Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Available
Available onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com
online www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia117 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 615–625
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol, PECCON-2017, 2-
1st International Conference on Power
4 March Engineering,
2017, VIT Computing
University, Chennai and CONtrol, PECCON-2017, 2-
Campus
4 March 2017, VIT University, Chennai Campus
DESIGN AND MATLAB/SIMULINK IMPLEMENTATION OF FOUR SWITCH
DESIGN AND MATLAB/SIMULINK
The INVERTER
15th International FOR IMPLEMENTATION
MICROGRID
Symposium on District UTILITIES OFCooling
Heating and FOUR SWITCH
INVERTER FOR MICROGRID UTILITIES
Assessing the Mrs.V
feasibility
V Vijetha of Inti
using
a
a
the heat demand-outdoor
,Dr.V.S.Vakula b

Mrs.V VScholar,JNTUK
Research Vijetha Inti a
,Dr.V.S.Vakulab
Kakinada,533001,India
temperature function
Assistant b
for
Professor & Research
b
Head a long-term
Universitya district
College ofKakinada,533001,India
Scholar,JNTUK Engineering heat demand forecast
Vizianagaram,JNTUK,535003,India
Assistant Professor & Head University College of Engineering Vizianagaram,JNTUK,535003,India

I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc

a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
Abstract c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
This article presents a design and implementation of four switch inverter (FSI) for micro-grid application. The main
This article
benefit of thepresents
designed a design andhas
inverter implementation
flexibility in of four switch
design, simpleinverter
control,(FSI) for micro-grid
minimal cost as well application. The main
as less space. It is
benefit of the
appropriate fordesigned
medium inverter
and highhas flexibility
power in design,
applications. Thesimple control,
designed inverterminimal cost as well
has produced pureassinusoidal
less space. It is
output
appropriate
Abstract
voltage for medium
waveform and high
with help of pulsepowerwidthapplications.
modulationThe designed
(PWM) inverter
control scheme has which
produced
leadspure sinusoidaltheoutput
to decrease total
voltage waveform
harmonic distortionwith
(THD) helpofofit. pulse width modulation
For designing the inverter (PWM) control
with help of the scheme
switches,which
thisleads to decrease
is directly relatedthe total
to their
District drops
harmonic
voltage heating networks
distortion
and (THD)
also, areof
this commonly addressed
it. For designing
switching voltage in inverter
the
drops the
hasliterature
withashelp
increases oneof
the ofthetheswitches,
overall most
loss effective issolutions
thissystem.
of this directlyThefor decreasing
related to their
Efficiency the
of
greenhouse
voltage
the systemdropsgasand
is emissions
decreased from
also, this the building
dueswitching
to this high sector.
voltage These
drops
overall systems
has
converter require
increases
loss. thehigh
In investments
overall
order toloss ofwhich are efficiency,
this the
increase system.returned
The through the the
Efficiency
reduce heat
of
sales.
the
switchesDue
system andto the
isthe changeddue
decreased
switching climate
to this
losses, conditions
FSIhigh and building
overall
is developed. The renovation
converter loss. of
structure policies,
In order
the FSIheat ademand
tois increase in the
the
combination future
efficiency,
of could decrease,
reduce
the push-pull the
and
prolonging
switches
the the
synchronous investment
and the switching return
buck converters. period.
losses, FSI Theisperformance
developed. The of thestructure
completeof the
modelFSI is ainvestigated
combinationatofdifferent
the push-pull and
operating
Thesynchronous
the
stagesmain scope ofbuck
by making this MATLAB/Simulink
the paper is to assess
converters. Thetheperformance
feasibility
models. ofThe usingthethecomplete
heat demand
of simulation model
results –are
outdoor
is temperature
investigated
presented to show function
at for heat
different
the efficacy demand
operating
of the
forecast.
stages
designed The
making the MATLAB/Simulink models. The simulation results are presented to show the efficacy ofof the
district
by inverter. of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted 665
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
designed inverter.
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
© 2017 The Authors.Published by Elsevier Ltd.
©compared
2017 Thewith results
Authors. from a dynamic
Published heatLtd.
by Elsevier demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
Peer-review
© under responsibilitybyofthe
2017 The Authors.Published scientific
Elsevier Ltd. committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering,
Peer-review
The results under responsibility
showed of the
that when only scientific
weather committee
change of the 1sttheInternational
is considered, Conference
margin of error onacceptable
could be Power Engineering,
for some applications
Computing
Peer-review
Computing and CONtrol.
under
and responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering,
CONtrol.
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
Computing and CONtrol.
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
Keywords:Switching losses;Powerloss;Voltage drop;THD;mutual inductance
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
Keywords:Switching losses;Powerloss;Voltage drop;THD;mutual inductance
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
1. Introduction
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
1. Introduction
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
In current scenario, the demand of the electricity and need for reliable power source plays a major role in industrial,
In
©current
commercial scenario,
2017 The the demand
and household
Authors. Published byof the electricity
applications.
Elsevier In this and
Ltd. need for
regards, reliable
a lot power source
of investments plays a major
in alternative role in
energy industrial,
solutions, to
commercial
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and to
increase and
energy household
efficiency andapplications.
power In
quality this regards,
problems. a
Therelot
areof
a investments
number of in alternative
generation energy
methods for solutions,
supplying the
increase
Cooling.energy efficiency and power quality problems. There are a number of generation methods for supplying the
1876-6102© 2017demand;
Keywords: Heat The Authors. Published
Forecast; bychange
Climate Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under
1876-6102© responsibility
2017 The ofthe scientific
Authors. Published committee
by Elsevier Ltd. of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
and CONtrol.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.159
616 V V Vijetha Intia et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 615–625
Mrs.V V Vijetha Inti, Dr.V S Vakula/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–0002

