LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING

MATLAB SIMULINK

PROJECT-IV
Code-ELR-408

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Semester-7th

SUBMITTED BY

Shahid parvez-18bel1055
Ankit kumar-18bel1056
Mohd Asman-18bel1057
Umar Farooq-18bel1024

Name & Designation of supervisor –

Ms. Harpreet Kaur (Assistant professer EE)

July December 2021 Academic session

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (UIE)

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, GHARUAN, PUNJAB
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my great fortune that I have got opportunity to carry out this project work under the
supervision of Asst. Prof. Ms. Harpreet Kaur, in the Department of Electrical
Engineering,University Institute of Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, SAS Nagar,
Mohali, Punjab. I express my sincere thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to my guide for his
constant support, unparalleled guidance and limitless encouragement.
I wish to convey my gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Paras Chawla, HOD, Department of Electrical
Engineering ,Chandigarh University and to the authority of Chandigarh University for providing
all kinds of infrastructural facility towards the research work.
I would also like to convey my gratitude to all the faculty members and staffs of the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chandigarh University for their whole hearted
cooperation to make this work turn into reality.

Shahid Parvez (18BEL1055)

Ankit Kumar (18BEL1056)
Mohd.Asman (18BEL1057)
Umar Farooq(18BEL1024)
Date:

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “POWER FLOW AND LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING
MATLAB” is the bonafide work carried out by Shahid parvez(18bel1055), Ankit
kumar(18bel1056) , Mohd Asman(18bel1057) and Umar farooq(18bel1024) students of B.E in
the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering, Chandigarh University,
Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab during the academic year 2020-21, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering and that this
project has not been submitted previously for the award of any other degree, diploma or
fellowship.

_____________________ ________________________
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD
Name: Ms. Harpreet Kaur Name: Dr. Himani Goyal
Designation: Asst. Professor Designation: HOD

___________________________
Signature of the External Examiner
Name:

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Abstract:
The power system analysis and design is generally done by using power flow analysis .This
analysis is carried out at the state of planning, operation, control and economic scheduling
.they are useful in determining the magnitude and phase angle of load buses, and active and
reactive power flows over transmission lines, and active and reactive powers that are injected
at the buses. For this work the gauss-seidel method is used for numerical analysis. The objective
of this project is to develop a MATLAB program to calculate voltages, active and reactive power
at each bus for IEEE 14 bus systems. At first IEEE 5 bus system is calculated by using hand
calculations and compared with MATLAB Program results and then IEEE 14 bus system MATLAB
program is executed with the input data. This type of analysis is useful for solving the power
flow problem in different power systems which will useful to calculate the unknown quantities.

KEYWORDS:
Load Flow Studies, Y-matrix and Z-matrix iteration, Newton-Raphson
method, Fast Decoupled method, Fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Network. I.INTR

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
CHAPTER TOPICS
NO.

I Introduction

II Literature survey

III Problem formulation and Research Gap

IV Objectives

V Methodology

VI Calculations

VII Results and discussions

VIII Bibliography

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CH.I-INTRODUCTION:
Load flow studies are used to ensure that electrical power transfer from generators to
consumers through the grid system is stable, reliable and economic. Conventional techniques
for solving the load flow problem are iterative using the GaussSeidel methods Load flow
analysis forms an essential prerequisite for power system studies. Considerable research has
already been carried out in the development of computer programs for load flow analysis of
large power systems. However, these general purpose programs may encounter convergence
difficulties when a radial distribution system with a large number of buses is to be solved and,
hence, development of a special program for radial distribution studies becomes necessary.
There are many solution techniques for load flow analysis. The solution procedures and
formulations can be precise or approximate, with values adjusted or unadjusted, intended for
either on-line or off-line application, and designed for either single-case or multiple-case
applications. Since an engineer is always concerned with the cost of products and services, the
efficient optimum economic operation and planning of electric power generation system have
always occupied an important position in the electric power industry. With large
interconnection of the electric networks, the energy crisis in the world and continuous rise in
prices, it is very essential to reduce the running charges of theelectric energy. A saving in the
operation of the system of a small percent represents a significant reduction in operating cost
as well as in the quantities of fuel consumed. The classic problem is the economic load dispatch
of generating systems to achieve minimum operating cost.

The universally preferred network analysis nodal admittance matrix equation is used and is as
shown below I = Y * E (1) Where, matrix Y is square, sparse, and symmetrical (in the absence of
phase shifters or mutual couplings represented bynon-bilateral network branches).

