Individual assignment of 4000 words based on topics

How leader communicate

How to create an open communication climate

What are the current communication challenges?

Need based theories motivation

New ideas for motivation

Values and attitudes

Submission deadline. 17th March 2020. Marking system- 4 criteria. Punctuality, content, systematic
arrangement of details, ability to discuss your points in an open forum.

Individual assignment. Unit wise activities and discussions.

All activities will be based on the topics.

Identifying a leader.

7th of March discussing about the leader and something based on him

Schedule for the week

Unit 1.

What it means to be a leader.

I am definitely not a leader.

Nature of leadership

Leadership is a subject that has long excited interest among people.

People who do research on leadership disagree more than you think about what leadership really is

Leadership is a complex phenomenon involving the leader, the followers and the situation

Levels of management

Top level, middle level and lower level.

The term includes images of powerful, dynamic individuals who command victorious armies, direct
corporate empires or shape the course of nations.

Why did certain leaders inspire such intensively and with high dedication?

How did certain leaders build great empires?

Why did some rather undistinguished people (eg Hitler) rise to positions of great power?
Why were certain leaders suddenly deposed, despised their apparent power and record of successful
accomplishments

Why do some leaders have loyal followers who are willing sacrifice their lives for them?

Why are some leaders so despised that subordinated conspire to murder them?

It is related to survival

It is related to success

It is related to failure

It is related to destruction

So leadership has become an important discipline for people to study and research

Why do we learn leadership

Became a prominent in 20th century

Research study focuses on the determinants of effective/successful leadership

They try to find traits, abilities, skills, behaviours, source of power, or aspects of situation that determine
how well a leader is able to influence followers and accomplish task objectives

Conceptualizing leadership

The focus is on the group process

A personality perspective

An ability

An act of behavior

In terms of the power relationship between leaders and followers

A skills perspective

FOUR key things the leader should be careful of

The task

The situation

The individual (follower/subordinate)

The team (followers as a cohesive group)/ as a goru united without any bias or favoritism

Vision is the goal (long term objective)

Mission is the process of achieving the goal

Duration of the objectives

Long term 5 or more years

Medium term 2-5 year

Short term less than 1 or 2 years, immediate goal

Why do you think an organization needs effective leadership

An organization also has to have a clear goal. An effective leadership will make sure the organization is
working as a group to achieve the goals most effectively using the most of all the resources available.

Why do you think individuals need effective leadership.

To identify with the ideas and goals and to make them motivated.

Definition of leadership

Most of the definitions od leadership have included, traits, behaviors, influence, interaction pattern role
relationships, and occupation of an administrative position.

They should have good communication skills, involve the followers work in a group. The patterns and
role relationships should be there. Who has to report to whom. Hierarchy should be there.

Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individual to achieve a common

goal.

Leadership Is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and
outcomes that reflect their shared purpose.

A leader is any person who influences individuals and groups within an organisation, helps them in the
establishment of goals, and guides them towards achievement of those goals thereby allowing them to
be effective.

TASK

Formulate a definition of leadership for you

A leadership is when a leader is able to communicate and achieve the set goal or purpose of an
organization with the best use of the resources available. Where the followers are willing to and
motivated and wants to come to work to achieve the set goals as a group where everyone has a task at
hand and everyone is trying to finish the set task. That is a good leadership.

Like all constructs in social science, the definition o leadership I arbitrary and subjective

Some definitions are more useful than others, but there is no single “correct” definition that captures
the essence of leadership.

Effectiv or successful leadership

It results in organization greatness

It also results in personal greatness

Leaders are effective when their followers achieved their goals, can function well together, and can
adapt to the changing demands from external forces.

The external factor here is the situation. The situation will effect the leasership greatly

Leaders are effective when

The group achives its goals

Internal processes are smooth

The group can adapt to external forces

iComponents central to the phenomeon of leadership

leadership is a process

involves influence

occurs within the group context

involves goal attaintment

leaders are not above followers

are not better than followers

rather an interactive relation ship with followers

new realities for leaders

social media

globalization

modern commerce

geopolitical wards

renewable technologies

smart machnes

outsourcing

climate change and resourxe scarcity

telecommuting and virtual teams

cybercrime

redistribution of economic power

massive changes in the world means todays leaders are facinf challenges they couldn’t een imagine just
a few years ago

so leaders need to break with the past

leaders need to leave traditional wats

leader neet dto have new paradigm shift

the new paradigm

from stabilizer to change manager

from controller to facilitator

from competitor to collaborator

from diversity to avoider to diversity promoter

from ego to humility

leading means having a vision and sharing it with others. Only when you get to inspire others, it is
possible to share a common goal towards which to direct the efforts and dedication of the entire team

Leadership vs management

Functions deciding what to do

Managers- planning and budgeting

Leaders- setting direction

Creating networks of people

Managers- organizing and staffing

Leaders- aligning people

Ensure that tasks are accomplished-

Managers - controlling and problem solving

Leaders- motivating and inspiring

Mintzberg stated that leadership was merely a form or subset management

Management Process

Getting things done through others. Reduced uncertainty, provides stability

Components: planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing, controlling and problem solving.