offered demand. Sadly, the fossil fuels are ditched; alternative energies such as renewable energy sources are
becoming more popular. Still, the incapability of renewable energy sources to supply good eminence of electric
power electrical load in standalone mode and injecting sinusoidal current to grid in grid connected mode
needsanimproved characteristics inverter has been reported [1]. Hence, the main objective of inverter is very
important to select the best topology of inverter from the existing topologies [2].

A grid is a network of high voltage transmission lines which are used for carrying electrical power from isolated
sources to load centres, usually to distribute electric power to consumers.A smart grid (SG)offers a high-quality
opportunity for better power quality and reduces harmonics of the power circuits [3]-[4].The significance of power
eminence is considered from generator face, grid face and demand side. The issues of power quality and a load
management concept for minimising THD in distribution feeders has been well presented [5].This smart technology
leads to increase the accessibility of power supply. A SG construction with more strength and high efficiency in
utilization is on schedule worldwide. By using the current days information technologies, the SG is accomplish of
delivering power in more efficient directions.

The pulse width modulation (PWM) techniqueselection plays a key role for generation of inverter output. The PWM
refers to a method of carrying information on train of pulses and it is to be encoded in the width of pulses. The
PWM is applying to control the inverter output voltage with controlling the inverter itself by changing switching
periods of the inverter. Itis applied to control the modern power electronic networks. The basic idea is to control the
duty cycle of the switches so that the load gets a controllable voltage. The PWM techniques are the effective
methods to control the output frequency and magnitude. Various PWM methods for inverters have been
reported[6].The designed method can produce the desired output voltages from regulated and non-regulated input
voltage.

The traditional inverter topologies apply either a single common source or multiple dc sources. According to the
electrical isolation between the input side and output side, again the inverters are sub-divided into isolated and non
isolated inverters. The depending on the input dc voltage range over to the output ac voltage, inverters can be
possible for buck, boost, buck-boost inverters [8][9][10]].However, It gives the information about various schemes
to generate output at various voltage levels avoiding redundant switching states.All the active inverters can be
grouped in to three main modules namely Supply frequency transformer (SFT), High frequency transformer (HFT)
and transformer less structures.Different topologies of inverters have been executed and presented in [11].

The transformer less topology has some challenges:

 High leakage currents results in safety hazards
 By using transformer less topologies, there is a danger of direct current (dc) injection into the grid. DC in
an AC system causes diffusion of distribution transformers in the network and also accuracy of the meter
will be affected.

A high voltage gain transformer is inevitable where there is a requirement to convert a low voltage DC to a high
voltage AC.nevertheless, there are a small number of problems in the conventional LFT which consists of a full
bridge inverter. In order to overcome the above pointed-out problems, in this article, a transformer with coupled
circuits based four switch inverter for grid application is designed. The structure of this inverter consists of
synchronous buck converter and push pull converter. The performance of the designed model is verified at
various loads operating conditions by making the MATLAB/Simulink.
 Mrs.V V Vijetha Inti, Dr.V S Vakula/ / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 3

V V Vijetha Intia et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 615–625 617