A. Y-matrix Iterative Lad Flow Methods: The Y-matrix iterative methods of load-flow calculation
are based on the iterative solution of the linear equation (1) for thebus voltages, using the
relaxation algorithm [5]. J. B. Ward et al. in [6] presented a method for solving on digital
computers the power flow problem which is probably the most frequently encountered type of
problem in the field of power system network analysis. Digital solution of this class of problem
can furnish a valuable tool to supplement the a-c network analyzer. In many system-planning
studies, the network analyzer is still the best means for providing quickly and economically
results of adequate accuracy. In some studies, such as analysis of losses and incremental losses,
the network analyzer does not provide sufficient precision and, in such cases, the digital
computer solution gains a distinct advantage. The Y-matrix iterative methods of load-flow
calculation are based on the iterative solution of the linear equation

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B. Z-matrix Load Flow Methods:The major difference in principle between the Y-matrix iterative
methods and the Z-matrix methods is that in the latter, the equation (1) is solved directly for E
in terms if I using the inverse of Y: E = 1/Y * I= Z*I Authors of [10] developed a new load flow
program has been developed which employs the node impedance matrix of a system. A special
input routine was developed that allows the line data to be in any order desired. The program
has the capacity to control generator voltages within a specified VAR (reactive power) range,
and also to incorporate offnominal auto transformers along with special emphasis on time i.e.
the time for solution was less than that required by the usual nodal branch admittance iterative
method

CH.II-LITERATURE SURVEY:

The power system all over the world is continuously expanding in size and growing in
complexity. The need for various system studies is much m,ore today than before
studies is much more today than ever before. A large number of the technique have been
reported in literature over the past quarter century for solving power flow and transient
stability problems and yet there continues a constant and persistent search to find batter
and still better solution algorithm in terms of speed, memory and reliability aspects. Electric
power utilization must be improved in present scenario while taking into account the security
and reliability of power flow. Overall voltage profiles are deteriorated and system stability and
security are decreased due to the reason that, transmission line powers flows are not uniform.
In some lines it’s below the standard value whereas in some it’s way above the normal power
flow values. Due to this the low voltage condition comes into picture and hence most of the
electrical loads are connected to low voltage power distribution systems.

Electrical loads of a system can be told to be comprising of various residential, industrial and
municipal loads. Practically the active and reactive powers of loads of a distribution system are
dependent on system voltage and frequency variations. Also, the active and reactive power
characteristics of various types of load differ from each other. Frequency deviation is
considered insignificant in case of static analysis like, load flow studies. The effects of voltage
deviations are mainly taken into account for getting faster and accurate results. The results
improve the quality of all following system studies that use the same load flow analysis for
further calculations and simulations.

Load flow is the procedure used for obtaining the steady state voltages of electric power
systems at fundamental frequency
[1] Load flow in power system parlance is the steady state solution of the power system
network. The power system is modeled by an electric network and solved for the steady state
powers and voltage at various buses. The direct analysis of the circuit is not possible as the

7
loads are given in terms of complex power rather than impedances and the generator behaves
more like power sources than voltage source.
The main information obtained from the load flow study comprises of magnitudes and phase
angle of load bus voltage, reactive powers and voltage phase angles at generator buses, real
and reactive power flow on transmission line together with power at the reference bus, other
variable being specified.
In load flow analysis, we are mainly interested in voltage at various buses and power injection
in to transmission system. The power system network of today is highly complicated consisting
of hundreds of buses and transmission links. Thus the load flow studies involve extensive
calculations.
The main objectives of the survey are twofold to explore the possibilities of developing some
improved load flow algorithms and to investigate the possibilities to exploring new and yet
simple and efficient equivalency technique for realization of dynamic equivalents
suitable for transient stability studies. Accordingly, the work reported in this thesis has been
divided into two board sections, one dealing with development of some improved load flow
algorithms and the other with the development of some new dynamic equivalents for
transient stability studies.
The load flow study provides information about line and transformer loading (as well as losses)
throughout the system and voltages at different points in the system for evaluation and
regulation of the performance of the power systems. Further study and analysis of future
expansion, stability and reliability of the power system network can be easily analyzed through
this study. Increasing demand of the power and complexity of the power system network,
power system study is a significant tool for a power system operator in order to take corrective
actions in time. The advent of digital computers, load flow solutions were obtained using
network analyzers

CH.III-PROBLEM FORMULATION AND RESEARCH GAP:

Comparison between different load flow solutions

a) Gauss Seidel method is well known and established while Newton Raphson method is most
recent ad most sophisticated method of power flow studies.

b) Polar coordinates are preferred for N-R while rectangular coordinates for Gauss Seidel
method.

c) Time taken to perform one iteration of computation is lesser in Gauss Seidel method while
compared to N-R method but the number of iterations required for G-S method are more than
N-R method.

d) In G-S method rate of convergence is slow plus convergence characteristic is linear while N-R
method has quadrature convergence characteristics.

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e) G-S method takes more computer time and costs more than N-R method.

f) G-S method is used to compute the solution of small system problems while N-R method is
used with advantage for large power systems.

Importance of load flow studies:

Load Flow studies provide a systematical mathematical approach for determination of various
bus voltages, their phase angle, active and reactive power flow through different branches,
generators and loads under steady state conditions. Load flow studies also help in
determination of best size as well as the most favorable locations for power capacitors both for
power factor improvement and also for raising network voltages. Thus it also helps in
determination of best locations as well as optimal capacity of the proposed generating stations,
substations and new lines. Load Flow is an essential and vital part in power system studies. It
helps in calculating line losses for different power flow conditions. It prepares software for
online operation, control and monitoring of the power system. It also helps in analyzing the
effect of temporary loss of generating station or transmission path on the power flow.

