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Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia156 (2019) 000–000
00 (2017) 396–400
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2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018,
2018 5th International Conference on Power 2018,
19–21 September and Energy Systems
Nagoya, Japan Engineering, CPESE 2018,
19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan
Power Quality Assessment for AC/DC Hybrid Micro Grid Based on
Power Quality Assessment
The 15th for AC/DC
International Symposium Hybrid
on District Micro
Heating Grid Based on
and Cooling
On-Site Measurements
On-Site Measurements
Assessing the a feasibility of
Meng WUa, Xingyan NIU b,*
using
, Shiqiao
the
Gao
heat
b
,
demand-outdoor
Junyong WUa,a,*
temperature
Mengfunction
WU , Xingyan for aNIU long-term
b,*
, Shiqiaodistrict
Gao , Junyong
b
heat demand WU * forecast
Electrical Engineering Department, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
a

a R&D China Department,

Electrical bEngineering Center, Électricité
BeijingdeJiaotong
France, University,
Beijing, 100005, China
Beijing, 100044, China
a,b,c
I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Correc
b a a b
R&D China Center, Électricité de France, Beijing, 100005, China
c

a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
Abstract c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
This paper presents the power quality assessment carried out by an experimental analysis of a real AC/DC hybrid
This paper
micro grid. presents
Voltagethe power quality
variations and theassessment carriedinout
harmonic issues byAC
both an experimental
and DC voltage analysis of a realunder
are analyzed AC/DC hybrid
“on-grid”
micro
and grid. Voltage
“off-grid” mode variations
operation. and
Thethe harmonic
results obtainedissues
are in both
then AC and with
compared DC voltage are analyzed
the related under “on-grid”
Chinese national or IEC
Abstract
and “off-grid”
standard powermode operation.
network The results
compatibility obtained
levels. Besides, arethe
then compared
equivalent with theimpedance
dynamic related Chinese national
of battery or IEC
converter has
standard
also been power network
calculated compatibility
based on the levels.data.
measured Besides, the equivalent dynamic impedance of battery converter has
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
also been calculated based on the measured data.
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
© sales.
2019 Due
The to the changed
Authors. climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
©
This2018 The
is an open accessPublished
Authors. Published by
by Elsevier
article under Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.
the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
prolonging
This is an openthe access
investment return
article underperiod.
the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open
Selection access articleunder
and peer-review under responsibility
the CC BY-NC-ND of thelicense
2018 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems
Selection
The mainand peer-review
scope underisresponsibility
of this paper to assess the of the 2018of5th
feasibility International
using Conference
the heat demand on Power
– outdoor and Energy
temperature Systems
function forEngineering,
heat demand
Selection
Engineering,
CPESE and
2018, peer-review
CPESE 2018, under
19–21 responsibility
September 2018, of the
Nagoya, 2018
Japan.5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems
forecast. The19–21 September
district 2018, located
of Alvalade, Nagoya,in Japan.
Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan.
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
Keywords: AC/DC hybrid micro-grid, power quality, harmonic, ripple
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
Keywords: AC/DC hybrid micro-grid, power quality, harmonic, ripple
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
1.(the
Introduction
error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
1.scenarios,
Introductionthe error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The
Theapplications
value of slope of coefficient
AC/DC hybrid micro
increased ongrid has become
average within the anrange
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of 3.8% in to
power distribution
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* Corresponding
© author.Published
2017 The Authors. Tel.: +8610-56511435
by Elsevier; Ltd.
+8610-51687107 .
E-mail address:
* Corresponding
Peer-review underxingyan.niu@edf.fr;
author.
responsibility of wujy@bjtu.edu.cn
Tel.: +8610-56511435 ; +8610-51687107
the Scientific Committee. of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
E-mail address: xingyan.niu@edf.fr; wujy@bjtu.edu.cn
Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
This is an open
1876-6102 access
© 2018 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection
This is an and
openpeer-review under
access article responsibility
under of the 2018
the CC BY-NC-ND 5th International
license Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
2018, 19–21
Selection andSeptember 2018,
peer-review Nagoya,
under Japan. of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE
responsibility
2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering,
CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan.
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.105
 Meng Wu et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 396–400 397
Meng WU et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

In Ref. [1], power quality indexes are analysed in the AC micro grid integrated with a large PV plant through
simulation tool and the on-site data.The power quality control and correction of DC micro grid has also been well
studied theoretically by Ref. [2]. However, the power quality analysis of AC/DC hybrid micro grid has not been
enough addressed or considered comparing to the individual AC or DC micro grid.
In this paper, a detailed power quality assessment for a typical AC/DC hybrid micro grid in Zhejiang province of
China based on the real on-site data is reported. The paper is organized as follows: The details of the network
configuration and the data acquisition are presented in the 2nd and 3rd section, the 4th section outlines the analysis and
the results of the power quality issues. Last section concludes the paper and expresses further level of research work
to be achieved in the future.

