝑘
1 𝑦 𝑦
= (3𝑦 + 𝑘) |1 𝑦 + 𝑘 𝑦 | ⁡ [Taking 3y +k as common from C1 ]
1 𝑦 𝑦+𝑘
0 −𝑘 0
= (3𝑦 + 𝑘) |0 𝑘 −𝑘 | ⁡ [Applying R1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
1 𝑦 𝑦+𝑘
= (3𝑦 + 𝑘){(−𝑘)(−𝑘) − (𝑘)0}⁡ [Expanding along C1 ]
= (3𝑦 + 𝑘)𝑘 2 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Hence, LHS = RHS

11 Using properties of determinants, show that

𝒂−𝒃−𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
(i) | 𝟐𝒃 𝒃−𝒄−𝒂 𝟐𝒃 | = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑
𝟐𝒄 𝟐𝒄 𝒄−𝒂−𝒃
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 𝒙 𝒚
(ii) | 𝒛 𝒚 + 𝒛 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 | = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟑
𝒛 𝒙 𝒛 + 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚
 𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎
Ans. (i) 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
= | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 | ⁡ [Applying R1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ]
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏

1 1 1
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |2𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑐 − 𝑎 2𝑏 | [Taking a + b + c as commong from R1 ]
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
0 0 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 −𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 2𝑏
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) | | ⁡[By⁡C1 → 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 , 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶3 ]
𝑎+ 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐){(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 − 0}⁡ [Expanding along R1 ]
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
(ii) | 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑦 | = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)3
𝑧 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = | 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑦 |
𝑧 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦
2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑥 𝑦
= |2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑦 | ⁡ [Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦
1 𝑥 𝑦
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) |1 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑦 | ⁡ [Taking 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) common from C1 ]
1 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦
0 −(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 0
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) |0 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 −(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)| [ByR1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
1 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧){(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) − 0}⁡ [Expanding along C1 ]
2

= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)3 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence, LHS = RHS

𝟏 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
12 Using properties of determinants, show that |𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 | = (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 )𝟐
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟏
 1 𝑥 𝑥2
Ans. 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = |𝑥 2 1 𝑥 |
𝑥 𝑥2 1
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2
= |1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 1 𝑥 | [⁡ Applying C1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ]
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑥2 1
1 𝑥 𝑥2
= (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 ) |1 1 𝑥 | ⁡ [Taking 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 as common from C1 ]
2

1 𝑥2 1
0 𝑥 − 1 𝑥2 − 𝑥
= (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 ) |0 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 1 | ⁡ [Applying R1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
2

1 𝑥2 1
0 −1 −𝑥
= (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥) |0 1 − 𝑥 −1| ⁡ [Taking 1 − 𝑥 as common from R1 and R 2 ]
2 2

1 𝑥2 1
= (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥) {1 + 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)}⁡ [Expanding along C1 ]
2 2

= (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) = (1 − 𝑥 3 )2 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence, LHS = RHS

13. Using properties of determinants, show that

𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝒃 −𝟐𝒃
| 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝟐
𝟏−𝒂 +𝒃 𝟐
𝟐𝒂 | = (𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝟑
𝟐𝒃 −𝟐𝒂 𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐

1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑏
Ans. 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = | 2𝑎𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎 |
2 2
2𝑏 −2𝑎 1−𝑎 −𝑏
2 2
1
1 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑎𝑏
= 𝑎| 2𝑎𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎2 | ⁡ [Applying C3 → 𝑎𝐶3 ]
3 2
2𝑏 −2𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏
2 2
1
1 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 2𝑎𝑏 0
= 𝑎| 2𝑎𝑏 1−𝑎 +𝑏 2 2
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 | ⁡ [Applying C3 → 𝐶3 + 𝐶2 ]
2𝑏 −2𝑎 −𝑎 − 𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑏 2
2 2
1+𝑎2 +𝑏 2
1+𝑎 −𝑏 2𝑎𝑏 0
= 𝑎
| 2𝑎𝑏 1−𝑎 +𝑏2 2
1 | ⁡ [Taking 1 + a2 + 𝑏 2 as common from 𝐶3 ]
2𝑏 −2𝑎 −𝑎
2 2
1+𝑎2 +𝑏 2
1+𝑎 −𝑏 2𝑎𝑏 0
= 𝑎2 | 2𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑎3 + 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑎 | ⁡ [Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑎𝑅2 ]
2𝑏 −2𝑎 −𝑎
2 2
1+𝑎2 +𝑏 2
1 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 2𝑎𝑏 0
=
𝑎2
| 2
2𝑎 𝑏 + 2𝑏 −𝑎 − 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 3 2
0 | ⁡[⁡ Applying R 2 → R 2 + 𝑅3 ]
2𝑏 −2𝑎 −𝑎
1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 2𝑏 0
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) | 2𝑎2 𝑏 + 2𝑏 −1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 0 | ⁡
2𝑏 −2 −1
[Taking 𝑎 as common from C2 and C3 ]
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )(−1){(1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )(−1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) − 2𝑏(2𝑎2 𝑏 + 2𝑏)}⁡
[Expanding along C3 ]
⁡= −(1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ){−1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎4 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 𝑏 4 − 4𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑏 2 }
⁡= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ){1 + 𝑎4 + 4 + 2𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 2𝑏 2 }
⁡= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )(1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2 = (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )3 = RHS
Hence, LHS = RHS

14 Using properties of determinants, show that

𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒄
| 𝒂𝒃 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒃𝒄 | = 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
𝒄𝒂 𝒄𝒃 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟏

𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
Ans. 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = | 𝑎𝑏 2
𝑏 +1 𝑏𝑐 |
2
𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑏 𝑐 +1
2 2 2
1
𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑐
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎𝑏 2 3
𝑏 +𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 | ⁡ [Applying R1 → 𝑎𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑏𝑅3 , 𝑅3 → 𝑐𝑅3 ]
2

𝑐2𝑎 𝑐2𝑏 𝑐3 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎2 + 1 𝑎2 𝑎2
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑏 2 2
𝑏 +1 𝑏 2 | [Taking a as common from C1 , 𝑏 from C2 and c from
𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑐2 + 1
C3 ]
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
=| 𝑏2 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏2 | ⁡[⁡ Вy R1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ]
2 2 2
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 +1
1 1 1
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ) |𝑏 2 𝑏 2 + 1 𝑏2 | ⁡
𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑐2 + 1
[Taking 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 as common from R1 ]

0 0 1
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ) |−1 1 𝑏 2 | ⁡ [Applying C1 → 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 , 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶3 ]
0 −1 𝑐 2 + 1
= (1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ){1 − 0}⁡ [Expanding along R1 ]
2 2 2

= 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = RHS
Hence, LHS = RHS
15 Let 𝑨 be a square matrix of order 𝟑 × 𝟑, then |𝒌𝑨| is equal to:
(A) 𝑘|𝐴|
(B) 𝑘 2 |𝐴|
(C) 𝑘 3 |𝐴|
(D) 3𝑘|𝐴|

Ans. If 𝐵 be a square matrix of order 𝑛 × 𝑛, then |𝑘𝐵| = 𝑘 𝑛−1 |𝐵| Therefore, |𝑘𝐴| =
𝑘 3−1 |𝐴| = 𝑘 2 |𝐴|
Hence, the option (𝐵) is correct.

16 Which of the following is correct

(A) Determinant is a square matrix
(B) Determinant is a number associated to a matrix
(C) Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix
(D) None of these

Ans. Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix Hence, the option (𝐶)
is correct.

Exercise 4.3
1 Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the
following:
(i) (𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟔, 𝟎), (𝟒, 𝟑)
(ii) (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟏𝟎, 𝟖)
(iii) (−𝟐, −𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟐), (−𝟏, −𝟖)

Ans. (i) Given vertices of the triangle are (1,0), (6,0), (4,3)
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
We know, area of triangle = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Area of triangle = 2 |6 0 1| = 2 [1(0 − 3) − 0(6 − 4) + 1(18 − 0)] = 2 (15) = 7.5 square
4 3 1
units
Given vertices of the triangle are (2,7), (1,1), (10,8)
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
We know, area of triangle = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
2 7 1
1
Area of triangle = 2 | 1 1 1|
10 8 1
1 1
= 2 [2(1 − 8) − 7(1 − 10) + 1(8 − 10)] = 2 (47) = 25.5 square units
Given vertices of the triangle are (−2, −3), (3,2), (−1, −8)
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
We know, area of triangle = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
−2 −3 1
1
Area of triangle = 2 | 3 2 1|
−1 −8 1
1 1
= 2 [−2(2 + 8) + 3(3 + 1) + 1(−24 + 2)] = 2 (−30) = 15

Area of triangle = 15 square units

2. Show that points 𝑨(𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝒄), 𝑩(𝒃, 𝒄 + 𝒂), 𝑪(𝒄, 𝒂 + 𝒃) are collinear.

Ans. If the points 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐), 𝐵(𝑏, 𝑐 + 𝑎) and 𝐶(𝑐, 𝑎 + 𝑏) are collinear, then the area of
triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 will be zero.
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
We know, area of triangle = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
𝑎 𝑏+𝑐 1
1
Area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 2 |𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎 1|
𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 1
𝑎 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 1
1
= 2 |𝑏 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 1| ⁡ [Applying C2 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ]
𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 1
𝑎 1 1
1
= 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |𝑏 1 1| ⁡ [Taking 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 as common from 𝐶2 ]
𝑐 1 1
= 0⁡[∵ 𝐶1 = 𝐶3 ]
Hence, the points 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐), 𝐵(𝑏, 𝑐 + 𝑎) and 𝐶(𝑐, 𝑎 + 𝑏) are collinear.
3 Find values of 𝒌 if area of triangle is 4 square units and vertices are
(i) (𝒌, 𝟎), (𝟒, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟐)
(ii) (−𝟐, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟎, 𝒌)

Ans. (i)Given vertices of the triangle are (𝑘, 0), (4,0), (0,2)
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
We know, area of triangle = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
𝑘 0 1
1
Area of triangle = 2 |4 0 1|
0 2 1
1 1
= 2 [𝑘(0 − 2) − 0(4 − 0) + 1(8 − 0)] = 2 (−2𝑘 + 8) = −𝑘 + 4

According to question, area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 4 square units

Therefore, | − 𝑘 + 4| = 4⁡ ⇒ −𝑘 + 4 = ±4
⇒ −𝑘 + 4 = 4 or − 𝑘 + 4 = −4
⇒ 𝑘 = 0⁡ or ⁡𝑘 = 8
Hence, the value of 𝑘 are 0 and 8 .
ii) Given vertices of the triangle are (−2,0), (0,4), (0, 𝑘)
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
We know, area of triangle = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
−2 0 1
1
Now, area of triangle = 2 | 0 4 1|
0 𝑘 1
1 1
= 2 [−2(4 − 𝑘) − 0(0 − 0) + 1(0 − 0)] = 2 (−8 + 2𝑘) = −4 + 𝑘

According to question, Area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 4 square units

Therefore, | − 4 + 𝑘| = 4⁡ ⇒ −4 + 𝑘 = ±4
⇒ −4 + 𝑘 = 4 or − 4 + 𝑘 = −4
⇒ 𝑘 = 8⁡ or ⁡𝑘 = 0
Hence, the value of 𝑘 are 0 and 8 .
4 (i) Find equation of line joining (𝟏, 𝟐) and (𝟑, 𝟔) using determinants.
(ii) Find equation of line joining (𝟑, 𝟏) and (𝟗, 𝟑) using determinants.