Nomenclature

C Capacitance of a filter
Cmin Capacitance minimum value
fs switching frequency
FF fundamental frequency
HF high frequency
Il load current
L filter inductance
POmax maximum value of PO
POmin minimum value of PO
Psw Switching power loss
RLmin minimum value of RL
RLmax maximum value of RL
S1,S2 Power semiconductor switches of a push pull configuration
S3,S4 Power semiconductor switches of a dc-dc converter
THD Total harmonic distortion
Vac Output voltage of the inverter
Vc Output voltage of capacitor
Vg Grid voltage
δ duty cycle
η efficiency of a dc-dc converter

2. Impact of Coupled Transformer Circuit

2.1Role of Mutual Inductance

A transformer is specifically intended for transferring power from one winding to another. Generally leakage
inductance is less in a mutual inductor as compared with the transformer. With coupled inductors, each winding is
still used for its inductance alone; although of course some coupling is being utilized else there would be two or
three separate inductors. The leakage inductance is less of a issue.

Mutual Inductance is where the magnetic flux of two- or more-windings inductances are linked so that voltage is
induced in one coil proportional to the rate of change of current in another. A transformer is a device made of two or
more inductors, one of which is powered by AC, inducing an AC voltage across the second inductor. The better
these two inductors are magnetically coupled, the more efficient energy transfer between them should be. Here it
connects two or more windings inductance by means of equal shared coupling. The electrical replica for this block
is as shown below in fig1.
618 V V Vijetha Intia et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 615–625
Mrs.V V Vijetha Inti, Dr.V S Vakula/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–0004

Fig-1 Mutual Inductance electrical model

3. Modes of Operation of FSI with their PWM technique

3.1. Modes of Operation with its Description

The design of FSI consists of the dc-dc conversion stage which is coupled with a push pull arrangement by the
grouping of the push-pull and the synchronous buck converter is demonstrated as shown in the circuit diagram fig
2.The standard output voltage of the dc-dc conversion stage ie., Vc is a function of the duty cycle δ and input voltage
Vdc. It is expressed as (1)
VC = TON/TON + TOFF
VDC = δVDC. (1)

The duty cycle of the dc-dc converter is varied in a completely rectified sinusoidal manner so that Vc will be
obviously unidirectional sine wave of double the fundamental frequency (FF ) and high frequency (HF).

Fig 2 Circuit diagram of the designed inverter

3.1.1 Mode 1

In this mode, the switch S1is switched ON for a period of half FF along with the continuous operation of the
switches S3 and S4, then a positive half cycle of the output voltage Vac is produced. During this period, the current
flow starts from Vc positive-p-b-S1-Vc negative with the continuous function of S3 and S4.Thus a input unidirectional
voltage is induced as alternating voltage ie., positive half cycle output Vac.

3.1.2 Mode 2

In this mode, the switch S2 is switched ON for the same period as S1, along with the continuous operation of S3 and
S4then the negative half cycle of the output voltage Vac is produced. Then, the current flow starts from Vc positive-
p- a - S2- Vc negative with the continuous operation of S3 and S4. Thus the unidirectional voltage which is appeared
across the mutual inductance is induced across the secondary as a negative half cycle of Vac. Thus a input
unidirectional voltage is induced as alternating voltage ie., negative half cycle output Vac.
Thus a input unidirectional voltage is made in to the sinusoidal alternating voltage by operating two switches S1
and S2 at FF and S3 and S4 are required to generate continuous HF switching pulses with the help of push pull
 V V Vijetha Intia et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 615–625 619
Mrs.V V Vijetha Inti, Dr.V S Vakula/ / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 5

arrangement employing a three winding inductance.

The following are the advantages of the proposed topology :

 It is able to generate ac output voltage of any desired frequency by employing only four power
semiconductor switches,
 It possesses galvanic separation between input dc and output ac,
 It gives a pure sine wave output voltage without using any filter,
 Switching losses are minimized as only four number of semiconductor switches are used,
 Efficiency and performance is enhanced,
 Cost is reduced,
 It avoids transformer core saturation, and
 Finally it requires less cooling arrangement.

The design is to be executed in such a way that the output has to follow the lively changes in the duty cycle, so the
system becomes more robust for load current variations.

3.2 Generation of Switching Pulses

1
Vtriangular
0.9
Reference Signal and Triangular Carrier Signal

0.8 Vref

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Time (s)

(a) (b)

0.9 1
S1
S2 0.9 S3
0.8
Gate Pulse for Switches S1 and S2

S4
0.8
Gating Signals of Switches S3 and S4

0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Time (s) Time (s)

(c) (d)

Fig 3 Circuit for generating switching pulses (a) PWM method in MATLAB/Simulink, (b) carrier and refernce signals waveform, (c) zoomed
gating pulses for switches S1 and S2 (d) gating pulses for switcches S3 and S4
620 V V Vijetha Intia et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 615–625
Mrs.V V Vijetha Inti, Dr.V S Vakula/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–0006

Fig. 3 show the PWM patter for designed FSI for grid application. From, these results are clealry foucsed that the
PWM signals for switches S1 and S2 are operates at FF , while for S3 and S4 are opertaes at HF.