Leadership process
Creates uncertainty

Creates changes

Components: setting organizational direction

Align people with the direction via communication

Motivate people to action: empowerment, need gratification.

Main Leadership Theories

1- Great man theories

2- Trait theories
3- Contingency theories
4- Situational theories
5- Behavioral theories
6- Participative theories
7- Management theories
8- Relationship theories

Great man theory

These are people born to be leaders.

In this view, great leaders are simply born with the necessary internal characteristics such as charisma,
confidence, intelligence and social skills that make them natural born leaders.

Belief that leaders are born with certain heroic leadership traits and natural abilities of power and
influence.

The term “great man” was used because, at the time leadership was thought of primarily as male quality
especially in term of military leadership

2. Trait theory

Similar in some ways to great man theories, it assumes that people inherit qualities and traits that make
them better suited to leadership

It often identifies particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders.

It was thought that if traits could be identified, leaders could be predicted, or perhaps even trained.

3. Msjor leadership traits

- intelligence- intellectual ability including verbal, perceptual and reasonable capabilities

- self- confidence- ability to be certain about ones’s competence and skills

- determination- the desire to get the job done. (i.ed., initiative, persistence, dominance, drive.)

-integrity- the quality of honesty and trustworthiness.

- sociability- leader’s inclination to seek out pleasant social relationships.

4- five factor personality model leadership

Neuroticism: the tendency to be depressed, anxious, insecure, vulnerable and hostile

Extraversion: the tendency to be sociable, and assertvie and to have positive energy

Openness: the tendency to be informed, creative, insightful, and curious

Agreeableness: the tendency to be accepting, conforming, trusting and nurturing

Conscientiousness: the tendency to be thorough, organized, controlled dependable and decisive.

Resutlts: Extraversion- factor most strongly associated with leadership—most important trait of
effective leaders.

Conscientiousness—2nd most related factor

Emotional intelligence & leadership

Ability to perceive and apply emotions to lifes tasks. Reason/understand emotions

Express emotions and use emotions to facilitate thinking, manage emotions within oneself and
relationships.

The underlying premise is with people who are more sensitive to their emtions and their impact on
others will be effective leaders.

3- Contingency theories

Closely related to the situational approach is what has become known as contingency theory

The contingency theory of leadership was proposed by the Austrain Psychologist Fred Edward Feidler in
his landmark 1964 article, “ A contingency Model of effective leadership”

It emphazies the importance of both th leaders personality and the situation in which that leader
operates

In outlines two styles of leadership

1) Task motivated and

2) Relationship motivated

Task refers to task accomplishment and relationship-motivated refers to interpersonal relationships

(leader and follower)

Contingency theory focuses on particular variable related to the environment that might determine
which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation
In this view leaders can analyse their situation ad tailor their behavior to improve leadership
effectiveness

Major situation variable are the characteristics of followers, characteristics of work environment and
follower tasks, and the external environment.

In this, no leadership style is best in all situations.

4. Situational theories

The situational leadership model is arguably the most recognize, utilized and effective leadership and
influence tool in the history for the behavioral sciences.

Developed by Dr. Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard in the late 1960.s the situational leadership model
is powerful et flexible toll that enables leaders of all kinds; managers, salesperson, peer leaders,
teachers or parent more effectively to influence others.

It proposes that leader choose the best course of action based upon situation variable

Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision making

For eg in a situation where the leader is the most knowledgeable and experienced member of a group,
an authoritarian style might be most appropriate.

In other instances where group members are skilled experts, a democratic style would me more
effective.

Leaders used support (delegation) or Direction ( control)

5. Behavioral Theories

They are based upon the belief that great leaders ae made, not born. Opposite of great man theory.

It is rooted in behaviorism, this leadership theory focuses on the actions of leaders, not on mental
qualities or interal states.

According to it, people can learn to become leaders through learning, teaching and observation.