CH.IV-OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of Load Flow analysis is

• Voltage magnitudes and angles at all nodes of the feeder.

• Line flow in each line section specified in Kilo Watt (KW) and KVAr, amperes and degrees or
amperes and power factor.

• Loss of power in each line section.

• Total feeder input Kilo Watt (KW) and KVAr.

• Total feeder power losses.

• Load Kilo Watt (KW) and KVAr based upon the defined model for the load

CH.V-METHODOLOGY:

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The power system all over the world is continuously expanding in size and growing in
complexity. The need for various system studies is much today than before and
studies is much more today than ever before. A large number of the technique have been
reported in literature over the past quarter century for solving power flow and transient
stability problems and yet there continues a constant and persistent search to find batter
and still better solution algorithm in terms of speed, memory and reliability aspects. Electric
power utilization must be improved in present scenario while taking into account the security
and reliability of power flow. Overall voltage profiles are deteriorated and system stability and
security are decreased due to the reason that, transmission line powers flows are not uniform.
In some lines it’s below the standard value whereas in some it’s way above the normal power
flow values. Due to this the low voltage condition comes into picture and hence most of the
electrical loads are connected to low voltage power distribution systems. Electrical loads of a
system can be told to be comprising of various residential, industrial and municipal loads.
Practically the active and reactive powers of loads of a distribution system are dependent on
system voltage and frequency variations. Also, the active and reactive power characteristics of
various types of load differ from each other. Frequency deviation is considered insignificant in
case of static analysis like, load flow studies. The effects of voltage deviations are mainly taken
into account for getting faster and accurate results. The results improve the quality of all
following system studies that use the same load flow analysis for further calculations and
simulations.
Load flow is the procedure used for obtaining the steady state voltages of electric power
systems at fundamental frequency [1] Load flow in power system parlance is the steady state
solution of the power system network. The power system is modeled by an electric
network and solved for the steady state powers and voltage at various buses. The direct
analysis of the circuit is not possible as the loads are given in terms of complex power rather
than impedances and the generator behaves more like power sources than voltage
source.
The main information obtained from the load flow study comprises of magnitudes and phase
angle of load bus voltage, reactive powers and voltage phase angles at generator buses, real
and reactive power flow on transmission line together with power at the
reference bus, other variable being specified. In load flow analysis, we are mainly interested in
voltage at various buses and power injection in to transmission system. The power
system network of today is highly complicated consisting of hundreds of buses and
transmission links. Thus the load flow studies involve extensive calculations.
The main objectives of the survey are twofold to explore the possibilities of developing some
improved load flow algorithms and to investigate the possibilities to exploring new and yet
simple and efficient equivalency technique for realization of dynamic equivalents
suitable for transient stability studies. Accordingly, the work reported in this thesis has been
divided into two board sections, one dealing with development of some improved load flow
algorithms and the other with the development of some new dynamic equivalents for
transient stability studies.
The load flow study provides information about line and transformer loading (as well as losses)
throughout the system and voltages at different points in the system for evaluation and

10
regulation of the performance of the power systems. Further study and analysis of future
expansion, stability and reliability of the power system network can be easily analyzed through
this study. Increasing demand of the power and complexity of the power system network,
power system study is a significant tool for a power system operator in order
to take corrective actions in time. The advent of digital computers, load flow solutions were
obtained using network analyzers.

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CH.VI-CALCULATIONS:

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CH.VII-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Load Flow Analysis results play major role during the operational stages of any power system
for its control and economic schedule, as well as during the expansion or design stages. The
main purpose of any Load Flow Analysis is to compute precise steady-state voltages and voltage
angles of all buses in the network, the reactive and real power flows into every overhead
trasnmission line and power transformer (located at Sub-stations), under the assumption of
known generation and load. The load flow solution also gives the initial conditions of the
system when the transient beheviour of the system is to be studied. In actual practice, it will be
required to carry out numerous power flow solutions under a variety of conditions. Some things
that we learnt from this project are as follows:

1. Modeling of power system components and network.

2. Development of load flow equations.
3. Solving the load flow equations using numerical techniques
4.Knowing the use of load flow and power flow tools in MATLAB software

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Bibliography:
[1] Mageshvaran, R., Raglend, I.J., Yuvaraj, V., Rizwankhan, P.G., Vijayakumar, T. and
Sudheera (2008) Implementation
of Non-Traditional Optimization Techniques (PSO, CPSO, HDE) for the Optimal Load Flow
Solution. TENCON2008-
2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference, 19-21 November 2008.
[2] Elgerd, O.L. (2012) Electric Energy Systems Theory: An Introduction. 2nd Edition, Mc-
Graw-Hill.
[3] Kothari, I.J. and Nagrath, D.P. (2007) Modern Power System Analysis. 3rd Edition, New
York.

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