3.3 DC-DC converter design considerations :

 Maximum and minimum values of the output power

POmax = VCIOmax (2)
POmin = VCIOmin. (3)
 Maximum and minimum values of load resistance
RLmax =VC/ IOmin (4)
RLmin =VC/ IOmax (5)
 DC-DC converter voltage conversion ratio is
MV DC = VC/ VDC (6)
And Vc is given asVC= 0.637mVDC (7)
 Duty cycle of the dc-dc converter is
Given as δ = MV DC/ η (8)
 Inductance minimum value is
Lmin= VC(1−δ)/ 2fSIOmin =RLmax(1−δ)/2fS = δ(VDC−VC)/ 2fSIOmin (9)
 Filter capacitor minimum value is
Cmin = δ/2fSrC (10)

Table 1. List of Considerations for FSI

Parameter Name Values
V dc 48V
Vc 22V
Vr 0.3V
Iomin 0.5A
Iomax 50A
Fs 5KHz
FF 50Hz
L 250µH
C 220µF

4. Simulation Results and Discussions

The simulation circuit of anticipated inverter is as shown in fig 4.The circuit consists of a combination of the
push-pull and the synchronous buck converter by using four switches is presented. Input pulses are given to the
circuit using PWM control circuit with a carrier and a reference signal. The output of the FSI is verified at various
stages of operation namely RL,RC and RLC load conditions.
 V V Vijetha Intia et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 615–625 621
Mrs.V V Vijetha Inti, Dr.V S Vakula/ / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 7

Fig 4 MATLAB Simulation Model of proposed FSI

To analyze the performance of the designed method to generate desired output voltage waveform with RL load of
a single phase inverter are simulated and waveforms are presented .Hence the unidirectional wave is converted to
sinusoidal voltage as shown in fig5. Total Harmonic D value of the output voltage waveform is minimum value as
per the standards as shown in fig 6.

60 Vdc
Input Voltage (V), Capcitor Voltage (V) and Grid Voltage (V)

40

20

0
Vgrid
Vc

-20

-40

-60
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)
Fig5 Simulation results for FSI of capacitor voltage Vc and grid voltage Vgrid and input dc voltage Vdc using RL load
 Mrs.V V Vijetha Inti, Dr.V S Vakula/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–0008
622 V V Vijetha Intia et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 615–625

Selected signal: 5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles

40
20
0
-20
-40
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time (s)

Fundamental (50Hz) = 47.45 , THD= 4.30%

2.5
Mag (% of Fundamental)

1.5

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)

Fig 6FFT analysis for FSI using RL load

The performance of the proposed method to generate desired output voltage waveform with RC load of a single
phase inverter are simulated and waveforms are as shown in fig 7. The THD value of the output voltage waveform
is as shown in fig 8.

60 Vdc
Input Voltage (V), Capacitor Voltage (V) and Grid Voltage (V)

40

20

0
Vgrid
Vc

-20

-40

-60
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)
Fig 7 Simulation results for FSI of capacitor voltage Vc and grid voltage Vgrid and input dc voltage Vdc using RC load
 Mrs.V V VijethaVInti, Dr.V SIntia
V Vijetha Vakula/
et al./ Energy
/ EnergyProcedia00 (2017)
Procedia 117 000–000
(2017) 9
615–625 623

Selected signal: 5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles

40
20
0
-20
-40
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time (s)

Fundamental (50Hz) = 46.99 , THD= 4.61%

2.5
Mag (% of Fundamental)

1.5

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)

Fig 8 FFT analysis for FSI using RC load

The performance of the designed method to generate desired output voltage waveform with RLC load of a single
phase inverter are simulated and waveforms are presented as shown in fig 9. The THD value of the output voltage
waveform is minimum value as per the standards as shown in fig 10.