2. AC/DC hybrid micro grid configuration

The micro grid being considered contains a roof-top photovoltaic power station of 2350 kW, from which 1500
kWp power is connected to the AC bus and 850 kWp is connected to the DC bus. 7 injection molding machines
(Haitian MA8000) of 50 kW and the LED lamps of 50 kW are linked as DC loads. Besides, it also contains a lead-
carbon battery storage system with rated capacity of 50 kW ×4h, 4 DC electric vehicle charging piles of 60kW, 2
direct-drive wind turbine generators of 5 kW and the corresponding power conversion devices to the network. The
configuration of this micro grid network is shown as Fig. 1. The main electronic devices and the system includes:

 Two power quality mitigation instruments (APF): One is connected to the 0.4 kV AC bus, the other is connected
to the DC bus.
 Three power flow controllers (PFC): AC/DC converter based on the virtual impedance droop control with a rated
power of 250 kVA
 One power electronic transformer (PET): 250 kVA power conversion device transforming 10 kV AC voltage into
560 V DC voltage by using modular multilevel converter (MMC)
 Energy management system (EMS): It’s capable of providing the automatic service like seamless connection,
real-time monitoring of system status, stability control, operation mode switching, black start, one-button grid
connection, etc.

3. Data acquisition Fig. 1. One example of AC/DC hybrid micro grid network configuration

Data of both AC and DC side under two different operation modes: “on-grid” and “off-grid” have been measured
respectively. The sampling frequency is 20 kHz for AC bus voltage and 10 kHz for others, and the total sampling
time is 200 seconds. For the AC side, the three phase voltages of AC Bus II, the AC side branch currents of 3#PFC,
398 Meng Wu et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 396–400
Meng WU et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

PET and AC load have been measured. As to the DC side part, the voltages of DC Bus I and II, together with the
output currents of 1#PFC, 2#PFC, 3#PFC, PET, the branch currents of the injection molding loads, 4#PV and the
battery have been measured. Under the “on-grid” mode, the active power reference for 1#PFC, 2#PFC, 3#PFC and
PET are set to 15 kW, 15kW, 20kW, 20kW. On the “off-grid” mode, the active power reference for 3#PFC and PET
are set respectively to 20kW and 0 kW.
The measuring instrument used is the recorder YOKOGAWA DL850E for registering voltage and current
waveforms, with the AD conversion resolution setting to 12 bit. The precision of voltage probe is 0.5%, whose
range is 0~1000V. And the transformation ratio for the AC voltage is set up to 100:1. The precision of current probe
is 1% with a range of -430~430A. The measured branch and the positive direction of those measurements are
marked on red arrows as shown in Fig. 1.

4. Power quality description and assessment

Power quality (PQ) issues on AC power system are well studied and all power quality indices are also
standardized, however PQ on DC distribution network are just considered by international standardization
committees. So there exists a need for studying assessment methods of DC phenomena. A standardized DC power
quality indicators may provide with a solid basis of planning and operating of Low Voltage Direct Current (LVDC)
system. The emission limits will also affect the allocation and the configuration of the protection system. Adequate
power quality levels can guarantee the electrical installations working in a good electromagnetic compatibility
environment and enhance their lifetimes [3]. In this section the experimental analysis of both AC and DC power
quality issues is carried out according to relative standards in order to quantify the impact level of following issues:
DC voltage variation and harmonics.

4.1. DC Voltage variation

Voltage ripple is the residual periodic variation of the DC voltage. It can be due to the rectifiers or DC/DC
converters controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) switching or some nonlinear DC loads. Fig. 2 shows
an important transient event recorded on the “off-grid” mode operation, in which the ripple waveforms has
been measured. The ripple factor γ is defined as the ratio of root square mean (RMS) value of AC component to the
� �th� �
DC voltage. In this case γ = ��ul = ��ht� = ʹhǤ , which is below the acceptable level 5% of an on going technical
�t
report of IEC TC8 [3]. Rapid voltage changes （RVC） have also been recorded as the injection molding machines
being turned off or down, whose amplitude is 21 V, the ratio is 3.6% and the duration is about 0.3 second.
According to the IEC, the definition of RVC is a quick transition in RMS voltage between two steady-state
conditions and during which the RMS voltage does not exceed the dip/swell thresolds(10%).

Voltage ripple

Fig. 2. Transient event waveforms Fig.3. Rapid voltage changes

 Meng Wu et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 396–400 399
Meng WU et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

4.2. Harmonics

The non-sinusoidal waveforms of voltage or current having frequencies (<2 kHz) other than fundamental
frequency are called as harmonics. The main cause of the harmonics are the power electronic devices and the non-
linear loads in the power network. Excessive harmonics can cause the following problems to the power network:
noises or even information loss generated by the interference with adjacent communication systems, mechanical
vibrations of the motors, over-heating of transformers, capacitors and cables, etc. [4].
The equation of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of AC and DC voltage are shown respectively in Equ. 1,
where �� represents the fundamental frequency, �� presents the DC component, and � means the harmonic order [5].