Ans. (i) Let, 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point lie on the line joining 𝐴(1,2) and 𝐵(3,6). Hence, the
points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝑃 will be collinear and area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 will be zero.
1 2 1
1
Therefore, area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝑃 = 2 |3 6 1| = 0
𝑥 𝑦 1
1
⇒ 2 [1(6 − 𝑦) − 2(3 − 𝑥) + 1(3𝑦 − 6𝑥)] = 0
⇒ 6 − 𝑦 − 6 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑥 = 0
⇒ −4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝑦
Hence the equation of line joining the points (1,2) and (3,6) is 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
(ii) Let, 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point lie on the line joining 𝐴(3,1) and 𝐵(9,3). Hence, the
points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝑃 will be collinear and area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 will be zero.
3 1 1
1
Therefore, area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝑃 = 2 |9 3 1| = 0
𝑥 𝑦 1
1
⇒ 2 [3(3 − 𝑦) − 1(9 − 𝑥) + 1(9𝑦 − 3𝑥)] = 0
⇒ 9 − 3𝑦 − 9 + 𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 0
⇒ −2𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝑦
Hence the equation of line joining the points (3,1) and (9,3) is 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0

5 If area of triangle is 35 sq. units with vertices (𝟐, −𝟔), (𝟓, 𝟒) and (𝒌, 𝟒). Then 𝒌 is
(A) 12
(B) −𝟐
(C) −𝟏𝟐, −𝟐
(D) 𝟏𝟐, −𝟐

Ans. Given vertices of the triangle are (2, −6), (5,4), (𝑘, 4)
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
We know, area of triangle = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
2 −6 1
1
Hence, area of triangle = 2 |5 4 1|
𝑘 4 1
 1 1
= 2 [2(4 − 4) + 6(5 − 𝑘) + 1(20 − 4𝑘)] = 2 (30 − 6𝑘 + 20 − 4𝑘) = 25 − 5𝑘

According to question, area of triangle = 35 square units

Therefore, |25 − 5𝑘| = 35
⇒ 25 − 5𝑘 = ±35
⇒ 25 − 5𝑘 = 35⁡ or ⁡25 − 5𝑘 = −35
−10 60
⇒𝑘= = −2⁡ or ⁡𝑘 = = 12
5 5

Hence, the option (𝐷) is correct.

Exercise 4.4
1 Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:
𝟐 −𝟒
(i) | |
𝟎 𝟑
𝒂 𝒄
(ii) | |
𝒃 𝒅

2 −4
Ans. (i), Given determinant is | |
0 3
We know, the minor of element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is 𝑀𝑖𝑗 and the cofactor is 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 ,
therefore,
The minor of element 𝑎11 is 𝑀11 = 3 and the cofactor is 𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 𝑀11 = 3
The minor of element 𝑎12 is 𝑀12 = 0 and the cofactor is 𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 𝑀12 = 0
The minor of element 𝑎21 is 𝑀21 = −4 and the cofactor is 𝐴21 = (−1)2+1 𝑀21 = 4
The minor of element 𝑎22 is 𝑀22 = 2 and the cofactor is 𝐴22 = (−1)2+2 𝑀22 = 2
𝑎 𝑐
(ii) Given determinant is | |
𝑏 𝑑
We know, the minor of element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is 𝑀𝑖𝑗 and the cofactor is 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 ,
therefore,
The minor of element 𝑎11 is 𝑀11 = 𝑑 and the cofactor is 𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 𝑀11 = 𝑑
The minor of element 𝑎12 is 𝑀12 = 𝑏 and the cofactor is 𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 𝑀12 = −𝑏
The minor of element 𝑎21 is 𝑀21 = 𝑐 and the cofactor is 𝐴21 = (−1)2+1 𝑀21 = −𝑐
The minor of element 𝑎22 is 𝑀22 = 𝑎 and the cofactor is 𝐴22 = (−1)2+2 𝑀22 = 𝑎
2 Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
(i) |𝟎 𝟏 𝟎|
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟒
(ii) |𝟑 𝟓 −𝟏|
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐

1 0 0
Ans. (i)., Given determinant is |0 1 0|
0 0 1
We know, minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a determinant is the determinant
obtained by deleting its 𝑖 th row and 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column in which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 lies. Minor
of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 .
Hence,
1 0
𝑀11 = | |=1−0=1
0 1
0 0
𝑀12 = | |=0−0=0
0 1
0 1
𝑀13 = | |=0−0=0
0 0
0 0
𝑀21 = | |=0−0=0
0 1
1 0
𝑀22 = | |=1−0=1
0 1

1 0
𝑀23 = | |=0−0=0
0 0
0 0
𝑀31 = | |=0−0=0
1 0
1 0
𝑀32 = | |=0−0=0
0 0
1 0
𝑀33 = | |=1−0=1
0 1
And we know, cofactor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , is denoted by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is defined by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 =
(−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , therefore
𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 𝑀11 = 1 𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 𝑀12 = 0 𝐴13 = (−1)1+3 𝑀13 = 0
𝐴21 = (−1)2+1 𝑀21 = 0 𝐴22 = (−1)2+2 𝑀22 = 1 𝐴23 = (−1)2+3 𝑀233 = 0
𝐴31 = (−1)3+1 𝑀31 = 0 𝐴32 = (−1)3+2 𝑀32 = 0 𝐴33 = (−1)3+3 𝑀33 = 1
 1 0 4
(ii)Given determinant is |3 5 −1|
0 1 2
We know, minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a determinant is the determinant
obtained by deleting its 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column in which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 lies. Minor
of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 .

Hence,
5 −1
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝑀11 = | | = 10 + 1 = 11
1 2
3 −1
𝑀12 = | |=6−0=6
0 2
3 5
𝑀13 = | |=3−0=3
0 1
0 4
𝑀21 = | | = 0 − 4 = −4
1 2
1 4
𝑀22 = | |= 2−0= 2
0 2
1 0
𝑀23 = | |= 1−0= 1
0 1
0 4
𝑀31 = | | = 0 − 20 = −20
5 −1
1 4
𝑀32 = | | = −1 − 12 = −13
3 −1
1 0
𝑀33 = | |= 5−0= 5
3 5

And we know, cofactor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , is denoted by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is defined

by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , therefore
𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 𝑀11 = 11 𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 𝑀12 = −6 𝐴13 = (−1)1+3 𝑀13 = 3
𝐴21 = (−1)2+1 𝑀21 = 4 𝐴22 = (−1)2+2 𝑀22 = 2 𝐴23 = (−1)2+3 𝑀233 = −1
𝐴31 = (−1)3+1 𝑀31 = −20 𝐴32 = (−1)3+2 𝑀32 = 13 𝐴33 = (−1)3+3 𝑀33 = 5
 𝟓 𝟑 𝟖
3 Using cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate 𝚫 = |𝟐 𝟎 𝟏|.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑

5 3 8
Ans. We know, Δ = |2 0 1| = 𝑎21 𝐴21 + 𝑎22 𝐴22 + 𝑎23 𝐴23
1 2 3
Here, 𝑎21 = 2, 𝑎22= 0, 𝑎23 = 1 and
3 8 5 8
𝐴21 = (−1)2+1 | | = −(9 − 16) = 7 𝐴22 = (−1)2+2 | | = 15 − 8 = 7 𝐴23 =
2 3 1 3
5 3 8
5 3
(−1)2+3 | | = −(10 − 3) = −7 Therefore, Δ = |2 0 1| = 2(7) + 0(7) + 1(−7) = 7
1 2
1 2 3

𝟏 𝒙 𝒚𝒛
4 Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate 𝚫 = |𝟏 𝒚 𝒛𝒙 |.
𝟏 𝒛 𝒙𝒚
1 𝑥 𝑦𝑧
Ans. We know, Δ = |1 𝑦 𝑧𝑥 | = 𝑎13 𝐴13 + 𝑎23 𝐴23 + 𝑎33 𝐴33
1 𝑧 𝑥𝑦
Here, 𝑎13 = 𝑦𝑧, 𝑎23 = 𝑧𝑥, 𝑎33 = 𝑥𝑦 and
1 𝑦
𝐴13 = (−1)1+3 | |=𝑧−𝑦
1 𝑧
1 𝑥
𝐴23 = (−1)2+3 | | = −(𝑧 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑧
1 𝑧
1 𝑥
𝐴33 = (−1)3+3 | |=𝑦−𝑥
1 𝑦
1 𝑥 𝑦𝑧
Therefore, Δ = |1 𝑦 𝑧𝑥 | = 𝑦𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑦) + 𝑧𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑧) + 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 − 𝑥)
1 𝑧 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦
= 𝑧𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑧
= 𝑥 2 (𝑧 − 𝑦) − 𝑥(𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑦𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑦)
= (𝑧 − 𝑦)[𝑥 2 − 𝑥(𝑧 + 𝑦) + 𝑦𝑧]
= (𝑧 − 𝑦)[𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧]
= (𝑧 − 𝑦)[𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑧) − 𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑧)]
= (𝑥 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
= (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)
1 𝑥 𝑦𝑧
Hence, |1 𝑦 𝑧𝑥 | = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)
1 𝑧 𝑥𝑦
 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
5 If 𝚫 = |𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 | 𝑨𝒊𝒋 is Cofactors of 𝒂𝒊𝒋 , then value of 𝚫 is given by
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
(A) 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 𝐴32 + 𝑎13 𝐴33
(B) 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 𝐴21 + 𝑎13 𝐴31
(C) 𝑎21 𝐴11 + 𝑎22 𝐴12 + 𝑎23 𝐴13
(D) 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎21 𝐴21 + 𝑎31 𝐴31

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

Ans. The value of |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | is given by: 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎21 𝐴21 + 𝑎31 𝐴31 Hence, the
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
option (𝐷) is correct.

Exercise 4.5
𝟏 𝟐
1 Find adjoint of the matrix [ ]
𝟑 𝟒
1 2
Ans. Given matrix is [ ]
3 4
We know, the adjoint of a square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 is defined as the
transpose of the matrix [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛′ where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 .
Adjoint of the matrix 𝐴 is denoted by adj 𝐴.
1 2
Let 𝐴 = [ ]
3 4
therefore, 𝐴11 = 4, 𝐴12 = −3, ⁡𝐴21 = −2, ⁡𝐴22 = 1
𝐴 𝐴21 4 −2
Hence, adjoint of matrix 𝐴 = [ 11 ]=[ ]
𝐴12 𝐴22 −3 1

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
2 Find adjoint of the matrix [ 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓]
−𝟐 𝟎 𝟏

1 −1 2
Ans. Given matrix is [ 2 3 5]
−2 0 1
We know, the adjoint of a square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 is defined as the
transpose of the matrix [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛′ where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 .
Adjoint of the matrix 𝐴 is denoted by adj 𝐴.
1 −1 2
Let 𝐴 = [ 2 3 5], therefore
−2 0 1
𝐴11 = 3 𝐴12 = −12 𝐴13 = 6
𝐴21 = 1 𝐴22 = 5 𝐴23 = 2
𝐴31 = −11 𝐴32 = −1 𝐴33 = 5
𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31 3 1 −11
Hence, adjoint of matrix 𝐴 = [𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 ] = [−12 5 −1 ]
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33 6 2 5