Behavioral theories of leadership are classified as such because the focus on the study of specific
behaviours of leader

For behavioral theorists, a leader behavior is the best predictor of his leadership influences and as a
result, is the best

6- Participative theories

It suggests that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account

These leaders encourage participation and contribution from group member and help group members
feel more relevant and committed to the decision making process.

Considered Best style of leadership

7. Management theory

Management (transactional) theories focus of the role of supervision, organization and group
performance.

These theories base leadership on a system of rewards and punishments

It is often used in business; when employees are successful, they are rewarded; when they fail they are
reprimanded or punished. (like as carrot and stick)

8. Relationship theories

Relationship theories (transformational theories) focus upon the connections formed between leaders
and followers.

These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher
good of the tsk

They focus on the performance of group members, but also wants each person to fulfill his or her
potential. Gets maximum output from them.

They often have high ethical and moral standard.

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Trait approach: one of the first systematic attempts to study leadership.

This century requires intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, sociability.

Traits to possess of cultivate if one seeks to be a great leader.

- Intelligence: intellectual ability including verbal, perceptual and reasoning capabilities.

- Self-confidence- ability to be certain about ones competencies and skills.
 - Determination- the desire to get the job done (ie., initiative, persistence, dominance, drive.)
- Integrity: the quality of honesty and trustworthiness
- Sociability- leader’s inclination to seek out pleasant social relationships.

How the trait approach work?

FOCUS:

Focuses exclusively on leader

What trait the leader exhibits

Who has these traits

Personality assessment:

Orgnistional use personality assessments to find “right” people

-assumption will increase organizational effectiveness

- specify characteristics/traits for specific positions

Personality assessment measures for “fit”

Instruments: LTQ, myers Briggs

Know your strengths

o Intuitively appealing
- Perception that leaders are different in that they possess special traits
- People “need” to view leaders as gifted
- Credibility due to a century of research supports.
- Highlights leadership components in the leadership process.
- Deeper level of understanding of how leader/personality reared to to leadership remarks
- Benchmarks for goals

CRTICISMS

- Fails to delimit a definitive list of leadership traits

- Endless lists have emerged
- Doesn’t take into account situational effects
- Leaders in one situation may not be leaders in another situation
- List of most important leadership traists is highly subjective
- Much sujetive experience and obersvations serve as basis for identified leadership traits
- Research fails to look at traits in relationship to leadership outcomes.
- Not useful for training and development:

Behavioral approach:

- They are based upon the belief that great leaders are made not born.
- It is rooted in behaviorism, this leadership theory focuses n the actions of leaders, not on mental
qualities or internal sates
 - According to it, people can learn to become leaders theoguh leanring teaching and studying.
- Behavioral theories of leadership are classified as such because they focuse on ths tudy of
specific behaviors of leader.
- For behavioral theorists, a leader behaviors is the best predictor o his leadersip infludences as a
result, is h best determinant of leadership success.
- There are two important behavioral studies
- Ohio state university
- University of Michigan.

- Ohio state university

As leadership studies that were aimed at identifying the appropriate traits didn’t yield and
conclusive results, a group of people from ohio state university developed a list of 150
statements from their generated responses that included 1800 statements

The list was designed to measure nine different behavioral leadership dimensions

Leading with care

Sharing the vision

Influencing the results

Engaging the team

Evaluating the information

Inspiring shared purpose

Connecting our services

Developing capability

Holding accountable

The resulting questionnaire is now well-known as the LBDQ or the leaders behavior Description
Questionnaire.

3) University of Michigan (1950s)

Led by the famous organizational psychologists, Dr Rensis Likert, the leadership studies ar the university
of Michigan Identifies three characteristics of effective leadership; two of which were previously
observed in studies that had been conducted at Ohio State University.

The study showed that task and relationship-oriented behaviors weren’t of major significance within the
world of organizational psychology. However it was the third observation that introduced as new
concept, one of participative leadership.

Task oriented behavior

Relationship oriented behavior

Participative leadership

Skills approach

Three types of skills

Conceptual skill, human skill and technical skills.

Leader centered perspective

Emphasis on skills and abilities that can be learned and developed.

Leadership skills- the ability to use ones knowledge and competencies to accomplish a set of goals and
objectives.

Based of the management levels the skills required will vary.

1) Technical skills: Having knowledge about being a proficient in specific type of work or activity
a. Specified competencies
b. Analytical ability
c. Capability to use appropriate tools and techniques

Technical skills involve hands on ability with a product or process

Most important at lower levels of management.