�=♀ �=♀
�� ʹ �� ʹ
�♀� �♀ = ��
� �♀���♀, = ��
(1)
�=ʹ �=�

Only the phase A of 10 kV AC bus voltage is studied. Four measurements from four different scenarios are used
for frequency domain computation: “on-grid” operation without APF, “on-grid” operation with APF, “off-grid”
operation with APF, “off-grid” operation without APF. They are represented by sources �� ,�ʹ �t and �Ǥ .
The spectrum diagram is given in Fig. 4. Table 1 describes the Chinese network standard (GB/T14549-93) for
harmonics level [6]. From the Fig. 4, it could be drawn that the characteristic harmonic of the PWM converter with
the order of (6k±1, k=1, 2, 3…) is the main harmonic frequencies. The maximum odd harmonic ratio appears at 250
Hz with a value of 2.39%, and the maximum even harmonic ratio is 0.04% at 100Hz. So the AC bus voltage power
quality confirms with the national standard. There exists some high-frequency disturbances beyond 2 kHz though its
level is low: some spectra near 4.8 kHz (about 11V) and near 6 kHz about 8V (only in the cases with APF). Thus it
could be drawn that the 6 kHz frequency resulting from the inner APF harmonic pollution. Whereas, there is no
compatibility level proposed for these frequencies on MV grid yet.

Statistics values RMS Values Max Min Mean THD %

DC AC DC AC DC AC DC AC DC AC
E U (V) 568.680 5828.029 576.667 8041.998 558.667 -8100.066 568.679 -18.614 0.30 3.41
1

E U (V) 569.440 5835.737 576.667 8087.533 558.667 -8094.289 568.438 -0.002 0.34 3.48
2

E U (V) 564.216 5857.556 569.333 8145.204 560.0 -8144.935 564.215 -3.856 0.29 3.26
3

E U (V) 564.245 5847.727 576.667 8138.605 544.0 -8139.223 564.242 -3.823 0.38 3.48
4

Fig. 4 spectrum diagram of �� ,�ʹ �t and �Ǥ of AC and DC voltage

400 Meng Wu et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 396–400
Meng WU et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Over-all voltage quality of the DC voltages is excellent under the 4 operation scenarios. The presence of
characteristic and non-characteristic harmonics, inter-harmonics and voltage disturbances above 2 kHz which is
mainly caused from the chopping frequencies of converters is recorded. The most important DC ripple is near
100Hz (about 0.75V) in islanding mode where the 50Hz sinusoidal voltages are built by PWM inverters. As PWM
chopping frequency is only 2.5 kHz, which is not enough high, there is a little asymmetry on AC voltage waveform.

4.3. Equivalent Dynamic Impedance

In order to identify the equivalent dynamic impedance of power electronic sources, small signal analysis has been
carried out from the measured current and voltage in the transient event recorded on the “off-grid” mode operation
as shown above in Fig. 2. The dynamic internal impedance is an important factor directly related to the power
quality behaviour assessment of static power sources, however it usually cannot be provided by the device
manufacturers. By knowing the value of the internal impedance, the evaluation of the impact of the new end-user or
new electric installation could be deduced. So the over-all power quality level and margin for further customer
connection could be achieved. The result of identification of equivalent dynamic impedance of battery converter
from f-domain data processing is presented in Fig. 5. The impedance is about 0.4 Ω from 10 to 100Hz. This value is
considerably lower than that deduced from the steady state parameters of battery converter (250kW, 560V). If
supposing that the short circuit capacity is 1.25pu, then the equivalent steady state impedance will be 1.0 Ω.

Table1. Harmonic limit of 10kV grid of GB/T14549-9

Rated THD Odd Even
voltage(kV) (%) harmonic harmonic
ratio (%) ratio (%)
10 4.0 3.2 1.6
Frequency
(Hz)
Fig. 5 equivalent dynamic impedance of battery converter

5. Conclusions and perspectives

In this study, power quality issues like voltage variation and harmonics are analyzed and quantified in AC/DC
hybrid micro grid through an experimental approach. And the important value of the equivalent dynamic inner
impedance is also calculated. It has been proved that the power quality of the micro grid studied is good enough to
confirm with the Chinese national or IEC standard. Considering the fact that power quality requirements for the DC
power have not been completely developed yet, thus results extracted from this study could be used as a guideline to
complete the DC power standards. Furthermore, similar to the AC power, the DC voltage also contains AC
component of some specific frequencies as given in Fig. 4. So the influence of DC harmonics to the DC load and the
mitigation methods will be further researched.
References
[1] Vinayagam, A., Swarna, KSV, Khoo, S.Y. and Stojcevski, A. "Power Quality Analysis in Micro Grid: An Experimental Approach." Journal
of Power and Energy Engineering 4 (2016): 17-34.
[2] Gary Chang, HJ LU, etc."On power quality study for a DC micro grid with real-time simulation platform." International Review of Electrical
Engineering 6(6) (2011): 2689-2698
[3] IEC TC8-WG9, "Assessment of standard voltages and power quality requirements for LVDC distribution system."
[4] Zhaoan Wang and Jun Huang. "Power electronics", China Machine Press, (2009) Beijing
[5] IEC 61000-2-2, 2002, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)-Part 2-2: "Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and
signaling in public low-voltage power supply system"
[6] China State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision, GB/T 14549-1993, "Quality of electric energy supply-Harmonics in public supply
network", China Standards Press, (1993) Beijing