𝟐 𝟑
3 Verify 𝑨(𝐚𝐝𝐣⁡ 𝑨) = (𝐚𝐝𝐣⁡ 𝑨) ⋅ 𝑨 = |𝑨|. 𝑰 for the matrix [ ]
−𝟒 −𝟔

2 3
Ans. Given matrix is [ ]
−4 −6
2 3
Let 𝐴 = [ ]
−4 −6
therefore, 𝐴11 = −6⁡𝐴12 = 4⁡𝐴21 = −3⁡𝐴22 = 2
|𝐴| = −12 + 12 = 0
𝐴 𝐴21 −6 −3
adj⁡ 𝐴 = [ 11 ]=[ ]
𝐴12 𝐴22 4 2
2 3 −6 −3 −12 + 12 −6 + 6 0 0
𝐴(adj⁡ 𝐴) = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
−4 −6 4 2 24 − 24 12 − 12 0 0
−6 −3 2 3 −12 + 12 −18 + 18 0 0
(adj⁡ 𝐴) ⋅ 𝐴 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
4 2 −4 −6 8−8 12 − 12 0 0
1 0 0 0
|𝐴|. 𝐼 = 0. [ ]=[ ]
0 1 0 0
0 0
Hence, 𝐴(adj⁡ 𝐴) = (adj⁡ 𝐴). 𝐴 = |𝐴|. 𝐼 = [ ]
0 0

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
4 Verify 𝑨(𝐚𝐝𝐣⁡ 𝑨) = (𝐚𝐝𝐣⁡ 𝑨). 𝑨 = |𝑨|. 𝑰 for the matrix [𝟑 𝟎 −𝟐]
𝟏 𝟎 𝟑

1 −1 2
Ans. Given matrix is [3 0 −2]
1 0 3
1 −1 2
Here, 𝐴 = [3 0 −2], therefore, |𝐴| = 1(0 − 0) + 1(9 + 2) + 2(0 − 0) = 11
1 0 3
𝐴11 = 0 𝐴12 = −11 𝐴13 = 0
𝐴21 = 3 𝐴22 = 1 𝐴23 = −1
𝐴31 = 2 𝐴32 = 8 𝐴33 = 3
 𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31 0 3 2
Adjoint of matrix 𝐴 = [𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 ] = [−11 1 8]
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33 0 −1 3
1 −1 2 0 3 2
𝐴(adj⁡ 𝐴) = [3 0 −2] [−11 1 8]
1 0 3 0 −1 3
0 + 11 + 0 3 − 1 − 2 2 − 8 + 6 11 0 0
= [ 0 + 0 + 0 9 + 0 + 2 6 + 0 − 6] = [ 0 11 0 ]
0+0+0 3+0−3 2+0+9 0 0 11
0 3 2 1 −1 2
Now, (adj⁡ 𝐴) ⋅ 𝐴 = [−11 1 8] [3 0 −2]
0 −1 3 1 0 3
0+9+2 0+0+0 0−6+6 11 0 0
= [−11 + 3 + 8 11 + 0 + 0 −22 − 2 + 24] = [ 0 11 0 ]
0−3+3 0+0+0 0+2+9 0 0 11
1 0 0 11 0 0
|𝐴|. 𝐼 = 11. [0 1 0] = [ 0 11 0 ]
0 0 1 0 0 11
11 0 0
Hence, 𝐴(adj⁡ 𝐴) = ( adj 𝐴) ⋅ 𝐴 = |𝐴|. 𝐼 = [ 0 11 0 ]
0 0 11

𝟐 −𝟐
5 Find the inverse of the matrix (if it exists) [ ]
𝟒 𝟑

2 −2
Ans. Given matrix is [ ]
4 3
2 −2
Let 𝐴 = [ ]
4 3
Therefore, 𝐴11 = 3⁡𝐴12 = −4⁡𝐴21 = 2⁡𝐴22 = 2
And |𝐴| = 6 + 8 = 14 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists.
1
We know, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴 =

1 𝐴11 𝐴21
⇒ 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| [ ]
𝐴12 𝐴22
1 3 2
⇒ [ ]
14 −4 2
2 −2 1 3 2
Hence, the inverse of the matrix [ ] is 14 [ ]
4 3 −4 2

−𝟏 𝟓
6 Find the inverse of the matrix (if it exists) [ ]
−𝟑 𝟐
 −1 5
Ans. Given matrix is [ ]
−3 2
−1 5
Let 𝐴 = [ ]
−3 2
Therefore, 𝐴11 = 2⁡𝐴12 = 3⁡𝐴21 = −5⁡𝐴22 = −1
|𝐴| = −2 + 15 = 13 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists.
1
We know 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj⁡ 𝐴

1 𝐴21𝐴111 2 −5
⇒ 𝐴−1 = [ ]= [ ]
|𝐴| 𝐴22𝐴1213 3 −1

−1 5 1 2 −5
Hence, the inverse of the matrix [ ] is 13 [ ]
−3 2 3 −1

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
6 Find the inverse of the matrix (if it exists) [𝟎 𝟐 𝟒]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟓

1 2 3
Ans. Given matrix is [0 2 4]
0 0 5
1 2 3
Let 𝐴 = [0 2 4]
0 0 5
Therefore, |𝐴| = 1(10 − 0) − 2(0 − 0) + 3(0 − 0) = 10 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists.
𝐴11 = 10 𝐴12 = 0 𝐴13 = 0
𝐴21 = −10 𝐴22 = 5 𝐴23 = 0
𝐴31 = 2 𝐴32 = −4 𝐴33 = 2
1
We know 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj⁡ 𝐴

𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31

−1 1
⇒𝐴 = |𝐴| [𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 ]
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33

10 −10 2
1
= 10 [ 0 5 −4]
0 0 2
1 2 3 10 −10 2
1
Hence, the inverse of the matrix [0 2 4] is 10 [ 0 5 −4]
0 0 5 0 0 2

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
8 Find the inverse of the matrix (if it exists) [𝟑 𝟑 𝟎]
𝟓 𝟐 −𝟏
 1 0 0
Ans. Given matrix is [3 3 0 ]
5 2 −1
1 0 0
Let 𝐴 = [3 3 0 ],
5 2 −1
Therefore, |𝐴| = 1(−3 − 0) − 0(−3 − 0) + 0(6 − 15) = −3 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists.
𝐴11 = −3 𝐴12 = 3 𝐴13 = −9
𝐴21 = 0 𝐴22 = −1 𝐴23 = −2
𝐴31 = 0 𝐴32 = 0 𝐴33 = 3
1
We know, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj⁡ 𝐴
𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31
−1 1
⇒𝐴 = |𝐴| [𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 ]
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33
−3 0 0
1
= 3 [ 3 −1 0]
−9 −2 3
1 0 0 −3 0 0
1
Hence, the inverse of the matrix [3 3 0 ] is 3 [ 3 −1 0]
5 2 −1 −9 −2 3

𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
9 Find the inverse of the matrix (if it exists) [ 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎]
−𝟕 𝟐 𝟏

2 1 3
Ans. Given matrix is [ 4 −1 0]
−7 2 1
2 1 3
Let 𝐴 = [ 4 −1 0]
−7 2 1
Therefore, |𝐴| = 2(−1 − 0) − 1(4 − 0) + 3(8 − 7) = −3 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists.

𝐴11 = −1 𝐴12 = −4 𝐴13 = 1

𝐴21 = 5 𝐴22 = 23 𝐴23 = −11
𝐴31 = 3 𝐴32 = 12 𝐴33 = −6
1
We know, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj⁡ 𝐴
𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31
−1 1
⇒𝐴 = |𝐴| [𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 ]
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33
 −1 5 3
1
= 3 [−4 23 12 ]
1 −11 −6
2 1 3 −1 5 3
1
Hence, the inverse of the matrix [ 4 −1 0] is 3 [−4 23 12 ]
−7 2 1 1 −11 −6

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
10 Find the inverse of the matrix (if it exists) [𝟎 𝟐 −𝟑]
𝟑 −𝟐 𝟒

1 −1 2
Ans. Given matrix is [0 2 −3]
3 −2 4
1 −1 2
Let 𝐴 = [0 2 −3]
3 −2 4
Therefore, [𝐴] = 1(8 − 6) + 1(0 + 9) + 2(0 − 6) = −1 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists.
𝐴11 = 2 𝐴12 = −9 𝐴13 = −6
𝐴21 = 0 𝐴22 = −2 𝐴23 = −1
𝐴31 = −1 𝐴32 = 3 𝐴33 = 2
1
We know, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj⁡ 𝐴

𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31

−1 1
⇒𝐴 = |𝐴| [𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 ]
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33

2 0 −1 −2 0 1
1
= −1 [−9 −2 3 ] = [ 9 2 −3]
−6 −1 2 6 1 −2
1 −1 2 −2 0 1
Hence, the inverse of the matrix [0 2 −3] is [ 9 2 −3]
3 −2 4 6 1 −2

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
11 Find the inverse of the matrix (if it exists) [𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜶 ]
𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜶 −𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜶
 1 0 0
Ans. Given matrix is [0 cos⁡ 𝛼 sin⁡ 𝛼 ]
0 sin⁡ 𝛼 −cos⁡ 𝛼
1 0 0
Let 𝐴 = [0 cos⁡ 𝛼 sin⁡ 𝛼 ], therefore
0 sin⁡ 𝛼 −cos⁡ 𝛼
Now, |𝐴| = 1(−cos2 ⁡ 𝛼 − sin2 ⁡ 𝛼) + 0(0 − 0) + 0(0 − 0) = −1 ≠ 0
⇒ 𝐴−1 exists. Therefore
𝐴11 = 1 𝐴12 = 0 𝐴13 = 0
𝐴21 = 0 𝐴22 = −cos⁡ 𝛼 𝐴23 = −sin⁡ 𝛼
𝐴31 = 0 𝐴32 = −sin⁡ 𝛼 𝐴33 = cos⁡ 𝛼
1
We know, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴

𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31

−1 1
⇒𝐴 = |𝐴| [𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 ]
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33

1 0 0
1
= −1 [0 −cos⁡ 𝛼 −sin⁡ 𝛼 ]
0 −sin⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡ 𝛼
−1 0 0
−1
⇒𝐴 = [ 0 cos⁡ 𝛼 sin⁡ 𝛼 ]
0 sin⁡ 𝛼 −cos⁡ 𝛼
1 0 0 −1 0 0
Hence, the inverse of the matrix [0 cos⁡ 𝛼 sin⁡ 𝛼 ] is [ 0 cos⁡ 𝛼 sin⁡ 𝛼 ]
0 sin⁡ 𝛼 −cos⁡ 𝛼 0 sin⁡ 𝛼 −cos⁡ 𝛼

𝟑 𝟕 𝟔 𝟖
12 Let 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ]. Verify that (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏 .
𝟐 𝟓 𝟕 𝟗

3 7 6 8
Ans. Given matrices are 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ]
2 5 7 9
3 7
Here, 𝐴 = [ ], therefore, 𝐴11 = 5⁡𝐴12 = −2⁡𝐴21 = −7⁡𝐴22 = 3
2 5
Now, |𝐴| = 15 − 14 = 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists.
1
We know, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj⁡ 𝐴

1 𝐴11 𝐴21
⇒ 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| [ ]
𝐴12 𝐴22
 1 5 −7
⁡= 1 [ ]
−2 3
5 −7
⁡= [ ]
−2 3
6 8
and 𝐵 = [ ], therefore, 𝐵11 = 9⁡𝐵12 = −7⁡𝐵21 = −8⁡𝐵22 = 6 |𝐵| = 54 − 56 = −2 ≠
7 9
0 ⇒ 𝐵 −1 exists.
1
𝐵 −1 = |𝐵| adj 𝐵
1 𝐵11 𝐵21
= [ ]
|𝐵| 𝐵12 𝐵22
1 9 −8
= [ ]
−2 −7 6
9
− 4
=[ 2 ]
7
−3
2
−9/2 4 5 −7
Now, 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1 = [ ][ ]
7/2 −3 −2 3
45 63
− −8 + 12
=[ 2 2 ]
35 49
+6 − −9
2 2
61 87
−
=[ 2 2 ] … (i)
47 67
−
2 2
3 7 6 8 18 + 49 24 + 63 67 87
And 𝐴𝐵 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ] |𝐴𝐵| = 67 × 61 − 87 × 47 =
2 5 7 9 12 + 35 16 + 45 47 61
4087 − 4089 = −2 ≠ 0 ⇒ (𝐴𝐵)−1 exists. 𝐴𝐵11 = 61⁡𝐴𝐵12 = −47⁡𝐴𝐵21 = −87⁡𝐴𝐵22 = 67
61 87
1 1 𝐴𝐵11 𝐴𝐵21 1 −
61 −87
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = adj 𝐴𝐵 = [ ]= [ ]=[ 2 2 ] … (ii)
|𝐴𝐵| |𝐴𝐵| 𝐴𝐵12 𝐴𝐵22 −2 −47 67 47 67
−
2 2

From (i) and (ii)

(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1

Hence verified.