Capacitive Load
60 Vdc
Input Voltage (V), Capacitor Voltage (V), and Grid Voltage

40

20

0
Vgrid
Vc

-20

-40

-60
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)
Fig 9 Simulation results for FSI of capacitor voltage Vc and grid voltage Vgrid and input dc voltage Vdc using RLC load
 Mrs.V V Vijetha Inti, Dr.V S Vakula/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–00010

624 V V Vijetha Intia et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 615–625

Selected signal: 5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles

40
20
0
-20
-40
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time (s)

Fundamental (50Hz) = 48.17 , THD= 4.79%

2.5
Mag (% of Fundamental)

1.5

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)

Fig 10 FFT analysis for FSI using RC load

5. Conclusion

In this article supply frequency transformer based FSI operated in CCM for micro-grid application has been
successfully demonstrated through the computer simulation with help of the MATLAB/Simulink. The designed
inverter has produced high-quality results in both the stand alone and grid connected mode. It is capable of injecting
a sinusoidal current with the grid voltage in phase is used to feed any type of local loads. The THD value of the
designed inverter is very small. The simulation results of the designed model have showed good efficiency, minimal
ripples in both the input and the output signals. Therefore, it is suitable for intermediate and high power
applications.

Acknowledgement

We sincerely thank the Management,Principal and HOD EEE department of Vishnu Institute of Technology,
Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India for their complete support in carrying out this research work

References

[1]Er. Mamatha Sandhu , Dr.Tilak Thakur , Issues, Challenges, Causes, Impacts And Utilization Of Renewable Energy Sources - Grid
Integration International Journal Of Engineering Research And Applications Www.Ijera.Com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1),
March 2014, Pp.636-643
[2] Yaosuo Xue, Student Member, IEEE, Liuchen Chang, Senior Member, IEEE, Søren Bækhøj Kjær, Member, IEEE, Josep Bordonau,
 V V Vijetha Intia et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 615–625 625
Mrs.V V Vijetha Inti, Dr.V S Vakula/ / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 11

Member, IEEE, and Toshihisa Shimizu, Senior Member, IEEETopologies of Single-Phase Inverters for SmallDistributed Power Generators:
An Overview Ieee Transactions On Power Electronics, Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2004
[3]Kyohei Kurohane, Student Member, Ieee, Tomonobu Senjyu, Senior Member, Ieee, Atsushi Yona, Member, Ieee, Naomitsu Urasaki,
Member Ieee, Tomonori Goya, Student Member, Ieee, And Toshihisa Funabashi, Senior Member, Ieeea Hybrid Smart Ac/Dc Power System
Ieee Transactions On Smart Grid, Vol. 1, No. 2, September 2010 199
[4] Joan Rocabert; Alvaro Luna; Frede Blaabjerg; Pedro Rodríguez Control Of Power Converters In Ac Microgrids Ieee Transactions On
Power ElectronicsVolume: 27, Issue: 11, Nov. 2012Print Issn: 0885-8993 Online Issn: 1941-0107 Page(S): 4734 – 474,15 May 2012
[5] M.A. Masoum, P. S. Moses, and S. Deilami, “Load management in smart grids considering harmonic distortion and transformer derating,”
presented at the IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conf., Gaithersburg, MD, 2010.
[6]B. Dastagiri Reddy, M. P. Selvan, Member, Ieee, And S. Moorthi, Member, Ieee Design, Operation, And Control Of S3 Inverter For
Single-Phase Microgrid Applications Ieee Transactions On Industrial Electronics, Vol. 62, No. 9, September 2015
[7]Ebrahim Babaei A New Pulsewidth Modulation Technique For Inverters Research Article - Electrical Engineering Springer Published
Online 14june2014 DOI 10.1007/s13369-014-1215-3
[8] S.Malathi,R.Ramaprabha,A New Single Phase Multilevel Inverter Topology With Reduced Number Of Switches 2016 3rd International
Conference On Electrical Energy Systems (Icees)Year: 2016Pages: 139 - 144, Doi: 10.1109/Icees.2016.7510631
[9] Zixin Li, Member, Ieee, Ping Wang, Yaohua Li, And Fanqiang Gao, Member, Ieee“A Novel Single-Phase Five-Level Inverter With
Coupled Inductors” Ieee Transactions On Power Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 6, June 2012
[10] Iván Patrao, Emilio Figueres, Fran González-Espín, Gabriel Garcerá “Transformerless Topologies For Grid-Connected Single-Phase
PhotovoltaicInverters” Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews
[11] R.Mahalakshmi , K.C.Sindhu Thampatty “Grid Connected Multilevel Inverter For Renewable Energy Applications” Science Direct Procedia
Technology 21 ( 2015 ) 636 – 642 Smart Grid Technologies, August 6-8, 2212-0173 © 2015 The Authors. Published By Elsevier Ltd.,Doi:
10.1016/J.Protcy.2015.10.076

© 2017 The Authors.Published by Elsevier Ltd.