 2) Human Skills: having knowledge about and being able to work with people
a. Awareness of ones own perspective and other perspectives at the same time
b. People skills help a leader to assist group members in working sooperatiely to achieve
the common goals
c. Creates an atmosphere of trust where members feel they can become inveolved and
impact decisions in the organization
d. Important at all levels of the organsations
3) Conceptual skills: the ability to do the mental work of shaping meaning of organizational policy
or issues (what company stands for and where its going)
a. Works easily with abstraction and hypothetical notions
b. Central to creating and articulating a vision and strategic plan for an organization
c. Most important at top management levels

Skills model description

Research studies goal: to identify the leadership factors that creat exemplary job performance in an
organization

Emphasizes the capabilities that make effective

Competency skills: problem solving creative ability to solve new/unusuak, ill defined organizational
problems

Social juddgment: capability to understand people and social systems: perspective

v

good communication skills where i can get my point across. I am very determined as
well. If i set a goal i like to get it done and also motivate others to work towards that
goal. i am get along with everyone very well. but also can be strict when it need to get
professional
Motivation and empowerment

Leadership and motivation

Need based theories

Meaning: motivation Is an important factor which encourages persons to give their best performance
and help in reaching enterprise goals. A goal

Motivation is the complex forces starting and keeping a person at work in an organization

It is the stimulation of any emotion or desire operating upon ones will and promoting or driving it to
action.

Types of motivation

When a manager wants to get more work from his subordinated then he will have to motivate them for
improving their performance. They will either be offered incentive for more work or may be in the space
of rewards, better reports, recognition etc,. or he may instill fear in them or use force for getting desired
work.

Positive motivation:

Positive motivation or incentive motivation is based on reward. The workers are offerd incentives for
achieving the desired goals. The icentives may be in the shape of more pay, promotion, recognition of
work etc. the emploees are offered

Negative motivation:

Negative motivation of fear motivation Is based on force or fear. Fear causes employess to act in a
certain way. In case, they do not act accordingly then they may be punished with demotions or lay-offs.
The fear acts as a push mechanism. The employees do not willingly co-operate, rather they want to
avoid punishment.
Both an employee as well as manager must possess leadership and motivational traits. An effective
leader must have a thorough knowledge of motivational factors for others. He must underatnd the basic
needs of employees peers and his superiors. Leadership is used as a means of motivating others.

Appreciation and rewards are key motivators that influence a person to achieve a desired goal.
Rewarding good/ exceptopnal behavior with a small toke of appreciation, certificate or letter can be a
great motivator. If a certificate is awarded to a perso, it should be mention the particular act or the
quality for which the individual is being rewarded.

Being a role model is also a key motivator that influences people in reaching their goals. A leader should
set a good example to ensure his peple to grown and achieve their goals effectively.

A leader should step into the shoes of the subordinated and view things from the subordinated angle.
He shoud empathize with them during difficult times. Empathizinf with their personal problems

Encouraging individuals to get involved in palnning and omportant issues resolution procedure not only
motivated them, but also teaches the intricacies of these ke decision making factors. Moreover, it will
help everyone to get better understanding of their role in the orgnisation. The communication will be
unambiguous.

Developing moral and team spirit certaintly has a key impact on the well being of an organization. The
mental or emotional state of a person constitutes his or her moral fabric. A leaders actions and decision
s affect the morale of his subordinates. Hence he should always be aware of decsions and activities.
Team spirit is the soul of the organisations well being and success. This motivational aspecs rives them
to fulfil goals.

A meaningful and challenging job accomplished inculcates a sense of achievement among emploees feel
they are performing

To become an efficient leader, you must be self motivated. You must know your identitiy, your needs
and you must achive our goals. Once you are self motivated only them

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.

Abrham Maslow, one of the most prominent psychologists of the twentieth century,

Bas

Need based theaories of motivation

Acquired needs theory byDavid McClellend

Need for achievement: the desire to accomplish something difficult, attain a high standarad of success,
master if complex tasks and surpass others.

Need for affiliation: the desire o form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm
friendships

Need for power: the desire to influence or control others, be responsible for others and have authority
over others.

Two factor theories

When studying motivation, Fredrick Herzberg started by asking employees what was satisfying and
dissatisfying on the Job, Herzberg found that certain factors just had to be met and did not raise
satisfaction. However, if these factors called hygene factors, were not met, it let to strong
dissatisfaction. The hygiene factors causing dissatisfaction were part of the context in whih the job was
performed. Company policies supervision working conditions salary safety and security on the job are
some examples of hygiene factors.

Motivators: are the factors that employees need on order to give higher levels of effort. According to
herznerg the strongest motivations are interesting work, responsibility, achievement recognition,
growth and advancement.

ERG theory: Existent, relatedness, growth.