𝟑 𝟏
13 If 𝑨 = [ ] show that 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟕𝑰 = 𝟎. Hence, find 𝑨−𝟏.
−𝟏 𝟐
 3 1
Ans. Given matrix is 𝐴 = [ ]
−1 2
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼 = 𝐴𝐴 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼
3 1 3 1 3 1 1 0
=[ ][ ] − 5[ ]+7[ ]
−1 2 −1 2 −1 2 0 1
9−1 3+2 15 5 7 0
=[ ]−[ ]+[ ]
−3 − 2 −1 + 4 −5 10 0 7
8 − 15 + 7 5 − 5 + 0 0 0
=[ ]=[ ] = 0 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
−5 + 5 + 0 3 − 10 + 7 0 0
2
⇒ 𝐴 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼 = 0
⇒ 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 = −7𝐼
Multiplying by 𝐴−1 (because |𝐴| ≠ 0 )
⇒ 𝐴𝐴𝐴−1 − 5𝐴𝐴−1 = −7𝐼𝐴−1
⇒ 𝐴𝐼 − 5𝐼 = −7𝐴−1 ⁡[∵ 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼]
1 0 3 1 5 0 3 1 2 −1
⇒ 7𝐴−1 = 5𝐼 − 𝐴 = 5 [ ]−[ ]=[ ]−[ ]=[ ]
0 1 −1 2 0 5 −1 2 1 3
1 2 −1
⇒ 𝐴−1 = [ ]
7 1 3
 𝟑 𝟐
14 For the matrix 𝑨 = [ ], find the numbers 𝒂 and 𝒃 such that 𝑨𝟐 + 𝒂𝑨 + 𝒃𝑰 = 𝑶.
𝟏 𝟏
3 2
Ans. Given matrix is 𝐴 = [ ]
1 1
And 𝐴 + 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐼 = 0
2

3 2 3 2 3 2 1 0 0 0
⇒[ ][ ]+𝑎[ ]+𝑏[ ]=[ ]
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
9+2 6+2 3𝑎 2𝑎 𝑏 0 0 0
⇒[ ]+[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
3+1 2+1 𝑎 𝑎 0 𝑏 0 0
11 + 3𝑎 + 𝑏 8 + 2𝑎 + 0 0 0
⇒[ ]=[ ]
4+𝑎+0 3+𝑎+𝑏 0 0

⇒4+𝑎 = 0

⇒ 𝑎 = −4

and 3 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0

⇒ 𝑏 = −3 − 𝑎 = −3 + 4

=1

Hence, 𝑎 = −4, 𝑏 = 1

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
15 For the matrix 𝑨 = [𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑] show that 𝑨𝟑 − 𝟔𝑨𝟐 + 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟏𝟏𝑰 = 𝟎. Hence, find
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
𝑨−𝟏 .
1 1 1
Ans. Given matrix is 𝐴 = [1 2 −3]
2 −1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐴2 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴 = [1 2 −3] [1 2 −3]
2 −1 3 2 −1 3

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐴2 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴 = [1 2 −3] [1 2 −3]
2 −1 3 2 −1 3
1+1+2 1+2−1 1−3+3 4 2 1
= [1 + 2 − 6 1 + 4 + 3 1 − 6 − 9] = [−3 8 −14]
2−1+6 2−2−3 2+3+9 7 −3 14
4 2 1 1 1 1
𝐴3 = 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝐴 = [−3 8 −14] [1 2 −3]
7 −3 14 2 −1 3
 4+2+2 4+4−1 4−6+3 8 7 1
= [−3 + 8 − 28 −3 + 16 + 14 −3 − 24 − 42] = [−23 27 −69]
7 − 3 + 28 7 − 6 − 14 7 + 9 + 42 32 −13 58
LHS = 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 5𝐴 + 11𝐼
8 7 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
= [−23 27 −69] − 6 [−3 8 −14] + 5 [1 2 −3] + 11 [0 1 0]
32 −13 58 7 −3 14 2 −1 3 0 0 1
8 7 1 24 12 6 5 5 5 11 0 0
= [−23 27 −69] − [−18 48 −84] + [ 5 10 −15] + [ 0 11 0 ]
32 −13 58 42 −18 84 10 −5 15 0 0 11
8 − 24 + 5 + 11 7 − 12 + 5 + 0 1−6+5+0
= [−23 + 18 + 5 + 0 27 − 48 + 10 + 11 −69 + 84 − 15 + 0]
32 − 42 + 10 + 0 −13 + 18 − 5 + 0 58 − 84 + 15 + 11
0 0 0
= [0 0 0] = 𝑂 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
0 0 0

Now, 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 5𝐴 + 11𝐼 = 0

⇒ 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 5𝐴 = −11𝐼

Multiplying by 𝐴−1 (because |𝐴| ≠ 0 )

⇒ 𝐴2 𝐴𝐴−1 − 6𝐴𝐴𝐴−1 + 5𝐴𝐴−1 = −11𝐴−1

⇒ 𝐴2 𝐼 − 6𝐴𝐼 + 5𝐼 = −11𝐴−1 ⁡[∵ 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼]

⇒ 11𝐴−1 = −𝐴2 + 6𝐴 − 5𝐼
4 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
⇒ 11𝐴−1 = − [−3 8 −14] + 6 [1 2 −3] − 5 [0 1 0] ⇒ 11𝐴−1 =
7 −3 14 2 −1 3 0 0 1
−4 −2 −1 6 6 6 5 0 0
[ 3 −8 14 ] + [ 6 12 −18] − [0 5 0] ⇒ 11𝐴−1 =
−7 3 −14 12 −6 18 0 0 5
−4 + 6 − 5 −2 + 6 + 0 −1 + 6 + 0 −3 4 5
[ 3+6−0 −8 + 12 − 5 14 − 18 + 0 ] = [ 9 −1 −4] ⇒ 𝐴−1 =
−7 + 12 + 0 3−6+0 −14 + 18 − 5 5 −3 −1
−3 4 5 −3 4 5
1 1
[ 9 −1 −4] Hence, 𝐴−1 = 11 [ 9 −1 −4]
11
5 −3 −1 5 −3 −1

𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏
16 If 𝑨 = [−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏]
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
verify that 𝑨𝟑 − 𝟔𝑨𝟐 + 𝟗𝑨 − 𝟒𝑰 = 𝑶 and hence find 𝑨−𝟏 .
 2 −1 1 2 −1 1
Ans. 𝐴 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴 = [−1 2
2
−1] [−1 2 −1]
1 −1 2 1 −1 2
4+1+1 −2 − 2 − 1 2 + 1 + 2 6 −5 5
= [−2 − 2 − 1 1 + 4 + 1 −1 − 2 − 2] = [ −5 6 −5]
2+1+2 −1 − 2 − 2 1 + 1 + 4 5 −5 6
6 −5 5 2 −1 1
𝐴3 = 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝐴 = [−5 6 −5] [−1 2 −1]
5 −5 6 1 −1 2
12 + 5 + 5 −6 − 10 − 5 6 + 5 + 10 22 −21 21
= [−10 − 6 − 5 5 + 12 + 5 −5 − 6 − 10] = [−21 22 −21]
10 + 5 + 6 −5 − 10 − 6 5 + 5 + 12 21 −21 22
LHS = 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 9𝐴 − 4𝐼
22 −21 21 6 −5 5 2 −1 1 1 0 0
= [−21 22 −21] − 6 [−5 6 −5] + 9 [−1 2 −1] − 4 [0 1 0]
21 −21 22 5 −5 6 1 −1 2 0 0 1
22 −21 21 36 −30 30 18 −9 9 4 0 0
= [−21 22 −21] − [−30 36 −30] + [−9 18 −9] − [0 4 0]
21 −21 22 30 −30 36 9 −9 18 0 0 4
22 − 36 + 18 − 4 −21 + 30 − 9 + 0 21 − 30 + 9 + 0
= [−21 + 30 − 9 − 0 22 − 36 + 18 − 4 −21 + 30 − 9 + 0]
21 − 30 + 9 − 0 −21 + 30 − 9 − 0 22 − 36 + 18 − 4
0 0 0
= [0 0 0] = 0 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
0 0 0
⇒ 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 9𝐴 − 4𝐼 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 9𝐴 = 4𝐼

Post multiplying by 𝐴−1 (because |𝐴| ≠ 0 )

𝐴2 𝐴𝐴−1 − 6𝐴𝐴𝐴−1 + 9𝐴𝐴−1 = 4𝐼𝐴−1
⁡⇒ 𝐴2 𝐼 − 6𝐴𝐼 + 9𝐼 = 4𝐴−1 ⁡[ Because 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼]
⁡⇒ 4𝐴−1 = 𝐴2 − 6𝐴 + 9𝐼
6 −5 5 2 −1 1 1 0 0
⁡⇒ 4𝐴−1 = [−5 6 −5] − 6 [−1 2 −1] + 9 [0 1 0]
5 −5 6 1 −1 2 0 0 1
6 −5 5 12 −6 6 9 0 0
⁡⇒ 4𝐴−1 = [−5 6 −5] − [−6 12 −6] + [0 9 0]
5 −5 6 6 −6 12 0 0 9
6 − 12 + 9 −5 + 6 + 0 5 − 6 + 0 3 1 −1
⁡⇒ 4𝐴−1 = [−5 + 6 + 0 6 − 12 + 9 −5 + 6 + 0] = [ 1 3 1]
5 − 6 + 0 −5 + 6 + 0 6 − 12 + 9 −1 1 3
3 1 −1
1
⁡⇒ 𝐴−1 = 4 [ 1 3 1 ]
−1 1 3
3 1 −1
1
Hence, 𝐴−1 = 4 [ 1 3 1 ]
−1 1 3
17 Let 𝑨 be a non-singular square matrix of order 𝟑 × 𝟑. Then |𝐚𝐝𝐣⁡ 𝑨| is equal to:
(A) |𝑨|
(B) |𝑨|𝟐
(C) |𝑨|𝟑
(D) 𝟑|𝑨|

Ans. Given that 𝐴 be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 × 3.

We know that adj 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼
1 0 0
⁡⇒ (adj⁡ 𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴| [0 1 0]
0 0 1
3
1 0 0 |𝐴| 0 0
⁡⇒ |(adj⁡ 𝐴)𝐴| = |𝐴| [0 1 0| = | 0 |𝐴| 0 | = |𝐴|
0 0 1 0 0 |𝐴|
2
⁡⇒ |adj⁡ 𝐴| = |𝐴|

Hence, the option (𝐵) is correct.

18 If 𝑨 is an invertible matrix of order 2 , then 𝐝𝐞𝐭⁡(𝑨−𝟏 ) is equal to:

(A) 𝐝𝐞𝐭⁡(𝑨)
𝟏
(B) 𝐝𝐞𝐭⁡(𝑨)
(C) 1
(D) 0
1
Ans. Given that the matrix 𝐴 is invertible, hence, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴
𝑎 𝑏
The order of matrix is 2 , so, let 𝐴 = | |
𝑐 𝑑
𝑑 −𝑏
Therefore, |𝐴| = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 and adj 𝐴 = [ ]
−𝑐 𝑎
𝑑 𝑏
− |𝐴|
1 1 𝑑 −𝑏 |𝐴|
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴 = 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| [ ]=[ 𝑐 𝑎 ]
−𝑐 𝑎 − |𝐴| |𝐴|

𝑑 𝑏
− |𝐴|
|𝐴|
det⁡(𝐴−1 ) = |𝐴−1 | = | 𝑐 𝑎 |
− |𝐴| |𝐴|

1 𝑑 −𝑏 1 1 1
= |𝐴|2 | | = |𝐴|2 (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) = |𝐴|2 |𝐴| = |𝐴| Hence, the option (𝐵) is correct.
−𝑐 𝑎
Exercise 4.6

⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐
1 Examine the consistency of the system of equations
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟑

Ans. The given system of equations are 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 3

This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵.
1 2 𝑥 2
Where, 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [ ]
2 3 3
Now, |𝐴| = 3 − 4 = −1 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists.
Hence, the system of equations are consistent.

2 Examine the consistency of the system of equations 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟓 , 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟒

Ans. The given system of equations are 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4

This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵.
2 −1 𝑥 5
Where, 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [ ]
1 1 4
Now, |𝐴| = 2 + 1 = 3 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists.
Hence, the system of equations are consistent.

𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟓
3 Examine the consistency of the system of equations
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟖

Ans. The given system of equations: 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5 and 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 8

This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where
1 3 𝑥 5
𝐴=[ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [ ]
2 6 8
Now, |𝐴| = 6 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 is a singular matrix and so 𝐴−1 does not exist.
6 −3
Now, adj 𝐴 = [ ]
−2 1
6 −3 5 30 − 24 6
(adj⁡ 𝐴)𝐵 = [ ][ ] = [ ]=[ ]≠0
−2 1 8 −10 + 8 −2
So, there is no solutions of the given system of equations.
Hence, the system of equations are inconsistent.
4 Examine the consistency of the system of equations 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 , 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 +
𝟐𝒛 = 𝟐 , 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟐𝒂𝒛 = 𝟒

Ans. The given system of equations are 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1,2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2 and

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑧 = 4
This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where

1 1 1 𝑥 1
𝐴 = [2 3 2 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [2]
𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑧 3

Now, |𝐴| = 1(6𝑎 − 2𝑎) − 1(4𝑎 − 2𝑎) + 1(2𝑎 − 3𝑎) = 𝑎 ≠ 0

⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists.
Hence, the system of equations are consistent.

5 Examine the consistency of the system of equations 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟐 , 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 =

−𝟏 , 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟑

Ans. The given system of equations are 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2,2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1 and 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 3

This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where
3 −1 −2 𝑥 2
𝐴 = [0 2 −1] , 𝑋 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [−1]
𝑦
3 −5 0 𝑧 3
|𝐴| = 3(0 − 5) + 1(0 + 3) − 2(0 − 6) = −15 + 3 + 12 = 0

⇒ 𝐴 is a singular matrix and so 𝐴−1 does not exists. Now,

𝐴11 = −5 𝐴12 = −3 𝐴13 = −6

𝐴21 = 10 𝐴22 = 6 𝐴23 = 12
𝐴31 = 5 𝐴32 = 3 𝐴33 = 6

−5 10 5
Now, adj 𝐴 = [−3 6 3]
−6 12 6
−5 10 5 2 −10 − 10 + 15 −5
Also ( adj 𝐴)𝐵 = [−3 6 3] [−1] = [ −6 − 6 + 9 ] = [−3] ≠ 0
−6 12 6 3 −12 − 12 + 16 −6
So, there is no solutions of the given system of equations.
Hence, the system of equations are inconsistent.

6 Examine the consistency of the system of equations 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟓 , 𝟐𝒙 +

𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟐 , 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟔𝒛 = −𝟏
Ans. The given system of equations are 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5,2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 2 and 5𝑥 −
2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −1
This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where
5 −1 4 𝑥 5
𝐴 = [2 3 5] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [ 2 ]
5 −2 6 𝑧 −1
Now, |𝐴| = 5(18 + 10) + 1(12 − 25) + 4(−4 − 15) = 140 − 13 − 76 = 51 ≠ 0
⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists.
Hence, the system of equations are consistent.

7 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒 , 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 =

𝟓
Ans. The given system of equations are 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 and 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5
This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where
5 2 𝑥 4
𝐴=[ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [ ]
7 3 5
|𝐴| = 15 − 14 = 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists.
Hence, the system of equations are consistent.
Now, 𝐴11 = 3⁡𝐴12 = −7⁡𝐴21 = −2⁡𝐴22 = 5
1
We know, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj⁡ 𝐴

1 𝐴11
𝐴21 1 3 −2
⇒ 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| [ ] = 1[ ]
𝐴12
𝐴22 −7 5
𝑥 3 −2 4
Also 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⇒ [𝑦] = [ ][ ]
−7 5 5
𝑥 12 − 10 𝑥 2
⇒ [𝑦] = [ ] ⇒ [𝑦] = [ ] ⇒ 𝑥 = 2, ⁡𝑦 = −3
−28 + 25 −3

8 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = −𝟐 , 𝟑𝒙 +

𝟒𝒚 = 𝟑
Ans. The given system of equations are 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −2 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 3
This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where
2 −1 𝑥 −2
𝐴=[ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [ ]
3 4 3
|𝐴| = 8 + 3 = 11 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists. Now,
Hence, the system of equations are consistent.
Now, 𝐴11 = 4⁡𝐴12 = −3⁡𝐴21 = 1⁡𝐴22 = 2
 1
𝐴−1 = adj⁡ 𝐴
|𝐴|

1 𝐴11
𝐴21 1 4 1
= |𝐴| [ ] = 11 [ ]
𝐴12
𝐴22 −3 2
𝑥 1 4 1 −2
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⇒ [𝑦] = 11 [ ][ ]
−3 2 3
5
𝑥 1 −8 + 3 𝑥 − 5 12
⇒ [𝑦] = 11 [ ] ⇒ [𝑦] = [ 1211] ⇒ 𝑥 = − 11 , ⁡𝑦 = 11
6+6
11

9 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟑 , 𝟑𝒙 −

𝟓𝒚 = 𝟕
Ans. The given system of equations are 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 3 and 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 7
This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where

4 −3 𝑥 3
𝐴=[ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [ ]
3 −5 7
|𝐴| = −20 + 9 = −11 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists.
Hence, the system of equations are consistent.
Now, 𝐴11 = −5⁡𝐴12 = −3⁡𝐴21 = 3⁡𝐴22 = 4
1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴
1 𝐴11 𝐴21 1 −5 3
= [ ]= [ ]
|𝐴| 𝐴12 𝐴22 −11 −3 4
𝑥 1 −5 3 3
Now, 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⇒ [𝑦] = − 11 [ ][ ]
−3 4 7
6
𝑥 1 −15 + 21 𝑥 − 11 6 19
⇒ [𝑦] = − 11 [ ] ⇒ [𝑦] = [ 19] ⇒ 𝑥 = − 11 , 𝑦 = − 11
−9 + 28 − 11

10 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑 , 𝟑𝒙 +

𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓
Ans. The given system of equations are 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 and 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where
5 2 𝑥 3
𝐴=[ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [ ]
3 2 5
|𝐴| = 10 − 6 = 4 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists.
Hence, the system of equations are consistent.
Now, 𝐴11 = 2⁡𝐴12 = −3⁡𝐴21 = −2⁡𝐴22 = 5

1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴
1 𝐴11
𝐴21 1 2 −2
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡= |𝐴| [ ] = 4[ ]
𝐴12
𝐴22 −3 5
𝑥 1 2 −2 3
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⇒ [𝑦] = 4 [ ][ ]
−3 5 5
4
𝑥 1 6 − 10 𝑥 −4
⁡⇒ [𝑦] = 4 [ ] ⇒ [𝑦] = [ 16 ] ⇒ 𝑥 = −1, ⁡𝑦 = 4
−9 + 25
4

11 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 , 𝒙 −

𝟑
𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟐 , 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟗

3
Ans. The given system of equations are 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2 and 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 9
This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where

2 1 1 𝑥 1
3
𝐴 = [1 −2 −1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [2 ]
0 3 −5 𝑧 9
|𝐴| = 2(10 + 3) − 1(−5 − 0) + 1(3 − 0) = 26 + 5 + 3 = 34 ≠ 0
⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists. Now,
𝐴11 = 13 𝐴12 = 5 𝐴13 = 3
𝐴21 = 8 𝐴22 = −10 𝐴23 = −6
𝐴31 = 1 𝐴32 = 3 𝐴33 = −5
1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴
13 8 1
1
= 34 [ 5 −10 3]
3 −6 −5
𝑥 13 8 1 1
1 3
Now, 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⇒ [𝑦] = 34 [ 5
−1
−10 3 ] [2 ]
𝑧 3 −6 −5 9
1
𝑥 𝑥 1
1 13 + 12 + 9 1 34 1 3
⇒ [𝑦 ] = [5 − 15 + 27] ⇒ [𝑦] = [ 17 ] = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = , 𝑧 = −
𝑧 34 𝑧 34 3 2 2
3 − 9 − 45 −51
[− 2]
12 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒 ,
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐

Ans. The given system of equations are 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4,2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2

1 −1 1
This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where 𝐴 = [2 1 −3] , 𝑋 =
1 1 1
𝑥 4
[𝑦] and 𝐵 = [0]
𝑧 2

|𝐴| = 1(1 + 3) + 1(2 + 3) + 1(2 − 1) = 4 + 5 + 1 = 10 ≠ 0

⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists. Now,
𝐴11 = 4 𝐴12 = −5 𝐴13 = 1
𝐴21 = 2 𝐴22 = 0 𝐴23 = −2
𝐴31 = 2 𝐴32 = 5 𝐴33 = 3
1
Now, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
= 𝟏𝟎 [−𝟓 𝟎 𝟓]
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
𝑥 4 2 2 4
1
Also 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⇒ [𝑦] = 10 [−5 0 5] [0]
−1

𝑧 1 −2 3 2
𝑥 16 + 0 + 4 𝑥 20 2
1 1
⁡⇒ [𝑦] = 10 [−20 + 0 + 10] ⇒ [𝑦] = 10 [−10] = [−1]
𝑧 4+0+6 𝑧 10 1
⁡⇒ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑧 = 1

13 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟓 ,

𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = −𝟒 , 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟑 .

Ans. The given system of equations are 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −4 and 3𝑥 − 𝑦 −

2𝑧 = 3
This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where
2 3 3 𝑥 5
𝐴 = [1 −2 1 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [−4]
3 −1 −2 𝑧 3

|𝐴| = 2(4 + 1) − 3(−2 − 3) + 3(−1 + 6) = 10 + 15 + 15 = 40 ≠ 0

⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists. Now,
 𝐴11 = 5⁡𝐴12 = 5⁡𝐴13 = 5
𝐴21 = 3⁡𝐴22 = −13⁡𝐴23 = 11
𝐴31 = 9⁡𝐴32 = 1⁡𝐴33 = −7
1
Now, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj⁡ 𝐴
1 5 3 9
= [5 −13 1 ]
40
5 11 −7
𝑥 5 3 9 5
1
Also, 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⇒ [𝑦] = 40 [5 −13 1 ] [−4]
𝑧 5 11 −7 3
𝑥 1 25 − 12 + 27 𝑥 1 40 1
⇒ [𝑦] = [ 25 + 52 + 3 ] ⇒ [𝑦] = [ 80 ] = [ 2 ]
𝑧 40 𝑧 40
25 − 44 − 21 −40 −1
⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = −1

14 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟕 ,

𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛 = −𝟓 , 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟐

Ans. The given system of equations are 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7,3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑧 = −5 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 +

3𝑧 = 12
This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where
1 −1 2 𝑥 7
𝐴 = [3 4 −5] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [−5]
2 −1 3 𝑧 12
|𝐴| = 1(12 − 5) + 1(9 + 10) + 2(−3 − 8) = 7 + 19 − 22 = 4 ≠ 0
⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists. Now,
𝐴11 = 7 𝐴12 = −19 𝐴13 = −11
𝐴21 = 1 𝐴22 = −1 𝐴23 = −1
𝐴31 = −3 𝐴32 = 11 𝐴33 = 7
1
Now, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴
7 1 −3
1
= 4 [−19 −1 11 ]
−11 −1 7
𝑥 7 1 −3 7
1
Also, 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⇒ [𝑦] = 4 [−19 −1 11 ] [−5]
−1

𝑧 −11 −1 7 12
𝑥 49 − 5 − 36
1
⁡⇒ [𝑦] = 4 [−133 + 5 + 132]
𝑧 −77 + 5 + 84
𝑥 4 1
1
⁡⇒ [𝑦] = 4 [ 4 ] = [1]
𝑧 12 3
⁡⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 3
 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟓
15 If 𝑨 = [𝟑 𝟐 −𝟒], find 𝑨−𝟏 . Using 𝑨−𝟏 solve the system of equations
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟐
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟏𝟏
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛 = −𝟓
𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = −𝟑

2 −3 5
Ans. 𝐴 = [3 2 −4]
1 1 −2

|𝐴| = 2(−4 + 4) + 3(−6 + 4) + 5(3 − 2) = 0 − 6 + 5 = −1 ≠ 0

⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists. Now,

𝐴11 = 0 𝐴12 = 2 𝐴13 = 1

𝐴21 = −1 𝐴22 = −9 𝐴23 = −5
𝐴31 = 2 𝐴32 = 23 𝐴33 = 13
1
We know, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj⁡ 𝐴

0 −1 2 0 1 −2
1
= −1 [2 −9 23] = [−2 9 −23]
1 −5 13 −1 5 −13

The given system of equations:

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 11
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −5
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −3

This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where

2 −3 5 𝑥 11
𝐴 = [3 2 −4] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [−5]
1 1 −2 𝑧 −3
𝑥 0 1 −2 11
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⇒ [𝑦] = [−2 9 −23] [−5]
𝑧 −1 5 −13 −3
𝑥 0−5+6 𝑥 1
⇒ [𝑦] = [−22 − 45 + 69] ⇒ [𝑦] = [2]
𝑧 −11 − 25 + 39 𝑧 3
⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
16 The cost of 𝟒 𝐤𝐠 onion, 𝟑 𝐤𝐠 wheat and 𝟐 𝐤𝐠 rice is ₹ 60 . The cost of 𝟐 𝐤𝐠 onion,
𝟒 𝐤𝐠 wheat and 𝟔 𝐤𝐠 rice is ₹90. The cost of 𝟔 𝐤𝐠 onion 𝟐 𝐤𝐠 wheat and 𝟑 𝐤𝐠 rice
is ₹ 70 . Find cost of each item per kg by matrix method.

Ans. Let the cost of 1 kg of onion = ₹𝑥,

Let the cost of 1 kg of wheat = ₹𝑦 and
Let the cost of 1 kg rice = ₹𝑧
The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is ₹60. So 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 60
The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat and 6 kg rice is ₹90. So 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 90 and
The cost of 6 kg onion, 2 kg wheat and 3 kg rice is ₹70. So 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 70
Therefore the system of equations are:

4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 60
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 90
6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 70

This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where

4 3 2 𝑥 60
𝐴 = [2 4 6] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [90]
6 2 3 𝑧 70
|𝐴| = 4(12 − 12) − 3(6 − 36) + 2(4 − 24) = 0 + 90 − 40 = 50 ≠ 0
⇒ 𝐴 is non-singular and so 𝐴−1 exists. Now,

𝐴11 = 0 𝐴12 = 30 𝐴13 = −20

𝐴21 = −5 𝐴22 = 0 𝐴23 = 10
𝐴31 = 10 𝐴32 = −20 𝐴33 = 10

0 −5 10
1 1
Now, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴 = 50 [ 30 0 −20]
−20 10 10
𝑥 0 −5 10 60
1
Also 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ⇒ [𝑦 ] = 50 [ 30 0 −20] [90]
𝑍 −20 10 10 70
𝑥 0 − 450 + 700
1
⁡⇒ [𝑦] = 50 [ 1800 + 0 − 1400 ]
𝑧 −1200 + 900 + 700
𝑥 250 5
1
⁡⇒ [𝑦] = 50 [400] = [8]
𝑧 400 8
⁡⇒ 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 8, 𝑧 = 8
Hence, the cost of 1 kg of onion is ₹7, the cost of 1 kg of wheat is ₹8 and the

cost of 1 kg rice is ₹8.

Miscellaneous Exercise

𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜽
1. Prove that the determinant |−𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜽 −𝒙 𝟏 | is independent of 𝜽.
𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜽 𝟏 𝒙

𝑥 sin⁡ 𝜃 cos⁡ 𝜃
Ans. Let the given determinant be Δ = |−sin⁡ 𝜃 −𝑥 1 |
cos⁡ 𝜃 1 𝑥
= 𝑥(−𝑥 2 − 1) − sin⁡ 𝜃(−𝑥sin⁡ 𝜃 − cos⁡ 𝜃) + cos⁡ 𝜃(−sin⁡ 𝜃 + 𝑥cos⁡ 𝜃)
= −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥sin2 ⁡ 𝜃 + sin⁡ 𝜃cos⁡ 𝜃 − cos⁡ 𝜃sin⁡ 𝜃 + 𝑥cos2 ⁡ 𝜃
= −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥(sin2 ⁡ 𝜃 + cos2 ⁡ 𝜃)
= −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 = −𝑥 3 , which is independent of 𝜃.

𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
2 Without expanding the determinant, prove that |𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝒂 | = |𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 |
𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 1
𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎𝑏𝑐
Ans. LHS = |𝑏 𝑏2 𝑐𝑎 | = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |𝑏 2 𝑏3 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | [⁡ Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑎𝑅1 , 𝑅2 → 𝑏𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑐𝑅3 ]
𝑐 𝑐2 𝑎𝑏 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑎𝑏𝑐

𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎2 𝑎3 1 1 𝑎3 𝑎2
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |𝑏 2 𝑏 3 1| ⁡[⁡ Taking 𝑎𝑏𝑐 as common from 𝐶3 ] = (−1)1 |1 𝑏3 𝑏 2 | ⁡[⁡
𝑐2 𝑐3 1 1 𝑐3 𝑐2
Interchanging 𝐶1 ↔ 𝐶3 ]
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
= (−1) |1 𝑏 2 𝑏 3 | ⁡[⁡ Interchanging 𝐶2 ↔ 𝐶3 ]
2

1 𝑐2 𝑐3
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
= |1 𝑏 2 𝑏 3 | = RHS Hence proved
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜶𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜷 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜶𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜷 −𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜶
3 Evaluate | −𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜷 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜷 𝟎 |
𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜶𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜷 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜶𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜷 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜶
 cos⁡ 𝛼cos⁡ 𝛽 cos⁡ 𝛼sin⁡ 𝛽 −sin⁡ 𝛼
Ans. Given determinant is | −sin⁡ 𝛽 cos⁡ 𝛽 0 |
sin⁡ 𝛼cos⁡ 𝛽 sin⁡ 𝛼sin⁡ 𝛽 cos⁡ 𝛼
= −sin⁡ 𝛼(−sin⁡ 𝛼sin2 ⁡ 𝛽 − sin⁡ 𝛼cos 2 ⁡ 𝛽)
−0(cos⁡ 𝛼cos⁡ 𝛽sin⁡ 𝛼sin⁡ 𝛽 − cos⁡ 𝛼sin⁡ 𝛽sin⁡ 𝛼cos⁡ 𝛽)
+cos⁡ 𝛼(cos⁡ 𝛼cos2 ⁡ 𝛽 + cos⁡ 𝛼sin2 ⁡ 𝛽)
= sin2 ⁡ 𝛼(sin2 ⁡ 𝛽 + cos 2 ⁡ 𝛽) + cos 2 ⁡ 𝛼(cos 2 ⁡ 𝛽 + sin2 ⁡ 𝛽)⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶3 ]
= sin2 ⁡ 𝛼(sin2 ⁡ 𝛽 + cos 2 ⁡ 𝛽) + cos 2 ⁡ 𝛼(cos 2 ⁡ 𝛽 + sin2 ⁡ 𝛽)
= sin2 ⁡ 𝛼 + sin2 ⁡ 𝛼 = 1[∵ sin2 ⁡ 𝜃 + cos2 ⁡ 𝜃 = 1]

𝒃+𝒄 𝒄+𝒂 𝒂+𝒃

4 If 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝒄 are real numbers and ⁡𝚫 = |𝒄 + 𝒂 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒃 + 𝒄 | = 𝟎 . show that
𝒂+𝒃 𝒃+𝒄 𝒄+𝒂
either 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 or 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.

𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏

Ans. Given that Δ = |𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 | = 0
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
⇒| 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 | = 0⁡[⁡ Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ]
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
1 1 1
⇒ 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 | = 0⁡[⁡ Taking 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) as common from
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
𝑅1 ][
1 0 0
⇒ 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑎| = 0⁡[⁡ Applying 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1 ]
𝑐−𝑎 𝑐−𝑏
⇒ 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)1[(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑏) − (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎)] = 0⁡[⁡⁡ Expanding along 𝑅1 ]
⇒ 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)[𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐 − (𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏𝑎 − 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎2 )] = 0
⇒ 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)[𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑎 − 𝑎2 ] = 0
⇒ −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)[2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑎] = 0
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏) + (𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐) + (𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑐𝑎)] = 0
⇒ −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) [(
⇒ −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)[(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑐 − 𝑎)2 ] = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 0, (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 = 0, (𝑐 − 𝑎)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0, ⁡𝑏 − 𝑐 = 0, ⁡𝑐 − 𝑎 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 or 𝑎 = 𝑏. ⁡𝑏 = 𝑐, ⁡𝑐 = 𝑎

Therefore, 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐
 𝒙+𝒂 𝒙 𝒙
5 Solve the equation | 𝒙 𝒙+𝒂 𝒙 | = 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙+𝒂

𝑥+𝑎 𝑥 𝑥
Ans. Given that | 𝑥 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥 |=0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+𝑎
3𝑥 + 𝑎 3𝑥 + 𝑎 3𝑥 + 𝑎
⇒| 𝑥 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥 | = 0⁡ [Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ]
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+𝑎
1 1 1
⇒ (3𝑥 + 𝑎) |𝑥 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥 | = 0⁡[⁡ Taking (3𝑥 + 𝑎) as common from 𝑅1 ]
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+𝑎
1 0 0
⇒ (3𝑥 + 𝑎) |𝑥 𝑎 0| = 0⁡ [Applying 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 , 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 + 𝐶1 ]
𝑥 0 𝑎
⇒ (3𝑥 + 𝑎)1[𝑎2 − 0] = 0⁡ [Expanding along 𝑅1 ]
⁡⇒ 𝑎2 (3𝑥 + 𝑎) = 0
⁡⇒ (3𝑥 + 𝑎) = 0⁡[∵ 𝑎 ≠ 0]
𝑎
⁡⇒ 𝑥 = − 3

𝑎
Value of x is − 3

𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝒄 + 𝒄𝟐
6 Prove that |𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝒄 | ⁡⁡ = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝒂𝒃 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝒄 𝒄𝟐

𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐 2 2𝑎2 0 2𝑎𝑐
Ans. LHS = |𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏
2
𝑏2 2
𝑎𝑐 | = |𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 𝑎𝑐 | ⁡[ Applying
𝑎𝑏 𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2
𝑎𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2
2
2𝑎 0 2𝑎
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ] = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 | ⁡[⁡ Taking 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 as common from
𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐
2𝑎 0 0
𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 ] = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 −𝑏 | ⁡[⁡ Applying 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1 ] = (𝑎𝑏𝑐)2𝑎[𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑏) −
𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐−𝑏
(−𝑏)(𝑏 + 𝑐)]⁡[⁡ Expanding along 𝑅1 ] = 2𝑎2 𝑏𝑐[𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐] = 2𝑎2 𝑏𝑐[2𝑏𝑐] =
4𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 = RHS Hence proved
 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐
7 If 𝑨 −𝟏
= [−𝟏𝟓 𝟔 −𝟓] and 𝑩 = [−𝟏 𝟑 𝟎 ], find (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 .
𝟓 −𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏

3 −1 1 1 2 −2
Ans. Given that 𝐴 = [−15 6 −5] and 𝐵 = [−1 3
−1
0]
5 −2 2 0 −2 1
1 2 −2
Here, 𝐵 = [−1 3 0]
0 −2 1
Therefore, |𝐵| = 1(3 − 0) − 2(−1 − 0) − 2(2 − 0) = 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐵 −1 exists.

𝐵11 = 3 𝐵12 = 1 𝐵13 = 2

𝐵21 = 2 𝐵22 = 1 𝐵23 = 2
𝐵31 = 6 𝐵32 = 2 𝐵33 = 5
1
We know, 𝐵 −1 = |𝐵| adj 𝐵

𝐵11 𝐵21 𝐵31 3 2 6

1
= 1 [𝐵12 𝐵22 𝐵32 ] = [1 1 2]
𝐵13 𝐵23 𝐵33 2 2 5

Also (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1, therefore

(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1

3 2 6 3 −1 1
= [1 1 2] [−15 6 −5]
2 2 5 5 −2 2
9 − 30 + 30 −3 + 12 − 12 3 − 10 + 12 9 −3 5
= [3 − 15 + 10 −1 + 6 − 4 1 − 5 + 4 ] = [−2 1 0]
6 − 30 + 25 −2 + 12 − 10 2 − 10 + 10 1 0 2
9 −3 5
Hence, (𝐴𝐵) −1
= [−2 1 0]
1 0 2

𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏
8 Let 𝑨 = [−𝟐 𝟑 𝟏]. Verify that
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
(i) (𝐚𝐝𝐣⁡ 𝑨) = 𝐚𝐝𝐣⁡(𝑨−𝟏 )
−𝟏

(ii) (𝑨−𝟏 )−𝟏 = 𝑨

 1 −2 1
Ans. Given matrix is 𝐴 = [−2 3 1], therefore
1 1 5
|𝐴| = 1(15 − 1) + 2(−10 − 1) + 1(−2 − 3) = −13 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists.

𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31 14 11 −5

1 1 1
𝐴−1
= |𝐴| adj 𝐴 = |𝐴| [𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 ] = [ 11 4 −3] … ( (i)
−13
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33 −5 −3 −1

14 11 −5
Let, 𝐵 = adj⁡ 𝐴, so, 𝐵 = [ 11 4 −3], therefore
−5 −3 −1
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡|𝐵| = 14(−4 − 9) − 11(−11 − 15) − 5(−33 + 20) = −182 + 286 + 65 = 169 ≠ 0
⁡⇒ 𝐵 −1 exists.

𝐵11 = −13⁡𝐵12 = 26⁡𝐵13 = −13

𝐵21 = 26⁡𝐵22 = −39⁡𝐵23 = −13
𝐵31 = −13⁡𝐵32 = −13⁡𝐵33 = −65

−1
1 𝐵11 𝐵21 𝐵31 1 −13 26 −13 1 −1 2 −1
𝐵 = [𝐵12 𝐵22 𝐵32 ] = [ 26 −39 −13] = [ 2 −3 −1]
|𝐵| 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 169 13
13 23 33 −13 −13 −65 −1 −1 −5
−1 2 −1
1
⇒ (adj⁡ 𝐴)−1 = 13 [ 2 −3 −1] ⁡ … (ii)
−1 −1 −5
14 11 5
− 13 − 13 13
14 11 −5
1 11 4 3
Let, 𝐶 = 𝐴−1 , so, 𝐶 = −13 [ 11 4 −3] = − 13 − 13 13 , therefore
−5 −3 −1 5 3 1
[ 13 13 13]
1 2 1
𝐶11 = − ⁡𝐶12 = ⁡𝐶13 = −
13 13 13
2 3 1
𝐶21 = ⁡𝐶22 = − ⁡𝐶23 = −
13 13 13
1 1 5
𝐶31 = − ⁡𝐶32 = − ⁡𝐶33 = −
13 13 13
1 2 1
− 13 − 13
𝐶11 𝐶21 𝐶31 13
−1 2 −1
21 1 3
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ Adj 𝐶 = [𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶32 ] =
13
− 13
− 13
= [ 2 −3 −1]
13
𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33 1 1 5 −1 −1 −5
[− 13 − 13 − 13]
−1 2 −1
1
⁡⇒ Adj 𝐶 = adj (𝐴−1 )
= 13 [ 2 −3 −1] … (iii)
−1 −1 −5

From the equations (ii) and (iii) we have, (adj⁡ 𝐴)−1 = adj⁡(𝐴−1 )
(ii) From the equation (i), we have,
 14 11 −5
1
𝐴−1 = −13 [ 11 4 −3]
−5 −3 −1
14 11 5
− 13 − 13
14 11 −5 13
1 11 4 3
Let, 𝐷 = 𝐴 , so, 𝐷 = −13 [ 11 4 −3] = − 13
−1 − 13 13
, therefore
−5 −3 −1 5 3 1
[ 13 13 13]

1 3
⁡⁡|𝐷| = − (13) [14(−4 − 9) − 11(−11 − 15) − 5(−33 + 20)]
1 3 1
⁡= − (13) (169) = − 13 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐷−1 exists.

1 2 1
𝐷11 = − 13 ⁡𝐷12 = 13 ⁡𝐷13 = − 13
2 3 1
𝐷21 = ⁡𝐷22 = − ⁡𝐷23 = −
13 13 13
1 1 5
𝐷31 = − ⁡𝐷32 = − ⁡𝐷33 = −
13 13 13
1 2 1
− −
𝐷11 𝐷21 𝐷31 13 13 13
1 1 2 3 1 1 −2 1
𝐷−1 = [𝐷12 𝐷22 𝐷32 ] = − − = [ −2 3 1]
|𝐷| 𝐷 −1/13 13 13 13
13 𝐷23 𝐷33 1 1 5
1 1 5
[− 13 − 13 − ]
13
1 −2 1
⇒ 𝐷−1 = (𝐴−1 )−1 = [−2 3 1] = 𝐴
1 1 5

𝒙 𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
9 Evaluate | 𝒚 𝒙+𝒚 𝒙 |.
𝒙+𝒚 𝒙 𝒚

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Ans. Given determinant is | 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 |
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
2(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
= |2(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 | ⁡ [Applying 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ]
2(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑦
1 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) |1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 | ⁡ [Taking 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) as common from 𝐶1 ]
1 𝑥 𝑦
 0 −𝑥 𝑦
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) |0 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 | ⁡ [Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
1 𝑦 𝑦+𝑘
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦){(−𝑥)(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑦}⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶1 ]
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)(−𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )
= −2(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = −2(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Hence, | 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 | = −2(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝟏 𝒙 𝒚
10 Evaluate |𝟏 𝒙+𝒚 𝒚 |
𝟏 𝒙 𝒙+𝒚

1 𝑥 𝑦
Ans. Given determinant is |1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦 |
1 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
0 −𝑦 0
= |0 𝑦 −𝑥 | ⁡ [Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
1 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
= {(−𝑦)(−𝑥) − 𝑦. 0}⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶1 ]
⁡= 𝑥𝑦
1 𝑥 𝑦
Hence, |1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦 | = 𝑥𝑦
1 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦

11 Using properties of determinants, prove that:

𝜶 𝜶𝟐 𝜷+𝜸
|𝜷 𝜷𝟐 𝜸 + 𝜶 | = (𝜷 − 𝜸)(𝜸 − 𝜶)(𝜶 − 𝜷)(𝜶 + 𝜷 + 𝜸)
𝜸 𝜸𝟐 𝜶+𝜷

𝛼 𝛼2 𝛽 + 𝛾
Ans. LHS = |𝛽 𝛽 2 𝛾 + 𝛼 |
𝛾 𝛾2 𝛼 + 𝛽
𝛼 𝛼2 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾
= |𝛽 𝛽 2 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 | ⁡ [Applying 𝐶3 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 ]
𝛾 𝛾2 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾
 𝛼 𝛼2 1
= (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) |𝛽 𝛽2 1| ⁡ [Taking 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 as common from 𝐶3 ]
𝛾 𝛾2 1

𝛼−𝛽 𝛼 2 − 𝛽2 0
= (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) | 𝛽 − 𝛾 𝛽2 − 𝛾 2 0| ⁡ [Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
𝛾 𝛾2 1
1 𝛼+𝛽 0
= (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)(𝛼 − 𝛽)(𝛽 − 𝛾) |1 𝛽 + 𝛾 0|
𝛾 𝛾2 1
[Taking 𝛼 − 𝛽 as common from 𝑅1 and 𝛽 − 𝛾 as common from 𝑅2 ]

⁡= (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)(𝛼 − 𝛽)(𝛽 − 𝛾){(𝛽 + 𝛾) − (𝛼 + 𝛽)}⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶3 ]

⁡= (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)(𝛼 − 𝛽)(𝛽 − 𝛾)(𝛾 − 𝛼) = RHS

Hence proved.

𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒑𝒙𝟑
12 Using properties of determinants, prove that: |𝒚 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒑𝒚𝟑 | = (𝟏 +
𝒛 𝒛𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒑𝒛𝟑
𝒑𝒙𝒚𝒛)(𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒚 − 𝒛)(𝒛 − 𝒙), where 𝒑 is any scalar.

𝑥 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑝𝑥 3
Ans. LHS = |𝑦 𝑦 2 1 + 𝑝𝑦 3 |
𝑧 𝑧 2 1 + 𝑝𝑧 3
𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑥 3
= |𝑦 𝑦 2 1| + |𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑝𝑦 3 |
𝑧 𝑧2 1 𝑧 𝑧 2 𝑝𝑧 3
2
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
= (−1)1 |1 𝑦 2 𝑦| + 𝑝 |𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦 3 | ⁡ [Taking 𝑝 as common from 𝐶3 ]
1 𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3
2
1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥2
= (−1)2 |1 𝑦 𝑦 2 | + 𝑝𝑥𝑦𝑧 |1 𝑦 𝑦 2 | [Taking 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 as common from 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3
1 𝑧 𝑧2 1 𝑧 𝑧2
respectively]
 1 𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥 𝑥2
2 | ⁡[⁡ Taking |
= (1 + 𝑝𝑥𝑦𝑧) |1 𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑦 𝑦 2 | as common ]
2
1 𝑧 𝑧 1 𝑧 𝑧2

0 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
= (1 + 𝑝𝑥𝑦𝑧) |0 𝑦−𝑧 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 | ⁡ [Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
1 𝑧 𝑧2

0 1 𝑥+𝑦
= (1 + 𝑝𝑥𝑦𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧) |0 1 𝑦 + 𝑧|
1 𝑧 𝑧2

[Taking 𝑥 − 𝑦 as common from 𝑅1 and 𝑦 − 𝑧 as common form 𝑅2 ]

⁡⁡⁡⁡= (1 + 𝑝𝑥𝑦𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧){(𝑦 + 𝑧) − (𝑥 + 𝑦)}⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶1 ]

⁡⁡⁡⁡= (1 + 𝑝𝑥𝑦𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥) = RHS

Hence proved.

𝟑𝒂 −𝒂 + 𝒃 −𝒂 + 𝒄
13 Using properties of determinants, prove that: |−𝒃 + 𝒂 𝟑𝒃 −𝒃 + 𝒄| =
−𝒄 + 𝒂 −𝒄 + 𝒃 𝟑𝒄
𝟑(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂)

3𝑎 −𝑎 + 𝑏 −𝑎 + 𝑐
Ans. LHS = |−𝑏 + 𝑎 3𝑏 −𝑏 + 𝑐 |
−𝑐 + 𝑎 −𝑐 + 𝑏 3𝑐

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 −𝑎 + 𝑏 −𝑎 + 𝑐
= |𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 3𝑏 −𝑏 + 𝑐 | ⁡ [Applying 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 ]
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 −𝑐 + 𝑏 3𝑐

1 −𝑎 + 𝑏 −𝑎 + 𝑐
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |1 3𝑏 −𝑏 + 𝑐 | ⁡[⁡ Taking (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) as common from 𝐶1 ]
1 −𝑐 + 𝑏 3𝑐
0 −𝑎 − 2𝑏 −𝑎 + 𝑏
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |0 2𝑏 + 𝑐 −𝑏 − 2𝑐 | ⁡ [Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 ]
1 −𝑐 + 𝑏 3𝑐

= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐){(−𝑎 − 2𝑏)(−𝑏 − 2𝑐) − (2𝑏 + 𝑐)(−𝑎 + 𝑏)}⁡[⁡ Expanding along 𝐶1 ]

= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑏 2 + 4𝑏𝑐 − (−2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐))

= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(3𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑏𝑐 + 3𝑐𝑎) = 3(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) = RHS Hence proved.

𝟏 𝟏+𝒑 𝟏+𝒑+𝒒
14 Using properties of determinants, prove that: |𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟐𝒑 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒑 + 𝟐𝒒 | = 𝟏
𝟑 𝟔 + 𝟑𝒑 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔𝒑 + 𝟑𝒒

1 1+𝑝 1+𝑝+𝑞
LHS = |2 3 + 2𝑝 4 + 3𝑝 + 2𝑞 |
3 6 + 3𝑝 10 + 6𝑝 + 3𝑞
1 1+𝑝 1+𝑝+𝑞
Ans. ⁡= |0 1 2 + 𝑝 | ⁡[ Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 ]
0 3 7 + 3𝑝
= 1{1 ⋅ (7 + 3𝑝) − (3)(2 + 𝑝)}⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶1 ]
⁡= 7 + 3𝑝 − 6 − 3𝑝 = 1 = RHS

Hence proved.

𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝜶 + 𝜹)

15 Using properties of determinants, prove that:|𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜷 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜷 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝜷 + 𝜹)| = 𝟎
𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜸 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜸 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝜸 + 𝜹)

sin⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡(𝛼 + 𝛿)

Ans. LHS = |sin⁡ 𝛽 cos⁡ 𝛽 cos⁡(𝛽 + 𝛿)|
sin⁡ 𝛾 cos⁡ 𝛾 cos⁡(𝛾 + 𝛿)
sin⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡ 𝛼cos⁡ 𝛿 − sin⁡ 𝛼sin⁡ 𝛿 cos⁡(𝛼 + 𝛿)
= |sin⁡ 𝛽 cos⁡ 𝛽cos⁡ 𝛿 − sin⁡ 𝛽sin⁡ 𝛿 cos⁡(𝛽 + 𝛿)| [Applying 𝐶2 → cos⁡ 𝛿𝐶2 − sin⁡ 𝛿𝐶1 ]
sin⁡ 𝛾 cos⁡ 𝛾cos⁡ 𝛿 − sin⁡ 𝛾sin⁡ 𝛿 cos⁡(𝛾 + 𝛿)
sin⁡ 𝛼 cos⁡(𝛼 + 𝛿) cos⁡(𝛼 + 𝛿)
= |sin⁡ 𝛽 cos⁡(𝛽 + 𝛿) cos⁡(𝛽 + 𝛿)|
sin⁡ 𝛾 cos⁡(𝛾 + 𝛿) cos⁡(𝛾 + 𝛿)
= 0 = RHS⁡[∵ 𝐶2 = 𝐶3 ]
Hence proved.
 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏𝟎
+𝒚+ =𝟒
𝒙 𝒛
𝟒 𝟔 𝟓
16 Solve the system of equations: 𝒙
−𝒚+𝒛 =𝟏
𝟔 𝟗 𝟐𝟎
+𝒚− =𝟐
𝒙 𝒛

2 3 10
+𝑦+ =4
𝑥 𝑧
4 6 5
Ans. The given system of equations are ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝑥
−𝑦+𝑧 =1
6 9 20
+𝑦− =2
𝑥 𝑧

This system of equations can be written as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where

2 3 10 1/𝑥 4
𝐴 = [4 −6 5 ] , 𝑋 = [1/𝑦] and 𝐵 = [1]
6 9 −20 1/𝑧 2

Now, |𝐴| = 2(120 − 45) − 3(−80 − 30) + 10(36 + 36) = 150 + 330 + 720 = 1200 ≠ 0
⇒ 𝐴−1 exists.
Therefore

𝐴11 = 75 𝐴12 = 110 𝐴13 = 72

𝐴21 = 150 𝐴22 = −100 𝐴23 = 0
𝐴31 = 75 𝐴32 = 30 𝐴33 = −24

75 150 75
1 1
We know, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj 𝐴 = 1200 [110 −100 30 ]
72 0 −24

Also, 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

1/𝑥 75 150 75 4
1
⇒ [1/𝑦] = 1200 [110 −100 30 ] [1]
1/𝑧 72 0 −24 2

1
𝑥
1 1 300 + 150 + 150
⇒ = [ 440 − 100 + 60 ]
𝑦 1200
288 + 0 − 48
1
[𝑧 ]
 1 1
𝑥 600 2
1 1 1
⁡⇒ 𝑦
= 1200 [400] = 3
1 240 1
[𝑧 ] [5]
1 1 1 1 1 1
⁡⇒ 𝑥 = 2 , ⁡ 𝑦 = 3 , ⁡ 𝑧 = 5 ⁡ ⇒ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = 5

17 Choose the correct answer.

𝒙+𝟐 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒂
If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 are in A.P., then the determinant |𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙+𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒃| is:
𝒙+𝟒 𝒙+𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒄
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 𝒙 (D) 𝟐𝒙

𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 2𝑎
Ans. Given that 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P and determinant is |𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 2𝑏 | =
𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 2𝑐
𝑥+2 𝑥+3 𝑥 + 2𝑎
| 0 0 2(2𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑐)| ⁡ [Applying 𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 − (𝑅1 − 𝑅3 )] =
𝑥+4 𝑥+5 𝑥 + 2𝑐
𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 2𝑎
| 0 0 0 | ⁡[∵ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in AP, therefore 2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐] = 0⁡[∵ All the
𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 2𝑐
elements of 𝑅2 is zero ]
Hence, the option (𝐴) is correct.

18 Choose the correct answer.

𝒙 𝟎 𝟎
If 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 are nonzero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix 𝑨 = [𝟎 𝒚 𝟎] is:
𝟎 𝟎 𝒛
−𝟏
𝒙 𝟎 𝟎
(A) [ 𝟎 𝒚−𝟏 𝟎 ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝒛−𝟏
𝒙−𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
(B) 𝒙𝒚𝒛 [ 𝟎 𝒚−𝟏 𝟎 ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝒛−𝟏
 𝒙 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏
(C) 𝒙𝒚𝒛 [𝟎 𝒚 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 𝒛
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏
(D) 𝒙𝒚𝒛 [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

𝑥 0 0
Ans. Given matrix is 𝐴 = [0 𝑦 0]
0 0 𝑧
Now, |𝐴| = 𝑥(𝑦𝑧 − 0) − 0(0 − 0) + 0(0 − 0) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists. Therefore,
𝐴11 = 𝑦𝑧 𝐴12 = 0 𝐴13 = 0
𝐴21 = 0 𝐴22 = 𝑥𝑧 𝐴23 = 0
𝐴31 = 0 𝐴32 = 0 𝐴33 = 𝑥𝑦
1
We know, 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| adj⁡ 𝐴

𝑦𝑧 0 0
1
= 𝑥𝑦𝑧 [ 0 𝑥𝑧 0]
0 0 𝑥𝑦
1
0 0
𝑥
1
𝑥 −1 0 0
= 0 𝑦
0 =[ 0 𝑦 −1 0 ]
1 0 0 𝑧 −1
[0 0 𝑧]

Hence, the option (𝐴) is correct.

19 Choose the correct answer.

𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜽 𝟏
Let 𝑨 = [−𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜽 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜽], where 𝟎 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟐𝝅 then:
−𝟏 −𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜽 𝟏
(A) 𝐝𝐞𝐭⁡(𝑨) = 𝟎
(B) 𝐝𝐞𝐭⁡(𝑨) ∈ (𝟐, ∞)
(C) 𝐝𝐞𝐭⁡(𝑨) ∈ (𝟐, 𝟒)
(D) 𝐝𝐞𝐭⁡(𝑨) ∈ [𝟐, 𝟒]

1 sin⁡ 𝜃 1
Ans. Given matrix is 𝐴 = [−sin⁡ 𝜃 1 sin⁡ 𝜃]
−1 −sin⁡ 𝜃 1
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡= 1(1 + sin2 ⁡ 𝜃) + sin⁡ 𝜃(−sin⁡ 𝜃 + sin⁡ 𝜃) + 1(sin2 ⁡ 𝜃 + 1)⁡ [Expanding along 𝐶1 ]
⁡= 2(1 + sin2 ⁡ 𝜃)

Now, given that: 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

⁡⇒ 0 ≤ sin⁡ 𝜃 ≤ 1
⁡⇒ 0 ≤ sin2 ⁡ 𝜃 ≤ 1
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⇒ 1 ≤ 1 + sin2 ⁡ 𝜃 ≤ 2
⁡⇒ 2 ≤ 2(1 + sin2 ⁡ 𝜃) ≤ 4
⁡⇒ det⁡(𝐴) ∈ [2,4]

Hence, the option (𝐷) is correct.